Transients, Oscillations, And Surges Evidence
Transients, Oscillations, And Surges
Section titled “Transients, Oscillations, And Surges”Evidence status: generated from processed OCR/PDF text. Treat each hit as a source-location aid until the passage is checked against the scan.
3635 hits
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14 sources
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156 sections
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What This Theme Gathers
Section titled “What This Theme Gathers”Passages involving transients, temporary terms, stored energy, damping, oscillation, surges, impulses, lightning, arresters, and high-frequency disturbances.
Reading Layers
Section titled “Reading Layers”Source Evidence
Use the tables and snippets below to locate Steinmetz passages. Exact wording still needs scan verification before canonical quotation.
Modern Reading Prompt
Use these hits to study how Steinmetz treats energy storage, natural response, damping, and line effects before modern transient textbooks standardized the presentation.
Interpretive Boundary
Tesla-era and radiant-energy comparisons must be source-by-source. A transient or surge passage is evidence of an electrical phenomenon, not automatic proof of a later interpretive system.
Matched Aliases
Section titled “Matched Aliases”| Alias | Hits |
|---|---|
transient | 1140 |
oscillation | 603 |
transient phenomena | 296 |
oscillations | 260 |
lightning | 221 |
transients | 191 |
high frequency | 189 |
stored energy | 169 |
impulses | 168 |
high potential | 134 |
decrement | 126 |
arrester | 87 |
surge | 66 |
oscillatory | 65 |
impulse | 63 |
damping | 46 |
energy stored | 42 |
surges | 27 |
high tension | 21 |
transient phenomenon | 19 |
arresters | 16 |
temporary term | 1 |
Source Distribution
Section titled “Source Distribution”Section Hits
Section titled “Section Hits”Representative Source-Located Passages
Section titled “Representative Source-Located Passages”Lecture 17: Arc Lighting - 210 hit(s)
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... istance. A large part of this power is saved in alternating constant potential arc lamps, by using reactance instead of resistance, but the power factor is there- fore greatly lowered ; that is, the constant potential alternating arc lamp rarely has a power factor of over 70%. Where therefore high potential constant current circuits are permissible, as for outdoor or street lighting, arc lamps are usually operated on a constant current circuit, with series connection of from 50 to 100 lamps on one circuit. With the exception of a few of the larger cities, all the street lighting by arc lamps in t ...... per second, up to many times higher frequencies. We can get, if we desire, still very much lower fre- quencies, as electromagnetic waves, such as the radiation sent out by an oscillating current or an alternating current ; but the radiations which we get from heated bodies are all of extremely high frequency, compared with the customary frequencies of electric currents. At the same time they cover a very wide range of frequencies, many octaves, and from all this mass of radiations, from all the frequencies of radiating energy, some- what less than one octave can be perceived by the human eye as li ...Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits - 153 hit(s)
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LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the conditio ...LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, ...Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits - 149 hit(s)
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LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the conditio ...LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, ...Lecture 8: Traveling Waves - 118 hit(s)
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LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where <j) is the ...LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where <j) is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the "power-dissipation ...Lecture 8: Traveling Waves - 118 hit(s)
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LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin (</> T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time an ...LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin (</> T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the "power-dissipation constan ...Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations - 115 hit(s)
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LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielect ...LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As ther ...Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges - 104 hit(s)
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... induc- tance." It follows herefrom that throughout the entire inductive section X = 0, and current i1 therefore is constant throughout this section. Choosing now the transition point between the inductance and the transmission line as zero of distance, A = 0, the inductance 635 536 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is massed at point ^ = 0, and the transmission line extends from X = 0 to X = V Denoting the constants of the inductive section by index 1, those of the transmission line by index 2, the equations of the two circuit sections, from (290), are Cj) cos qt — -(51 + 7)1)sin^},l - A-DJsing ...... m0L) - M), JV), (381) where in the second expression terms of secondary order have been dropped. P qL Then substituting in (375) gives the equations of massed inductance : it = e ~M { M cos qt - N sin qt } (382) If at t = 0, £j = 0, that is, if at the beginning of the transient discharge the voltage at the inductance is zero, as for instance the inductance had been short-circuited, then, substituting in 538 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (382), and denoting by i0 the current at the moment t = 0, or at the moment of start, we have t = 0, i\= %,«! = 0; hence, M = i ...Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc - 103 hit(s)
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... limited to circuits in stable or stationary condition, and where phenomena of instability occurred, and made themselves felt as disturbances or troubles in electric circuits, they either remained imunderstood or the theo- retical study was limited to the specific phenomenon, as in the case of lightning, dropping out of step of induction motors, hunt- ing of synchronous machines, etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first cl ...... , etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first class of imstable phenomena, which was systemat- ically investigated, were the transients, and even today it is ques- tionable whether a systematic theoretical classification and in- vestigation of the conditions of instability in electric circuits is yet feasible. Only a preliminary classification and discussion of such phenomena shall be attempted in the following. Three main ty ...Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients - 90 hit(s)
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LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representa ...LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditio ...Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients - 90 hit(s)
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LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representa ...LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditio ...Chapter 5: Free Oscillations - 88 hit(s)
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CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g; the wave length con ...... epends the difference between the phenomena occurring in electric circuits, as those due to direct currents or pulsating currents, alternating currents, oscillating currents, inductive dis- charges, etc., and the study of the terminal conditions thus is of the foremost importance. 29. By free oscillations are understood the transient phe- nomena occurring in an electric circuit or part of the circuit to which neither electric energy is supplied by some outside source nor from which electric energy is abstracted. Free oscillations thus are the transient phenomena resulting from the dissipation ...Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients - 84 hit(s)
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LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, ...LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e f . oo,o o Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as lo ...Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients - 84 hit(s)
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LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, ...LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as t ...Lecture 11: Lightning Protection - 84 hit(s)
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ELEVENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits ...ELEVENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits made their appearance, this protection against lightning by a simple small spark gap to groun ...Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line - 82 hit(s)
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... nteresting application of the equations of the long distance transmission line given in the preceding chapter can be made to the determination of the natural period of a transmis- sion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit containing self- inductance and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exc ...... rent alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge depends upon the capacity C and the self -inductance L of the circuit, and to a much lesser extent upon the resistance, so that, if the resistance of the circuit is not excessive, the frequency of oscillation can, by neglecting the resistance, be expressed with fair, or even close, approximation by the formula An electric transmission line represents a circuit having capacity as well as self-inductance ; and thus when charged to a certain potential, for instance, by atmospheric electricity, as by ...Lecture 7: Line Oscillations - 78 hit(s)
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LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, th ...LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 "^^0 (1) where Iq = ma ...Lecture 7: Line Oscillations - 78 hit(s)
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LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only ...LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 "2" ~2~' where i0 = ...Chapter 8: Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems - 71 hit(s)
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CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole ...CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole system, of the sam ...Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits - 62 hit(s)
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LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy ...LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, ...Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits - 62 hit(s)
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LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy c ...LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, ...Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents, - 59 hit(s)
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... otential, single-phase alternators have been built and are in commercial service giving 10,000 and even 100,000 cycles, and 200,000-cycle alternators are being designed for wireless telegraphy and telephony. Still, even going to the limits of peripheral speed, and sacri- ficing everything for high frequency, a limit is reached in the frequency available by electrodynamic generation. It becomes of importance, therefore, to investigate whether by the use of the condenser discharge the range of frequencies can be extended. Since the oscillating current approaches the effect of an alternating curr ...... ched in the frequency available by electrodynamic generation. It becomes of importance, therefore, to investigate whether by the use of the condenser discharge the range of frequencies can be extended. Since the oscillating current approaches the effect of an alternating current only if the damping is small, that is, the resistance low, the condenser discharge can be used as high frequency generator only by making the circuit of as low resist- ance as possible. 67 68 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This, however, means limited power. When generating oscillat- ing currents by condenser discharg ...Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges - 54 hit(s)
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SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic fie ...SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the cur ...Chapter 3: Standing Waves - 47 hit(s)
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... L C = k f-qBJ cos (qt-kl)-(mB, + qB,'} sin (qt-kl)] + [(mB2'-qB3) cos (qt + Jd)-(mB2 + qBJ) sin (qt + kl)]}. (106) Equations (105) and (106) represent a stationary electrical oscil- lation or standing wave on the circuit. B. Long waves, k2 < LCm2] (107) 444 hence, and TRANSIENT PHENOMENA R22 = LCm2 - k2, s = (108) (109) or approximately, for very small values of &, 1 r herefrom then follows (HO) ci = c2 = 0, and (m + s) L ~T~ (m — s) L (111) Substituting now h = Oand (109), (111) into (50) and (51), the two waves H ', e' and i", e" remain ...... e~st] sin kl} s')sinA;Z] (114) + (BlS + « - B2e~st)smkl]} Equations (113) and (114) represent a gradual or exponential circuit discharge, and the distribution still is a trigonometric function of the distance, that is, ^ wave distribution, but dies out gradually with the time, without oscillation. C. Critical case, hence, o, = 0, (115) (116) and c2 = 0, raL (117) and all the main waves and their reflected waves coincide when substituting h = 0, (116), (117) in (50) and (51). Hence, writing and gives B = C, - C2 + C3 - C, 1 B' = CY 4- C2' + C,7 + C/ J ...Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors - 46 hit(s)
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... in the chapter on " Stability of Induction Machines. " D. Hunting of S]rnchronous Machines 106. In induction-motor circuits, instability almost always assumes the form of a steady change, with increasing rapidity, from the unstable condition to a stable condition or to stand- still, etc. Oscillatory instability in induction-motor circuits, as the result of the relation of load to speed and electric supply, is rare. It has been observed, especially in single-phase motors, in cases of considerable oversaturation of the magnetic circuit. Oscillatory instability, however, is typical of the sy ...... able condition or to stand- still, etc. Oscillatory instability in induction-motor circuits, as the result of the relation of load to speed and electric supply, is rare. It has been observed, especially in single-phase motors, in cases of considerable oversaturation of the magnetic circuit. Oscillatory instability, however, is typical of the synchronous machine, and the hunting of synchronous machines has probably been the first serious problem of cimiulative oscillations in electric circuits, and for a long time has limited the industrial use of syn- chronous machines, in its different forms ...Chapter 2: Introduction - 46 hit(s)
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... contains the electrostatic charge Q = to0. In the moment of closing the circuit of e.m.f. e0 upon the capacity C, the condenser contains no charge, that is, zero potential difference exists at the condenser terminals. If there were no resistance and no inductance in the circuit in the 18 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA moment of closing the circuit, an infinite current would exist charging the condenser instantly to the potential difference e0. If r is the resistance of the direct-current circuit containing the condenser, and this circuit contains no inductance, the current Q starts at the value i = - , ...... r this reverse current, due to the inductance of the circuit, overreaches and discharges the condenser farther than down to the impressed e.m.f. e0, so that after the discharge current stops again a charg- ing current — now less than the initial charging current - starts, and so by a series of oscillations, overcharges and under- charges, the condenser gradually charges itself, and ultimately the current dies out. Fig. 3 shows the oscillating charge of a condenser through an inductive circuit, by a continuous impressed e.m.f. e0. The current is represented by i, the potential difference at the ...Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line - 46 hit(s)
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CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If now at the moment when the im ...CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If now at the moment when the impulse arrives at the starting point a second impulse, of opposite ...Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit - 45 hit(s)
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LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transf ...LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1 ...Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit - 45 hit(s)
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LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, trans ...LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1 ...Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit - 44 hit(s)
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CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 40. The discussions of standing waves and free oscillations in Chapters III and V, and traveling waves in Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits co ...... dus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits comprising sections of different con- stants, — generator, transformer, transmission lines, and load, — and a simple circuit is realized only by a section of a circuit, as a transmission line or a high-potential transformer coil, which is cut off at both ends from the rest of the circuit, either by open- circuiting, i = 0, or by short-circuiting, e = 0. Approximately, the simple circuit is realized by a section of a complex circuit, connecting to other sections of 'very different constants, so that th ...Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor - 41 hit(s)
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... n throughout the con- ductor section is considerable, the conductor section is not fully utilized, but the material in the interior of the conductor is more or less wasted. It is of importance, therefore, in alternating- current circuits, especially in dealing with very large currents, or with high frequency, or materials of very high permeability, as iron, to investigate this phenomenon. An approximate determination of this effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to be negligible in its effect on the resistance of the conductor, 369 370 TRAN ...... ency, or materials of very high permeability, as iron, to investigate this phenomenon. An approximate determination of this effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to be negligible in its effect on the resistance of the conductor, 369 370 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA or whether it is sufficiently large to require calculation and methods of avoiding it, is given in " Alternating-Current Phe- nomena," Chapter XIV, paragraph 133. An appreciable increase of the effective resistance over the ohmic resistance may be expected in the following cases : (1) In t ...