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Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 865, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 373 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 157 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 141 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 85 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 85 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 62 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE COMMUTATOR MOTORS I. General 189. Alternating-current commutating machines have so far become ef industrial importance mainly as motors of the series or varying-speed type, for single-phase railroading, and as con- stant-speed motors or adjustable-speed motors, where efficient acceleration under heavy ...", "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE COMMUTATOR MOTORS I. General 189. Alternating-current commutating machines have so far become ef industrial importance mainly as motors of the series or varying-speed type, for single-phase railroading, and as con- stant-speed motors or adjustable-speed motors, where efficient acceleration under heavy torque ...", "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE COMMUTATOR MOTORS I. General 189. Alternating-current commutating machines have so far become ef industrial importance mainly as motors of the series or varying-speed type, for single-phase railroading, and as con- stant-speed motors or adjustable-speed motors, where efficient acceleration under heavy torque is necessary. As generators, they would be of advantage for the generation of very low fre- quency, since in this case s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 509, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 308 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 147 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply vo ...", "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the ...", "... t the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part of the total current is given by the magnetizing current. To secure good power-factor in an induction motor, the magnetizing current, that i«, the current which produces the magnetic field flux, must be kept as small as possible. This means as ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 13649-16361", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 425, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 247 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 62 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI. INDUCTION MOTOR. 151. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the stationary alternating-current transformer, which is also a specialization of the general transformer, in so far as in the stationary transformer only the transfer of electrical e ...", "CHAPTER XVI. INDUCTION MOTOR. 151. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the stationary alternating-current transformer, which is also a specialization of the general transformer, in so far as in the stationary transformer only the transfer of electrical energy from primary to secondary is used, but not the mechanical force a ...", "CHAPTER XVI. INDUCTION MOTOR. 151. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the stationary alternating-current transformer, which is also a specialization of the general transformer, in so far as in the stationary transformer only the transfer of electrical energy from primary to secondary is used, but not the mechanical force acting between the two, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25682-29374", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 309, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 152 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 90 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIV SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 212. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given voltage, the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and conseq ...", "CHAPTER XXIV SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 212. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given voltage, the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently ...", "CHAPTER XXIV SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 212. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given voltage, the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investi- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 12, "location": "lines 14897-17124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 260, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 82 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 61 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding a ...", "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other word ...", "... primary to secondary circuit. This power finds its mechanical equivalent in a repulsive llirusi acting between primary and secondary conductors. Thus, if the secondary is not held rigidly, with regards to the primary, it will be repelled and move. This repulsion is used in the constant-current transformer for regulating the current for constancy independent of the load. In the induction motor, this mechanical force is made use of for doing the work: the induction motor represents an alternating-current transformer, in which the secondary is mounted niovably with regards to the primary, in such ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "section_title": "Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 10583-12397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 240, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 180 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION AND STABILITY 1. VOLTAGE REGULATION AND OUTPUT 79. Load and speed curves of induction motors are usually calculated and plotted for constant-supply voltage at the motor terminals. In practice, however, this condition usually is only approximately fulfilled, and due to the drop of ...", "CHAPTER VI INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION AND STABILITY 1. VOLTAGE REGULATION AND OUTPUT 79. Load and speed curves of induction motors are usually calculated and plotted for constant-supply voltage at the motor terminals. In practice, however, this condition usually is only approximately fulfilled, and due to the drop of voltage in the step-down transformers feeding the motor, in the secondary and the primary supply lines, et ...", "CHAPTER VI INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION AND STABILITY 1. VOLTAGE REGULATION AND OUTPUT 79. Load and speed curves of induction motors are usually calculated and plotted for constant-supply voltage at the motor terminals. In practice, however, this condition usually is only approximately fulfilled, and due to the drop of voltage in the step-down transformers feeding the motor, in the secondary and the primary supply lines, etc., the voltage at the motor terminals drops more or less with increase of l ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Review", "section_title": "Review", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 23, "location": "lines 32138-32819", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 234, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 100 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... ods of construction and of operation, discussed in the preceding, an alphabetical list of them is given in the following, comprising name, definition, principal characteristics, advantages and dis- advantages, and the paragraph in which they are discussed. Alexanderson High-frequency Inductor Alternator. — 159. Comprises an inductor disk of very many teeth, revolving at very high speed between two radial armatures. Used for producing very high frequencies, from 20,000 to 200,000 cycles per second. Amortisseur. — Squirrel-cage winding in the pole faces of the synchronous machine, proposed by ...", "... igh-frequency Inductor Alternator. — 159. Comprises an inductor disk of very many teeth, revolving at very high speed between two radial armatures. Used for producing very high frequencies, from 20,000 to 200,000 cycles per second. Amortisseur. — Squirrel-cage winding in the pole faces of the synchronous machine, proposed by Leblanc to oppose the hunt- ing tendency, and extensively used. Amplifier. — 161. An apparatus to intensify telephone and radio telephone currents. High-frequency inductor alternator excited by the telephone current, usually by armature reaction through capacity. The gene ...", "... 00,000 cycles per second. Amortisseur. — Squirrel-cage winding in the pole faces of the synchronous machine, proposed by Leblanc to oppose the hunt- ing tendency, and extensively used. Amplifier. — 161. An apparatus to intensify telephone and radio telephone currents. High-frequency inductor alternator excited by the telephone current, usually by armature reaction through capacity. The generated current is then rectified, be- fore transmission in long-distance telephony, after transmission in radio telephony. Arc Machines. — 138. Constant-current generators, usually direct-current, with re ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Alternating- Current Motors In General", "section_title": "Alternating- Current Motors In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21713-23905", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 212, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 110 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIX ALTERNATING- CURRENT MOTORS IN GENERAL 171. The starting point of the theory of the polyphase and single-phase induction motor usually is the general alternating- current transformer. Coining, however, to the commutator motors, this method becomes less suitable, and the following more general method preferable. In its ...", "CHAPTER XIX ALTERNATING- CURRENT MOTORS IN GENERAL 171. The starting point of the theory of the polyphase and single-phase induction motor usually is the general alternating- current transformer. Coining, however, to the commutator motors, this method becomes less suitable, and the following more general method preferable. In its general form the alternating-current motor consists of one or more stationary electric circuits magn ...", "CHAPTER XIX ALTERNATING- CURRENT MOTORS IN GENERAL 171. The starting point of the theory of the polyphase and single-phase induction motor usually is the general alternating- current transformer. Coining, however, to the commutator motors, this method becomes less suitable, and the following more general method preferable. In its general form the alternating-current motor consists of one or more stationary electric circuits magnetically related to one or more rotating electric circui ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "section_title": "Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3543-5554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 209, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 121 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II MULTIPLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor ...", "CHAPTER II MULTIPLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor has a great slip of speed ...", "CHAPTER II MULTIPLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor has a great slip of speed under load, therefore poor efficiency and poor speed regu- lation, but it has a high starting torque and torque at low and intermediate sp ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 8555-10582", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 204, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 183 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 60. As more fully discussed in the chapters on the single-phase induction motor, in \" Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineer- ing\" and \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" the single-phase induction motor has inherently, no torque at standstill, that is, when used ...", "CHAPTER V SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 60. As more fully discussed in the chapters on the single-phase induction motor, in \" Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineer- ing\" and \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" the single-phase induction motor has inherently, no torque at standstill, that is, when used without special device to produce such torque by converting the motor into an unsy ...", "CHAPTER V SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 60. As more fully discussed in the chapters on the single-phase induction motor, in \" Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineer- ing\" and \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" the single-phase induction motor has inherently, no torque at standstill, that is, when used without special device to produce such torque by converting the motor into an unsym- metrical ployphase motor, etc. The magnetic flux at standstill is a single-phase alternating flux of constant direction, and the line of polarization ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Il", "section_title": "Il", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19346-21338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 203, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 112 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIil. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 177. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and conse ...", "CHAPTER XVIil. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 177. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequentl ...", "CHAPTER XVIil. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 177. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investig ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 18053-19457", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 203, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 109 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIX. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 198. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and conse ...", "CHAPTER XIX. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 198. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequentl ...", "CHAPTER XIX. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 198. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investig ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-109", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 109, "number": 3, "location": "lines 20428-21157", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 181, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 137 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "snippets": [ "in. Single -phase Induction Motor •1. INTRODUCTION 146. In the polyphase motor a number of secondary coils displaced in position from each other are acted upon by a num- ber of primary coils displaced in position and excited by e.m.fs. displaced in phase from each other by the same angl ...", "in. Single -phase Induction Motor •1. INTRODUCTION 146. In the polyphase motor a number of secondary coils displaced in position from each other are acted upon by a num- ber of primary coils displaced in position and excited by e.m.fs. displaced in phase from each other by the same angle as the dis- placement of position of the coi ...", "... aced in position from each other are acted upon by a num- ber of primary coils displaced in position and excited by e.m.fs. displaced in phase from each other by the same angle as the dis- placement of position of the coils. In the single-phase induction motor a system of secondary circuits is acted upon by one primary coil (or system of primary coils connected in series or in parallel) excited by a single alter- nating current. A number of secondary circuits displaced in position must be used so as to offer ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_title": "Alternating Current Railway Motor", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 8649-9342", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 176, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 103 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "snippets": [ "FOURTEENTH LECTURE ALTERNATING CURRENT RAILWAY MOTOR. mN a direct current motor, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there ...", "FOURTEENTH LECTURE ALTERNATING CURRENT RAILWAY MOTOR. mN a direct current motor, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on a ...", "FOURTEENTH LECTURE ALTERNATING CURRENT RAILWAY MOTOR. mN a direct current motor, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 169, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 64 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "IV. Induction Generator 1. INTRODUCTION 163. In the range of slip from s = 0 to s = 1, that is, from synchronism to standstill, torque, power output, and power input of the induction machine are positive, and the machine thus acts as a motor, as discussed before. Substituti ...", "IV. Induction Generator 1. INTRODUCTION 163. In the range of slip from s = 0 to s = 1, that is, from synchronism to standstill, torque, power output, and power input of the induction machine are positive, and the machine thus acts as a motor, as discussed before. Substituting, however, in the equations in paragraph 1 for s values > 1, corresponding to backward rotati ...", "IV. Induction Generator 1. INTRODUCTION 163. In the range of slip from s = 0 to s = 1, that is, from synchronism to standstill, torque, power output, and power input of the induction machine are positive, and the machine thus acts as a motor, as discussed before. Substituting, however, in the equations in paragraph 1 for s values > 1, corresponding to backward rotation of the ma- chine, the power input remains positive, the torque also remains positive, that is, in the same direction as for s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7141-8510", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 155, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 71 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 49 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VIII. ARC LAMPS AND ARC LIGHTING. Volt- Ampere Characteristics of the Arc. 62. The voltage consumed by an arc, at constant current, increases with increase of arc length, and very closely propor- tional thereto. Plotting the arc voltage, e, as function of the 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 1 ...", "LECTURE VIII. ARC LAMPS AND ARC LIGHTING. Volt- Ampere Characteristics of the Arc. 62. The voltage consumed by an arc, at constant current, increases with increase of arc length, and very closely propor- tional thereto. Plotting the arc voltage, e, as function of the 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 00 80 70 6 ...", "... ite arc): e^ = \\(l + 0.125), and depends upon the current, being the larger the smaller the current. Plotting the arc voltage, e, as function of the current, i, we get curves which increase with decrease of current, the increase being greater the longer the arc, as shown in Fig. 46, for the ARC LAMPS AND ARC LIGHTING. 139 magnetite arc, for I = 0.3, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 cm. = 0.125, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 in. Subtracting from the voltage, 6, in Fig. 46, the con- stant part, e0 = 30 volts, which apparently represents the terminal drop of voltage, that is, the voltage which supplies the energy used in p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 151, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 87 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "SEVENTEENTH LECTURE ARC LIGHTING W\"^HILE incandescent lamps can be operated on constant potential as well as on constant current, the arc is —^ essentially a constant current phenomenon. At con- stant length, the voltage consumed by the arc decreases with increase of current, as shown by curve I in Fig. 47. If, there- fore ...", "SEVENTEENTH LECTURE ARC LIGHTING W\"^HILE incandescent lamps can be operated on constant potential as well as on constant current, the arc is —^ essentially a constant current phenomenon. At con- stant length, the voltage consumed by the arc decreases with increase of current, as shown by curve I in Fig. 47. If, there- fore, an attempt is made to operat ...", "... ich would correspond to 3.9 amperes on curve I — then any tendency of the current to increase — as by a momentary drop of the arc resistance — would lower the required arc voltage, and so increase the cur- rent, at constant supply voltage, hence still further lower the arc voltage, etc., and a short circuit would result. Vice versa, a momentary decrease of arc current, by requiring more volt- age than is available, would still further decrease the current, increase the required voltage, etc., and the arc would extin- guish. Therefore only such apparatus is operative on constant potential, in wh ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1368-3542", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 150, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 128 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS I. STARTING AND ACCELERATION 1. Speed control of induction motors deals with two problems: to produce a high torque over a wide range of speed down to standstill, for starting and acceleration; and to produce an approximately constant speed for a wide range of load, for constant-speed opera ...", "CHAPTER I SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS I. STARTING AND ACCELERATION 1. Speed control of induction motors deals with two problems: to produce a high torque over a wide range of speed down to standstill, for starting and acceleration; and to produce an approximately constant speed for a wide range of load, for constant-speed operation. In its characteristics, the induction motor is a shunt motor, ...", "... trol of induction motors deals with two problems: to produce a high torque over a wide range of speed down to standstill, for starting and acceleration; and to produce an approximately constant speed for a wide range of load, for constant-speed operation. In its characteristics, the induction motor is a shunt motor, that is, it runs at approximately constant speed for all loads, and this speed is synchronism at no-load. At speeds below full speed, and at standstill, the torque of the motor is low and the current high, that is, the starting-torque efficiency and especially the apparent st ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Polyphase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17717-20445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 144, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 85 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIII POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 155. The induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary. It therefore is electromagnetically the same structure as the transformer. The difference is, that in the transformer secondary and primary are ...", "CHAPTER XVIII POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 155. The induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary. It therefore is electromagnetically the same structure as the transformer. The difference is, that in the transformer secondary and primary are stationary, and the electr ...", "CHAPTER XVIII POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 155. The induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary. It therefore is electromagnetically the same structure as the transformer. The difference is, that in the transformer secondary and primary are stationary, and the electromagnetic induction between the circuits utilized to trans- mit electric power to the secondary, while in the induction motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 143, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 82 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... . Thus for instance the com mutating pole (\"interpole\") in direct-current machines has been known since very many years, has been discussed and recommended, but used very little, in short was of practically no industrial importance, while now practically all larger direct-current machines and synchronous converters use commutating poles. For many years, with tin- types of direct-current machines in use, the advantage of tin commutating pole did not appear sufficient to compensate to* the disadvantage of the complication and resuliunt increase o4 size and cost. But when with the general introdu ...", "... ect-current machinery also, with correspondingly higher armature reaction and greater Deed of commutation control, the use of the commutating pole became of material advantage in reducing size and cost of apparatus, and its general introduction followed. Similarly we have seen the three-phase transformer find gen- eral introduction, after it had been unused for many years; so also the alternating-current commutator motor, etc. Thus for a progressive engineer, it is dangerous not to be fjuuil- iar with the characteristics ^iiit! possibilities of the known but 472 CONCLUSION 473 unused t ...", "... the use of the commutating pole became of material advantage in reducing size and cost of apparatus, and its general introduction followed. Similarly we have seen the three-phase transformer find gen- eral introduction, after it had been unused for many years; so also the alternating-current commutator motor, etc. Thus for a progressive engineer, it is dangerous not to be fjuuil- iar with the characteristics ^iiit! possibilities of the known but 472 CONCLUSION 473 unused types of apparatus, since at any time circumstances may arise which lead to their extensive introduction. 255. Wi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Induction Motob", "section_title": "Induction Motob", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 14919-17024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 132, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 82 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV. INDUCTION MOTOB. 140. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the sta- tionary alternating-current transformer in so far as the two sets of electric circuits — the primary or excited, and the secondary or induced, circuits — are movable with regard to each other ; and that in general a number of primary and a numbe ...", "CHAPTER XV. INDUCTION MOTOB. 140. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the sta- tionary alternating-current transformer in so far as the two sets of electric circuits — the primary or excited, and the secondary or induced, circuits — are movable with regard to each other ; and that in general a number of primary and a number of secondary circuits ...", "CHAPTER XV. INDUCTION MOTOB. 140. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the sta- tionary alternating-current transformer in so far as the two sets of electric circuits — the primary or excited, and the secondary or induced, circuits — are movable with regard to each other ; and that in general a number of primary and a number of secondary circuits are used, angularly displaced around the periphery of the motor, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_title": "Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "kind": "mathematical-appendix", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "PDF pages 27-68, lines 2165-5013", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 131, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 84 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "snippets": [ "Appendix [[END_PDF_PAGE:27]] [[PDF_PAGE:28]] 22 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz APPENDIX Synchronous Operation A Consider the case of two alternators or groups of alternators such as station sections, which are running in synchronism with each other, that is, have the same frequency f, but are connected together while out of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the vo ...", "Appendix [[END_PDF_PAGE:27]] [[PDF_PAGE:28]] 22 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz APPENDIX Synchronous Operation A Consider the case of two alternators or groups of alternators such as station sections, which are running in synchronism with each other, that is, have the same frequency f, but are connected together while out of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the voltage phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage differenc ...", "... APPENDIX Synchronous Operation A Consider the case of two alternators or groups of alternators such as station sections, which are running in synchronism with each other, that is, have the same frequency f, but are connected together while out of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the voltage phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchronizing energy current due to the phase difference, a reactive magnetizing current due to the voltage difference without materiall ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "section_title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 15, "location": "lines 18413-19373", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 129, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER Self-compounding Alternators— Self-starting Synchro- nous Motors — Arc Rectifier — Brush and Thomson Houston Arc Machine — Leblanc Panchahuteur — Permutator — Synchronous Converter 138. Rectifiers ffir converting alternating into direct current have been designed and built since ...", "CHAPTER XV SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER Self-compounding Alternators— Self-starting Synchro- nous Motors — Arc Rectifier — Brush and Thomson Houston Arc Machine — Leblanc Panchahuteur — Permutator — Synchronous Converter 138. Rectifiers ffir converting alternating into direct current have been designed and built since many years. As mechanical rectifiers, mainly single-phase, they have found a l ...", "CHAPTER XV SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER Self-compounding Alternators— Self-starting Synchro- nous Motors — Arc Rectifier — Brush and Thomson Houston Arc Machine — Leblanc Panchahuteur — Permutator — Synchronous Converter 138. Rectifiers ffir converting alternating into direct current have been designed and built since many years. As mechanical rectifiers, mainly single-phase, they have found a limited use for small powers since a long time, and during the last years arc rectifiers have found extende ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 21382-22633", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 125, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 86 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI INSTABILITY OF CIRCUITS: INDUCTION AND SYN- CHRONOUS MOTORS C. Instability of Induction Motors 102. Instability of electric circuits may result from causes which are not electrical: thus, mechanical relations between the torque given by a motor and the torque required by its load, may lead to instability. Let D = torque given by a motor at speed, ...", "CHAPTER XI INSTABILITY OF CIRCUITS: INDUCTION AND SYN- CHRONOUS MOTORS C. Instability of Induction Motors 102. Instability of electric circuits may result from causes which are not electrical: thus, mechanical relations between the torque given by a motor and the torque required by its load, may lead to instability. Let D = torque given by a motor at speed, S, and D' = torque required by the ...", "CHAPTER XI INSTABILITY OF CIRCUITS: INDUCTION AND SYN- CHRONOUS MOTORS C. Instability of Induction Motors 102. Instability of electric circuits may result from causes which are not electrical: thus, mechanical relations between the torque given by a motor and the torque required by its load, may lead to instability. Let D = torque given by a motor at speed, S, and D' = torque required by the load at speed, S. The motor, then, could theoretically operate, that is, run at constant speed, at that speed, S, where Z) = D' (1) However, at th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19166-20427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 113, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 78 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "snippets": [ "II. Polyphase Induction Motor 1. INTRODUCTION 135. The typical induction motor is the polyphase motor. By gradual development from the direct-current shunt motor we arrive at the polyphase induction motor. The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocycl ...", "II. Polyphase Induction Motor 1. INTRODUCTION 135. The typical induction motor is the polyphase motor. By gradual development from the direct-current shunt motor we arrive at the polyphase induction motor. The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocyclic, or single-phase e.m.f., is at normal condition ...", "II. Polyphase Induction Motor 1. INTRODUCTION 135. The typical induction motor is the polyphase motor. By gradual development from the direct-current shunt motor we arrive at the polyphase induction motor. The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocyclic, or single-phase e.m.f., is at normal condition of operation, that is, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 21538-22301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 107, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 76 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the flux ...", "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other ...", "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other to the primary exciting ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-114", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 114, "number": 8, "location": "lines 21923-22191", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 105, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 56 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "snippets": [ "VIII. Concatenation of Induction Motors 160. In the secondary of the induction motor an e.m.f. is generated of the frequency of slip. Thus connecting the sec- ondary circuit of the induction motor to the primary of a second induction motor, the latter is fed by a frequency equal to the slip ...", "VIII. Concatenation of Induction Motors 160. In the secondary of the induction motor an e.m.f. is generated of the frequency of slip. Thus connecting the sec- ondary circuit of the induction motor to the primary of a second induction motor, the latter is fed by a frequency equal to the slip of the first motor, and reaches its synchronism ...", "VIII. Concatenation of Induction Motors 160. In the secondary of the induction motor an e.m.f. is generated of the frequency of slip. Thus connecting the sec- ondary circuit of the induction motor to the primary of a second induction motor, the latter is fed by a frequency equal to the slip of the first motor, and reaches its synchronism at the frequency of slip of the first motor, the first motor then acting as frequency converter for the secon ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "section_title": "Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 14, "location": "lines 17125-18412", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 105, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV PHASE CONVERSION AND SINGLE-PHASE GENERATION 126. Any polyphase system can, by mean? of two stationary transformers, be converted into any other polyphase system, and in such conversion, a balanced polyphase system remains balanced, while an unbalanced system converts into a polyphase system of the same balance factor.1 In the conversion between single-phase system and polyphase system, a storage of energy ...", "... y storage and return is accomplished by a periodic speed variation, thus only a part of the energy restored, and furthermore, only a part of the structural material (the flywheel, or the rotor of the machine) is moving. Thus assuming that only a quarter of the mass of the mechanical structure (motor, etc.) is revolving, and that the energy storage takes place by a pulsation of speed of per cent., then 1 kva. at 60 cycles would require 600 c.e. of terial, at 40c, Obviously, at the limits of dielectric or magnetic field strength, or at the limits of mechanical speeds, very much larger am ...", "... trial importance in changing from single-phase to polyphase, and in changing from polyphase to single-phase. Conversion from single-phase to polyphase has been of con- siderable importance in former times, when alternating-current generating systems were single-phase, and alternating-current motors required polyphase for their operation. With the prac- tically universal introduction of three-phase electric power leration, polyphase supply is practically always available for itionary electric motors, at least motors of larger size, and n version from single-phase to polyphase thus is of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 37: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 37, "location": "lines 38393-40115", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 100, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... XXXVII QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM 310. In a three- wire quarter-phase system, or quarter-phase system with common return-wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then, El = E = e.m.f. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ei = jE = e.m.f. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let 1 1 and 1 2 = currents in 1 and in 2, 7o = current in 0, Z] and Z2 = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zo = impedance of line 0, Yi and F2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, /'i and /'2 = currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 t ...", "... quarter-phase system, or quarter-phase system with common return-wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then, El = E = e.m.f. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ei = jE = e.m.f. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let 1 1 and 1 2 = currents in 1 and in 2, 7o = current in 0, Z] and Z2 = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zo = impedance of line 0, Yi and F2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, /'i and /'2 = currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, E\\ and E'2 = potential differences at circuit ...", "... alf-axis OB upward; the negative imaginary numbers are represented by the points of half-axis OB' downward; the complex imaginary or general numbers are represented by the points outside of the coordinate axes. INDEX Absolute values of complex quanti- ties, 37 Actual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 im ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2485-3386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 95, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 61 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 61 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... = — - r The maximum value, which the magnetic field during the transi- tion period can reach, is limited to less than double the final value, as is obvious from the construction of the field. Fig. 19. It is evident herefrom, however, that in apparatus containing rotating fields, as induction motors, polyphase sjaichronous machines, etc., the resultant field may under transient conditions reach nearly double value, and if then it reaches far above magnetic saturation, excessive momentary currents may appear, similar as in starting transformers of high magnetic density. In polyphase rotary ...", "... apparatus containing rotating fields, as induction motors, polyphase sjaichronous machines, etc., the resultant field may under transient conditions reach nearly double value, and if then it reaches far above magnetic saturation, excessive momentary currents may appear, similar as in starting transformers of high magnetic density. In polyphase rotary SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 37 apparatus, however, these momentary starting currents usually are far more limited than in transformers, by the higher stray field (self-inductive reactance), etc., of the apparatus, resulting from the air gap in the ...", "... f then it reaches far above magnetic saturation, excessive momentary currents may appear, similar as in starting transformers of high magnetic density. In polyphase rotary SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 37 apparatus, however, these momentary starting currents usually are far more limited than in transformers, by the higher stray field (self-inductive reactance), etc., of the apparatus, resulting from the air gap in the magnetic circuit. 19. As instance of the use of the single-energy transient in engineering calculations may be considered the investigation of the momentary short-circuit phenomena ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Light And Power Distribution", "section_title": "Light And Power Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 983-1526", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 95, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 47 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "THIRD LECTURE LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 1\"^ N A DIRECT current distribution system, the motor load is connected to the outside mains at 220 volts, \"^\"^ and only very small motors, as fan motors, between outside mains and neutral ; since the latter connection, with a large motor, would locally unbalance a system. The effect of a motor on the system depends upon its size and starting cu ...", "THIRD LECTURE LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 1\"^ N A DIRECT current distribution system, the motor load is connected to the outside mains at 220 volts, \"^\"^ and only very small motors, as fan motors, between outside mains and neutral ; since the latter connection, with a large motor, would locally unbalance a system. The effect of a motor on the system depends upon its size and starting current, and with the large mains and feeders, which are gener- ally used, even the star ...", "THIRD LECTURE LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 1\"^ N A DIRECT current distribution system, the motor load is connected to the outside mains at 220 volts, \"^\"^ and only very small motors, as fan motors, between outside mains and neutral ; since the latter connection, with a large motor, would locally unbalance a system. The effect of a motor on the system depends upon its size and starting current, and with the large mains and feeders, which are gener- ally used, even the starting of large e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3133-3507", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 94, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 49 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportion ...", "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come neare ...", "... ty at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher frequency; that is, for the higher harmonics of the generator wave, and for some of the higher harmonics of the generator wave resonance rise of voltage so may occur between the line capacity and the circuit inductance. The origin and existence of higher harmonics therefore bears investigation in transformers, transmlission lines and cable systems. O ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2162-2971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 92, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 56 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 56 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... — • r The maximum value, which the magnetic field during the transi- tion period can reach, is limited to less than double the final value, as is obvious from the construction of the 'field, Fig. 19. It is evident herefrom, however, that in apparatus containing rotating fields, as induction motors, polyphase synchronous machines, etc., the resultant field may under transient conditions reach nearly double value, and if then it reaches far above magnetic saturation, excessive momentary currents may appear, similar as in starting transformers of high magnetic density. In polyphase rotary ...", "... mum value, which the magnetic field during the transi- tion period can reach, is limited to less than double the final value, as is obvious from the construction of the 'field, Fig. 19. It is evident herefrom, however, that in apparatus containing rotating fields, as induction motors, polyphase synchronous machines, etc., the resultant field may under transient conditions reach nearly double value, and if then it reaches far above magnetic saturation, excessive momentary currents may appear, similar as in starting transformers of high magnetic density. In polyphase rotary SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIE ...", "... n apparatus containing rotating fields, as induction motors, polyphase synchronous machines, etc., the resultant field may under transient conditions reach nearly double value, and if then it reaches far above magnetic saturation, excessive momentary currents may appear, similar as in starting transformers of high magnetic density. In polyphase rotary SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 37 apparatus, however, these momentary starting currents usually are far more limited than in transformers, by the higher stray field (self-inductive reactance), etc., of the apparatus, resulting from the air gap in the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 87, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... 18th, 1919, 3:47 P.M. September 18th, 1919, 5:27 P.M. October 22nd, 1919, 12:20 P.M. May 19th, 1919, 7:25 A.M. The generating system is divided into four sections, connected in tandem, with the A section of Fisk Street, and the Northwest Station as the two ends of the chain, and with power limiting reactors stated to be 1.75 ohms each, between Fisk A and Quarry Street, and between Quarry Street and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B se ...", "... he chain, and with power limiting reactors stated to be 1.75 ohms each, between Fisk A and Quarry Street, and between Quarry Street and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no power limiting reactors between Fisk B and North- west Station, and the six tie cables between these stations are of very low resistance, the Northwest Station was just as seriously a ...", "... nd six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no power limiting reactors between Fisk B and North- west Station, and the six tie cables between these stations are of very low resistance, the Northwest Station was just as seriously affected as Fisk B, and indeed acted like a part of Fisk B. b) All the synchronous machines on Fisk Street B, and on North- west Station drop ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 19458-20501", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 86, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 47 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XX. COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 213. Commutator motors — that is, motors in which the current enters or leaves the armature over brushes through a segmental commutator — have been built of various types, but have not found any extensive appli- cation, in consequence of the superiority of the induction and synchrono ...", "CHAPTER XX. COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 213. Commutator motors — that is, motors in which the current enters or leaves the armature over brushes through a segmental commutator — have been built of various types, but have not found any extensive appli- cation, in consequence of the superiority of the induction and synchronous moto ...", "CHAPTER XX. COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 213. Commutator motors — that is, motors in which the current enters or leaves the armature over brushes through a segmental commutator — have been built of various types, but have not found any extensive appli- cation, in consequence of the superiority of the induction and synchronous motors, due to the abse ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Induction Generators", "section_title": "Induction Generators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 20446-21537", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 85, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIX INDUCTION GENERATORS 173. In the foregoing, the range of speed from 5 = 1, stand- still, to s = 0, synchronism, has been discussed. In this range the motor does mechanical work. It consumes mechanical power, that is, acts as generator or as brake outside of this range. For s > 1, backward driving. Pi becomes n ...", "CHAPTER XIX INDUCTION GENERATORS 173. In the foregoing, the range of speed from 5 = 1, stand- still, to s = 0, synchronism, has been discussed. In this range the motor does mechanical work. It consumes mechanical power, that is, acts as generator or as brake outside of this range. For s > 1, backward driving. Pi becomes negative, repre- senting consumption of power, while D remains positive; hence, since the di ...", "CHAPTER XIX INDUCTION GENERATORS 173. In the foregoing, the range of speed from 5 = 1, stand- still, to s = 0, synchronism, has been discussed. In this range the motor does mechanical work. It consumes mechanical power, that is, acts as generator or as brake outside of this range. For s > 1, backward driving. Pi becomes negative, repre- senting consumption of power, while D remains positive; hence, since the direction of rotation has changed, represents co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 18, "location": "lines 20975-21712", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 85, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIII SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 166. In the theory of the synchronous motor the assumption is made that the mechanical output of the motor equals the power developed by it. This is the case only if the motor runs at constant speed. If, however, it accelerates, the power input is greater; if it decelerates, less than ...", "CHAPTER XVIII SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 166. In the theory of the synchronous motor the assumption is made that the mechanical output of the motor equals the power developed by it. This is the case only if the motor runs at constant speed. If, however, it accelerates, the power input is greater; if it decelerates, less than the pow ...", "CHAPTER XVIII SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 166. In the theory of the synchronous motor the assumption is made that the mechanical output of the motor equals the power developed by it. This is the case only if the motor runs at constant speed. If, however, it accelerates, the power input is greater; if it decelerates, less than the power output, by the power stored in and r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12398-13955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 84, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 50 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII HIGHER HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 88. The usual theory and calculation of induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon ...", "CHAPTER VII HIGHER HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 88. The usual theory and calculation of induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and ...", "... . The usual theory and calculation of induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armature or primary, is sinusoidal in space. While in most eases this is sufficicntly the ease, it is not always so, and especi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 82, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "... constants; that is, a combination of a circuit section of high inductance and small resistance and negligible capacity and conductance, as a generating station, with a circuit of distributed capacity and inductance, as a transmission line. The extreme case of such a discharge would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is connected to the generating station. Let r = the total resistance and L = the total inductance of the inductive section of the circuit; also let g = 0, C= 0, and L0 = inductance, <70 = capacity, r0 = resistance, g0 ...", "... 5 + .008 487 1 80 j»fe 79 X sil|s=(-l) + 1 2~2 INDEX PAGE Acceleration constant of traveling wave 466 Air blast, action in oscillating-current generator 75 pressure required in oscillating-current generator 75 Alternating-current circuit and transient term of fundamental frequency 473 distribution in conductor 369 transformer operating oscillating-current generator 87 transmission, equations of traveling wave 477 wave as traveling wave ...", "... . 1 77 79 - .008 267 + .008 057 1 1 80 + .007 957 1 81 - .007 858 0 x> 80 j»fe 79 X sil|s=(-l) + 1 2~2 INDEX PAGE Acceleration constant of traveling wave 466 Air blast, action in oscillating-current generator 75 pressure required in oscillating-current generator 75 Alternating-current circuit and transient term of fundamental frequency 473 distribution in conductor 369 transformer operating oscillating-current generator 87 transmission, equations of traveling wave 477 wave as traveling wave without attenuation 472 Alternator control by periodic ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Synchronizing Induction Motors", "section_title": "Synchronizing Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 8, "location": "lines 13956-14465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 80, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII SYNCHRONIZING INDUCTION MOTORS 94. Occasionally two or more induction motors are operated in parallel on the same load, as for instance in three-phase rail- roading, or when securing several speeds by concatenation. In this case the secondaries of the induction motors may be connected in multiple and a single rheostat used ...", "CHAPTER VIII SYNCHRONIZING INDUCTION MOTORS 94. Occasionally two or more induction motors are operated in parallel on the same load, as for instance in three-phase rail- roading, or when securing several speeds by concatenation. In this case the secondaries of the induction motors may be connected in multiple and a single rheostat used for starting . and speed control. Thus, when u ...", "CHAPTER VIII SYNCHRONIZING INDUCTION MOTORS 94. Occasionally two or more induction motors are operated in parallel on the same load, as for instance in three-phase rail- roading, or when securing several speeds by concatenation. In this case the secondaries of the induction motors may be connected in multiple and a single rheostat used for starting . and speed control. Thus, when using two motors in concatena- tion for speeds from standstill to half synchronism, from half synchronism to full speed, the motors may also be operated on a single rheostat by connecting their ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "section_title": "Commutatob Motobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21339-22387", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 79, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIX. COMMUTATOB MOTOBS. 192. Commutator motors — that is, motors in which the current enters or leaves the armature over brushes through a segmental commutator — have been built of various types, but have not found any extensive appli- cation, in consequence of the superiority of the induction and synchronous motors, due to the abse ...", "CHAPTER XIX. COMMUTATOB MOTOBS. 192. Commutator motors — that is, motors in which the current enters or leaves the armature over brushes through a segmental commutator — have been built of various types, but have not found any extensive appli- cation, in consequence of the superiority of the induction and synchronous motors, due to the absence of ...", "CHAPTER XIX. COMMUTATOB MOTOBS. 192. Commutator motors — that is, motors in which the current enters or leaves the armature over brushes through a segmental commutator — have been built of various types, but have not found any extensive appli- cation, in consequence of the superiority of the induction and synchronous motors, due to the absence of commu- tators. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "section_title": "Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 27996-29301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 77, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... number of devices, distributed over a large area, and each consuming a small amount of power, are to be operated in the same circuit, low- voltage supply — 110 or 220 volts — usually is not feasible, due to the distances, and high- voltage distribution — ^2300 volts — with individual step-down transformers at the consuming devices, usually is uneconomical, due to the small power consumption of each device. In such a case, series connection of the devices is the most eco- nomical arrangement, and therefore conmionly used. Such for instance is the case in lighting the streets of a city, etc. Mo ...", "... nomical, due to the small power consumption of each device. In such a case, series connection of the devices is the most eco- nomical arrangement, and therefore conmionly used. Such for instance is the case in lighting the streets of a city, etc. Most of the street lighting has been done by arc lamps operated on constant-current circuits, and as the imiversal electric power supply today is at constant voltage, transformation from constant voltage to constant current thus is of importance, and has been discussed in Chapter XIV. The constant-current system thus is used in this case: (o) B ...", "... electric power supply today is at constant voltage, transformation from constant voltage to constant current thus is of importance, and has been discussed in Chapter XIV. The constant-current system thus is used in this case: (o) Because by series connection of the consuming devices, as the arc lamps in street lighting, it permits the use of a suflBciently high voltage to make the distribution economical. (6) The dropping volt-ampere characteristic of the arc makes it unstable on constant voltage, as further discussed in Chapters II and X, and a constant-current circuit thus is used to sec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "section_title": "Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 8511-9388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 74, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 54 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... or convection. Obviously, by enclosing the radiator in the calorimeter, the latter would measure not only the radi- ation, but also the power lost by heat conduction, convec- tion, etc. Sometimes the power of radiation can be measured by meas- uring input and losses. Thus, in an incandescent lamp, the electric-power input is measured, and the power lost by heat conduction and convection estimated if not entirely negligible. In those cases in which all or most of the energy supplied is converted into radiation, as in an incandescent lamp, this method is the most exact. However, it can d ...", "... uring input and losses. Thus, in an incandescent lamp, the electric-power input is measured, and the power lost by heat conduction and convection estimated if not entirely negligible. In those cases in which all or most of the energy supplied is converted into radiation, as in an incandescent lamp, this method is the most exact. However, it can directly measure only the total radiation power. To measure the different parts of the radiation so as to determine separately the power in the visible, the ultra-red, and the ultra-violet range, the method of input and losses can be used to give ...", "... red, physically, as power, but only physiologically, 168 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. by comparison with other physiological effects of the same nature. The power of visible radiation obviously can be measured, and thus we can express the power of the visible radiation of a mercury lamp or an incandescent lamp in watts. But the power of visible radiation is not proportional to the physiologi- cal effect, and thus not a measure thereof. One watt of green radiation gives many times as great a physiological effect, that is, more light, as does one watt of red or violet radiation, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "section_title": "Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14549-15353", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 72, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 48 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 48 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS OF ALTERNATORS. 112. The short-circuit current of an alternator is limited by armature reaction and armature self-inductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of ...", "CHAPTER XIV. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS OF ALTERNATORS. 112. The short-circuit current of an alternator is limited by armature reaction and armature self-inductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to ...", "CHAPTER XIV. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS OF ALTERNATORS. 112. The short-circuit current of an alternator is limited by armature reaction and armature self-inductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to a resultant m.m.f. reduce ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 66, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... voltage at light load and raise it at overload, and so make up for the increasing drop of voltage with increasing load, caused by the resistance, r, that is, to maintain constant voltage, or even a voltage, e, which rises with the load on the receiving circuit, at constant voltage, Co, at the generator side of the line. Or the wattless component of the current can be varied so as to maintain unity power-factor at the generator end of the line, eo, etc. This method of controlling a circuit supplied over an induc- tive line, by varying the phase relation of the current in the circuit, has bee ...", "... by the resistance, r, that is, to maintain constant voltage, or even a voltage, e, which rises with the load on the receiving circuit, at constant voltage, Co, at the generator side of the line. Or the wattless component of the current can be varied so as to maintain unity power-factor at the generator end of the line, eo, etc. This method of controlling a circuit supplied over an induc- tive line, by varying the phase relation of the current in the circuit, has been called \"phase control,\" and is used to a great extent, especially in the transmission of three-phase power for conversion to ...", "... eo, etc. This method of controlling a circuit supplied over an induc- tive line, by varying the phase relation of the current in the circuit, has been called \"phase control,\" and is used to a great extent, especially in the transmission of three-phase power for conversion to direct current by synchronous converters for 7 97 98 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA railroading, and in the voltage control at the receiving end of very long high voltage transmission lines. It requires a receiving circuit in which, independent of the load, a lagging or leading component of current can be produced at ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19374-20293", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 66, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI REACTION MACHINES 147. In the usual treatment of synchronous machines and induction machines, the assumption is made that the reactance, x, of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large armature reaction, the reactance, x, is variable, and is different in t ...", "... e, x, is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circum- stances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter e.m.f., E,, reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the fi ...", "... riable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circum- stances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter e.m.f., E,, reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field cir ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: General Review", "section_title": "General Review", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 154-565", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamps", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... ng, as it is somewhat low for general distribution, and higher than desirable for conversion to direct current. It was largely used also for power distribution in mills and factories as the lowest frequency at which arc and incandescent light- ing is still feasible; for the reason that 40 cycle generators driven by slow speed reciprocating engines are more easily operated in parallel, due to the lower number of poles. With the development of the steam turbine as high speed prime mover, the conditions in this respect have been reversed, and 60 cycles is more convenient, giving more poles at the ...", "... en by slow speed reciprocating engines are more easily operated in parallel, due to the lower number of poles. With the development of the steam turbine as high speed prime mover, the conditions in this respect have been reversed, and 60 cycles is more convenient, giving more poles at the same generator speed, and so less power per pole. Sundry odd frequencies, as 30 cycles, 33 cycles, 66 cycles, which were attempted at some points, especially in the early days, have not spread; and frequencies below 25 cycles, as 15 cycles and 8 cycles, as proposed for railroading, have not proved of suffic ...", "... in general, in the design of an electric system, only the two standard frequencies, 25 and 60 cycles, come into considera- tion. b. Constant current, either alternating or direct, that is, a current of constant amperage, varying in voltage with the load, is mostly used for street lighting by arc lamps; for all other purposes, constant poteatial is employed. 1 2 GENERAL LECTURES c. For long distance transmission, the highest permis- sible voltage is used ; for primary distribution by alternating current, 2200 volts, that is, voltages between 2000 and 2600; for alternating current seconda ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-81", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Converters: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 81, "number": 1, "location": "lines 13189-13795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "snippets": [ "... railroading and for low-tension distribution on the Edison three- wire system. Thus, where power is derived from an alternating system, transforming devices are required to convert from alternating to direct current. This can be done either by a direct-current generator driven by an alternating synchronous or induction motor, or by a single machine consuming alternating and pro- ducing direct current in one and the same armature. Such a machine is called a converter, and combines, to a certain extent, the features of a di ...", "... tribution on the Edison three- wire system. Thus, where power is derived from an alternating system, transforming devices are required to convert from alternating to direct current. This can be done either by a direct-current generator driven by an alternating synchronous or induction motor, or by a single machine consuming alternating and pro- ducing direct current in one and the same armature. Such a machine is called a converter, and combines, to a certain extent, the features of a direct-current generator and an alternat ...", "... three- wire system. Thus, where power is derived from an alternating system, transforming devices are required to convert from alternating to direct current. This can be done either by a direct-current generator driven by an alternating synchronous or induction motor, or by a single machine consuming alternating and pro- ducing direct current in one and the same armature. Such a machine is called a converter, and combines, to a certain extent, the features of a direct-current generator and an alternating synchronous moto ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Electric Railway", "section_title": "Electric Railway", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 5295-7123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 64, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 48 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "TWELFTH LECTURE ELECTRIC RAILWAY TRAIN CHARACTERISTICS The performance of a railway consists of acceleration, motion and retardation, that is, starting, running and stopping. The characteristics of the railway motor are: 1. Reliability. 2. Limited available space, which permits less margin in the design, so that the railway motor runs at a higher temp- erature, and has a shorter life, than other electrical apparatus. The rating of a railway motor is therefore entirely determined by its heating. That is ...", "... AIN CHARACTERISTICS The performance of a railway consists of acceleration, motion and retardation, that is, starting, running and stopping. The characteristics of the railway motor are: 1. Reliability. 2. Limited available space, which permits less margin in the design, so that the railway motor runs at a higher temp- erature, and has a shorter life, than other electrical apparatus. The rating of a railway motor is therefore entirely determined by its heating. That is, the rating of a railway motor is that output which it can carry without its temperature exceeding the danger limit. T ...", "... running and stopping. The characteristics of the railway motor are: 1. Reliability. 2. Limited available space, which permits less margin in the design, so that the railway motor runs at a higher temp- erature, and has a shorter life, than other electrical apparatus. The rating of a railway motor is therefore entirely determined by its heating. That is, the rating of a railway motor is that output which it can carry without its temperature exceeding the danger limit. The highest possible efficiency is therefore aimed at, not so much for the purpose of saving a few percent, of power, bu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Inductor Machines", "section_title": "Inductor Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 17, "location": "lines 20294-20974", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 64, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII INDUCTOR MACHINES Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most freq ...", "... th revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, but has practically gone out of use except for special Fia. 134. — Revolving armature alternator Fig. 135.— Revolving field al ternator. purposes, and for synchronous commutating machines, as the revolving-armature type of structure is almost exclusively used for commutating machines. The revolving-field type is now almost exclusively used, as the standard construction of alter- nat ...", "... eld and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, but has practically gone out of use except for special Fia. 134. — Revolving armature alternator Fig. 135.— Revolving field al ternator. purposes, and for synchronous commutating machines, as the revolving-armature type of structure is almost exclusively used for commutating machines. The revolving-field type is now almost exclusively used, as the standard construction of alter- nators, synchronous motors, etc. The inductor type had been used to a considera ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-21", "section_label": "Apparatus Introduction 21: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "apparatus-introduction", "sequence": 21, "number": null, "location": "lines 8292-8517", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 63, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "snippets": [ "INTRODUCTION 1. By the direction of the energy transmitted, electric machines have been divided into generators and motors. By the character of the electric power they have been distinguished as direct- current and as alternating-current apparatus. With the advance of electrical engineering, however, these subdivisions have become unsatisfactory and insufficient. The div ...", "INTRODUCTION 1. By the direction of the energy transmitted, electric machines have been divided into generators and motors. By the character of the electric power they have been distinguished as direct- current and as alternating-current apparatus. With the advance of electrical engineering, however, these subdivisions have become unsatisfactory and insufficient. The division into ...", "... . By the character of the electric power they have been distinguished as direct- current and as alternating-current apparatus. With the advance of electrical engineering, however, these subdivisions have become unsatisfactory and insufficient. The division into generators and motors is not based on any characteristic feature of the apparatus, and is thus not rational. Practically any electric generator can be used as motor, and conversely, and frequently one and the same machine is used for either purpose. Where a differenc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 62, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXII ARMATURE REACTIONS OF ALTERNATORS 192. The change of the terminal voltage of an alternating current generator, resulting from a change of load at constant field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which ...", "... s represented by an effective self-induction, that is, instead of the counter m.m.f. of the armature reaction, the e.m.f. considered, which would be generated by the magnetic flux, which the arma- ture reaction would produce. That is, both effects are com- bined in an effective reactance, the \"synchronous reactance.\" While armature reaction and self-inductance are similar in ARMATURE REACTIONS OF ALTERNATORS 273 effect, in some cases they differ in their action; the e.m.f. of self-inductance is instantaneous, that is, appears and disappears with the current to which it is due. The effect of ...", "... current and retards the decrease of field flux, so that the field flux adjusts itself only gradually to the change of circuit conditions, at a rate of speed depending upon the constants of the field-exciting circuit, etc. The extreme case hereof takes place when suddenly short- circuiting an alternator; at the first moment the short-circuit current is limited only by the self-inductance, and the magnetic field still has full strength, the field-exciting current has greatly increased by the e.m.f. generated in the field circuit by the arma- ture reaction. Gradually the field-exciting current a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 11605-12682", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 62, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 58 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV. THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 126. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the p ...", "CHAPTER XIV. THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 126. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding ...", "... power produced in the second- ary is approximately the same as that consumed in the primary, the primary and secondary currents are approxi- mately in inverse ratio to the turns. 127. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both electric circuits — which flux, in a closed magnetic circuit transformer, has a circuit of low reluctance — a magnetic cross-flux passes between the primary and secondary coils, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux is proportional to the current flowing in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere- turns or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 61, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... bances entering the circuit from the outside or originating in it, etc. Periodic phenomena are the alternating currents and voltages, pulsating currents as those produced by rectifiers, the distribution of the magnetic flux in the air-gap of a machine, or the distribution of voltage around the commutator of the direct-current machine, the motion of the piston in the steam-engine cylinder, the variation of the. mean daily temperature with the seasons of the year, etc. The characteristic of a periodic function, y=f{x), is, that at constant intervals of the independent variable x, called cycles ...", "... , and frequently the deviation from sine shape is suffi- cient to require practical consideration/ especially in those cases, where the electric circuit contains electrostatic capacity, as is for instance, the case with long-distance transmission lines, underground cable systems, high potential transformers, etc. (However, no matter how much the alternating or other periodic wave differs from simple sine shape — ^that is, however much the wave is '' distorted,\" it can always be represented by the trigonometric seriesj(3). As illustration the following applications of the trigo- nometric series ...", "... tric series to engineering problems may be considered: {A) The determination of the equa^ori^of_the_,periodic function; that is, the evolution of~tRe constants a^ and b^ of the trigonometric series, if the numerical values of the periodic function are given. Thus, for instance, the wave of an alternator may be taken by oscillograph or wave-meter, and by measuring from the oscillograph, the numerical values of the periodic function are derived for every 10 degrees, or every 5 degrees, or every degree, depending on the accuracy required. The problem then is, from the numerical values of the wave ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 33011-34776", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 61, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... ral wave by its equivalent sine wave, as before discussed, that is, a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated magnetic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alter- nating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of diff ...", "... intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated magnetic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alter- nating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, each term can be represented by a complex symbol, and the equations of the g ...", "... er, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated magnetic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alter- nating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, each term can be represented by a complex symbol, and the equations of the general wave then a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-16", "section_label": "Lecture 16: The Incandescent Lamp", "section_title": "The Incandescent Lamp", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 9687-9919", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 60, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "snippets": [ "SIXTEENTH LECTURE THE INCANDESCENT LAMP mHE two main types of electric illuminants are the in- candescent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent l ...", "SIXTEENTH LECTURE THE INCANDESCENT LAMP mHE two main types of electric illuminants are the in- candescent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent lamps in an electric circuit therefore act as non-inductive ohmic resistan ...", "SIXTEENTH LECTURE THE INCANDESCENT LAMP mHE two main types of electric illuminants are the in- candescent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent lamps in an electric circuit therefore act as non-inductive ohmic resistance and can there- fore be operated equ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "section_title": "Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 7124-8648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 52 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "THIRTEENTH LECTURE ELECTRIC RAILWAY: MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS mHE economy of operation of a railway system, station, lines, etc., decreases, and the amount of apparatus, line copper, etc., which is required, increases with increas- ing fluctuations of load ; the best economy of an electric system therefore requires as small a power fluc ...", "... y system, station, lines, etc., decreases, and the amount of apparatus, line copper, etc., which is required, increases with increas- ing fluctuations of load ; the best economy of an electric system therefore requires as small a power fluctuation as possible. The pull required of the railway motor during accelera- tion, on heavy grades, etc., is, however, many times greater than in free running. In a constant speed motor, as a direct current shunt motor or an alternating current induction motor, the power consumption is approximately proportional to the torque of the motor and thus to t ...", "... ncreas- ing fluctuations of load ; the best economy of an electric system therefore requires as small a power fluctuation as possible. The pull required of the railway motor during accelera- tion, on heavy grades, etc., is, however, many times greater than in free running. In a constant speed motor, as a direct current shunt motor or an alternating current induction motor, the power consumption is approximately proportional to the torque of the motor and thus to the draw bar pull that is given by it. With such motors, the fluctuation of power consump- tion would thus be as great as the f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Light Intensity And Illumination", "section_title": "Light Intensity And Illumination", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 12574-16484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamps", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... cal illumination, that is, the illumination of a vertical plane (as the sides of a room), is 7 sin 0 iv = i sin <£ = — —!- •, (3) If, then, in Fig. 95, L is a light source at a distance lv above a horizontal plane P, then, for a point A at the horizontal dis- FIG. 95. tance lh from the lamp, L (that is, the distance lh from the point B of the plane P, vertically below the lamp L), we have: , Lv and the distance of the point A from the light is cos hence, the total illumination at point A is . 7 cos2 () . the horizontal illumination is l 7 cos and the vertic ...", "... , is 7 sin 0 iv = i sin <£ = — —!- •, (3) If, then, in Fig. 95, L is a light source at a distance lv above a horizontal plane P, then, for a point A at the horizontal dis- FIG. 95. tance lh from the lamp, L (that is, the distance lh from the point B of the plane P, vertically below the lamp L), we have: , Lv and the distance of the point A from the light is cos hence, the total illumination at point A is . 7 cos2 () . the horizontal illumination is l 7 cos and the vertical illumination is . 7 cos2 sin (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) where 7 is the inten ...", "... $ > cu the intensity curve would follow the equation, / = -4-r, (14) sin2 which gives uniform illumination in the vertical plane, that is, of the walls of the room. In Fig. 98 are shown intensity curves of a light source giving uniform illumination in the horizontal plane beneath the lamp, from 0 to CD, and the same uniform illumination in the vertical plane from $ = a> to = 90 deg., as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 97; that is, uniform illumination of the floor of a room and (approximately) its walls, by a lamp located in the center of the ceiling, where cu is the (averag ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... al wave by its equivalent sine wave, as before discussed, that is a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accu- rate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, espe- cially in circuits containing capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction ma- chines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated mag- netic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alternating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of d ...", "... sity and equal power, while sufficiently accu- rate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, espe- cially in circuits containing capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction ma- chines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated mag- netic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alternating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, each term can be represented by a complex symbol, and the equations of the ...", "... while sufficiently accu- rate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, espe- cially in circuits containing capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction ma- chines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated mag- netic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alternating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, each term can be represented by a complex symbol, and the equations of the general wave then ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11051-12221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these forces. Between the primary and the secondary coils of the tran ...", "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these forces. Between the primary and the secondary coils of the transformer, between conductor and return conductor of an ...", "... tors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these forces. Between the primary and the secondary coils of the transformer, between conductor and return conductor of an electric circuit, etc., such mechanical forces appear. The electromagnet, and all electrodynamic machinery, are based on the use of these mechanical forces between electric conductors and magnetic fields. So also is that type of trans- former whi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "section_title": "The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 12683-13648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 57, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV. THE GENERAL ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER OR FREQUENCY CONVERTER. 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic- circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in t ...", "CHAPTER XV. THE GENERAL ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER OR FREQUENCY CONVERTER. 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic- circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the se ...", "... f power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus, if the secondary coil is not held rigidly as in the stationary transformer, it will be repelled and move away from the primary. This mechanical effect is made use of in the induction motor, which represents a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-02-discussion-of-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 3: Discussion of Recommendations", "section_title": "Discussion of Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "PDF pages 12-16, lines 721-1138", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "Discussion of Recommendations While recommendations 1) to 3) should greatly reduce the frequency of troubles or keep them out of the generating system by isolating or localizing them by the feeder reactors, it obviously is not possible to absolutely guard against the occasional troubles in the generating sys- tem, such as short circuits. But as soon as the trouble is cleared as by the opening of the circuit breakers, in a second or a few seconds, the system should immediately return to normal, and to ...", "... y guard against the occasional troubles in the generating sys- tem, such as short circuits. But as soon as the trouble is cleared as by the opening of the circuit breakers, in a second or a few seconds, the system should immediately return to normal, and to begin to pick up again the load which the short circuit dropped. The most serious feature of the troubles of September 18th, May 19th, and October 22nd, in my opinion, was that with the clearing of the short circuit, the sys- [[END_PDF_PAGE:12]] [[PDF_PAGE:13]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz tern did not promptly come back to normal voltage, but in a l ...", "... it breakers, in a second or a few seconds, the system should immediately return to normal, and to begin to pick up again the load which the short circuit dropped. The most serious feature of the troubles of September 18th, May 19th, and October 22nd, in my opinion, was that with the clearing of the short circuit, the sys- [[END_PDF_PAGE:12]] [[PDF_PAGE:13]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz tern did not promptly come back to normal voltage, but in a large part of the system (Fisk Street B and Northwest) the voltage remained practically zero for about a quarter of an hour after the trouble had been cleared. I ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 36062-36514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformers", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... primary system must have the same flow of energy as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of energy. The energy stored as magnetism amounts in a well-designed trans- former only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by trans ...", "... produced by, two components of given directions, the e.m.f. of any polyphase sys- tem can be resolved into components or produced from compon- ents of two given directions. This enables the transformation of any polyphase system into any other polyphase system of the same balance-factor by two transformers only. 290. Let El, E^, E3 .... he the e.m.fs. of the primary sys- tem which shall be transformed into E\\, E'2, E'i .... the e.m.fs. of the secondary system. Choosing two magnetic fluxes, 4> and $, of different phases, as magnetic circuits of the two transformers, which generate the e m.fs. ...", "... same balance-factor by two transformers only. 290. Let El, E^, E3 .... he the e.m.fs. of the primary sys- tem which shall be transformed into E\\, E'2, E'i .... the e.m.fs. of the secondary system. Choosing two magnetic fluxes, 4> and $, of different phases, as magnetic circuits of the two transformers, which generate the e m.fs., e and e, per turn, by the law of parallelogram the e.m.fs., El, E2, .... can be resolved into two components, Ei and El, E2 and E2, .... of the phases, e and e. Theri_ El, Ei, .... are the counter e.m.fs. which have to be gen- _ erated in the primary circuits of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_title": "Induction Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "number": 1, "location": "lines 18949-19165", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "snippets": [ "I. General 132. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt- or series-wound, is independent of the direction of the current supplied thereto; that is, when reversing the current in a direct-current motor the direction of rotation remains the same. Thus theoretically any continuous-current motor should op ...", "I. General 132. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt- or series-wound, is independent of the direction of the current supplied thereto; that is, when reversing the current in a direct-current motor the direction of rotation remains the same. Thus theoretically any continuous-current motor should operate also with alternating currents. Obviously in this case not only the armature but also the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to ex ...", "... ct-current motor, whether shunt- or series-wound, is independent of the direction of the current supplied thereto; that is, when reversing the current in a direct-current motor the direction of rotation remains the same. Thus theoretically any continuous-current motor should operate also with alternating currents. Obviously in this case not only the armature but also the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16362-17596", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the ...", "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and ...", "... ER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4218-4594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 54, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "NINTH LECTURE HUNTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES C\"^ROSS currents can flow between alternators due to dif- ferences in voltage, that is, differences in excitation; ■—^ and due to differences in phase, that is, differences in position of their rotors. Cross currents due to differences in excitation are watt- less currents, magnet ...", "... action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of load of a synchronous motor) then the two machines pull each other in phase again, oscillate a few times against each other, which oscillation gradually decreases and dies out, and the machines run steadily. If the oscillations do not decrease, but continue, the machines are said to be hunting. If the oscillatio ...", "... distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of load of a synchronous motor) then the two machines pull each other in phase again, oscillate a few times against each other, which oscillation gradually decreases and dies out, and the machines run steadily. If the oscillations do not decrease, but continue, the machines are said to be hunting. If the oscillation is s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 22302-23970", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 54, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the ...", "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and ...", "... TER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the m.m.f. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approximately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchronous motion relatively to the former; hence fixed in space relative to the field m.m.f., or un ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16521-17716", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 53, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the trans- former. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. Thus, in the ...", "... the power produced in the secondary is approximately the same as that consumed in the primary, the primary and secondary currents are approximately in inverse ratio to the turns. 142. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both electric circuits — which flux, in a closed magnetic circuit transformer, has a circuit of low reluctance — a magnetic cross-flux passes between the primary and secondarj^ coils, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux is proportional to the current in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere-turns or m.m.f., ...", "... ss-flux passes between the primary and secondarj^ coils, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux is proportional to the current in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere-turns or m.m.f., and so increases with the increasing load on the transformer, and constitutes what is called the self-inductive or leakage reactance of the trans- former; while the flux surrounding both coils may be con- sidered as mutual inductive reactance. This cross-flux of self-induction does not generate e.m.f. in the secondary circuit, 187 188 ALTERNATING-CU ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-38", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 17: Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 38, "number": 17, "location": "lines 10190-10429", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "snippets": [ "XVII. Short-circuit Currents of Alternators 31. The short-circuit current of an alternator at full-load excitation usually is from two to five times full-load current, and even less in very large high-speed steam turbine alternators. It is where EQ = nominal generated e.m.f., ...", "XVII. Short-circuit Currents of Alternators 31. The short-circuit current of an alternator at full-load excitation usually is from two to five times full-load current, and even less in very large high-speed steam turbine alternators. It is where EQ = nominal generated e.m.f., ZQ = synchronous impe- dance of alternator, r ...", "XVII. Short-circuit Currents of Alternators 31. The short-circuit current of an alternator at full-load excitation usually is from two to five times full-load current, and even less in very large high-speed steam turbine alternators. It is where EQ = nominal generated e.m.f., ZQ = synchronous impe- dance of alternator, representing the combined e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2659-3514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... 0.5, t = 0.00069 seconds. The time during which the current reaches 90 per cent of its full value, or i = 900 amperes, is t = 0.0023 seconds, that is, the current is established in the circuit in a practically inappre- ciable time, a fraction of a hundredth of a second. 22. Excitation of a motor field. Let, in a continuous-current shunt motor, e0 = 250 volts = impressed e.m.f., and the number of poles = 8. Assume the magnetic flux per pole, 0 = 12.5 megalines, and the ampere-turns per pole required to produce this magnetic flux as $ = 9000. Assume 1000 watts used for the excita ...", "... h the current reaches 90 per cent of its full value, or i = 900 amperes, is t = 0.0023 seconds, that is, the current is established in the circuit in a practically inappre- ciable time, a fraction of a hundredth of a second. 22. Excitation of a motor field. Let, in a continuous-current shunt motor, e0 = 250 volts = impressed e.m.f., and the number of poles = 8. Assume the magnetic flux per pole, 0 = 12.5 megalines, and the ampere-turns per pole required to produce this magnetic flux as $ = 9000. Assume 1000 watts used for the excitation of the motor field gives an exciting current ...", "... t, in a continuous-current shunt motor, e0 = 250 volts = impressed e.m.f., and the number of poles = 8. Assume the magnetic flux per pole, 0 = 12.5 megalines, and the ampere-turns per pole required to produce this magnetic flux as $ = 9000. Assume 1000 watts used for the excitation of the motor field gives an exciting current 1000 h =- = 4 amperes, and herefrom the resistance of the total motor field circuit is r = e-? = 62.5 ohms. 28 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA To produce JF = 9000 ampere-turns, with il = 4 amperes, cjr requires — = 2250 turns per field spool, or a total of n = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 31657-33200", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 51, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... uminum cell as condenser, 10 Amorphous carbon resistance, 23 Annealing, magnetic effect, 78 Anode, 6 Anthracite, resistance, 23 Apparatus economy of constant po- tential, constant current transformation, 281 of monocyclic square, 276 of T connection, 265 Arc as alternating current power generator, 187 characteristics, 34 condition of st^-bility on con- stant current, 173 on constant voltage, 169 conduction, 28, 31, 42 constants, 36 effective negative resistance, 191 equations, 35 as oscillator, 189 parallel operation on constant current, 175 shunted by capacity, 178, 184 and ...", "... unted by capacity, 178, 184 and inductance, 184 by resistance on constant current, 172 singing and rasping, 188, 189 tending to unstability, 164 transient characteristic, 192 as unstable conductor, 167 Arcing ground on transmission lines, . 199 Area of BH relation, 53 Armature flux of alternator, 233 reactance flux of alternator, 232 reaction of alternator, 236 Attenuation constant, leaky con- ductor, 334 of synchronous machine oscil- lation, 213 B Balance of quarterphase system on singlephase load, 322 of singlephase load, 319 of threephase system on single- phase load, 32 ...", "... ductance, 184 by resistance on constant current, 172 singing and rasping, 188, 189 tending to unstability, 164 transient characteristic, 192 as unstable conductor, 167 Arcing ground on transmission lines, . 199 Area of BH relation, 53 Armature flux of alternator, 233 reactance flux of alternator, 232 reaction of alternator, 236 Attenuation constant, leaky con- ductor, 334 of synchronous machine oscil- lation, 213 B Balance of quarterphase system on singlephase load, 322 of singlephase load, 319 of threephase system on single- phase load, 325 of unbalanced power of system, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: General Distribution", "section_title": "General Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 566-982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 50, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... the mains at the feeder A and all adjacent feeders. This inter- linkage of feeders therefore allows a regulation of voltage in the mains, far closer than the number of voltages available in the station. The different bus bars in the station are supplied with their voltage by having different generators or converters in the sta- tion operate at different voltages, and with increasing load on the station, and consequent increasing demand of higher volt- age by the feeders, shift machines from lower to higher voltage bus bars, inversely with decreasing load; or the different bus bars are operat ...", "... the current per conductor, is limited by the self -inductive drop, and alternating current low tension networks are therefore of necessity of smaller size than those of direct current distribution. As regards economy of distribution, this is not a serious objection, as the alternating current transformer and primary distribution permits the use of numerous secondary circuits. In alternating current systems, a primary distribution system of 2200 volts is used, feeding step-down transformers. The different arrangements are — a. A separate transformer for each customer. This is necessary in t ...", "... ibution. As regards economy of distribution, this is not a serious objection, as the alternating current transformer and primary distribution permits the use of numerous secondary circuits. In alternating current systems, a primary distribution system of 2200 volts is used, feeding step-down transformers. The different arrangements are — a. A separate transformer for each customer. This is necessary in those cases where the customers are so far apart from each other that they cannot be reached by the same low tension or secondary circuit ; every alternating current system therefore has at l ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_title": "Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 16485-17445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 50, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "... which characterizes the usefulness of an illuminant, and it is the raw material from which all illuminating engineering starts. Any source of light can be measured in units of light flux or lumens — the diffused daylight entering the windows of a room, or the visible radia- tion of the mercury lamp or a Moore tube as well as that of a point source — by adding all the flux densities intercepted by any surface enclosing the source of light. In a point source of light, the intensity, in candles, is the total 258 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. flux of light, in lumens, divided by 4 ...", "... tensity of light, has become the most familiar quantity in characterizing illuminants, very commonly even sources of light which are not point sources — as a Moore tube or the diffused daylight — are expressed in \" equivalent candle power\" and when thus speaking of the candle power of a mercury lamp, or of the diffused daylight from the windows, we mean the candle power of a point source of light, which would give the same total flux of light as the mercury lamp, or the daylight from the windows, etc. The \" equivalent candle power,\" or frequently merely called \" mean spherical candle powe ...", "... e or the diffused daylight — are expressed in \" equivalent candle power\" and when thus speaking of the candle power of a mercury lamp, or of the diffused daylight from the windows, we mean the candle power of a point source of light, which would give the same total flux of light as the mercury lamp, or the daylight from the windows, etc. The \" equivalent candle power,\" or frequently merely called \" mean spherical candle power/' thus is the total light flux divided by 4 TT, hence in reality is not a unit of intensity, but a unit of light flux. This explains the apparent contradiction bet ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 50, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, exc ...", "CHAPTER XIII REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The arma ...", "CHAPTER XIII REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14089-14918", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 49, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV. THE OSNI!RAIj AIiTEBNATINa-CUBBENT TBAKBFOBMSB. 131. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the sec ...", "... f power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus, if the secondary coil is not held rigidly as in the stationary transformer, it will be repelled and move away from the primary. This mechanical effect is made use of in the indAiction motor, which represents a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field ...", "... r of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus, if the secondary coil is not held rigidly as in the stationary transformer, it will be repelled and move away from the primary. This mechanical effect is made use of in the indAiction motor, which represents a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while moving with regard to the primary, does not leave the pr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "section_title": "Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 12673-14088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII. THS ALTERNATING^CnRRENT TRAXSFOBMER. 116. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding ...", "... power produced in the second- ary is approximately the same as that consumed in the primary, the primary and secondary currents are approxi- mately in inverse ratio to the turns. 117. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both electric circuits — which flux, in a closed magnetic circuit transformer, has a circuit of low reluctance — a magnetic cross-flux passes between the primary and secondary coils, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux is proportional to the current flowing in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere- turns or ...", "... oss-flux passes between the primary and secondary coils, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux is proportional to the current flowing in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere- turns or M.M.F. increase with the increasing load on the transformer, and constitute what is called the self-induc- tance of the transformer; while the flux surrounding both 168 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§118 coils may be considered as mutual inductance. This cross- flux of self-induction does not induce E.M.F. in the second- ary circuit, and is thu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "section_title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 17025-18828", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and ...", "... R XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F. ...", "... xciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F., or uni-directional, but pulsating in a single-phase alternator. In the polyphase alternator, when evenly loaded or balanced, the resultant M.M.F. of the armature current is more or less constant. The E.M.F. induced in the armature is due to the mag- netic flux passing through and interlinked with the arma- ture conductors. This flux is produced by the re ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Rotary Terminal Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Rotary Terminal Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 11, "location": "lines 14762-14896", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI ROTARY TERMINAL SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 101. A single-phase induction motor, giving full torque at starting and at any intermediate speed, by means of leading the supply current into the primary motor winding through brushes moving on a segmental commutator connected to the primary Diagram of rotary terminal aingle-plia-w inducti ...", "CHAPTER XI ROTARY TERMINAL SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 101. A single-phase induction motor, giving full torque at starting and at any intermediate speed, by means of leading the supply current into the primary motor winding through brushes moving on a segmental commutator connected to the primary Diagram of rotary terminal aingle-plia-w induction motor. winding, was devised and ...", "CHAPTER XI ROTARY TERMINAL SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 101. A single-phase induction motor, giving full torque at starting and at any intermediate speed, by means of leading the supply current into the primary motor winding through brushes moving on a segmental commutator connected to the primary Diagram of rotary terminal aingle-plia-w induction motor. winding, was devised and built by II. Eickemeyer in 1891, and further work thereon done later in Germany, but never was brought into commercial use. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 29375-32539", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... f the reactance, causing higher harmonics under load. 3d. Pulsation of the resistance, causing higher harmonics under load also. Taking up the different causes of higher harmonics, we have : Lack of Uniformity and Pulsation of the Magnetic Field. 234. Since most of the alternating-current generators con- tain definite and sharply defined field-poles covering in different types different proportions of the pitch, in general the mag- netic flux interlinked with the armature coil will not vary as a sine wave, of the form $ cos /3, but as a complex harmonic function, depending on the shape ...", "... nterlinked with the armature coil will not vary as a sine wave, of the form $ cos /3, but as a complex harmonic function, depending on the shape and the pitch of the field-poles and the arrangement of the armature conductors. In this case the magnetic flux issuing from the field-pole of the alternator can be represented by the general equation, •S* = Ao + Ai cos/3 + A2COS2/3 + AsCosS/S -I- . . . + Bi sin iS + B2 sin 2 /3 + B3 sin 3 /3 + . . . If the reluctance of the armature is uniform in all directions, so that the distribution of the magnetic flux at the field-pole face does not chang ...", "... several e.m.fs. of different phases, and is thus more uniformly varying; that is, more sinusoidal, approaching sine shape to within 3 per cent, or less, as for instance the curves Fig. 172 and Fig. 173 show, which represent the no-load and full-load wave of e.m.f, of a three-phase multitooth alternator. The prin- cipal term of these harmonics is the third harmonic, which con- sequently appears more or less in all alternator waves. As a rule these harmonics can be considered together with the har- monics due to the varying reluctance of the magnetic circuit. In iron-clad alternators with few ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Hysteresis Motor", "section_title": "Hysteresis Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 10, "location": "lines 14551-14761", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X HYSTERESIS MOTOR 98. In it revolving magnetic field, a circular iron disk, or iron cylinder of uniform magnetic reluctance in the direction of the revolving field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the ...", "... circular iron disk, or iron cylinder of uniform magnetic reluctance in the direction of the revolving field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the revolving disk or cylinder, and such a motor may thus be called a hysteresis motor. Let / be the iron disk exposed to a rotating magnetic field or resultant m.m.f. The axis of resultant magnetization in the disk, /, does not coincide with the axis of the rotating field, but lags behind the latter, thus producing a couple. That is, the c ...", "... of uniform magnetic reluctance in the direction of the revolving field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the revolving disk or cylinder, and such a motor may thus be called a hysteresis motor. Let / be the iron disk exposed to a rotating magnetic field or resultant m.m.f. The axis of resultant magnetization in the disk, /, does not coincide with the axis of the rotating field, but lags behind the latter, thus producing a couple. That is, the component of magnetism in a direction o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "... second, or between the 5th harmonic and the 7th harmonic, 300 and 420 cycles of a 60-cycle system; fairly close to the 5th har- monic. The study of such a circuit of distributed capacity thus becomes of importance with reference to the investigation of the effects of higher harmonics of the generator wave. In long-distance telephony the important frequencies of speech probably range from 100 to 2000 cycles. For these fre- er quencies the wave length varies from — = 1880 miles down to L 94 miles, and a telephone line of 1000 miles length would thus LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE 2 ...", "... iption, and determine the current and e.m.f. at any point of the circuit. That is, an e.m.f. and current (differing in phase by any desired angle) may be given at the terminals of the receiving circuit. To be determined are the e.m.f. and current at any point of the line, for instance, at the generator terminals; or the impedance, Zt = rl - jxv or admittance, Yl = g1 + jblt of the receiver circuit, and e.m.f., E0, at generator terminals are given; the current and e.m.f. at any point of circuit to be deter- mined, etc. 7. Counting- now the distance, I, from a point 0 of the line which has t ...", "... y any desired angle) may be given at the terminals of the receiving circuit. To be determined are the e.m.f. and current at any point of the line, for instance, at the generator terminals; or the impedance, Zt = rl - jxv or admittance, Yl = g1 + jblt of the receiver circuit, and e.m.f., E0, at generator terminals are given; the current and e.m.f. at any point of circuit to be deter- mined, etc. 7. Counting- now the distance, I, from a point 0 of the line which has the e.m.f. + je,f and the current 284 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and counting I positive in the direction of rising power and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "section_title": "Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1549-2365", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 44 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... ves of different frequencies, and very commonly a mixture of an infinite number of frequencies, as is, for instance, the case with the * \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscilla- tions. \" RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 21 radiation of an incandescent body as a lamp filament, which contains all the frequencies from long ultra-red waves over visible light waves to ultra-violet waves. In the action of vibrations on our senses there is a characteristic difference between the perception of sound waves by the ear and that of light waves by the eye : the ear i ...", "... iologically harm- ful action of an ultra-violet component of light, still remain, even if the eye does not see the components, and in the study of radia- tion for the purpose of its engineering use for illumination it is therefore necessary to analyze the mixed radiation given by a source as a lamp, by resolving it into its component waves. This is done by using some feature of the radiation which varies with the frequency. Such is the case with the velocity of propagation. The velocity of light in empty space is 3 X 1010 cm. per sec. It is practically the same in air and other gases. ...", "... more than the violet. These two forms, the refracting spectroscope and the diffract- ing spectroscope, now enable us to resolve a beam of mixed radia- tion into its components and thus study its spectrum. 13. I show you here a number of typical spectra: (1). The spectra of an incandescent lamp and an alcohol lamp with Welsbach mantel. These are continuous spectra, that is, show all the radiations from red over orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo to violet, uniformly shading into each other. (2a). The spectrum of the mercury lamp. This is a line spectrum, that is, shows only a finit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-40", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification", "section_title": "Arc Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 40, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17755-19259", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "snippets": [ "... n expended in establishing this vapor bridge. This can be done by bringing the terminals into contact and so starting the current, and then by gradually withdrawing the terminals derive the energy of the arc flame by means of the current, from the electric circuit, as is done in practically all arc lamps. Or by increasing the voltage across the gap between the terminals so high that the electrostatic stress in the gap repre- sents sufficient energy to establish a path for the current, i.e., by jumping an electrostatic spark across the gap, this spark is fol- lowed by the arc flame. An arc can a ...", "... licitly in the following paragraphs. The constant-current mercury arc rectifier system, as used for the operation of constant direct-current arc circuits from an alternating constant potential supply of any frequency, is sketched diagrammatically in Fig. 60. It consists of a constant-current transformer with a tap C brought out from the middle of the secondary coil AB. The rectifier tube has two graphite anodes ARC RECTIFICATION 251 a, 6, and a mercury cathode c, and usually two auxiliary mercury anodes near the cathode c (not shown in diagram, Fig. 60), which are used for excitation, ...", "... a, 6, and a mercury cathode c, and usually two auxiliary mercury anodes near the cathode c (not shown in diagram, Fig. 60), which are used for excitation, mainly in starting, by establishing between the cathode c and the two auxiliary mercury anodes, from a small low voltage constant-potential transformer, a pair of low current rectifying arcs. In the constant-potential rectifier, generally one auxiliary anode only is used, connected through a resistor r with one of the main anodes, and the constant- Fig. 60. Constant-current mercury arc rectifier. Fig. 61. Constant-potential mercury arc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_title": "Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 22634-23465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... is that many phenomena, such as the loss of power by magnetic hysteresis, the m.m.f. required for field excitation, etc., are related to the resultant magnetic field, thus not equal to the sum of the corresponding effects of the components. 216 REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 217 As the transformer is the simplest alternating-current appara- tus, the relations are best shown thereon. Leakage Flux of Alternating-current Transformer 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a mag- netic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit, which receives power ...", "... the resultant magnetic field, thus not equal to the sum of the corresponding effects of the components. 216 REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 217 As the transformer is the simplest alternating-current appara- tus, the relations are best shown thereon. Leakage Flux of Alternating-current Transformer 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a mag- netic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit, which receives power from its impressed voltage, and the secondary circuit, which supplies power to its external circuit. For convenience, we may assune the ...", "... ual to the sum of the corresponding effects of the components. 216 REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 217 As the transformer is the simplest alternating-current appara- tus, the relations are best shown thereon. Leakage Flux of Alternating-current Transformer 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a mag- netic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit, which receives power from its impressed voltage, and the secondary circuit, which supplies power to its external circuit. For convenience, we may assune the secondary circuit as re- duced to the pri ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-01-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 2: Recommendations", "section_title": "Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "PDF pages 7-12, lines 145-720", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 42, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "RECOMMENDATIONS From the investigation, the following recommendations appear to me justified: 1.) To reduce the liability of trouble, by carefully going over all the controlling devices, such as relays, current transformers, circuit breaker-operating mechanisms, etc., especially those at or near the gen- erating stations to ascertain whether they are in perfect condition and whether they are of the most reliable and safest type now available, and where necessary replace them or change them to the safest and most relia ...", "... ry few years with every advance of the art, it probably is economically feasible to do so with regard to the con- trolling devices located in the generating stations proper. 2.) To study the possibility of intercepting many of the troubles in their beginning, before they have fully developed into a short circuit. Cable breakdowns apparently are not always instantaneous, but often [[END_PDF_PAGE:7]] [[PDF_PAGE:8]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz develop gradually within a time from a few seconds to many days. A sufficiently sensitive differential relay thus may discover a beginning cable fault, and cut off ...", "... he one and not or a different transient in the other, and the sensitivity of the differential relay thus probably has to be lowered not to be affected by transients. On the other hand, the latter arrangement would not require such extensive replacement of cables. Systems involving the use of sheath transformers or other schemes for tripping out on small ground currents, and still other arrangements for accomplishing the result of operating on an incipient fault, should be investigated. It appears that some cable failures are preceded by a gradual de- crease of the insulation resistance, especially while h ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-112", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 112, "number": 6, "location": "lines 21647-21812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 42, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "snippets": [ "VI. Phase Converter 158. It may be seen from the preceding that the induction machine can operate equally well as motor, below synchronism, and as generator, above synchronism. In the single-phase induction machine the motor or generator action occurs in one primary circuit only, but in the direction in quadrature to the primary circuit there is a mere magnetizing current eit ...", "VI. Phase Converter 158. It may be seen from the preceding that the induction machine can operate equally well as motor, below synchronism, and as generator, above synchronism. In the single-phase induction machine the motor or generator action occurs in one primary circuit only, but in the direction in quadrature to the primary circuit there is a mere magnetizing current either in the seconda ...", "VI. Phase Converter 158. It may be seen from the preceding that the induction machine can operate equally well as motor, below synchronism, and as generator, above synchronism. In the single-phase induction machine the motor or generator action occurs in one primary circuit only, but in the direction in quadrature to the primary circuit there is a mere magnetizing current either in the secondary, in the single- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Temperature Radiation", "section_title": "Temperature Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3946-5076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... hort time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a body by the transformation of chemical energy, that is, by combustion, and in later years by the trans- formation of electric energy, as in the arc and incandescent lamp. With increasing temperature of a body the radiation from the body increases. Thus, also, the power which is required to main- tain the body at constant temperature increases with increase of temperature. In a vacuum (as approximately in the incandes- cent lamp) , where heat conduction and he ...", "... as in the arc and incandescent lamp. With increasing temperature of a body the radiation from the body increases. Thus, also, the power which is required to main- tain the body at constant temperature increases with increase of temperature. In a vacuum (as approximately in the incandes- cent lamp) , where heat conduction and heat convection from the radiating body is excluded, all the power input into the body is radiated from it, and in this case the power input measures the power of the radiation. The total power or rate at which energy is radiated by a heated body varies with the f ...", "... n daylight. With still further increase of temperature, the violet end of the spectrum would increase faster than the red end and the light thus shift to bluish white, blue and violet. The invisibility of the radiation of low temperature is not due to low intensity. I have here an incandescent lamp at normal brilliancy. If I decrease the power input and thereby the radi- ated power to T^ it becomes invisible, but if we move away from the lamp to 10 times the previous distance, we get only T^ the radiation reaching our eyes and still the light is very plainly 74 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND IL ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-91", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 91, "number": 13, "location": "lines 16065-16540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "snippets": [ "... ter 105. If n equidistant pairs of diametrically opposite points of a commutating machine armature are connected to the ends of n compensators or autotransformers, that is, electric circuits interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and the centers of these auto- transformers connected with each other to a neutral point as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 140 for n = 3, this neutral is equidis- tant in potential from the two sets of commutator brushes, and such a machine can be used as continuous current converter, to SYNCHRON ...", "... electric circuits interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and the centers of these auto- transformers connected with each other to a neutral point as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 140 for n = 3, this neutral is equidis- tant in potential from the two sets of commutator brushes, and such a machine can be used as continuous current converter, to SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 263 transform in the ratio of potentials 1 :2 or 2 : 1 or 1 : 1, in the latter case transforming power from one side of a three- wire system to the ...", "... sformers connected with each other to a neutral point as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 140 for n = 3, this neutral is equidis- tant in potential from the two sets of commutator brushes, and such a machine can be used as continuous current converter, to SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 263 transform in the ratio of potentials 1 :2 or 2 : 1 or 1 : 1, in the latter case transforming power from one side of a three- wire system to the other side. Obviously either the n autotransformers can be stationary and connected to the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Synchronous Induction Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 9, "location": "lines 14466-14550", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR 97. The typical induction motor consists of one or a number df primary circuits acting upon an armature movable thereto, which contains a number of closed secondary circuits, displaced from each other in space so as to offer a resultant closed secondary circuit in any directio ...", "CHAPTER IX SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR 97. The typical induction motor consists of one or a number df primary circuits acting upon an armature movable thereto, which contains a number of closed secondary circuits, displaced from each other in space so as to offer a resultant closed secondary circuit in any direction and at any pos ...", "CHAPTER IX SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR 97. The typical induction motor consists of one or a number df primary circuits acting upon an armature movable thereto, which contains a number of closed secondary circuits, displaced from each other in space so as to offer a resultant closed secondary circuit in any direction and at any position of the armature or secondar ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Long Distance Transmission", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2562-3132", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 40, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... s and the inductive drop is less, because charging current and inductance voltage are proportional to the frequency. VOLTAGE 11,000 to 13,200 volts and more recently, even 22,000 volts is most common for shorter distances, as 10 to 20 miles, since this is about the highest voltage for which generators can be built; its use therefore saves the step-up transformers, that is, the generator feeds directly into the line and to the step- down transformers for the regular load. The next step is 30,000 volts ; that is, 33,000 volts at the generator, 30,000 at the receiving end of the line. No inte ...", "... d inductance voltage are proportional to the frequency. VOLTAGE 11,000 to 13,200 volts and more recently, even 22,000 volts is most common for shorter distances, as 10 to 20 miles, since this is about the highest voltage for which generators can be built; its use therefore saves the step-up transformers, that is, the generator feeds directly into the line and to the step- down transformers for the regular load. The next step is 30,000 volts ; that is, 33,000 volts at the generator, 30,000 at the receiving end of the line. No inter- mediate voltages between this and the voltage for which gen ...", "... oportional to the frequency. VOLTAGE 11,000 to 13,200 volts and more recently, even 22,000 volts is most common for shorter distances, as 10 to 20 miles, since this is about the highest voltage for which generators can be built; its use therefore saves the step-up transformers, that is, the generator feeds directly into the line and to the step- down transformers for the regular load. The next step is 30,000 volts ; that is, 33,000 volts at the generator, 30,000 at the receiving end of the line. No inter- mediate voltages between this and the voltage for which generators can be wound is u ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-101", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 101, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17538-18397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 40, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "snippets": [ "IV. Regulation 115. As primary and secondary winding of the transformer can- not occupy the same space, and in addition some insulation — more or less depending on the voltage — must be between them, there is thus a space between primary and secondary through which the primary current can send magnetic flux which does not inter ...", "... a self-induc- tive or leakage flux and in the same manner the secondary current sends self-inductive or leakage flux through the space between primary and secondary winding. These fluxes give rise to the self -inductive or leakage reactances x\\ and Xz of the transformer. Or in other words, two paths exist for magnetic flux in the transformer: the path surrounding primary and secondary coils, through which flows the mutual magnetic flux of the transformer, which is the useful flux, that is, the flux which transfers the po ...", "... rent sends self-inductive or leakage flux through the space between primary and secondary winding. These fluxes give rise to the self -inductive or leakage reactances x\\ and Xz of the transformer. Or in other words, two paths exist for magnetic flux in the transformer: the path surrounding primary and secondary coils, through which flows the mutual magnetic flux of the transformer, which is the useful flux, that is, the flux which transfers the power from primary to secondary circuit; and the space between pri- mary and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Generation", "section_title": "Generation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3781-4217", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "EIGHTH LECTURE GENERATION For driving electric generators the following methods are available : 1. The hydraulic turbine in a water power station. 2. The steam engine. 3. The steam turbine. 4. The gas engine. COMPARISON OF PRIME MOVERS I. The advantages of water power, compared with steam power, are: a. Very low cost of operation : no fuel ...", "EIGHTH LECTURE GENERATION For driving electric generators the following methods are available : 1. The hydraulic turbine in a water power station. 2. The steam engine. 3. The steam turbine. 4. The gas engine. COMPARISON OF PRIME MOVERS I. The advantages of water power, compared with steam power, are: a. Very low cost of operation : no fuel, very little attend- ance. The disadvantages are : a. Usually the cost of development ...", "... proximately, in feet per minute, 480 Vh, where h is the head, in feet. The peripheral speed of the turbine, and so its revolutions, depends upon the speed and therefore upon the head of the water. At high heads of 500 to 102 GENERAL LECTURES 2000 feet, as are found in the West, the electric generators are thus high speed machines, of good economy and moderate size and cost. At low heads, however, such as are usual in the East- ern States, direct connection to a turbine leads to slow speed generators of many poles and large size and cost ; while indir- ect driving, by belt or rope, is mechan ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents,", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5312-6797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactor", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. OSCILLATING CURRENTS, 44. The charge and discharge of a condenser through an inductive circuit produces periodic currents of a frequency depending upon the circuit constants. The range of frequencies which can be produced by electro- dynamic machinery is rather limited: synchronous machines or ordinary alternators can give economically and in units of larger size frequencies from 10 to 125 cycles. Frequencies below 10 cycles are available by commutating machines with low frequency excitation. Above 125 cycles the difficulties rapidly increase, due to the great number of ...", "... o investigate whether by the use of the condenser discharge the range of frequencies can be extended. Since the oscillating current approaches the effect of an alternating current only if the damping is small, that is, the resistance low, the condenser discharge can be used as high frequency generator only by making the circuit of as low resist- ance as possible. 67 68 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This, however, means limited power. When generating oscillat- ing currents by condenser discharge, the load put on the circuit, that is, the power consumed in the oscillating-current circuit, represe ...", "... e size of the former. A resistor of 1 ohm, carrying continuously 1000 amperes, is a ponderous mass, dissipating 1000 kw.; a resistor having a resistance a million times as large, of one megohm, may be a lead pencil scratch on a piece of porcelain. Therefore the size or bulk of condensers and reactors depends not only on C and L but also on the voltage and current which can be applied continuously, that is, it is approximately pro- Ce2 W portional to the energy stored, - and — , or since in electrical OSCILLATING CURRENTS 69 engineering energy is a quantity less frequently used than p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6125-6803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... ATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1, 2, 3 . . . , of the respective lengths (in velocity measure) Xi, X2, X3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored ene ...", "... at is, supplies energy to the section, which energy it brought from the other sections. By the power-transfer constant s, sections of low energy dissi- pation supply power to sections of high energy dissipation. 39. Let for instance in Fig, 43 be represented a circuit consist- ing of step-up transformer, transmission line, and load. (The load, consisting of step-down transformer and its secondary cir- cuit, may for convenience be considered as one circuit section.) Assume now that the circuit is disconnected from the power sup- ply by low-tension switches, at A. This leaves transformer, line, ...", "... sections. By the power-transfer constant s, sections of low energy dissi- pation supply power to sections of high energy dissipation. 39. Let for instance in Fig, 43 be represented a circuit consist- ing of step-up transformer, transmission line, and load. (The load, consisting of step-down transformer and its secondary cir- cuit, may for convenience be considered as one circuit section.) Assume now that the circuit is disconnected from the power sup- ply by low-tension switches, at A. This leaves transformer, line, and load as a compound oscillating circuit, consisting of four sections : th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5521-6088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... TIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1, 2, 3 . . . , of the respective lengths (in velocity measure) Xi, X2, X3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored ene ...", "... at is, supplies energy to the section, which energy it brought from the other sections. By the power-transfer constant s, sections of low energy dissi- pation supply power to sections of high energy dissipation. 39. Let for instance in Fig. 43 be represented a circuit consist- ing of step-up transformer, transmission line, and load. (The load, consisting of step-down transformer and its secondary cir- cuit, may for convenience be considered as one circuit section.) Assume now that the circuit is disconnected from the power sup- ply by low-tension switches, at A. This leaves transformer, line, ...", "... sections. By the power-transfer constant s, sections of low energy dissi- pation supply power to sections of high energy dissipation. 39. Let for instance in Fig. 43 be represented a circuit consist- ing of step-up transformer, transmission line, and load. (The load, consisting of step-down transformer and its secondary cir- cuit, may for convenience be considered as one circuit section.) Assume now that the circuit is disconnected from the power sup- ply by low-tension switches, at A. This leaves transformer, line, and load as a compound oscillating circuit, consisting of four sections: the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-29", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 29, "number": 8, "location": "lines 9399-9553", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "snippets": [ "VIII. Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor 17. In Fig. 66 are shown, at constant impressed e.m.f. E, the nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ and thus the field excitation FQ required, 1. At no phase displacement, 6 = 0, or for the condition of minimum input; 144 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ...", "VIII. Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor 17. In Fig. 66 are shown, at constant impressed e.m.f. E, the nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ and thus the field excitation FQ required, 1. At no phase displacement, 6 = 0, or for the condition of minimum input; 144 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINE ...", "... . lag: p = 0.5, q = + 0.866, and 3. For 0 = - 60, or 60 deg. lead: p = 0.5, q = - 0.866, with the current I as abscissas, the constants being r = 0.1, z0 = 5, and E = 1000. These curves are called the compounding curves of the syn- chronous motors. In Fig. 67 are shown, with the power output PI = i (Ep — ir) — (iron loss and friction) as abscissas, and the same constants 1= E = =0.1, 000 XQ= 1100 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 FIG. 66. — Synchronous motor compoundin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Regulation And Control", "section_title": "Regulation And Control", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 4595-4930", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generators", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... bus bars are used and, with change of load, the feeders are changed from one bus bar to another. The different bus bars are connected to different machines, to the storage battery or to boosters. The lighting boosters are low voltage machines separ- ately excited from the bus bars. The main generators are shunt machines or rather are excited from the bus bars, or ro- tary converters, and are usually of 250 volts, that is, the neutral brought out by collector rings and compensator. In railway circuits, in addition to trolley wire and rail return, trolley feeders and ground feeders, or plus ...", "... ompensator. In railway circuits, in addition to trolley wire and rail return, trolley feeders and ground feeders, or plus and minus feeders are sufficient for converter substations, and where the distance gets too great for feeders, another substation is installed. When using direct current generators, series boosters are used to feed very long feeders which otherwise would have an excessive drop of voltage. In this way feeder drops of 200 to 300 volts are taken care of by the railway booster. Such a large voltage drop is uneconomical and railway boosters are therefore used only for small s ...", "... temporary, as for instance, heavy Sunday load, etc. Railway boosters are series machines, that is, the series field and the machine voltage therefore are proportional to the current. In such railway boosters it is necessary to take care in the booster design that it does not build up as series generator 128 GENERAL LECTURES * feeding a current through the local circuit between a short feeder and a long feeder, as shown in Fig. 25. z Line Transformer Line Fig. 40. former, the high-tension switches are opened at the generator end of the transmission line. The energy stored magnetically and dielectrically in line and tra ...", "... , WAVES AND IMPULSES. Such a flow of power must occur in a circuit containing sections of different dissipation constants u. For instance, if a circuit consists of an unloaded transformer and a transmission line, as indicated in Fig. 40, that is, at no load on the step-down trans- ^> Line Transformer Line Fig. 40. former, the high-tension switches are opened at the generator end of the transmission line. The energy stored magnetically and dielectrically in line and transformer then dissipates by a transient, as shown in the oscillogram Fig. 41. This gives the oscillation of a circuit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-36", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 15: Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 36, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9918-10123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "snippets": [ "... the average speed of the prime movers be the same, but still more important that the frequency be the same at any instant, that is, that the frequency (and thus the speed of the prime mover) be constant. In rotary prime movers, as turbines or electric motors, this is usually the case; but with reciprocating machines, as steam engines, the torque and thus the speed of rotation rises and falls periodically during each revolution, with the frequency of the engine impulses. The alternator con- nected with the engine ...", "... movers, as turbines or electric motors, this is usually the case; but with reciprocating machines, as steam engines, the torque and thus the speed of rotation rises and falls periodically during each revolution, with the frequency of the engine impulses. The alternator con- nected with the engine will thus not have uniform frequency, but a frequency which pulsates, that is, rises and falls. The amplitude of this pulsation depends upon the design of the engine, the momentum of its fly-wheel, and the action of the engine ...", "... y. In this case the engines are said to be synchronized. The parallel operation of the alternators is satisfactory in this case provided that the pulsations of engine speeds are of the same size and duration; but apparatus requiring constant fre- quency, as synchronous motors and rotary converters, when operated from such a system, will give a reduced maximum out- put, due to periodic cross currents between the generators of fluctuating frequency and the synchronous motors of constant frequency, and in an extreme case the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-95", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Alternating-current Transformer: General", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 95, "number": 1, "location": "lines 16804-16911", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformers", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "snippets": [ "I. General 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary, which receives power, and the secondary, which gives out power. Since the same magnetic flux interlinks primary and second- ary turns, the same voltage is induced in every tu ...", "... the electric circuits, and the e.m.fs. induced in the primary and in the secondary winding therefore have the ratio of turns: «'i ni —r — — = a. . e'2 n2 This ratio is called the ratio of transformation. The ratio of transformation of a transformer is the ratio of turns of primary and secondary windings. In addition to the induced e.m.fs. e'i and e\\, resistance r and reactance x consume voltage in primary and secondary wind- ings. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents waste of power; the ...", "... tio of the terminal voltages e\\ and e% is the ratio of transformation: As, approximately, the power output of the secondary equals the power input into the primary, it is: hence, ti 1 277 278 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING that is, the transformer changes from voltage e\\ and current i\\ to voltage 62 = — and current iz = aii. In general either of the two transformer circuits may be used as primary or as secondary, and by their use transformers thus are distinguished as step-down transformers, if ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 26428-26583", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... t the primary system must have the same flow of power as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase syst ...", "... sformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy efficiently, as revolving machinery. Since any E.M.F. c ...", "... oduced by, two components of given directions, the E.M.Fs. of any polyphase system can be resolved into components or pro- duced from components of two given directions. This en- ables the transformation of any polyphase system into any other polyphase system of the same balance factor by two transformers only. 266. Let £*,, ^2, ^3 .... be the E.M.Fs. of the primary system which shall be transformed into — E(, E^, E^ , , , , the E.M.Fs. of the secondary system. Choosing two magnetic fluxes, nz, then in any n2 of the HI primary turns, the same volta ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 31: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 31, "location": "lines 35692-36061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... stance, the quarter-phase system will be called an independent sj^stem if the two e.m.fs. in quadrature with each other are produced by two entirely separate coils of the same, or different, but rigidly connected, armatures, and are connected to four wires which energize independent circuits in motors or other receiving devices. If the quarter-phase system is derived by connecting four equidistant points of a closed-circuit drum or ring-wound armature to the four collector rings, the system is an interlinked quarter-phase system. Similarly in a three-phase system. Since each of the three ...", "... a three-phase system this connection is called the delta (A) connection, from the similarity of its diagrammatic representation with the Greek letter delta, as shown in Fig. 193. INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 417 In consequence hereof we distinguish between star-connected and ring-connected generators, motors, etc., or in three-phase systems Y-connected and A-connected apparatus. 285. Obviously, the polyphase system as a whole does not differ, whether star connection or ring connection is used in the generators or other apparatus; and the transmission line of a symmetrical n-phase system a ...", "... e system this connection is called the delta (A) connection, from the similarity of its diagrammatic representation with the Greek letter delta, as shown in Fig. 193. INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 417 In consequence hereof we distinguish between star-connected and ring-connected generators, motors, etc., or in three-phase systems Y-connected and A-connected apparatus. 285. Obviously, the polyphase system as a whole does not differ, whether star connection or ring connection is used in the generators or other apparatus; and the transmission line of a symmetrical n-phase system always co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves : General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12222-12961", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... as it has a higher effective value, with tho same maximimi value and therefore with the same strain on tho insulation, and therefore transmits more energy than the sine wave. Fig. 46. Inversely, a peaked wave of voltage, such as Fig. 48, and such as the common saw-tooth wave of the uni tooth alternator, is superior in transformers and similar devices, as it transform s tho energy with less hysteresis loss. The peaked voltage wave. Fig. 4:8, gives a flat-topped wave of magnetism. Fig. 47, and therciby transforms the voltage with a lesser maximum magnetic flux, than ^ sine wave of the same eff ...", "... e value, with tho same maximimi value and therefore with the same strain on tho insulation, and therefore transmits more energy than the sine wave. Fig. 46. Inversely, a peaked wave of voltage, such as Fig. 48, and such as the common saw-tooth wave of the uni tooth alternator, is superior in transformers and similar devices, as it transform s tho energy with less hysteresis loss. The peaked voltage wave. Fig. 4:8, gives a flat-topped wave of magnetism. Fig. 47, and therciby transforms the voltage with a lesser maximum magnetic flux, than ^ sine wave of the same effective value, that is, the sam ...", "... p(;r cent, of the ^^otal hysteresis loss, in extreme cases. Inversely, a peaked voltage wave like Fig. 48 would be obj(i(j- t-xonable in high- voltage transmission apparatus, by giving an un- necessary high insulation strain, and a flat-top wave of voltage ^vke Fig. 47, when impressed upon a transformer, would give a ^^^ed wave of magnetism and thereby an increased hyHteresis Ill 112 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS The advantage of the sine wave is, that it remains unch&nged in shape under most conditions, while this is not the case with any- other wave shape, and any other wave shape thus introdu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "section_title": "Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 12, "location": "lines 12885-13935", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "... t the magnetic flux, <£, or the flux density, (B, is proportional to the current, or in other words, that the inductance, L, is con- stant. If the magnetic circuit interlinked with the electric circuit contains iron, and especially if it is an iron-clad or closed magnetic circuit, as that of a transformer, the current is not proportional to the magnetic flux or magnetic flux density, but increases for high values of flux density more than proportional, that is, the flux density in the iron reaches a finite limiting value. In the case illustrated above, the current corresponding to double the no ...", "... the hysteresis cycle. Therefore the magnetic flux density for zero current may equal zero, or, on the decreasing branch of the hysteresis cycle, Fig. 43, may be + 7600, or, on the increasing branch, — 7600. Thus, when closing the electric circuit energizing an iron-clad magnetic circuit, as a transformer, at the moment of zero current, the magnetic flux density may not be zero, but may still have a high value, as remanent magnetism. For instance, closing the circuit at the point of the e.m.f. wave where the permanent wave of magnetic flux density would have its negative maximum value, — OJ0 = ...", "... ormal current. Obviously, no such rise could occur, since the resistance of the circuit would consume a considerable part of the e.m.f., and so lower the flux density by reducing the e.m.f. consumed by inductance. It is obvious, however, that excessive values of transient current may occur in transformers and other iron-clad magnetic circuits. 102. When disconnecting a transformer, its current becomes zero, that is, the magnetic flux density is left at the value of the remanent magnetism ± (Br, and during the period of rest more or less decreases spontaneously towards zero. Hence, in con- nec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_title": "Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 608-1548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... an be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted into heat. Thus in an incandescent lamp, the heat energy produced by the electric current in the resistance of the filament, is converted into radiation. If I hold my hand near the lamp, the radiation intercepted by the hand is destroyed, that is, converted into heat, and is felt as such. On the way from the lamp to the hand, how- e ...", "... - iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted into heat. Thus in an incandescent lamp, the heat energy produced by the electric current in the resistance of the filament, is converted into radiation. If I hold my hand near the lamp, the radiation intercepted by the hand is destroyed, that is, converted into heat, and is felt as such. On the way from the lamp to the hand, how- ever, the energy is not heat but radiation, and a body which is transparent to the radiation may be interposed between the lamp and the hand and re ...", "... s in an incandescent lamp, the heat energy produced by the electric current in the resistance of the filament, is converted into radiation. If I hold my hand near the lamp, the radiation intercepted by the hand is destroyed, that is, converted into heat, and is felt as such. On the way from the lamp to the hand, how- ever, the energy is not heat but radiation, and a body which is transparent to the radiation may be interposed between the lamp and the hand and remains perfectly cold. The terms \"heat radiation \" and \" radiant heat,\" which are occasionally used, therefore are wrong: the so-c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "section_title": "Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6371-8268", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... the line is concerned, we need not make any assump- tion as to whether the wattless part of the receiver circuit is in shunt, or in series, to the energy part. Let — ^u = ^o — j^o = impedance of the line ; y = ^ -^-j'b = admittance of receiver circuit ; jE^ = ^^ +j^/ = impressed E.M.F. at generator end of line ; E —, c '\\-jt'' — K.M.F. at receiver end of line; E = V^-'' + e'^\\ I,, == /p +yV = current in the line ; /^ = V/V^ + //*''. The simplest condition is that of a non-inductive receiver circuit, such as a lighting circuit. 1.) XoH-iudnctivc Receiver Circuit Supplied over an ...", "... hence — conductance of receiver circuit for maximum output, _ 1 1 gm — Resistance of receiver circuit, '*/» = — = -o ; gm 8G A/. TERXA TIXG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 69 and, substituting this va P — E'^ E^ Maximum output, /*»» = ^ ~ ** and — ratio of E.M.F. at receiver and at generator end of line. ^1* rt v/- (' + 5) efficiency, m *'o That is, the output which can be transmitted over an inductive line of resistance, r^, and reactance, x^, — that is, of impedance, ^^ , — into a non-inductive receiver circuit, is a maximum, if the resistance of the receiver circui ...", "... and with a ratio of E.M.Fs. of 1 fi... 59. We see from this, that the maximum output which can be delivered over an inductive line is less than the output delivered over a non-inductive line of the same resistance — that is, which can be delivered by continuous currents with the same generator potential. In Fig. 57 are shown, for the constants £, = 1000 volts, Z^ = 2.5 — 6/; that is, r, = 2.5 ohms, x^ = 6 ohms, Zo = ^-5 ohms, with the current A as abscissae, the values — 1 601 A'ES/STAA-C/i OF T/^A/iSM/SS/OX L/.\\£S. 87 E.M.F, at Receiver Circuit, F., (Curve I.); Out ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "section_title": "Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 26028-26427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... e, the quarter-phase system will be called an independent system if the two E.M.Fs. in quadra- ture with each other are produced by two entirely separate coils of the same, or different but rigidly connected, arma- tures, and are connected to four wires which energize inde- pendent circuits in motors or other receiving devices. If the quarter-phase system is derived by connecting four equidistant points of a closed-circuit drum or ring- wound armature to the four collector rings, the system is an inter- linked quarter-phase system. Similarly in a three-phase system. Since each of the thr ...", "... e n linfes of the polyphase system. In a three-phase system this connection is called the delta connection, from the similarity of its diagrammatic representation with the Greek letter Delta, as shown in Fig. 164. In consequence hereof we distinguish between star- connected and ring-connected generators, motors, etc., or 870 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 26 1 Flq. 180. in three-phase systems Y- connected and delta-connected apparatus. 261. Obviously, the polyphase system as a whole does not differ, whether star connection or ring connection is used in the generators or other app ...", "... f the polyphase system. In a three-phase system this connection is called the delta connection, from the similarity of its diagrammatic representation with the Greek letter Delta, as shown in Fig. 164. In consequence hereof we distinguish between star- connected and ring-connected generators, motors, etc., or 870 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 26 1 Flq. 180. in three-phase systems Y- connected and delta-connected apparatus. 261. Obviously, the polyphase system as a whole does not differ, whether star connection or ring connection is used in the generators or other apparatus ; ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17597-18052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIII. SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS. 189. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is w ...", "CHAPTER XVIII. SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS. 189. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish ...", "CHAPTER XVIII. SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS. 189. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as sy ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 24489-24804", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... e, the quarter-phase system will be called an independent system if the two E.M.Fs. in quadra- ture with each other are produced by two entirely separate coils of the same, or different but rigidly connected, arma- tures, and are connected to four wires which energize inde- pendent circuits in motors or other receiving devices. If the quarter-phase system is derived by connecting four equidistant points of a closed-circuit drum or ring-wound armature to the four collector rings, the system is an inter- linked quarter-phase system. Similarly in a three-phase system. Since each of the thre ...", "... he n lines of the polyphase system. In a three-phase system this connection is called the delta connection, from the similarity of its diagrammatic representation with the Greek letter Delta, as shown in Fig. 182. In consequence hereof we distinguish between star- connected and ring-connected generators, motors, etc., or 454 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Fig. 198. in three-phase systems Y- connected and delta-connected apparatus. 279. Obviously, the polyphase system as a whole does not differ, whether star connection or ring connection is used in the generators or other apparatus ; ...", "... f the polyphase system. In a three-phase system this connection is called the delta connection, from the similarity of its diagrammatic representation with the Greek letter Delta, as shown in Fig. 182. In consequence hereof we distinguish between star- connected and ring-connected generators, motors, etc., or 454 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Fig. 198. in three-phase systems Y- connected and delta-connected apparatus. 279. Obviously, the polyphase system as a whole does not differ, whether star connection or ring connection is used in the generators or other apparatus ; and the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 12962-16963", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f / '■ 1 i- 10 / 1 / 1 B- n.» / 1 / / / / 1 ' / / y / y / -^ _ '^ ' J^ / 1 t- u / / B- IM. i~ ...", "... ION 127 mum Values of fio, B and / are chosen of the same scale, for wave- shape comparison, though in reality, in Fig. 59, very high sat- uration, the maximum of current,2,is ten times as high as in Fig. 56, beginning saturation. As seen, in Fig. 56 the current is the usual saw-tooth wave of transformer-exciting current, but slightly peaked, while in Fig. 59 a high peak exists. The numerical values are given in Table I. ^' T\\ -N 1 1 1 / / \\ N B _ - / 1 \\ ., , ^ \\ I ,-' — H /- ^, V ,^ — — i/ / ~~~ v.^ ...", "... ginning saturation, the eiTective values are only 1,47, 3.1 and 4.47 times higher. Thus, with increasing magnetic satura- tion, the effective value of current rises much less than the maxi- mum value, and when calculating the exciting current of a satu- rated magnetic circuit, aa an overexcited transformer, from the magnetic characteristic derived by direct current, under the as- e r / ~ \\ B / V \\ ■ ' > , / \\ \\ , -- \"\" ^ V ~~ f--. \\ / / \"^ --. _. / \\ / ' - ' / / B = 1B.0 -5.0 «o- B.B - ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e f . oo,o o Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we con ...", "... NSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e f . oo,o o Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we connect in some more lights, or disconnect some of the load, we get a di ...", "... rical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e f . oo,o o Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we connect in some more lights, or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i\\ and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we connect in some more ...", "... SIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we connect in some more lights, or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i ...", "... ical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we connect in some more lights, or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i', and possibly differe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-24", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 24, "number": 3, "location": "lines 8741-8906", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "snippets": [ "III. Armature Reaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. generated by the field exciting current or the nominal generated e.m.f. reache ...", "... nominal generated e.m.f., it reaches its maximum in the same position A, A' of armature coil as the nominal generated e.m.f., and thus magnetizes the preceding, demagnetizes the following magnet pole (in the di- rection of rotation) in an. alternating-current generator A] magnetizes the following and demagnetizes the preceding mag- net pole in a synchronous motor A' (since in a generator the rotation is against, in a synchronous motor with the magnetic attractions and repulsions between field and armature). In this case th ...", "... e coil as the nominal generated e.m.f., and thus magnetizes the preceding, demagnetizes the following magnet pole (in the di- rection of rotation) in an. alternating-current generator A] magnetizes the following and demagnetizes the preceding mag- net pole in a synchronous motor A' (since in a generator the rotation is against, in a synchronous motor with the magnetic attractions and repulsions between field and armature). In this case the armature current neither magnetizes nor demag- netizes the field as a whole, but magneti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "section_title": "Vector Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2149-2759", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... in ^^ *E ^' a line having the resistance, r, and the reactance, x = 2 irfL — where / = fre- quency and L = inductance — there p, ,r> exists a current of / amp., the line being connected to a non-inductive circuit operating at a voltage of E volts. What will be the voltage required at the generator end of the line? In the vector diagram. Fig. 12, let the phase of the current be assumed as the initial or zero line, 01. Since the receiving cir- cuit is non-inductive, the current is in phase with its voltage. Hence the voltage, E, at the end of the line, impressed upon the receiving circui ...", "... , behind the current. To overcome this counter e.m.f. of inductive reactance, a voltage of the value Ix is required, in phase 90° ahead of the current, hence represented by vector 0E2- Thus resistance consumes voltage in phase, and reactance voltage 90° ahead of the current. The voltage of the generator, Eo, has to give the three voltages E, Ei, E^, hence it is determined as their resultant. Combining by the parallelo- gram law, OEi and OE2, give OEz, the voltage required to over- come the impedance of the line, and similarly OEz and OE give OEa, the voltage required at the generator side of t ...", "... e of the generator, Eo, has to give the three voltages E, Ei, E^, hence it is determined as their resultant. Combining by the parallelo- gram law, OEi and OE2, give OEz, the voltage required to over- come the impedance of the line, and similarly OEz and OE give OEa, the voltage required at the generator side of the line, to yield the voltage, E, at the receiving end of the line. Algebraic- ally, we get from Fig. 12 E, = V{E + Iry + {IxY or E = VEo' - {Ixy - Ir. In this example we have considered the voltage consumed by the resistance (in phase with the current) and the voltage con- su ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25135-25681", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIII SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 203. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is withdrawn ...", "CHAPTER XXIII SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 203. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this generator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as s ...", "CHAPTER XXIII SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 203. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this generator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchro ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 32540-33010", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... es of higher fre- quency, while the fundamental wave is usually of too low a frequency to cause resonance. An approximate estimate of the possible rise by resonance with various harmonics can be obtained by the investigation of a numerical example. Let in a long-distance line, fed by step-up transformers at 60 cycles. The resistance drop in the transformei'S at full-load = 1 per cent. The reactance voltage in the transformers at full-load = 5 per cent, with the fundamental wave. The resistance drop in the line at full-load = 10 per cent. The reactance voltage in the line at full-load = 20 pe ...", "... stimate of the possible rise by resonance with various harmonics can be obtained by the investigation of a numerical example. Let in a long-distance line, fed by step-up transformers at 60 cycles. The resistance drop in the transformei'S at full-load = 1 per cent. The reactance voltage in the transformers at full-load = 5 per cent, with the fundamental wave. The resistance drop in the line at full-load = 10 per cent. The reactance voltage in the line at full-load = 20 per cent, with the fundamental wave. The capacity or charging current of the line = 20 per cent, of the full-load current, /, ...", "... = 20 per cent, with the fundamental wave. The capacity or charging current of the line = 20 per cent, of the full-load current, /, at the frequency of the fundamental. The line capacity may approximately be represented by a condenser shunted across the middle of the line. The e.m.f. at the generator terminals, E, is assumed as maintained constant. The e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the circuit from generator terminals to condenser is Ir = OmE, or, ■pi r = 0.06 J-- The reactance e.m.f. between generator terminals and con- denser is, for the fundamental frequency, Ix = 0.15 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. EMPIRICAL CURVES. A. General. 142. The results of observation or tests usually are plotted in a curve. Such curves, for instance, are given by the core loss of an electric generator, as function of the voltage; or, the current in a circuit, as function of the time, etc. When plotting from numerical observations, the curves are empirical, and the first and most important problem which has to be solved to make such curves useful is to find equations for the same, that is, f ...", "... to be expressed, since thereby the number of expressions which may be tried on the empirical curve is often greatly reduced. Much assistance is usually given by considering the zero points of the curve and the points at infinity. For instance, if the observations repre- sent the core loss of a transformer or electric generator, the curve must go through the origin, that is, y = 0 for x = 0, and the mathematical expression of the curve y =f(x) can contain no constant term. Furthermore, in this case, with increasing x, i/must continuously increase, so that for x = 00, y = Qc. Again, if the observ ...", "... thereby the number of expressions which may be tried on the empirical curve is often greatly reduced. Much assistance is usually given by considering the zero points of the curve and the points at infinity. For instance, if the observations repre- sent the core loss of a transformer or electric generator, the curve must go through the origin, that is, y = 0 for x = 0, and the mathematical expression of the curve y =f(x) can contain no constant term. Furthermore, in this case, with increasing x, i/must continuously increase, so that for x = 00, y = Qc. Again, if the observations represent the d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "section_title": "Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 18829-19345", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII. SYNCHBONIZINO AIiTEBKATOBS. 168. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is w ...", "CHAPTER XVII. SYNCHBONIZINO AIiTEBKATOBS. 168. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish ...", "CHAPTER XVII. SYNCHBONIZINO AIiTEBKATOBS. 168. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as sy ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-102", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Alternating-current Transformer: Short-circuit Current", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Short-circuit Current", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 102, "number": 5, "location": "lines 18398-18460", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-102/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-102/", "snippets": [ "V. Short-circuit Current 120. If a short circuit occurs at the secondary terminals of a transformer, and the power supply at the primary is sufficient to maintain the primary terminal voltage, the primary and second- ary currents of the transformer are limited by its imped ...", "V. Short-circuit Current 120. If a short circuit occurs at the secondary terminals of a transformer, and the power supply at the primary is sufficient to maintain the primary terminal voltage, the primary and second- ary currents of the transformer are limited by its impedance only. Thus, if r = P + j* ...", "V. Short-circuit Current 120. If a short circuit occurs at the secondary terminals of a transformer, and the power supply at the primary is sufficient to maintain the primary terminal voltage, the primary and second- ary currents of the transformer are limited by its impedance only. Thus, if r = P + j* is the impedance voltage, as fraction of full-loa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-16", "section_label": "Theory Section 16: Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6222-6813", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "snippets": [ "... RANSMISSION LINES 76. If in the receiving circuit of an inductive transmission line the phase relation can be changed, the drop of voltage in the line can be maintained constant at varying loads or even decreased with increasing load; that is, at constant generator voltage the transmission can be compounded for constant voltage at the receiving end, or even over-compounded for a voltage increasing with the load. 1. Compounding of Transmission Lines for Constant Voltage Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the transmi ...", "... agging at no load, becomes zero at some intermediate load, and leading at higher load. 77. If the line impedance Z — r + fa and the received voltage e is given, and the power current ^o at which the reactive current shall be zero, the voltage at the generator end of the line is determined hereby from the equation (2) : eQ = V(e -f ri + xii)2 + (ri{ - xi)2, by substituting i\\ = 0, i = z'o, Substituting this value in the general equation (2) : e0 = V(e + ri gives (e + n0)2 + zV = (e + ri + xi ...", "... ng i\\ = 0, i = z'o, Substituting this value in the general equation (2) : e0 = V(e + ri gives (e + n0)2 + zV = (e + ri + xitf + (rii - xi)2 (9) as equation between i and i\\. PHASE CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION LINES 93 If at constant generator voltage e0: at no load, i = 0, e = e0, i\\ = i'o, and at the load, (10) i = i o, 6 = BO, i\\ = 0 it is, substituted: no load, load io, Thus, (eo + £fc'o) + #V| = (eo + n'o)2 + x2t*o2; or, expanded, iV(r2 + x2) + 2 i'0 xe0 = io2 ( ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15161-15475", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "snippets": [ "V. Armature Reaction 93. The armature reaction of the polyphase converter is the resultant of the armature reactions of the machine as direct- current generator and as synchronous motor. If the com- mutator brushes are set at right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field mag ...", "V. Armature Reaction 93. The armature reaction of the polyphase converter is the resultant of the armature reactions of the machine as direct- current generator and as synchronous motor. If the com- mutator brushes are set at right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature ...", "V. Armature Reaction 93. The armature reaction of the polyphase converter is the resultant of the armature reactions of the machine as direct- current generator and as synchronous motor. If the com- mutator brushes are set at right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature react ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-85", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 85, "number": 6, "location": "lines 15476-15585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "snippets": [ "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, ...", "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in t ...", "... hus if the alternating Current is lagging, the field excitation at the same impressed e.m.f. has to be lower, and if the alter- nating current is leading, the field excitation has to be higher, than required with the alternating current in phase with the SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 251 e.m.f. Inversely, by raising the field excitation a leading current, or by lowering it a lagging current, can be produced in a converter (and in a synchronous motor). Since the alternating current can be made magnetizing or demagnetizin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3267-3618", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 19 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... an be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the e.m.f , is considered as a part of the impressed voltage or as a counter e.m.f. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a generator, G (Fig. 25), the current in the direction from terminal A over re- sistance R to terminal B is represented by a vector, 01 (Fig. 26), or by 7 = z + ji' , the same current can be considered as being ' 7 ,,U— — L Fig. 25. Fig. 26. in the opposite direction, from terminal B to termin ...", "... of the diagram, their difference of potential from these points in intensity and phase. Thus, for exam.ple, in an interlinked three-phase system with three voltages of equal intensity, and differing in phase by one- third of a period, we may choose the common connection of the star-connected generator as the zero point, and represent, in Fig. 28, one of the voltages, or the potential at one of the three- TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD 41 phase terminals, by point Ei. The potentials at the two other terminals will then be given by the points E2 and £'3, which have the same distance from 0 as Ei, ...", "... ASE SYSTEtif NON-INDUCTIVE LOAD Fig. 29. Fig. 30. these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the vectors 01 1 = 01 2 = 01 3 = I, lagging behind the voltages by angles EiOIi = £20/2 = EsOh = d. Let the three-phase circuit be supplied over a line of impedance, Zi = ri -{- jxi, from a generator of internal impedance, Zo = ro + jxo. In phase OEi the voltage consumed by resistance ri is repre- sented by the distance, EiEi^ = Iri, in phase, that is, parallel with current OIi. The voltage consumed by reactance Xi is represented by Ei^Ei^^ = Ixi, 90° ahead of current OTu The same applie ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "section_title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2122-2743", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... sistance, r, and the reactance, x = 2irNLy — where A^ = frequency and L = inductance, — a current of / amperes be sent into a non-inductive circuit at an E.M.F. of E ,Er E • ^^ J • \\ 1 Vi \\ E. \"e. — ~^^E. Fig. 12. volts. What will be the E.M.F. required at the generator end of the line ? In the polar diagram. Fig. 12, let the phase of the cur- rent be assumed as the initial or zero line. Of. Since the receiving circuit is non-inductive, the current is in phase with its E.M.F. Hence the E.M.F., E, at the end of the line, impressed upon the receiving circuit, ...", "... /' 24 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§18 of self-induction, an E.M.F. of the value Ix is required, in phase 90® ahead of the current, hence represented by- vector OEj^. Thus resistance consumes E.M.F. in phase,, and reactance an E.M.F. 90° ahead of the current. The E.M.F. of the generator, E^y has to give the three RM.Fs., Ey E^f and E^y hence it is determined as their resultant. Combining by the parallelogram law, OE,. and OEj^, give OEgy the E.M.F. required to overcome the impedance of the line, and similarly OE^ and OE give OE^, the E.M.F. required at the generator side of t ...", "... F. of the generator, E^y has to give the three RM.Fs., Ey E^f and E^y hence it is determined as their resultant. Combining by the parallelogram law, OE,. and OEj^, give OEgy the E.M.F. required to overcome the impedance of the line, and similarly OE^ and OE give OE^, the E.M.F. required at the generator side of the line, to yield the E.M.F. E at the receiving end of the line. Algebraically, we get from Fig. 12 — or, E = -s/EJ\" — {IxY - Ir. In this instance we have considered the E.M.F. con- sumed by the resistance (in phase with the current) and the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance (90? ah ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2774-3131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 19 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... ram, their difference of potential from these points in intensity and phase. Fig. 28. Thus, for example, in an interlinked three-phase system with three E.M.Fs. of equal intensity, and differing in phase by one-third of a period, we may choose the common con- nection of the star-connected generator as the zero point, and represent, in Fig. 28, one of the E.M.Fs., or the poten- 46 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMEMA. tial at one of the three-phase terminals, by point Er The potentials at the two other terminals will then be given by the points Ez and E& which have the same distance fr ...", "... THREE-PHASE SYSTEM NON-INDUCTIVE LOAD E° Fig. 29. E.M.Fs., these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the vectors 07^ = 072 = Ofs = I, lagging behind the E.M.Fs. by angles E.O^ = EZOIZ = EZOI& = Q. Let the three-phase circuit be supplied over a line of impedance Z± = r^ —jx\\ from a generator of internal im- pedance Z0 = x0 -jx0. In phase OEV the E.M.F. consumed by resistance r^ is represented by the distance E^EJ = Irv in phase, that is parallel with current OIV The E.M.F. consumed by re- actance #! is represented by E^Ej' = Ixv 90° ahead of cur- TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 47 r ...", "... actance #! is represented by E^Ej' = Ixv 90° ahead of cur- TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 47 rent OIr The same applies to the other two phases, and it thus follows that to produce the E.M.F. triangle E^E^E^ at the terminals of the consumer's circuit, the E.M.F. tri- angle E^E^E? is required at the generator terminals. Repeating the same operation for the internal impedance of the generator we get E\"E'\" = Iroi and parallel to OIV E'\"E° = Ixoy and 90° ahead of ~OTV and thus as triangle of (nominal) induced E.M.Fs. of the generator E°E£E°. In Fig. 29, the diagram is shown for 45° lag, in Fig. 30 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-26", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 26, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9035-9169", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "snippets": [ "V. Synchronous Reactance 14. In general, both effects, armature self-inductance and armature reaction, can be combined by the term \" synchronous reactance.\" FIG. 55. — Diagram showing effect of synchronous reactance. FIG. 56. — Diagram of generator e.m.f s. showing affect ...", "V. Synchronous Reactance 14. In general, both effects, armature self-inductance and armature reaction, can be combined by the term \" synchronous reactance.\" FIG. 55. — Diagram showing effect of synchronous reactance. FIG. 56. — Diagram of generator e.m.f s. showing affect of synchronous reactance with non-reactive load. In a polyphase machine, the synchronous reactance is different, and lower, with ...", "V. Synchronous Reactance 14. In general, both effects, armature self-inductance and armature reaction, can be combined by the term \" synchronous reactance.\" FIG. 55. — Diagram showing effect of synchronous reactance. FIG. 56. — Diagram of generator e.m.f s. showing affect of synchronous reactance with non-reactive load. In a polyphase machine, the synchronous reactance is different, and lower, with one phase only loaded, as \" single-phase synchro- nous reactanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-93", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 93: Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Direct-current Generator", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Direct-current Generator", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 93, "number": null, "location": "lines 16618-16726", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-93/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-93/", "snippets": [ "A. THREE-WIRE DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATOR 108. In such machines, either only one compensator or auto- transformer is used for deriving the neutral, as shown diagram- matically in Fig. 146, or two autotransformers in quadrature, as shown in Fig. 148, but rarely more. FIG. 148. — Three-wire machine ...", "A. THREE-WIRE DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATOR 108. In such machines, either only one compensator or auto- transformer is used for deriving the neutral, as shown diagram- matically in Fig. 146, or two autotransformers in quadrature, as shown in Fig. 148, but rarely more. FIG. 148. — Three-wire machine with two compensators. As the efficiency of conversion of a direct-curre ...", "... other is overloaded. Where, however, the load is fairly distributed between the two sides of the system, that is, the neutral current (which is the difference between the currents on the two sides of the system) is small and so only a small part of the generator power is converted from one side to the other, and the efficiency of this conversion thus of negligible SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 273 influence on the heating and the output of the machine, a single autotransformer is preferable because of its simplicit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-94", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 94: Synchronous Converters: Thbee-wire Converter", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Thbee-wire Converter", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 94, "number": null, "location": "lines 16727-16803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-94/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-94/", "snippets": [ "B. THBEE-WIRE CONVERTER 109. In a converter feeding a three-wire direct-current system the neutral can be derived by connection to the transformer neutral. Even in this case, however, frequently a separate auto- transformer is used, connected across a pair of collector rings of the converter, since, as seen above, with the moderate unbalanc- ing usually existing, such a compensator is very small. When ...", "B. THBEE-WIRE CONVERTER 109. In a converter feeding a three-wire direct-current system the neutral can be derived by connection to the transformer neutral. Even in this case, however, frequently a separate auto- transformer is used, connected across a pair of collector rings of the converter, since, as seen above, with the moderate unbalanc- ing usually existing, such a compensator is very small. When connecting the direct-current neutral to the transformer neutral it is necessa ...", "... ntly a separate auto- transformer is used, connected across a pair of collector rings of the converter, since, as seen above, with the moderate unbalanc- ing usually existing, such a compensator is very small. When connecting the direct-current neutral to the transformer neutral it is necessary to use such a connection that the trans- former can operate as autotransformer, that is, that the direct current in each transformer divides into two branches of equal m.m.f., otherwise the direct-current produces a unidirectional magne ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Representation", "section_title": "Graphic Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1743-2321", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... y IE cos 17. Suppose, as an instance, that over a line having the resistance, r, and the reactance, x = ZirNL, — where N = frequency and L = inductance, — a current of / amperes be sent into a non-inductive circuit at an E.M.F. of E Fig. 12. volts. What will be the E.M.F. required at the generator end of the line ? In the polar diagram, Fig. 12, let the phase of the cur- rent be assumed as the initial or zero line, Of. Since the receiving circuit is non-inductive, the current is in phase with its E.M.F. Hence the E.M.F., E, at the end of the line, impressed upon the receiving circuit, ...", "... counter E.M.F. 24 ALTERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. of self-induction, an E.M.F. of the value Ix is required, in phase 90° ahead of the current, hence represented by vector OEX. Thus resistance consumes E.M.F. in phase, and reactance an E.M.F. 90° ahead of the current. The E.M.F. of the generator, E0, has to give the three E.M.Fs., E, Ery and Ex, hence it is determined as their resultant. Combining by the parallelogram law, OEr and OEX, give OEZ, the E.M.F. required to overcome the impedance of the line, and similarly OEZ and OE give OE0, the E.M.F. required at the generator side of th ...", "... .F. of the generator, E0, has to give the three E.M.Fs., E, Ery and Ex, hence it is determined as their resultant. Combining by the parallelogram law, OEr and OEX, give OEZ, the E.M.F. required to overcome the impedance of the line, and similarly OEZ and OE give OE0, the E.M.F. required at the generator side of the line, to yield the E.M.F. E at the receiving end of the line. Algebraically, we get from Fig. 12 — or, E = VX2 — (/*)2 - Jr. In this instance we have considered the E.M.F. con- sumed by the resistance (in phase with the current) and the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance (90° ahe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 17632-21381", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... condition, and where phenomena of instability occurred, and made themselves felt as disturbances or troubles in electric circuits, they either remained imunderstood or the theo- retical study was limited to the specific phenomenon, as in the case of lightning, dropping out of step of induction motors, hunt- ing of synchronous machines, etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first class of imstable phenomena, which was syste ...", "... phenomena of instability occurred, and made themselves felt as disturbances or troubles in electric circuits, they either remained imunderstood or the theo- retical study was limited to the specific phenomenon, as in the case of lightning, dropping out of step of induction motors, hunt- ing of synchronous machines, etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first class of imstable phenomena, which was systemat- ically investigated, ...", "... ves felt as disturbances or troubles in electric circuits, they either remained imunderstood or the theo- retical study was limited to the specific phenomenon, as in the case of lightning, dropping out of step of induction motors, hunt- ing of synchronous machines, etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first class of imstable phenomena, which was systemat- ically investigated, were the transients, and even today it is ques- t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "section_title": "Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7826-9227", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... illation can be approxi- mated by the equations of oscillation given in Chapters V and VII, which are far simpler than the equations of an oscillation of a system of distributed capacity. Such low frequency surges comprise the total system, not only the transmission lines but also the step-up transformers, gen- erators, etc., and in an underground cable system in such an oscillation the capacity and inductance are indeed localized to a certain extent, the one in the cables, the other in the generating system. In an underground cable system, therefore, of the infinite series of frequencies of os ...", "... rectly destructive, but indirectly harmful in their weakening action on the insulation and the possibility of their starting a low frequency surge. The former ones only are considered in the present chapter. Their causes may be manifold, — changes of circuit conditions, as starting, opening a short circuit, existence of a flaring arc on the system, etc. In the circuit from the generating system to the capacity of the transmission line or the underground cables, we have always r2 < —j-; that is, the phenomenon is always oscillatory, and (_/ equations (24) and (25), Chapter VII, apply, and for ...", "... nt of the impressed e.m.f. wave, at which the oscillation starts; however, it does not depend upon the previous condition of the circuit. Therefore this component of oscillation is the same as the oscillation produced in starting the transmission line, that is, connecting it, unexcited, to the generator terminals. There exists no point of the impressed e.m.f. wave where no oscillation occurs (while, when starting a circuit containing resistance and inductance only, at the point of the impressed e.m.f. wave where the final current passes zero the stationary condition is instantly reached). ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 1, "location": "lines 15354-15625", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... inciple, for instance, operated the controlling solenoid of the Thomson-Houston arc machine, and also numerous auto- matic potential regulators. 2. Production of high frequency oscillating currents by period- ically recurring condenser discharges has been discussed under \" oscillating current generator,\" in Section I, paragraph 44. Non-sinusoidal high frequency alternating currents are pro- duced by an arc, when made unstable by shunting it with a condenser, as discussed before. The Ruhmkorff coil or inductorium also represents an appli- cation of periodically recurring transient phenomena ...", "... e alternations of the voltage, the current in the receiver circuit is made unidirectional (though more or less pulsating) and there- fore rectified. In rectifying alternating voltages, either both half waves of voltage can be taken from the same source, as the same trans- former coil, and by synchronous reversal of connections sent in the same direction into the receiver circuit, or two sources of voltage, as the two secondary coils of a transformer, may be used, and the one half wave taken from the one source, and sent into the receiver circuit, the other half wave taken from the other sourc ...", "... In rectifying alternating voltages, either both half waves of voltage can be taken from the same source, as the same trans- former coil, and by synchronous reversal of connections sent in the same direction into the receiver circuit, or two sources of voltage, as the two secondary coils of a transformer, may be used, and the one half wave taken from the one source, and sent into the receiver circuit, the other half wave taken from the other source, and sent into the receiver circuit in the same direction as the first half wave. The latter arrangement has the disadvantage of using the alternat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "number": 3, "location": "lines 21721-23178", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "snippets": [ "... being inversely proportional thereto. We thus get the numerical values, Length of line 100 miles 16 X 106 cm. hence frequency, £ = 4700 2350 1570 1175 940 783 587 470 cycles per sec. As seen, these frequencies are comparatively low, and especially with very long lines almost approach alternator frequencies. The higher harmonics of the oscillation are the odd multiples of these frequencies. Obviously all these waves of different frequencies represented in equation (20) can occur simultaneously in the oscillating dis- charge of a transmission line, and, in general, the oscillating d ...", "... • J o 5 ) (32) _ ( cos 3 6 sin 3 r cos 5 0 sin 5 r ) = 76,400 ] cos 0 sm r + - — + [-•••{» o 5 ) in volts. 33. As further example, assume now that this line is short- circuited at one end, I = 0, while supplied with 25-cycle alter- nating power at the other end, I = /0, and that the generator voltage drops, by the short circuit, to 30,000, and then the line cuts off from the generating system at about the maximum value of the short-circuit current, that is, at the moment of zero value of the impressed e.m.f. At a frequency of /0 = 25 cycles, the reactance per unit length of line ...", "... sin 3 r cos 5 0 sin 5 r ) = 76,400 ] cos 0 sm r + - — + [-•••{» o 5 ) in volts. 33. As further example, assume now that this line is short- circuited at one end, I = 0, while supplied with 25-cycle alter- nating power at the other end, I = /0, and that the generator voltage drops, by the short circuit, to 30,000, and then the line cuts off from the generating system at about the maximum value of the short-circuit current, that is, at the moment of zero value of the impressed e.m.f. At a frequency of /0 = 25 cycles, the reactance per unit length of line or per mile is x = 2 TT/OL = 0.188 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Light Flux And Distribution", "section_title": "Light Flux And Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9389-12573", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... e circular plane, the straight line, that is, the cylinder, the circular line or circular cylinder and combinations thereof. 87. Very frequently the intensity distribution of an illumi- nant is symmetrical, or approximately symmetrical, around an axis. This, for instance, is the case with the arc lamp, the incandescent lamp, most flames, etc. If the distribution is perfectly symmetrical around an axis, the distribution in space is characterized by that in one meridian, that is, one plane pass- ing through the axis. If the distribution is not symmetrical around the axis, usually the space di ...", "... ght line, that is, the cylinder, the circular line or circular cylinder and combinations thereof. 87. Very frequently the intensity distribution of an illumi- nant is symmetrical, or approximately symmetrical, around an axis. This, for instance, is the case with the arc lamp, the incandescent lamp, most flames, etc. If the distribution is perfectly symmetrical around an axis, the distribution in space is characterized by that in one meridian, that is, one plane pass- ing through the axis. If the distribution is not symmetrical around the axis, usually the space distribution is characteri ...", "... r from the source of light downward. It is shown as 2 in Fig. 64, and the concentric circle giving uniform intensity distribution of the same total light flux is shown as 1. (3) Hollow Circular Surface. Such a radiator, for instance, is approximately the crater of the positive carbon of the arc lamp. As with such a radiator, as shown in section in Fig. 65, the projection of the luminous area in any direction is the same 192 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. FIG. 64. FIG. 65. FIG. 66. LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. 193 as with the plane circular radiator (2), the same eq ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-27", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 27, "number": 6, "location": "lines 9170-9291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "snippets": [ "VI. Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator 15. In Fig. 59 are shown, at constant terminal voltage E, the values of nominal generated e.m.f. E0, and thus of field excitation FQ, with the current 7 as abscissas and for the three conditions, 1. Non-inductive load, p = 1, q = 0. 2. Inductive loa ...", "... tation FQ, with the current 7 as abscissas and for the three conditions, 1. Non-inductive load, p = 1, q = 0. 2. Inductive load of 0 = 60 degrees lag, p = 0.5, q = 0.866. 3. Anti-inductive load of — 6 = 60 degrees lead, p = 0.5, q = -0.866. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 139 The values r = 0.1, XQ = 5, E = 1000, are assumed. These curves are called the compounding curves of the synchronous generator. In Fig. 60 are shown, at constant nominal generated e.m.f. EQ, that is, at constant field excitation F0, the ...", "... 0 = 60 degrees lag, p = 0.5, q = 0.866. 3. Anti-inductive load of — 6 = 60 degrees lead, p = 0.5, q = -0.866. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 139 The values r = 0.1, XQ = 5, E = 1000, are assumed. These curves are called the compounding curves of the synchronous generator. In Fig. 60 are shown, at constant nominal generated e.m.f. EQ, that is, at constant field excitation F0, the values of terminal vol- E = 000 £=5, '•*& z EO.F, 500 20 10 00 80 100 120 UO 160 180 200AMP. FIG. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-77", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 77: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 77, "number": null, "location": "lines 12929-13007", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-77/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-77/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 217 This speed curve corresponds to a constant position of brushes midway between the field poles, as generally used in railway motors and other series motors. If the brushes have a constant shift or are shifted proportionally to the load, instead of the saturation curve A in Fig. 121 a curve is to be used correspond- ing to the position of brushes, that is, derived by adding to the a ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 217 This speed curve corresponds to a constant position of brushes midway between the field poles, as generally used in railway motors and other series motors. If the brushes have a constant shift or are shifted proportionally to the load, instead of the saturation curve A in Fig. 121 a curve is to be used correspond- ing to the position of brushes, that is, derived by adding to the abscissas of A the values ...", "... in Fig. 121 a curve is to be used correspond- ing to the position of brushes, that is, derived by adding to the abscissas of A the values iq, the demagnetizing effect of arma- ture reaction. 10 60 FIG. 121 100 120 _110 160 ISO -Series motor speed curve. The torque of the series motor is shown also in Fig. 121, derived as proportional to A X i, that is, current X magnetic flux. Compound Motors 76. Compound motors can be built with cumulative com- pounding and with differential compounding. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9741-11604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... esistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of alternating-current transformers for very high voltage. It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may with sufficient approximation be represente ...", "... the line is small, it may with sufficient approximation be represented by one con- DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 159 denser of the same capacity as the line, shunted across the line. Frequently it makes no difference either, whether this condenser is considered as connected across the line at the generator end, or at the receiver end, or at the middle. The best approximation is to consider the line as shunted at the generator and at the motor end, by two condensers of \\ the line capacity each, and in the middle by a con- denser of | the line capacity. This approximation, based on Simpson's rule ...", "... the same capacity as the line, shunted across the line. Frequently it makes no difference either, whether this condenser is considered as connected across the line at the generator end, or at the receiver end, or at the middle. The best approximation is to consider the line as shunted at the generator and at the motor end, by two condensers of \\ the line capacity each, and in the middle by a con- denser of | the line capacity. This approximation, based on Simpson's rule, assumes the variation of the electric quantities in the line as parabolic. If, however, the capacity of the line is consi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 29302-30428", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactor", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... is pulsating, with double frequency. To balance an unbalanced polyphase system thus requires a storage of energy, hence can not be done by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machine. Electrically, energy is stored by inductance and by capacity. The question then arises, whether by the use of a reactor, or a condenser, con- nected to a suitable phase of the system, an unequally loaded polyphase system can be balanced, so as to give constant power during the cycle. ...", "... one by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machine. Electrically, energy is stored by inductance and by capacity. The question then arises, whether by the use of a reactor, or a condenser, con- nected to a suitable phase of the system, an unequally loaded polyphase system can be balanced, so as to give constant power during the cycle. In interlinked polyphase circuits, such as the three-phase sys- tem, with unbalanced load carried over lines of appreciable im- ...", "... ses become unequal. This makes voltage regulation more complicated than in a balanced system. A great unbalancing of the load, such as produced by operating a heavy single-phase load, as a single-phase railway or electric furnace, greatly reduces the power capacity of lines, trans- formers and generators. Unbalanced load on the generators causes a pulsating armature reaction: at single-phase load, the armature reaction pulsates between more than twice the average value, and a small reversed value, between f (cos a + 1) and F(cos a — 1), where cos a is the power-factor of the single-phase load. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... eo = ^0 y g = ^'o^Jo, (10) and inversely, fc ^0 = eo y Y = eo2/o. (11) This relation is very important, as frequently in double-energy transients one of the quantities eo or io is given, and it is impor- tant to determine the other. For instance, if a line is short-circuited, and the short-circuit current io suddenly broken, the maximum voltage which can be induced by the dissipation of the stored magnetic energy of the short-circuit current is eo = IoZq. If one conductor of an ungrounded cable system is grounded, the maximum momentary current which may flow to ground is iQ = e^yo, wh ...", "... rgy transients one of the quantities eo or io is given, and it is impor- tant to determine the other. For instance, if a line is short-circuited, and the short-circuit current io suddenly broken, the maximum voltage which can be induced by the dissipation of the stored magnetic energy of the short-circuit current is eo = IoZq. If one conductor of an ungrounded cable system is grounded, the maximum momentary current which may flow to ground is iQ = e^yo, where eo = voltage between cable conductor and ground. If lightning strikes a line, and the maximum voltage which it may produce on the line, ...", "... d the maximum voltage which it may produce on the line, as limited by the disruptive strength of the line insulation against momentary voltages, is e^, the maximum discharge current in the line is limited to Iq = eoyo. If L is high but C low, as in the high-potential winding of a high-voltage transformer (which winding can be considered as a circuit of distributed capacity, inductance, and resistance), Zq is high and 2/0 low. That is, a high transient voltage can produce only moderate transient currents, but even a small transient cur- rent produces high voltages. Thus reactances, and other rea ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... #0 = 'Z'O V/ 7> = i&Qj (10) and inversely, /C io = eo y j = e02/o. (11) This relation is very important, as frequently in double-energy transients one of the quantities e$ or i0 is given, and it is impor- tant to determine the other. For instance, if a line is short-circuited, and the short-circuit current IQ suddenly broken, the maximum voltage which can be induced by the dissipation of the stored magnetic energy of the short-circuit current is e0 = igZo. If one conductor of an ungrounded cable system is grounded, the maximum momentary current which may flow to ground is io = eo2/o, w ...", "... rgy transients one of the quantities e$ or i0 is given, and it is impor- tant to determine the other. For instance, if a line is short-circuited, and the short-circuit current IQ suddenly broken, the maximum voltage which can be induced by the dissipation of the stored magnetic energy of the short-circuit current is e0 = igZo. If one conductor of an ungrounded cable system is grounded, the maximum momentary current which may flow to ground is io = eo2/o, where e0 = voltage between cable conductor and ground. If lightning strikes a line, and the maximum voltage which it may produce on the line ...", "... the maximum voltage which it may produce on the line, as limited by the disruptive strength of the line insulation against momentary voltages, is e0, the maximum discharge current in the line is limited to i0 = e<>yo. If L is high but C low, as in the high-potential winding of a high-voltage transformer (which winding can be considered as a circuit of distributed capacity, inductance, and resistance), z0 is high and T/O low. That is, a high transient voltage can produce only moderate transient currents, but even a small transient cur- rent produces high voltages. Thus reactances, and other rea ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... end, give ii, eo, and cos d, for the same value to, that is, give the regulation of the line at constant current output for varying power-factor. b. Accuracy of Calculation. 162. Not all engineering calculations require the same degree of accuracy. When calculating the efficiency of a large alternator it may be of importance to detcTmine whether it is 97.7 or 97.8 per cent, that is, an accuracy within one-tenth per cent may be required; in other cases, as for instance, when estimating the voltage which may be produced in an electric circuit by a line disturbance, it may be sufficient to N ...", "... '^^'^ > y y - ii^ ^ ^ ^ -\"^ < / ^1 n^> / / J / / / / / / 2 3 4 3 6 b 8 3 1 X) 1^ a. e ■120 1001.00 80 0.-80 0.40 0.20 ^ 0 Fig. 86. Transmission Line Characteristics. For instance, when investigating the short-circuit current of an electric generating system, it is of importance to know whether this current is 3 or 4 times normal current, or whether it is 40 to 50 times normal current, but it is immaterial whether it is 45 to 46 or 50 times normal. In studying lightning phenomena, and, in general, abnormal ...", "... eral, abnormal voltages in electric systems, calculating the discharge capacity of lightning arres- ters, etc., the magnitude of the quantity is often sufficient. In 254 ^ ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. calculating the critical speed of turbine alternators, or the natural period of oscillation of synchronous machines, the same applies, since it is of importance only to see that these speeds are sufficiently^ remote from the normal operating speed to give no trouble in operation. (b) Approximate calculation, requiring an accuracy of one or a few per cent only; a large part of engineering calcu- l ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... d of current, which gradually decreases in intensity, that is, dies out. ' These oscillating voltages and currents are the result of the readjustment of the stored energy of the circuit to a sudden change of conditions, and are dependant upon the stored energy of the circuit, but not upon the generator frequency or wave shape ; therefore they occur in the same manner, and are of the same frequency, in a 25 cycle system as in a 60 cycle system, or a high potential direct current transmission; and occur with sine waves of generator voltage equally as with distorted 92 GENERAL LECTURES gene ...", "... endant upon the stored energy of the circuit, but not upon the generator frequency or wave shape ; therefore they occur in the same manner, and are of the same frequency, in a 25 cycle system as in a 60 cycle system, or a high potential direct current transmission; and occur with sine waves of generator voltage equally as with distorted 92 GENERAL LECTURES generator waves. While the power of these oscillations ulti- mately conies from the generators, it is not the generator wave nor one of its harmonics which builds up, as discussed in the previous lectures; but the generator merely suppli ...", "... ator frequency or wave shape ; therefore they occur in the same manner, and are of the same frequency, in a 25 cycle system as in a 60 cycle system, or a high potential direct current transmission; and occur with sine waves of generator voltage equally as with distorted 92 GENERAL LECTURES generator waves. While the power of these oscillations ulti- mately conies from the generators, it is not the generator wave nor one of its harmonics which builds up, as discussed in the previous lectures; but the generator merely supplies the energy, which is stored as electrostatic charge of the capaci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-88", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 88, "number": 10, "location": "lines 15811-15892", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "snippets": [ "X. Frequency 101. While converters can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25-cycle converter. The commutator surface moves the distance from brush to next brush, or the commutator pitch, during one-half cycle, that is, 3^50 second with a 25-cycle, J^20 secon ...", "... can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25-cycle converter. The commutator surface moves the distance from brush to next brush, or the commutator pitch, during one-half cycle, that is, 3^50 second with a 25-cycle, J^20 second with a 60-cycle converter. The peripheral speed of the commutator, however, is limited by mechanical, elect ...", "... cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25-cycle converter. The commutator surface moves the distance from brush to next brush, or the commutator pitch, during one-half cycle, that is, 3^50 second with a 25-cycle, J^20 second with a 60-cycle converter. The peripheral speed of the commutator, however, is limited by mechanical, electrical, and thermal considera- tions— centrifugal forces, loss of power by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "section_title": "Lightning Protection", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 4931-5294", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... tation by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits made their appearance, this protection against lightning by a simple small spark gap to ground became insufficient, and this addi- tional problem arose : to open the short circuit of the machine current, which resulted from and followed the lightning dis- charge. This problem of opening the circuit after the discharge was solved by the magnetic blow-out, which is still used to a large extent on 500 volt railway circuits; by the horn gap arrester — a gap between two ho ...", "... s operated in multiple, these lightning arresters became insufificient : the machine cur- rent following the lightning discharge frequently was so enor- mous that the circuit did not open at the end of the half wave, but the arrester held an arc and burned up. Furthermore, the introduction of synchronous motors, and of parallel operation of generators, made it essential that the lightning arrester should open again instantly after dis- charge. For, if the short circuit current over the arrester lasted for any appreciable time: a few seconds, synchronous motors and converters dropped out of ste ...", "... n multiple, these lightning arresters became insufificient : the machine cur- rent following the lightning discharge frequently was so enor- mous that the circuit did not open at the end of the half wave, but the arrester held an arc and burned up. Furthermore, the introduction of synchronous motors, and of parallel operation of generators, made it essential that the lightning arrester should open again instantly after dis- charge. For, if the short circuit current over the arrester lasted for any appreciable time: a few seconds, synchronous motors and converters dropped out of step, the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-09", "section_label": "Theory Section 9: Vector Diagrams", "section_title": "Vector Diagrams", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 2865-3233", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "snippets": [ "... tity, as for the current, if a num- ber of e.m.fs. are considered in a circuit of the same current, or for the e.m.f., if a number of currents are produced by the same e.m.f., or for the generated e.m.f. in apparatus such as transform- ers and induction motors, synchronous apparatus, etc. With the current as zero vector, all horizontal components of e.m.f. are power components, all vertical components are reac- tive components. With the e.m.f. as zero vector, all horizontal components of current are power components ...", "... for the current, if a num- ber of e.m.fs. are considered in a circuit of the same current, or for the e.m.f., if a number of currents are produced by the same e.m.f., or for the generated e.m.f. in apparatus such as transform- ers and induction motors, synchronous apparatus, etc. With the current as zero vector, all horizontal components of e.m.f. are power components, all vertical components are reac- tive components. With the e.m.f. as zero vector, all horizontal components of current are power components, all vertic ...", "... d propor- tional at intermediary values of the power component of the current; that is, the voltage at the receiving end shall increase proportional to the load. At three-quarters load the current shall be in phase with the e.m.f. at the receiving end. The generator excitation, however, and thus the (nominal) generated FIG. 19. — Vector diagram of e.m.f. and current in transmission line. Cur- rent leading. e.m.f. of the generator shall be maintained constant at all loads, and the voltage regulation effected by produc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-39", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Mechanical Rectification", "section_title": "Mechanical Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 39, "number": 3, "location": "lines 15963-17754", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "snippets": [ "... antaneous value of the alternating and of the rectified current differ from each other. Thus means have to be provided either to shunt the difference between the two currents through a non-inductive bypath, or, the difference of the two currents exists as arc over the surface of the rectifying commutator.* The general phenomenon of single-phase rectification thus is : The alternating and the rectified circuit are in series. Both circuits are closed upon themselves at the rectifier, by the resistances, r and r0, respectively. The terminals are reversed. The shunt-resistance circuits are opened ...", "... ectifier, by the resistances, r and r0, respectively. The terminals are reversed. The shunt-resistance circuits are opened, leaving the circuits in series in opposite direction. Special cases hereof are: 1. If r = r0 = 0, that is, during rectification both circuits are short circuited. Such short-circuit rectification is feasible only in limited-current circuits, as on arc lighting machines, or in * If the circuit is reversed at the moment when the alternating current passes zero, due to self-inductance of the rectified circuit its current differs from zero, and an arc still appears at the rec ...", "... . The shunt-resistance circuits are opened, leaving the circuits in series in opposite direction. Special cases hereof are: 1. If r = r0 = 0, that is, during rectification both circuits are short circuited. Such short-circuit rectification is feasible only in limited-current circuits, as on arc lighting machines, or in * If the circuit is reversed at the moment when the alternating current passes zero, due to self-inductance of the rectified circuit its current differs from zero, and an arc still appears at the rectifier. 229 230 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA cases where the voltage of the rectif ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "section_title": "Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1527-2561", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lamp", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... ies are fixed cost, A ; labor, attendance and inspection are partly fixed cost A, partly proportional cost B, — economy of operation requires therefore a shifting of as large a part thereof over into class B, by shutting down smaller substations during periods of light load, etc. Incandescent lamp renewals, arc lamp trimming, etc., are essentially proportional costs, B. The reserve capacity of a plant, the steam reserve main- tained at the receiving end of a transmission line, the difference in cost between a duplicate pole line and a single pole line with two circuits, the storage bat ...", "... ost, A ; labor, attendance and inspection are partly fixed cost A, partly proportional cost B, — economy of operation requires therefore a shifting of as large a part thereof over into class B, by shutting down smaller substations during periods of light load, etc. Incandescent lamp renewals, arc lamp trimming, etc., are essentially proportional costs, B. The reserve capacity of a plant, the steam reserve main- tained at the receiving end of a transmission line, the difference in cost between a duplicate pole line and a single pole line with two circuits, the storage battery reserve of the ...", "... or different uses must be different if the load factors are different, and the higher the cost, the lower the load factor. Electrochemical work gives the highest load factor, frequently some 90%, while a lighting system shows the poorest load factor — in an alternating current system without motor load occasionally it is as low as 10 to 20%. Defining the load factor as the ratio of the average to the maximum load, it is necessary to state over how long a time the average is extended ; that is, whether daily, monthly or yearly load factor. \"\" F f9 h ^■ , f(, n M ~(f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-30", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Machines: Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 30, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9554-9650", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-30/", "snippets": [ "IX. Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FIG. 69. — Synchronous generator magnetic 7000 characteristics. machine. It has the same general shape as the curve of mag- netic flux density, consisting of a straight part below saturation, a bend or knee, and a ...", "... c or Saturation Curve 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FIG. 69. — Synchronous generator magnetic 7000 characteristics. machine. It has the same general shape as the curve of mag- netic flux density, consisting of a straight part below saturation, a bend or knee, and a saturated part beyond the knee. Gener- ally the change from th ...", "... tion Curve 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FIG. 69. — Synchronous generator magnetic 7000 characteristics. machine. It has the same general shape as the curve of mag- netic flux density, consisting of a straight part below saturation, a bend or knee, and a saturated part beyond the knee. Gener- ally the change from the unsatura ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 959-3894", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... form but heat. That is, a consumption of power takes place in the metallic con- 1 2 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ductors by conversion into heat, and into beat only. Indirectly, we may get light, if the heat produced raises the temperature high enough to get visible radiation as in the incandescent lamp filament, but this radiation is produced from heat, and directly the conversion of electric energy takes place into beat. Most of the metaUic conductors cover, as regards their specific resist- ance, a rather narrow range, between about 1.6 microhm-cm. {1.6 X 10~*) for copper, to about 100 mic ...", "... responding to the operat- ing temperature chosen. However, for measuring temperature rise of electric currents, the increase of the conductor resistance is frequently employed. Where the temperature range is very large, as between room temperature and operating temperature of the incandescent lamp filament, the change of resistance is very considerable; the resist- ance of the tungsten filament at its operating temperature is about 4 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS nine times its cold resistance in the vacuum lamp, twelve times in the gas-filled lamp. Thus the metallic conductors are the most im ...", "... ery large, as between room temperature and operating temperature of the incandescent lamp filament, the change of resistance is very considerable; the resist- ance of the tungsten filament at its operating temperature is about 4 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS nine times its cold resistance in the vacuum lamp, twelve times in the gas-filled lamp. Thus the metallic conductors are the most important. They require little discussion, due to their constancy and absence of secondary energy transformation. Iron makes an exception among the pure metals, in that it has an abnormally high temperature coef ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-13", "section_label": "Theory Section 13: Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 4465-5263", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 13 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "snippets": [ "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive ...", "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circ ...", "... ultant of OE'i and OE\"i, or OE\"\\ = E\"\\ =JiZi. OE'\"\\ combined with the terminal voltage OE = E gives the secondary e.m.f. OEi = E\\. Proportional thereto by the ratio of turns and in phase there- FIG. 34. — Vector diagram of e.m.fs. and currents in a transformer. with is the e.m.f. generated in the primary OEi = Ef where To generate e.m.f. EI and Ei} the magnetic flux 0$ = is required, 90 time degrees ahead of OE\\ and OEi. To produce flux $ the m.m.f. of F ampere-turns is required, as determined from ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3230-3545", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... of the diagram, their difference of potential from these points in intensity and phase. Thus, for example, in an interlinked three-phase system with three E.M.Fs. of equal intensity, and differing in phase by one-third of a period, we may choose the common con- nection of the star-connected generator as the zero point, and represent, in Fig. 28, one of the E.M.Fs., or the poten- 46 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§35 tial at one of the three-phase terminals, by point E^ The potentials at the two other terminals will then be given by the points E^ and £'3, which have the same dist ...", "... 47 and hence represented in the diagram by point £\",, and its combination with E^ by E(. The counter E,M.F. of reactance, x, is E^ = Ix, 90' behind the current /j, or E.M.F., E^, and therefore represented by point E^, and giving, by its combination with E^, the terminal potential of the generator E^, which, as seen, is less than the E.M.F., £■,. If all the three branches are loaded equally by three currents flowing into a non-inductive circuit, and thus in phase with the E.M,Fs, at the generator terminals (repre- sented in the diagram. Fig. 30, by the points E-^, E^, E^, equidistan ...", "... nted by point E^, and giving, by its combination with E^, the terminal potential of the generator E^, which, as seen, is less than the E.M.F., £■,. If all the three branches are loaded equally by three currents flowing into a non-inductive circuit, and thus in phase with the E.M,Fs, at the generator terminals (repre- sented in the diagram. Fig. 30, by the points E-^, E^, E^, equidistant from each other, and equidistant from the zero point, O), the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance, fr, are repre- sented by the distances EE', as EyE.^, etc., in phase with the currents, /; and the counter E.M.F ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Capacity", "section_title": "Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3872-6370", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... r, that is, if the receiver circuit is non-inductive, / and £ change very little for small values of x^ ; but if x is large, that is, if the receiver circuit is of large reactance, / and £ change much with a change b.) If X is negative, that is, if the receiver circuit con- tains condensers, synchronous motors, or other apparatus which produce leading currents — above a certain value of x^ the denominator in the expression of E^ becomes < ;?, or E > E^\\ that is, the reactance, x^ , raises the potential. c.) E = E^f or the insertion of a series inductance, ;r^, does not affect the potential d ...", "... if the receiver circuit is non-inductive, / and £ change very little for small values of x^ ; but if x is large, that is, if the receiver circuit is of large reactance, / and £ change much with a change b.) If X is negative, that is, if the receiver circuit con- tains condensers, synchronous motors, or other apparatus which produce leading currents — above a certain value of x^ the denominator in the expression of E^ becomes < ;?, or E > E^\\ that is, the reactance, x^ , raises the potential. c.) E = E^f or the insertion of a series inductance, ;r^, does not affect the potential differen ...", "... he voltage drops again. At ;r^ = ± .8, ;r = ^ .8, the total impedance of the circuit is r - y (.r + ;r^) = r = .6, x + x^ = 0, and tan w^ = ; that is, the current and E.M.F. in the supply circuit are in phase with each other, or the circuit is in electrical resofiafice. Fig. 43. Since a synchronous motor in the condition of efficient working acts as a condensance, we get the remarkable result that, in synchronous motor circuits, choking coils, or reactive coils, can be used for raising the voltage. In Figs. 42 to 44, the polar diagrams are shown for the conditions — £, = 100, ^. = .6 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "section_title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 27501-29124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... R XXX. QUARTBR-FHASE SYSTEM. 265. In a three-wire quarter-phase system, or quarter- phase system with common return wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : £^ = E = E.M.F. between and 1 in the generator. E2 =^ J E = E.M.F. between and 2 in the generator. • Let : Ii and I2 = currents in 1 and in 2, Iq = current in 0, Z, and Za == impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zq = impedance of line 0. K, and Y^ = admittances of circuits to 1, and to 2, // and 73'= currents in circuits to 1, and to 2, ^/ ...", "... e quarter-phase system, or quarter- phase system with common return wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : £^ = E = E.M.F. between and 1 in the generator. E2 =^ J E = E.M.F. between and 2 in the generator. • Let : Ii and I2 = currents in 1 and in 2, Iq = current in 0, Z, and Za == impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zq = impedance of line 0. K, and Y^ = admittances of circuits to 1, and to 2, // and 73'= currents in circuits to 1, and to 2, ^/and ^2'= potential differences at circuit to 1, and ...", "... s/. ^\"^ -1 r^C 2aL we have 2 rt 2 V r« C hence, by substitution, fc fc /■=jeK/ — dec a, Er=jer\\^ — dec a, 422 APPENDIX II. [§294 ii = — ^=^1^^ , r 1 N== r'C 4 7rZ the final equations of the oscillating discharge, in symbolic expression. Oscillating Current Transformer. 294. As an instance of the application of the symbolic method of analyzing the phenomena caused by oscillating currents, the transformation of such currents may be inves- tigated. If an oscillating current is produced in a circuit including the primary of a transformer, oscillating currents ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3577-5333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... is, if the receiver circuit is non-inductive, / and E change very little for small values of x0 ; but if x is large, that is, if the receiver circuit is of large reactance, / and E change much with a change of x0. b.} If x is negative, that is, if the receiver circuit con- tains condensers, synchronous motors, or other apparatus which produce leading currents — above a certain value of x the denominator in the expression of E, becomes < z, or E > E0 ; that is, the reactance, x0 , raises the potential. c.) E = E0 , or the insertion of a series inductance, x0 , does, not affect the potential ...", "... receiver circuit is non-inductive, / and E change very little for small values of x0 ; but if x is large, that is, if the receiver circuit is of large reactance, / and E change much with a change of x0. b.} If x is negative, that is, if the receiver circuit con- tains condensers, synchronous motors, or other apparatus which produce leading currents — above a certain value of x the denominator in the expression of E, becomes < z, or E > E0 ; that is, the reactance, x0 , raises the potential. c.) E = E0 , or the insertion of a series inductance, x0 , does, not affect the potential differe ...", "... oltage drops again. At x0 = ± -8, x = =f .8, the total impedance of the circuit is r — j (x -f x0} = r = .6, x + x0 = 0, and tan S>0 = 0 ; that is, the current and E.M.F. in the supply circuit are in phase with each other, or the circuit is in electrical resonance. \\ Fig. 43. Since a synchronous motor in the condition of efficient working acts as a condensance, we get the remarkable result that, in synchronous motor circuits, choking coils, or reactive coils, can be used for raising the voltage. In Figs. 42 to 44, the polar diagrams are shown for the conditions — E0 = 100, x0 = .6, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 21190-21982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... he reactance, causing higher harmonics under load. 3d. Pulsation of the resistance, causing higher harmonics under load also. Taking up the different causes of higher harmonics we have : — Lack of Uniformity and Pulsation of tJie Magnetic Field. 235. Since most of the alternating-current generators contain definite and sharply defined field poles covering in different types different proportions of the pitch, in general the magnetic flux interlinked with the armature coil will not vary as simply sine wave, of the form : $ cos /?, but as a complex harmonic function, depending on the sh ...", "... ary as simply sine wave, of the form : $ cos /?, but as a complex harmonic function, depending on the shape and the pitch of the field poles, and the arrangement of the armature conductors. In this case, the magnetic flux issu- DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 385 ing from the field pole of the alternator can be represented by the general equation, 4> = A0 + A, cos /8 + A* cos 2(3 + Az cos 3/8 + . . . + ^ sin £ + -#2 sin 2 0 + .#, sin 3 ft + . . . If the reluctance of the armature is uniform in all directions, so that the distribution of the magnetic flux at the field-pole face does not chan ...", "... hases, and is thus more uniformly varying ; that is, more sinusoidal, approaching 386 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. sine shape, to within 3% or less, as for instance the curves Fig. 169 and Fig. 170 show, which represent the no-load and full-load wave of E.M.F. of a three-phase multitooth alternator. The principal term of these harmonics is the third harmonic, which consequently appears more or less in all alternator waves. As a rule these harmonics can be considered together with the harmonics due to the varying reluctance of the magnetic circuit. In ironclad alternators with few slots a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 25904-27405", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... XII. QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM. 294. In a three-wire quarter-phase system, or quarter- phase system with common return wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2> the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : EI = E = E.M.F. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ez=jE = E.M.F. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let: ./i and 72 = currents in 1 and in 2, 70 = current in 0, Z-L and Zz = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Z0 = impedance of line 0. Yl and Y2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, // and //= currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, ...", "... e quarter-phase system, or quarter- phase system with common return wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2> the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : EI = E = E.M.F. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ez=jE = E.M.F. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let: ./i and 72 = currents in 1 and in 2, 70 = current in 0, Z-L and Zz = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Z0 = impedance of line 0. Yl and Y2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, // and //= currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, Eia.-ndE2'= potential differences at circuit 0 to ...", "... ng discharge of a condense of initial voltage e. Since x = 2 *• N L, 1 we have x = hence, by substitution, l — dec a, .510 APPENDIX II. E - ef\\fC -f^r-, — — rr~ \\/ ~r~ 47TZ the final equations of the oscillating discharge, in symbolic expression. Oscillating Current Transformer. 323. As an instance of the application of the symbolic method of analyzing the phenomena caused by oscillating currents, the transformation of such currents may be inves- tigated. If an oscillating current is produced in a circuit including the primary of a transformer, oscillating currents ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Mutual Inductance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 10, "location": "lines 10475-12216", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... it, that is, the number of magnetic interlinkages of the circuit with the total flux produced by unit current in the circuit, the self- inductive flux as well as the mutual inductive flux, and not merely the self-inductive reactance and inductance respectively. In induction apparatus, such as transformers and induction machines, it is usually preferable to separate the total reactance z, into the self-inductive reactance, x81 referring to the magnetic flux interlinked with the inducing circuit only, but with no other circuit, and the mutual inductive reactance, xm, usually represented as a susc ...", "... assumed that the circuits are inductively related to each other symmetrically, or reduced thereto; that is, where the mutual inductance is due to coils enclosed in the first circuit, interlinked magnetically with coils enclosed in the second circuit, as the primary and the secondary coils of a transformer, or a shunt and a series field winding of a generator, 144 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the two coils are assumed as of the same number of turns, or reduced thereto. ri, No. turns second circuit If a = — = — =rr— — - -- : - r— , the currents in the nA No. turns first circuit second circuit are ...", "... ch other symmetrically, or reduced thereto; that is, where the mutual inductance is due to coils enclosed in the first circuit, interlinked magnetically with coils enclosed in the second circuit, as the primary and the secondary coils of a transformer, or a shunt and a series field winding of a generator, 144 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the two coils are assumed as of the same number of turns, or reduced thereto. ri, No. turns second circuit If a = — = — =rr— — - -- : - r— , the currents in the nA No. turns first circuit second circuit are multiplied, the e.m.fs. divided by a, the resis- tanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-55", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 55, "number": 6, "location": "lines 32709-33527", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "snippets": [ "... Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits comprising sections of different con- stants, — generator, transformer, transmission lines, and load, — and a simple circuit is realized only by a section of a circuit, as a transmission line or a high-potential transformer coil, which is cut off at both ends from the rest of the circuit, either by open- circuiting, i = 0, or by short-circuiting, e = ...", "... , apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits comprising sections of different con- stants, — generator, transformer, transmission lines, and load, — and a simple circuit is realized only by a section of a circuit, as a transmission line or a high-potential transformer coil, which is cut off at both ends from the rest of the circuit, either by open- circuiting, i = 0, or by short-circuiting, e = 0. Approximat ...", "... ctric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits comprising sections of different con- stants, — generator, transformer, transmission lines, and load, — and a simple circuit is realized only by a section of a circuit, as a transmission line or a high-potential transformer coil, which is cut off at both ends from the rest of the circuit, either by open- circuiting, i = 0, or by short-circuiting, e = 0. Approximately, the simple circuit is realized by a section of a complex circuit, connecting to other sections of 'very different constants, so that the ends of th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Chemical And Physical Effects Of Radiation", "section_title": "Chemical And Physical Effects Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3639-3945", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... the frequencies given by fluorescence and then looking at the fluorescent body through a glass having the same color as that given by fluorescence. Thus the least traces of red fluorescence can be discovered by looking at the body through a red glass, in the illumination given by the mer- cury lamp. As the mercury lamp contains practically no red rays, seen through a red glass everything appears nearly black or invisible except red fluorescent bodies, which appear self-lumi- nous, glowing in a light of their own, and appear like red hot bodies. 68 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. ...", "... by fluorescence and then looking at the fluorescent body through a glass having the same color as that given by fluorescence. Thus the least traces of red fluorescence can be discovered by looking at the body through a red glass, in the illumination given by the mer- cury lamp. As the mercury lamp contains practically no red rays, seen through a red glass everything appears nearly black or invisible except red fluorescent bodies, which appear self-lumi- nous, glowing in a light of their own, and appear like red hot bodies. 68 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. In the illumination g ...", "... y no red rays, seen through a red glass everything appears nearly black or invisible except red fluorescent bodies, which appear self-lumi- nous, glowing in a light of their own, and appear like red hot bodies. 68 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. In the illumination given by the mercury lamp I here drop a few drops of a solution of rhodamine 6 G, rhodamine R and uranine (aniline dyes) into a large beaker of water. As you see, when sinking down and gradually spreading, they appear — especially against a dark background — as brilliant luminous clouds of orange, red and green, and se ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-07", "section_label": "Theory Section 7: Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 2250-2717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "snippets": [ "... ine consists of three wires, No. 0 B. & S. (ld = 0.82 cm.), 18 in. (45 cm.) apart, of resistivity p = 1.8 X 10-6. (a) What is the resistance, the reactance, and the impedance per line, and the voltage consumed thereby at 44 amp. ? (6) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a non-inductive load? (c) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a load circuit of 45 degrees lag? (d) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a load circuit of 45 degrees lead ...", "... of resistivity p = 1.8 X 10-6. (a) What is the resistance, the reactance, and the impedance per line, and the voltage consumed thereby at 44 amp. ? (6) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a non-inductive load? (c) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a load circuit of 45 degrees lag? (d) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a load circuit of 45 degrees lead? Here I = 14 miles = 14 X 1.6 X 105 = 2.23 X 106 cm. ld = 0.82 cm. Hence th ...", "... line, and the voltage consumed thereby at 44 amp. ? (6) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a non-inductive load? (c) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a load circuit of 45 degrees lag? (d) What is the generator voltage between lines at 44 amp. to a load circuit of 45 degrees lead? Here I = 14 miles = 14 X 1.6 X 105 = 2.23 X 106 cm. ld = 0.82 cm. Hence the cross section, A = 0.528 sq. cm. ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 37 Z 1.8 X 10-6 X 2.23 X ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-103", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 103, "number": 6, "location": "lines 18461-18520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "snippets": [ "VI. Heating and Ventilation 122. As the transformer is a stationary apparatus, it does not have the advantage of dissipating the heat produced by the internal losses, by the natural ventilation of the air currents pro- duced by the centrifugal forces in rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that ...", "... a stationary apparatus, it does not have the advantage of dissipating the heat produced by the internal losses, by the natural ventilation of the air currents pro- duced by the centrifugal forces in rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficie ...", "... gal forces in rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. Smaller distribution transformers usually are installed out- doors, on poles, and then require protection by enclosure in an iron case or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "section_label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "section_title": "Impedance and Admittance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 6814-7380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "snippets": [ "... components, the resistance and reactance, and inversely. If x = 0, z = r and g = — , that is, g is the reciprocal of the resistance in a non-inductive circuit; not so, however, in an inductive circuit. EXAMPLES 85. (1) In a quarter-phase induction motor having an im- pressed e.m.f. e = 110 volts per phase, the current is /0 = ii — jiz = 100 — 100 j at standstill, the torque = D0. The two phases are connected in series in a single-phase cir- cuit of e.m.f. e = 220, and one phase shunted by a cond ...", "... = ii — jiz = 100 — 100 j at standstill, the torque = D0. The two phases are connected in series in a single-phase cir- cuit of e.m.f. e = 220, and one phase shunted by a condenser of 1 ohm capacity reactance. What is the starting torque D of the motor under these con- ditions, compared with Z>0, the torque on a quarter-phase cir- IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 103 cuit, and what the relative torque per volt-ampere input, if the torque is proportional to the product of the e.m.fs. impressed upon the two circu ...", "... AND ADMITTANCE 103 cuit, and what the relative torque per volt-ampere input, if the torque is proportional to the product of the e.m.fs. impressed upon the two circuits and the sine of the angle of phase dis- placement between them? In the quarter-phase motor the torque is D0 = ae2 = 12,100 a, where a is a constant. The volt-ampere input is Qo = 2 e Vii2 + i22 = 31,200; hence, the \"apparent torque efficiency,\" or torque per volt- ampere input, rjQ = D* = 0.388 a. The admittance per motor circui ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-22", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Machines: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 22, "number": 1, "location": "lines 8518-8657", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "snippets": [ "I. General 3. The most important class of alternating-current apparatus consists of the synchronous machines. They comprise the alternating-current generators, single-phase and polyphase, the synchronous motors, the phase compensators, the phase con- verters, the phase balancers, the synchronous boosters and the exciters of induction generators, that is, synchrono ...", "I. General 3. The most important class of alternating-current apparatus consists of the synchronous machines. They comprise the alternating-current generators, single-phase and polyphase, the synchronous motors, the phase compensators, the phase con- verters, the phase balancers, the synchronous boosters and the exciters of induction generators, that is, synchronous machines producing wattless lagging or leading currents ...", "I. General 3. The most important class of alternating-current apparatus consists of the synchronous machines. They comprise the alternating-current generators, single-phase and polyphase, the synchronous motors, the phase compensators, the phase con- verters, the phase balancers, the synchronous boosters and the exciters of induction generators, that is, synchronous machines producing wattless lagging or leading currents, and the con- verters. Since the latter co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-32", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Machines: Unbalancing of Polyphase Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Unbalancing of Polyphase Synchronous Machines", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 32, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9719-9748", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-32/", "snippets": [ "XI. Unbalancing of Polyphase Synchronous Machines 23. The preceding discussion applies to polyphase as well as single-phase machines. In polyphase machines the nominal generated e.m.fs. or nominal counter-generated e.m.fs. are neces- sarily the same in all phases (or bear a constant relation to each ...", "... discussion applies to polyphase as well as single-phase machines. In polyphase machines the nominal generated e.m.fs. or nominal counter-generated e.m.fs. are neces- sarily the same in all phases (or bear a constant relation to each other). Thus in a polyphase generator, if the current or the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 151 phase relation of the current is different in the different branches, the terminal voltage must become different also, more or less. This is called the unbalancing of the polyphase generator. It is due to ...", "... ell as single-phase machines. In polyphase machines the nominal generated e.m.fs. or nominal counter-generated e.m.fs. are neces- sarily the same in all phases (or bear a constant relation to each other). Thus in a polyphase generator, if the current or the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 151 phase relation of the current is different in the different branches, the terminal voltage must become different also, more or less. This is called the unbalancing of the polyphase generator. It is due to different load or load of different i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-72", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 72: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generators", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generators", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 72, "number": null, "location": "lines 12400-12491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-72/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-72/", "snippets": [ "A. GENERATORS 209 Separately Excited and Magneto Generator 70. In a separately excited or magneto machine, that is, a machine with constant field excitation FQ) a demagnetization \\ \\\\ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 FIG. 111. — Se ...", "A. GENERATORS 209 Separately Excited and Magneto Generator 70. In a separately excited or magneto machine, that is, a machine with constant field excitation FQ) a demagnetization \\ \\\\ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 FIG. 111. — Separately excited or magneto-generator demagnetizati ...", "... and Magneto Generator 70. In a separately excited or magneto machine, that is, a machine with constant field excitation FQ) a demagnetization \\ \\\\ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 FIG. 111. — Separately excited or magneto-generator demagnetization curve and load characteristic with constant shift of brushes. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 FIG. 112. — Separately excited or magneto-generator demagnetization curve and load characteristic with variable shift of brushes. cur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-82", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 82, "number": 3, "location": "lines 13796-13888", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "snippets": [ "... the e.m.f. consumed in the converter armature, and in machines converting from alternating to continuous current, also due to the shape of the impressed wave. When converting from alternating to direct current, under load the difference of potential at the commutator brushes is less than the generated direct e.m.f., and the counter-generated alternating e.m.f. less than the impressed, due to the voltage consumed by the armature resistance. If the current in the converter is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., armature s ...", "... current in the converter is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., armature self-inductance has little effect, but reduces the counter-generated alternating e.m.f. below the impressed with a lagging and raises it with a leading current, in the same way as in a synchronous motor. Thus in general the ratio of voltages varies somewhat with the load and with the phase -relation, and with constant impressed alternating e.m.f. the difference of potential at the commutator brushes decreases with increasing load, decreases with decrea ...", "... the converter is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., armature self-inductance has little effect, but reduces the counter-generated alternating e.m.f. below the impressed with a lagging and raises it with a leading current, in the same way as in a synchronous motor. Thus in general the ratio of voltages varies somewhat with the load and with the phase -relation, and with constant impressed alternating e.m.f. the difference of potential at the commutator brushes decreases with increasing load, decreases with decreasing e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-98", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 98, "number": 2, "location": "lines 17030-17323", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "snippets": [ "... sistance loss 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. Secondary resistance loss Core loss 1 per cent. 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current and losses are frequently given in per cent, of the full-load output of the transformer. The curves correspond to non-inductive load. The core loss comprises hysteresis, which varies with the 1.6 power of the induced voltage and eddies proportional to the square of induced voltage. Hence, within the narrow range of variation of the induced vol ...", "... comprises hysteresis, which varies with the 1.6 power of the induced voltage and eddies proportional to the square of induced voltage. Hence, within the narrow range of variation of the induced voltage between no load and full load of a constant poten- tial transformer, the core loss can be approximated as propor- tional to the 1.7 power of the induced voltage. The induced voltage at non-inductive load equals impressed voltage minus primary ir, when neglecting the inductive drop, which is permis- sible at non-inductive load. ...", "... ased 1 per cent, and the core loss 1.7 per cent, at full load, and correspondingly at other loads. As seen, I and II have the same full-load efficiency, but II is more efficient at overload, I at partial load. EFFICIENCY and LOSSES of Low Corcloss Transformer 1% Iron Loss 2% i2r Loss .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 FIG. 154. — Efficiency and losses of low core loss transformer. 114. In transformers for lighting and general dist ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... int ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, especially concentric cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of alternating- current transformers. It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may with sufficient approximation be represented by one con- §103] ...", "... ine is small, it may with sufficient approximation be represented by one con- §103] DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 151 denser of the same capacity as the line, shunted across the line. Frequently it makes no difference either, whether this condenser is considered as connected across the line at the generator end, or at the receiver end, or at the middle. The best approximation is to consider the line as shunted at the generator and at the motor end, by two condensers of J the line capacity each, and in the middle by a condenser of \\ the line capacity. This approximation, based on Simpson's rule, ...", "... the same capacity as the line, shunted across the line. Frequently it makes no difference either, whether this condenser is considered as connected across the line at the generator end, or at the receiver end, or at the middle. The best approximation is to consider the line as shunted at the generator and at the motor end, by two condensers of J the line capacity each, and in the middle by a condenser of \\ the line capacity. This approximation, based on Simpson's rule, assumes the variation of the elec- tric quantities in the line as parabolic. If, however, the capacity of the line is cons ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-70", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 70: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 70, "number": null, "location": "lines 12319-12398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "snippets": [ "... cteristics. In either, the field excitation is of constant, or approximately constant, impressed m.m.f. Magneto machines, however, are little used, except for very small sizes. By the direction of energy transformation, commutating ma- chines are subdivided into generators and motors. Of foremost importance in discussing the different types of machines is the saturation curve or magnetic characteristic; that is, a curve relating terminal voltage at constant speed to ampere-turns per pole field excitation, at open circuit. Such ...", "... either, the field excitation is of constant, or approximately constant, impressed m.m.f. Magneto machines, however, are little used, except for very small sizes. By the direction of energy transformation, commutating ma- chines are subdivided into generators and motors. Of foremost importance in discussing the different types of machines is the saturation curve or magnetic characteristic; that is, a curve relating terminal voltage at constant speed to ampere-turns per pole field excitation, at open circuit. Such a curve is ...", "... eed to ampere-turns per pole field excitation, at open circuit. Such a curve is shown as A in Figs. 109 and 110. It has the same 1 8 9 4 5 6 78 9 19 U 12 13 H 15 16 I? J« W 20 81 FIG. 109. — Generator saturation curves. general shape as the magnetic flux density curve, except that the knee or bend is less sharp, due to the different parts of the magnetic circuit saturation successively. Thus, in order to generate voltage ac the field excitation oc is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-87", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 87, "number": 9, "location": "lines 15735-15810", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generators", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "snippets": [ "... ted converters are desirable. Thus in low-tension direct-current systems outlying districts have been supplied by converting from direct to alternating, transmitting as alternating, and then reconverting to direct current. Or in a station containing direct-current generators for short-distance supply and alternators for long-distance supply, the converter may be used as the connecting link to shift the load from the direct to the alternating generators, or inversely, and thus be operated either way according to the distribution ...", "... then reconverting to direct current. Or in a station containing direct-current generators for short-distance supply and alternators for long-distance supply, the converter may be used as the connecting link to shift the load from the direct to the alternating generators, or inversely, and thus be operated either way according to the distribution of load on the system. Or inverted operation may be used in emergencies to produce alternating current. When converting from alternating to direct current, the speed of the convert ...", "... the latter merely changing the phase relation of the alternating current. When converting, however, from direct to alternating current as the only source of alternating current, that is, not running in multiple with engine- or turbine-driven alternating-current generators, the speed of the converter as direct-current motor depends upon the field strength; thus it increases with decreasing and decreases with increasing field strength. As alternating-current generator, however, the field strength depends upon the intensity and phas ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-92", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 14: Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Generator and Converter", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Generator and Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 92, "number": 14, "location": "lines 16541-16617", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-92/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-92/", "snippets": [ "XIV. Three-wire Generator and Converter 107. A machine based upon the principle of the direct-current converter is frequently used to supply a three- wire direct-current distribution system (Edison system). This machine may be a single generator or synchronous converter, which is desi ...", "XIV. Three-wire Generator and Converter 107. A machine based upon the principle of the direct-current converter is frequently used to supply a three- wire direct-current distribution system (Edison system). This machine may be a single generator or synchronous converter, which is designed for the voltage between the outside conductors of the circuit (the positive and the negative conductor), 220 to 280 volts, while the middle conductor of the system, or neutral conductor, is con- SYNCHRONOUS CONVER ...", "XIV. Three-wire Generator and Converter 107. A machine based upon the principle of the direct-current converter is frequently used to supply a three- wire direct-current distribution system (Edison system). This machine may be a single generator or synchronous converter, which is designed for the voltage between the outside conductors of the circuit (the positive and the negative conductor), 220 to 280 volts, while the middle conductor of the system, or neutral conductor, is con- SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 271 ne ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-96", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 96, "number": 2, "location": "lines 16912-17026", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "snippets": [ "II. Excitation 112. The primary current i\\ is not strictly proportional to the secondary current, i2 by the ratio of transformation, TRANSFORMER Excitation and Iron Losses Vo tage fower factor 50 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the excitin ...", "... xcitation 112. The primary current i\\ is not strictly proportional to the secondary current, i2 by the ratio of transformation, TRANSFORMER Excitation and Iron Losses Vo tage fower factor 50 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive co ...", "... s is: Ji = /'2 + /o = ^+ (ih-jim). In general, /0 rarely exceeds 5 per cent, of the full-load primary current. Core loss and exciting current, with its two components, are determined by measuring volts, amperes and watts input into the primary of the transformer at open secondary. It is ob- vious that either of the transformer coils can for this purpose be used as primary, and usually the low voltage coil is employed as more convenient. Such excitation and core-loss curves are given in Fig. 153, with the impress ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... esistance, vary from point to point; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-poten- tial coils of alternating-current transformers for very high vol- tage and also in high frequency circuits. It has the effect that not only the e.m.fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may with ...", "... capacity effect of the line is small, it may with sufficient approximation be represented by one condenser of the same capacity as the line, shunted across the line at its middle. Frequently it makes no difference either, whether this condenser is considered as connected across the line at the generator end, or at the receiver end, or at the middle. A better approximation is to consider the line as shunted at the generator and at the motor end, by two condensers of one- sixth the line capacity each, and in the middle by a condenser of two-thirds the line capacity. This approximation, based o ...", "... city as the line, shunted across the line at its middle. Frequently it makes no difference either, whether this condenser is considered as connected across the line at the generator end, or at the receiver end, or at the middle. A better approximation is to consider the line as shunted at the generator and at the motor end, by two condensers of one- sixth the line capacity each, and in the middle by a condenser of two-thirds the line capacity. This approximation, based on Simpson's rule, assumes the variation of the electric quantities in the line as parabolic. If, however, the capacity of th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "section_title": "Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 16077-16520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... c expression (effect- ive as well as reactive) of a circuit or system is the sum of the powers of its individual components in symboHc expression. The first equation is obviously directly a result from the law of conservation of energy. One result derived herefrom is, for instance: If in a generator supplying power to a system the current is out of phase with the e.m.f. so as to give the reactive power P', the current can be brought into phase with the generator e.m.f. or the load on the generator made non-inductive by in- serting anywhere in the circuit an apparatus producing the react- ...", "... n is obviously directly a result from the law of conservation of energy. One result derived herefrom is, for instance: If in a generator supplying power to a system the current is out of phase with the e.m.f. so as to give the reactive power P', the current can be brought into phase with the generator e.m.f. or the load on the generator made non-inductive by in- serting anywhere in the circuit an apparatus producing the react- ive power — P'; that is, compensation for wattless currents in a system takes place regardless of the location of the compensating device. • Obviously, wattless cur ...", "... the law of conservation of energy. One result derived herefrom is, for instance: If in a generator supplying power to a system the current is out of phase with the e.m.f. so as to give the reactive power P', the current can be brought into phase with the generator e.m.f. or the load on the generator made non-inductive by in- serting anywhere in the circuit an apparatus producing the react- ive power — P'; that is, compensation for wattless currents in a system takes place regardless of the location of the compensating device. • Obviously, wattless currents exist between the compensating ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 6942-9061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactors", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... work. Inversely, if mechanical en- ergy is supplied to the magnetic circuit as by vibrating it mechan- ically, the hysteresis loop collapses or overturns, and its area becomes equal to the molecular magnetic friction minus the mechanical energy absorbed. The reaction machine, as synchron- ous motor and as generator, is based on this feature. See \"Reaction Machine,\" \"Theory and Calculation of Electrical Apparatus. \" In general, when speaking of hysteresis, molecular magnetic friction is meant, and the hysteresis cycle assumed under the con- dition of no other energy conversion, and this ...", "... ely, if mechanical en- ergy is supplied to the magnetic circuit as by vibrating it mechan- ically, the hysteresis loop collapses or overturns, and its area becomes equal to the molecular magnetic friction minus the mechanical energy absorbed. The reaction machine, as synchron- ous motor and as generator, is based on this feature. See \"Reaction Machine,\" \"Theory and Calculation of Electrical Apparatus. \" In general, when speaking of hysteresis, molecular magnetic friction is meant, and the hysteresis cycle assumed under the con- dition of no other energy conversion, and this assumption will b ...", "... d therefore are of importance also. In most inductor alternators the magnetic flux in the armature does not reverse, but pulsates between a high and a low value in the same direction, and the hysteresis loss thus is that of an unsymmetrical non-reversing cycle. Unsymmetrical cycles occur in transformers and reactors by the superposition of a direct current upon the alternating current, as discussed in the chapter \"Shaping of Waves,'' or by the equiva- lent thereof, such as the suppression of one-half wave of the alter- nating current. Thus, in the transformers and reactors of many types of re ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-14", "section_label": "Theory Section 14: Rectangular Coordinates", "section_title": "Rectangular Coordinates", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 5264-5831", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "snippets": [ "... it is desirable to distinguish the two components from each other and from the resultant or total value by their notation. To distinguish the components from the resultant, small letters are used for the components, capitals for the resultant. Thus in the transformer diagram of Section 13 the secondary current I\\ has the horizontal component ii = — I\\ cos 0i, and the vertical component i'\\ — + I\\ sin 0\\. To distinguish horizontal and vertical components from each other, either different types of letters can be used, ...", "... ifferent e.m.fs., currents, etc., from each other. Thus the most convenient way is the addition of a prefix or coefficient to one of the components, and as such the letter j is commonly used with the vertical component. Thus the secondary current in the transformer diagram, Section 13, can be written i\\ + ji* = Ii cos 0i + jli sin 0i. (1) This method offers the further advantage that the two com- ponents can be written side by side, with the plus sign between them, since the addition of the prefix j distinguis ...", "... (2) thus means that I\\ consists of a horizontal component i\\ and a vertical component iz, and the plus sign signifies that i\\ and iz are combined by the parallelogram of sine waves. 78 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The secondary e.m.f. of the transformer in Section 13, Fig. 34, is written in this manner, E\\ = — ei, that is, it has the hori- zontal component — e\\ and no vertical component. The primary generated e.m.f. is E'==' 00 and the e.m.f. consumed thereby E' = + ei- w The secondary current ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-23", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 23, "number": 2, "location": "lines 8658-8740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "snippets": [ "II. Electromotive Forces 6. In a synchronous machine we have to distinguish between terminal voltage E, real generated e.m.f. #1, virtual generated e.m.f. EZ, and nominal generated e.m.f. EQ. The real generated e.m.f. EI is the e.m.f. generated in the alter- nator armature turns by the resultant magnet ...", "... Ir, where / = current in armature, r = effective resistance. The virtual generated e.m.f. E2 is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the flux produced by the field poles, or flux corre- sponding to the resultant m.m.f., that is, the resultant of the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 129 m.m.fs. of field excitation and of armature reaction. Since the magnetic flux produced by the armature, or flux of armature self-inductance, combines with the field flux to the resultant flux, the flux produced by the field poles does not pass ...", "... nd has no existence at all, but is merely a fictitious quantity, which, however, is very useful for the investigation of alternators by allowing the combination of armature reaction and self-inductance into a single effect by a (fictitious) self-inductance or synchronous reactance XQ. The nominal generated e.m.f. would be the terminal voltage with open circuit and load excitation if the saturation curve were a straight line. The synchronous reactance XQ is thus a quantity combining armature reaction and self-inductance of th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-31", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 31, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9651-9718", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "snippets": [ "X. Efficiency and Losses 22. Besides the above described curves the efficiency curves are of interest. The efficiency of alternators and synchronous motors is usually so high that a direct determination by measuring the mechanical power and the electric power is less reliable than 10 20 30 4ff 50 60 TO 80 90 100 UO 120 130 140 150 160 170 ISO 150 200 KW. ...", "X. Efficiency and Losses 22. Besides the above described curves the efficiency curves are of interest. The efficiency of alternators and synchronous motors is usually so high that a direct determination by measuring the mechanical power and the electric power is less reliable than 10 20 30 4ff 50 60 TO 80 90 100 UO 120 130 140 150 160 170 ISO 150 200 KW. FIG. 7 ...", "... usually so high that a direct determination by measuring the mechanical power and the electric power is less reliable than 10 20 30 4ff 50 60 TO 80 90 100 UO 120 130 140 150 160 170 ISO 150 200 KW. FIG. 70. — Synchronous generator, efficiency and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy curr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-74", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 74: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 74, "number": null, "location": "lines 12660-12763", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "snippets": [ "... d excitation, as realized in arc-light machines, in which the last part of the curve is used to secure inherent regulation for constant current. The resistance characteristic, that is, the dependence of the current and of the terminal voltage of the series generator upon 6000 6000 1 23 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 FIG. 116. — Series generator saturation curve and load characteristic. the external resistance, is constructed from Fig. 116 and plotted in Fig. 117. BI and Bz in Fig. 117 ...", "... regulation for constant current. The resistance characteristic, that is, the dependence of the current and of the terminal voltage of the series generator upon 6000 6000 1 23 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 FIG. 116. — Series generator saturation curve and load characteristic. the external resistance, is constructed from Fig. 116 and plotted in Fig. 117. BI and Bz in Fig. 117 are terminal volts and amperes corre- sponding to curve B in Fig. 116, #1, Ez, and F% volts and amperes corres ...", "... g. 116 and plotted in Fig. 117. BI and Bz in Fig. 117 are terminal volts and amperes corre- sponding to curve B in Fig. 116, #1, Ez, and F% volts and amperes corresponding to curves E and F in Fig. 116. Above a certain external resistance the series generator loses its excitation, while the shunt generator loses its excitation below a certain external resistance. Compound Generator 73. The saturation curve or magnetic characteristic A, and the load saturation curves D and G of the compound generator, are shown ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-76", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 76: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Motors Shunt Motor", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Motors Shunt Motor", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 76, "number": null, "location": "lines 12780-12928", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-76/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-76/", "snippets": [ "B. MOTORS Shunt Motor 74. Three speed characteristics of the shunt motor at con- stant impressed e.m.f. e are shown in Fig. 116 as A, P, Q, corre- sponding to the points d, p, q of the motor load saturation curve, Fig. 110. Their derivation is as follows: At con ...", "B. MOTORS Shunt Motor 74. Three speed characteristics of the shunt motor at con- stant impressed e.m.f. e are shown in Fig. 116 as A, P, Q, corre- sponding to the points d, p, q of the motor load saturation curve, Fig. 110. Their derivation is as follows: At constant impress ...", "B. MOTORS Shunt Motor 74. Three speed characteristics of the shunt motor at con- stant impressed e.m.f. e are shown in Fig. 116 as A, P, Q, corre- sponding to the points d, p, q of the motor load saturation curve, Fig. 110. Their derivation is as follows: At constant impressed ir,0 1100 WOO £00 (•00 w 50 100 150 200 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 34777-34928", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... s consisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase sys- tem, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single- phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of n equal e.m.fs. displac ...", "... of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase sys- tem, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single- phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of n equal e.m.fs. displaced from eac ...", "... r of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase sys- tem, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single- phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of n equal e.m.fs. displaced from each other ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "section_title": "Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 23274-24559", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... the reactance, causing higher harmonics under load. 3d. Pulsation of the resistance, causing higher harmonics under load also. Taking up the different causes of higher harmonics we have : — Lack of Uniformity and Pulsation of the Magnetic Field, 214. Since most of the alternating-current generators contain definite and sharply defined field poles covering in different types different proportions of the pitch, in general the magnetic flux interlinked with the armature coil will not vary as simply sine wave, of the form : * cos )3, but as a complex harmonic function. However, with an ...", "... reluc- tance, in general the distortion caused by the shape of the 822 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 214 field poles is small and negligible, as for instance the curves Fig. 153 and Fig. 154 show, which represent the no-load and full-load wave of E.M.F. of a three-phase multitooth^ alternator. Even where noticeable, these harmonics can be consid- ered together with the harmonics due to the varj'ing reluc- tance of the magnetic circuit. In ironclad alternators with few slots and teeth per pole, the passage of slots across the field poles causes a pulsation of the magnetic relucta ...", "... (2 7+1). 215. If y = 1 it is : e = V2»-7V^«* {sin/3 + isin (/3 - w) + *l!sin (3)3 - TT Nn 4> \\ sin P + ^ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "section_title": "Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9381-9740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... attless) of a circuit or system is the sum of the powers of its individual components in symbolic expression. The first equation is obviously directly a result from the law of conservation of energy. 156 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. One result derived herefrom is for instance : If in a generator supplying power to a system the cur- rent is out of phase with the E.M.F. so as to give the watt- less power Pi, the current can be brought into phase with the generator E.M.F., or the load on the generator made non-inductive by inserting anywhere in the circuit an appa- ratus producing the wa ...", "... law of conservation of energy. 156 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. One result derived herefrom is for instance : If in a generator supplying power to a system the cur- rent is out of phase with the E.M.F. so as to give the watt- less power Pi, the current can be brought into phase with the generator E.M.F., or the load on the generator made non-inductive by inserting anywhere in the circuit an appa- ratus producing the wattless power — F$\\ that is, compen- sation for wattless currents in a system takes place regardless of the location of the compensating device. Obviously between the com ...", "... 6 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. One result derived herefrom is for instance : If in a generator supplying power to a system the cur- rent is out of phase with the E.M.F. so as to give the watt- less power Pi, the current can be brought into phase with the generator E.M.F., or the load on the generator made non-inductive by inserting anywhere in the circuit an appa- ratus producing the wattless power — F$\\ that is, compen- sation for wattless currents in a system takes place regardless of the location of the compensating device. Obviously between the compensating device and the source of w ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 23643-23780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single-phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of n equal E.M.Fs. displac ...", "... g of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single-phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of n equal E.M.Fs. displaced from each ...", "... of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single-phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of n equal E.M.Fs. displaced from each other by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6804-8485", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... resis cycles than those of the arc are instrumental in the energy supply to other systems of continual oscillation. Thus, for instance, the hysteresis cycle between synchronizing force and position displacement supplies the energy of the con- tinual or cumulative oscillation, called hunting, in synchronous machines, as alternators, synchronous motors and converters. The mechanism, by which the hysteresis cycle supplies the energy of continual oscillations, has been investigated in the case of the hunting of synchronous machines,* but is still practically un- known in the case of continual oscill ...", "... instrumental in the energy supply to other systems of continual oscillation. Thus, for instance, the hysteresis cycle between synchronizing force and position displacement supplies the energy of the con- tinual or cumulative oscillation, called hunting, in synchronous machines, as alternators, synchronous motors and converters. The mechanism, by which the hysteresis cycle supplies the energy of continual oscillations, has been investigated in the case of the hunting of synchronous machines,* but is still practically un- known in the case of continual oscillations between magnetic and dielectric ...", "... in the energy supply to other systems of continual oscillation. Thus, for instance, the hysteresis cycle between synchronizing force and position displacement supplies the energy of the con- tinual or cumulative oscillation, called hunting, in synchronous machines, as alternators, synchronous motors and converters. The mechanism, by which the hysteresis cycle supplies the energy of continual oscillations, has been investigated in the case of the hunting of synchronous machines,* but is still practically un- known in the case of continual oscillations between magnetic and dielectric energy ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-100", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 100: Alternating-current Transformer: Lighting Only", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Lighting Only", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 100, "number": null, "location": "lines 17428-17537", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-100/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-100/", "snippets": [ "... seen, while I and II have the same full-load efficiency, 97.1 per cent., I, the low core-loss type, gives a much higher all-day efficiency, the more so the shorter the time of heavy load, that is, is far preferable for general distribution, as \"lighting transformer.\" Inversely, in large power transformers in transmission systems, the high partial load efficiency of the low core-loss type is of less importance, as such transformers are usually not run at partial load, but with a decrease of load on the system, transfo ...", "... ull-load efficiency, 97.1 per cent., I, the low core-loss type, gives a much higher all-day efficiency, the more so the shorter the time of heavy load, that is, is far preferable for general distribution, as \"lighting transformer.\" Inversely, in large power transformers in transmission systems, the high partial load efficiency of the low core-loss type is of less importance, as such transformers are usually not run at partial load, but with a decrease of load on the system, transformers and generators are cut out and the ...", "... the time of heavy load, that is, is far preferable for general distribution, as \"lighting transformer.\" Inversely, in large power transformers in transmission systems, the high partial load efficiency of the low core-loss type is of less importance, as such transformers are usually not run at partial load, but with a decrease of load on the system, transformers and generators are cut out and the remaining ones kept loaded. Of ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 285 importance, however, is low i2r loss. Under emergency c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-37", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 16: Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 37, "number": 16, "location": "lines 10124-10189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "snippets": [ "XVI. Higher Frequency Cross Currents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machi ...", "XVI. Higher Frequency Cross Currents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machines may be two or more generators, i ...", "... l synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machines may be two or more generators, in the same or in different stations, of wave shapes containing higher harmonics of different order, intensity or phase, or synchronous motors or converters of wave shapes different from that of the system to which they are connected. The intensity of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-73", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 73: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 73, "number": null, "location": "lines 12492-12659", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-73/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-73/", "snippets": [ "... 1 constant, curve B to varying armature reaction. It is seen that at a certain definite resistance the voltage becomes zero, and for lower resistance the machine cannot generate but loses its excitation. The variation of the terminal voltage of the shunt generator with the speed at constant field resistance is shown in Fig. 115, at no load as A, and at constant current i as B. These curves are derived from the preceding ones. They show that below a certain speed, which is much higher at load than at no load, ...", "... o load as A, and at constant current i as B. These curves are derived from the preceding ones. They show that below a certain speed, which is much higher at load than at no load, the r 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 FIG. 113. — Shunt generator load characteristic. machine cannot generate, and cannot be realized. The lower part of curve B is unstable Series Generator 72. In the series generator the field excitation is proportional to the current i, and the saturation curve A in Fig. 116 can ...", "... speed, which is much higher at load than at no load, the r 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 FIG. 113. — Shunt generator load characteristic. machine cannot generate, and cannot be realized. The lower part of curve B is unstable Series Generator 72. In the series generator the field excitation is proportional to the current i, and the saturation curve A in Fig. 116 can thus be plotted with the current i as abscissas. Subtracting ab = ir, the resistance drop, from the voltage, and adding bd = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 10718-13483", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... s, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = \\/f^ + x^. 3. By the ratio: Power consumed, (Current) 2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter e.m.fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter e.m.f. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the power coefficient of the e.m.f.. Power component of e.m.f. Total current It is called the elective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The power coeffi- cient of curr ...", "... the iron in the alternating magnetic field. To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductive reactance, but negligible true ohmic resistance; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating mag- netic flux which generates in the electric circuit an e.ni.f. — the counter e.m.f. of self-induction. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, that is, practically no e.m.f. consuzned by the resist- ance, ...", "... ponent of the current greatly increases, and ob- 120 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA sciires the distortion. For example, in Fig. 83, two waves are shown corresponding in magnetization to the last curve of Fig. 80, as the one most distorted. The first curve in Fig. 83 is the current wave of a transformer at 0.1 load. At higher loads the distortion is correspondingly still less, except where the magnetic flux of self-induction, that is, flux passing between primary and secondary and increasing in proportion to the load, is so large as to reach saturation, in which case a distortion appears agai ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Unipolar Machines", "section_title": "Unipolar Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 22, "location": "lines 31716-32137", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... ection. Thus, averaged over a sufficiently long time, the total voltage induced in a turn must always be zero, that is, the voltage, if periodical, must be alter- nating, regardless how the electromagnetic induction takes place, whether the turn is stationary or moving, as a part of a machine, transformer, reactor or any other electromagnetic induction device. Thus continuous-voltage induction in a closed turn is impossible, and the coil-wound unipolar machine thus a fallacy. Continuous induction in the unipolar machine is pos- sible only because the circuit is not a closed one, but consists of ...", "... averaged over a sufficiently long time, the total voltage induced in a turn must always be zero, that is, the voltage, if periodical, must be alter- nating, regardless how the electromagnetic induction takes place, whether the turn is stationary or moving, as a part of a machine, transformer, reactor or any other electromagnetic induction device. Thus continuous-voltage induction in a closed turn is impossible, and the coil-wound unipolar machine thus a fallacy. Continuous induction in the unipolar machine is pos- sible only because the circuit is not a closed one, but consists of a conduc ...", "... ingly low machine efficiency, high tempero- ture rise, and rapid wear of the brushes and collector rings, and this has probably been the main cause of abandoning the develop- ment of the unipolar machine for steam-turbine drive. A contributing cause was that, when the unipolar steam-tur- bine generator was being developed, the days of the huge direct- current generator were over, and its place had been taken by turbo-alternator and converter, and the unipolar machine offered no advantage in reliability, or efficiency, but the disadvantage of lesser flexibility, as it requires a greater con ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "section_title": "Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 16964-17631", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reactors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... y the inductance, L, the more completely, the higher this inductance. Thus the current, ti, in the apparatus. A, is a true alternating current, while the current, to, in the apparatus, C, is a slightly pulsating direct current. Inversely, by placing a source of alternating voltage, such as an alternator or the secondary of a transformer, at A, and a source of continuous voltage, such as a storage battery or direct-current WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 157 generator, at C, in the external circuit a pulsating voltage, e, and pulsating current, i, result. If the capacity, C, is so large a ...", "... pletely, the higher this inductance. Thus the current, ti, in the apparatus. A, is a true alternating current, while the current, to, in the apparatus, C, is a slightly pulsating direct current. Inversely, by placing a source of alternating voltage, such as an alternator or the secondary of a transformer, at A, and a source of continuous voltage, such as a storage battery or direct-current WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 157 generator, at C, in the external circuit a pulsating voltage, e, and pulsating current, i, result. If the capacity, C, is so large as to practically short-circuit the ...", "... apparatus, C, is a slightly pulsating direct current. Inversely, by placing a source of alternating voltage, such as an alternator or the secondary of a transformer, at A, and a source of continuous voltage, such as a storage battery or direct-current WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 157 generator, at C, in the external circuit a pulsating voltage, e, and pulsating current, i, result. If the capacity, C, is so large as to practically short-circuit the alternating voltage, and the inductance, L, so high as to practically open-circuit the alternating voltage, the separation — of combi- n ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Divided Circuit", "section_title": "Divided Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9228-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reactor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... a second, and the time effects thus are directly com- parable with the phenomena on a 60-cycle circuit. A better conception of the size or magnitude of inductance and capacity is secured. Since inductance and capacity are mostly observed and of importance in alternating-current cir- cuits, a reactor having an inductive reactance of x ohms and i amperes conveys to the engineer a more definite meaning as regards size: it has a volt-ampere capacity of tfx, that is, the approximate size of a transformer of half this capacity, or of a ^2x — -watt transformer. A reactor having an inductance o ...", "... ctance and capacity are mostly observed and of importance in alternating-current cir- cuits, a reactor having an inductive reactance of x ohms and i amperes conveys to the engineer a more definite meaning as regards size: it has a volt-ampere capacity of tfx, that is, the approximate size of a transformer of half this capacity, or of a ^2x — -watt transformer. A reactor having an inductance of L henrys and i amperes, however, conveys very little meaning to DIVIDED CIRCUIT 123 the engineer who is mainly familiar with the effect of inductance in alternating-current circuits. Substituting ...", "... in alternating-current cir- cuits, a reactor having an inductive reactance of x ohms and i amperes conveys to the engineer a more definite meaning as regards size: it has a volt-ampere capacity of tfx, that is, the approximate size of a transformer of half this capacity, or of a ^2x — -watt transformer. A reactor having an inductance of L henrys and i amperes, however, conveys very little meaning to DIVIDED CIRCUIT 123 the engineer who is mainly familiar with the effect of inductance in alternating-current circuits. Substituting therefore (5) and (6) in equations (2), (3), (4), gives t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "section_title": "General System Of Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 40, "location": "lines 12217-12884", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... an be solved, still depends upon the solution of an equation of nth degree, in the exponents at of the exponential functions which represent the transient term. 96. As an example of the application of this method may be considered the following case, sketched diagrammatically in Fig. 42: An alternator of e.m.f. E cos (6 - 00) feeds over resistance rl the primary of a transformer of mutual reactance xm. The secondary of this transformer feeds over resistances r2 and rs the primary of a second transformer of mutual reactance xmo, and the secondary of this second transformer is closed by resist ...", "... the exponents at of the exponential functions which represent the transient term. 96. As an example of the application of this method may be considered the following case, sketched diagrammatically in Fig. 42: An alternator of e.m.f. E cos (6 - 00) feeds over resistance rl the primary of a transformer of mutual reactance xm. The secondary of this transformer feeds over resistances r2 and rs the primary of a second transformer of mutual reactance xmo, and the secondary of this second transformer is closed by resist- ance r4. Across the circuit between the two transformers and the two resista ...", "... sent the transient term. 96. As an example of the application of this method may be considered the following case, sketched diagrammatically in Fig. 42: An alternator of e.m.f. E cos (6 - 00) feeds over resistance rl the primary of a transformer of mutual reactance xm. The secondary of this transformer feeds over resistances r2 and rs the primary of a second transformer of mutual reactance xmo, and the secondary of this second transformer is closed by resist- ance r4. Across the circuit between the two transformers and the two resistances r2 and r3, is connected a continuous-current 172 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "section_title": "Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13936-14548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII. TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD. 106. The resultant of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a polyphase system of m.m.fs. produces a revolving magnetic flux, or a rotating field. (\" Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" 4th edition, Chapter XXXIII, paragraph 368.) That is, ...", "... - s x Vt cos ( #n — 2 T — — r. \"P 47r and as the sums containing - - i equal zero, we have np os(0-00) -cos00, (8) and for 6 = oo f that is as permanent term, this gives /0=^SFcos(0-00); (9) ft hence, a maximum, and equal to -~ &, that is, constant, for 00 = 0, that is, uniform synchronous rotation. That is, the resultant of a polyphase system of m.m.fs., in permanent con- dition, rotates at constant intensity and constant synchronous velocity. Before permanent condition is reached, however, the resultant m.m.f. in the direction #0 = 6, that is, in the direction of the synchro ...", "... is as permanent term, this gives /0=^SFcos(0-00); (9) ft hence, a maximum, and equal to -~ &, that is, constant, for 00 = 0, that is, uniform synchronous rotation. That is, the resultant of a polyphase system of m.m.fs., in permanent con- dition, rotates at constant intensity and constant synchronous velocity. Before permanent condition is reached, however, the resultant m.m.f. in the direction #0 = 6, that is, in the direction of the synchronously rotating vector, in which in permanent condition 194 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the m.m.f . is maximum and constant, is given during the tran ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1659-2484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... fore, the magnetic flux of the coil as function of the time, in Fig. 11 A, the flux is constant and denoted by $0 up to the moment of *o I 1 ^^\"^^-5 A K-L__ B io 1 1 C ^0 />:^^^ 0 ^ ■ ' Fig. 11. — Characteristics of Magnetic Single-energy Transient. time where the short circuit is applied, as indicated by the dotted line ^0. From ^0 on the magnetic flux decreases, as shown by curve . Since the magnetic flux is proportional to the current, the latter must follow a curve proportional to $, as shown in Fig. 115. The impressed voltage is shown in Fig. IIC as a dotted l ...", "... ^0 a current I flows, an e.m.f. must exist in the circuit, proportional to the current. e = ri. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 21 This is the e.m.f. induced by the decrease of magnetic flux $, and is therefore proportional to the rate of decrease of $, that is, to -J-. In the first moment of short circuit, the magnetic flux still has full value $o, and the current i thus also full value U. Hence, at the first moment of short circuit, the induced e.m.f. e must be equal to eo, that is, the magnetic flux $ must begin to decrease at such rate as to induce full voltage eo, as shown in Fig. IIC ...", "... s is the e.m.f. induced by the decrease of magnetic flux $, and is therefore proportional to the rate of decrease of $, that is, to -J-. In the first moment of short circuit, the magnetic flux still has full value $o, and the current i thus also full value U. Hence, at the first moment of short circuit, the induced e.m.f. e must be equal to eo, that is, the magnetic flux $ must begin to decrease at such rate as to induce full voltage eo, as shown in Fig. IIC The three curves $, ^, and e are proportional to each other, and as e is proportional to the rate of change of $, $ must be propor- ti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1531-2161", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... stored energy in the resistance of the coil circuit as i~r. Plotting, there- fore, the magnetic flux of the coil as function of the time, in Fig. 11 A, the flux is constant and denoted by $0 up to the moment of Fig. 11. — Characteristics of Magnetic Single-energy Transient. time where the short circuit is applied, as indicated by the dotted line t0. From t0 on the magnetic flux decreases, as shown by curve <£. Since the magnetic flux is proportional to the current, the latter must follow a curve proportional to <£, as shown in Fig. IIB. The impressed voltage is shown in Fig. 1 1C as a dotted ...", "... ent i flows, an e.m.f. must exist in the circuit, proportional to the current. e = ri. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 21 This is the e.m.f. induced by the decrease of magnetic flux <£, and is therefore proportional to the rate of decrease of <£, that is, to d<& -j- . In the first moment of short circuit, the magnetic flux $ still has full value 3>0, and the current i thus also full value iQ. Hence, at the first moment of short circuit, the induced e.m.f. e must be equal to eQ, that is, the magnetic flux $ must begin to decrease at such rate as to induce full voltage e0, as shown in Fig. 11C. ...", "... e.m.f. induced by the decrease of magnetic flux <£, and is therefore proportional to the rate of decrease of <£, that is, to d<& -j- . In the first moment of short circuit, the magnetic flux $ still has full value 3>0, and the current i thus also full value iQ. Hence, at the first moment of short circuit, the induced e.m.f. e must be equal to eQ, that is, the magnetic flux $ must begin to decrease at such rate as to induce full voltage e0, as shown in Fig. 11C. The three curves <£, i, and e are proportional to each other, and as e is proportional to the rate of change of 3>, <£ must be propor- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Flames As Illuminants", "section_title": "Flames As Illuminants", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6609-7140", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arc lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. FLAMES AS ILLUMINANTS. 56. Two main classes of illuminants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combustion, almost exclusively hydrocarbon flames are used, as the gas flame, the candle, the oil lamp, the gasolene and kerosene lamp, etc.; that is, compounds of hyd ...", "LECTURE VII. FLAMES AS ILLUMINANTS. 56. Two main classes of illuminants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combustion, almost exclusively hydrocarbon flames are used, as the gas flame, the candle, the oil lamp, the gasolene and kerosene lamp, etc.; that is, compounds of hydrogen and carbon o ...", "... he energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combustion, almost exclusively hydrocarbon flames are used, as the gas flame, the candle, the oil lamp, the gasolene and kerosene lamp, etc.; that is, compounds of hydrogen and carbon or of hydrogen, carbon and some oxygen are burned. The hydrogen, H, com- bines with the oxygen, 0, of the air to water vapor, H20, and the carbon, C, with the oxygen of the air, to carbon dioxide, C02; or, if the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-25", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 25, "number": 4, "location": "lines 8907-9034", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "snippets": [ "IV. Self-inductance 12. The effect of self -inductance is ^ similar to that of armature reaction, FlQ 50._Diagram of e m fs> and depends upon the phase relation in loaded generator, in the same manner. If EI = real generated voltage, 0i = lag of current behind generated voltage EI, the magnetic flux produced by the arma- ture current I is in phase with the current, and thus the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance is in quadrature be ...", "... e diagram of e.m.f s. of self -induc- tance is similar to the diagram of m.m.fs. of armature reaction. 134 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 13. From this diagram we get the effect of load and phase re- lation npon the e.m.f. of an alternating-current generator. Let E — terminal voltage per machine circuit, 7 = current per machine circuit, and 0 = lag of the current behind the terminal voltage. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the alternator armature. FIG. 51. — Diagram showing combined effect of a ...", "... phase re- lation npon the e.m.f. of an alternating-current generator. Let E — terminal voltage per machine circuit, 7 = current per machine circuit, and 0 = lag of the current behind the terminal voltage. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the alternator armature. FIG. 51. — Diagram showing combined effect of armature reaction and arma- ture self-inductance. Then, in the vector diagram, Fig. 51, OE = E, the terminal voltage, assumed as zero vector. 01 = I, the current, lagging by the angle EOI = 0. _T ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-41", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Winding", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Winding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 41, "number": 2, "location": "lines 10520-10585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-41/", "snippets": [ "... Fig. 80 shows a six-pole multiple ring winding, and Fig. 81 a six-polar multiple drum winding. As seen, the armature coils are connected progressively all around the armature in closed circuit, and the connections between adjacent armature coils lead to the commutator. Such an armature winding has as many circuits in multiple, and requires as many sets of com- mutator brushes, as poles. Thirty-six coils are shown in Figs. 80 and 81, connected to 36 commutator segments, and the two sides of each coil distinguished by dr ...", "... d the connections between adjacent armature coils lead to the commutator. Such an armature winding has as many circuits in multiple, and requires as many sets of com- mutator brushes, as poles. Thirty-six coils are shown in Figs. 80 and 81, connected to 36 commutator segments, and the two sides of each coil distinguished by drawn and dotted lines. In a drum-wound machine, usually the one side of all coils forms the upper and the other side the lower layer of the armature winding. Fig. 82 shows a six-pole series dru ...", "... each coil distinguished by drawn and dotted lines. In a drum-wound machine, usually the one side of all coils forms the upper and the other side the lower layer of the armature winding. Fig. 82 shows a six-pole series drum winding with 36 slots and 36 commutator segments. In the series winding the circuit passes from one armature coil, not to the next adjacent armature coil as in the multiple winding, but first through all the armature coils having the same relative position with regard to the magnet poles of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "section_title": "Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25120-25270", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single-phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of ;/ equal E.M.Fs. displa ...", "... g of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single-phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of ;/ equal E.M.Fs. displaced from each ...", "... of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single-phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system consists of ;/ equal E.M.Fs. displaced from each other b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-03", "section_label": "Theory Section 3: Generation of E.m.f.", "section_title": "Generation of E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1033-1243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "snippets": [ "... = total number of turns in series from com- mutator brush to brush, and / = frequency of rotation through the magnetic field. E = 4/n$> = generated e.m.f. ($ in megalines, / in hundreds of cycles per second). This is the formula of the direct-current generator. EXAMPLES 17. (1) A circular wire coil of 200 turns and 40 cm. mean diameter is revolved around a vertical axis. What is the horizontal intensity of the magnetic field of the earth, if at a speed of 900 rev. per min. the average e.m.f g ...", "... 0 X 1255 H = 0.151 X 108 H, and the average generated e.m.f. is 0.151 H volts. Since this is = 0.028 volt, H = 0.186. 18. (2) In a 550-volt direct-current machine of 8 poles and drum armature, running at 500 rev. per min., the average vol- tage per commutator segment shall not exceed 11, each armature coil shall contain one turn only, and the number of commutator segments per pole shall be divisible by 3, so as to use the machine as three-phase converter. What is the magnetic flux per field pole? 550 volt ...", "... volt, H = 0.186. 18. (2) In a 550-volt direct-current machine of 8 poles and drum armature, running at 500 rev. per min., the average vol- tage per commutator segment shall not exceed 11, each armature coil shall contain one turn only, and the number of commutator segments per pole shall be divisible by 3, so as to use the machine as three-phase converter. What is the magnetic flux per field pole? 550 volts at 11 volts per commutator segment gives 50, or as next integer divisible by 3, n = 51 segments or tu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-39", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Direct-current Commutating Machines: General", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 39, "number": 1, "location": "lines 10430-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-39/", "snippets": [ "I. General 35. Commutating machines are characterized by the combina- tion of a continuously excited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric power into mechanical power, and direct-current con- verters which transform electric ...", "I. General 35. Commutating machines are characterized by the combina- tion of a continuously excited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric power into mechanical power, and direct-current con- verters which transform electric power into a different form of electric power. Since the most important cl ...", "... mbina- tion of a continuously excited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric power into mechanical power, and direct-current con- verters which transform electric power into a different form of electric power. Since the most important class of the latter are the synchronous converters, which combine features of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-55", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 55: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 189", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 189", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 55, "number": null, "location": "lines 11301-11386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-55/", "snippets": [ "... as a commutating field. Therefore with series-wound machines commutating poles are not necessary for good commutation, but the shifting of the brushes gives the same result. However, in cases where the direc- tion of rotation frequently reverses, as in railway motors, the direction of the shift of brushes has to be reversed with the re- versal of rotation. In railway motors this cannot be done with- out objectionable complication, therefore the brushes have to be set midway, and the use of the magnetic flux at the edg ...", "... tion, but the shifting of the brushes gives the same result. However, in cases where the direc- tion of rotation frequently reverses, as in railway motors, the direction of the shift of brushes has to be reversed with the re- versal of rotation. In railway motors this cannot be done with- out objectionable complication, therefore the brushes have to be set midway, and the use of the magnetic flux at the edge of the next pole, as commutating flux, is not feasible. In this case a commutating pole is used, to give, ...", "... e of the magnetic flux at the edge of the next pole, as commutating flux, is not feasible. In this case a commutating pole is used, to give, without mechanical shifting of the brushes, the same effect which a brush shift would give. Therefore in railway motors, especially when wound for high voltage, as 1200 to 2400 volts, a commutating pole is sometimes used. This commutating pole, having a series winding just like the main pole, changes proportionally with the main pole. When reversing the direction of rotation, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-78", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 15: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Appendix Alternating-current Commutator Motor", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Appendix Alternating-current Commutator Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 78, "number": 15, "location": "lines 13008-13018", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-78/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-78/", "snippets": [ "XV. APPENDIX ALTERNATING-CURRENT COMMUTATOR MOTOR 78. Since in the series motor and in the shunt motor the direction of the rotation remains the same at a reversal of the impressed voltage, these motors can be operated by an alternat- ing voltage, as alternating-current motors, by making su ...", "XV. APPENDIX ALTERNATING-CURRENT COMMUTATOR MOTOR 78. Since in the series motor and in the shunt motor the direction of the rotation remains the same at a reversal of the impressed voltage, these motors can be operated by an alternat- ing voltage, as alternating-current motors, by making such chan ...", "XV. APPENDIX ALTERNATING-CURRENT COMMUTATOR MOTOR 78. Since in the series motor and in the shunt motor the direction of the rotation remains the same at a reversal of the impressed voltage, these motors can be operated by an alternat- ing voltage, as alternating-current motors, by making such changes in the materials, proportioni ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2012-2148", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... cal engineering, and applies to continuous-current, as well as to alternating- current, apparatus. 16 LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 17 14. In continuous-current machines and in many alternators, the turns revolve through a constant magnetic field; in other alternators and in induction motors, the magnetic field revolves; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the sta- tionary turns; in other apparatus, alternation and rotation occur simultaneously, as in alternating-current commutator motors. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = number of turns in series ...", "... us-current, as well as to alternating- current, apparatus. 16 LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 17 14. In continuous-current machines and in many alternators, the turns revolve through a constant magnetic field; in other alternators and in induction motors, the magnetic field revolves; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the sta- tionary turns; in other apparatus, alternation and rotation occur simultaneously, as in alternating-current commutator motors. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = number of turns in series from brush to brush, $ = flux inclosed per tur ...", "... turns revolve through a constant magnetic field; in other alternators and in induction motors, the magnetic field revolves; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the sta- tionary turns; in other apparatus, alternation and rotation occur simultaneously, as in alternating-current commutator motors. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = number of turns in series from brush to brush, $ = flux inclosed per turn, and / = frequency, the e.m.f. generated in the machine is E = 4/i$/10~^ volts, independent of the number of poles, of series or multiple connection of the armatur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4674-6992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... f the receiver circuit is non-inductive, / and E change very little for small values of Xo; but if X is large, that is, if the receiver circuit is of large re- actance, / and E change considerably with a change of Xq. (b) If X is negative, that is, if the receiver circuit contains condensers, synchronous motors, or other apparatus which produce leading currents, below a certain value of Xq the de- nominator in the expression of E becomes Eo', that is, the reactance, Xo, raises the voltage. (c) E = Eo, or the insertion of a series reactance, Xo, does not affect the potential differe ...", "... er circuit is non-inductive, / and E change very little for small values of Xo; but if X is large, that is, if the receiver circuit is of large re- actance, / and E change considerably with a change of Xq. (b) If X is negative, that is, if the receiver circuit contains condensers, synchronous motors, or other apparatus which produce leading currents, below a certain value of Xq the de- nominator in the expression of E becomes Eo', that is, the reactance, Xo, raises the voltage. (c) E = Eo, or the insertion of a series reactance, Xo, does not affect the potential difference at ...", "... pedance of the circuit is r — j {x + Xo) = r = 0.6, x -{- Xo = 0, and tan do = 0; that 4 Eo Ex / E ^^ r Er 0 Fig. 55. Fig. 56. Fig. 57. is, the current and e.m.f. in the supply circuit are in phase with each other, or the circuit is in electrical resonance. Since a synchronous motor in the condition of efficient work- ing acts as a condensive reactance, we get the remarkable result that, in synchronous motor circuits, choking coils, or reactive coils, can be used for raising |he voltage. In Figs. 55 to 57, the vector diagrams are shown for the conditions Eo = 10 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: F", "section_title": "F", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 8269-10499", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... ance, z = V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' where, however, the \"power*' and the \"E.M.F.\" do not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., — Energy compon ent of E.M.F. Total current It is called the effective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The energy coefficient ...", "... he iron in the alternating magnetic field of force. To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductance, but negligible true ohmic resistance ; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating magnetic flux which induces in the electric circuit an E.M.F., — the counter E.M.F. of self-induction. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, the counter E.M.F. equals the impressed E.M.F. ; hence, if the imp ...", "... in order to bring the curves of current to approximately the same height. The M.M.F., in C.G.S. units, is \"\" 10 76. The distortion of the wave of magnetizing current is as large as shown here only in an iron-closed magnetic circuit expending energy by hysteresis only, as in an iron- clad transformer on open secondary circuit. As soon as the circuit expends energy in any other way, as in resistance, or by mutual inductance, or if an air-gap is introduced in the magnetic circuit, the distortion of the current wave rapidly decreases and practically disappears, and the current becomes more si ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... referable to consider this phenomenon of mutual inductance as not merely producing an energy component and a wattless component of E.M.F. in the primary conductor, but to consider explicitly both the sec- ondary and the primary circuit, as will be done in the chapter on the alternating-current transformer. Only in cases where the energy transferred into the secondary circuit constitutes a small part of the total pri- mary energy, as in the discussion of the disturbance caused by one circuit upon a parallel circuit, may the effect on the primary circuit be considered analogously as in the chapt ...", "... n conductor of the lines of magnetic force produced by unit current in the secondary conductor. ■Obviously : x^ < xxx* * As coefficient of self -inductance /, //, the total flux surrounding the •conductor is here meant. Quite frequently in the discussion of inductive apparatus, especially of transformers, that part of the magnetic flux is denoted self-inductance of the one circuit which surrounds this circuit, but not the other •circuit; that is, which passes between both circuits. Hence, the total self- inductance, Z, is in this case equal to the sum of the self-inductance, L\\ and the mutual i ...", "... , Lm* The object of this distinction is to separate the wattless part, //, of the total self-inductance, /., from that part, Lm^ which represents the transfer of E.M.F. into the secondary circuit, since the action of these two components is essentially different. Thus, in alternating-current transformers it is customary — and will be done later in this book — to denote as the self-inductance, Z, of each circuit only that part of the magnetic flux produced by the circuit which passes between both circuits, and thus acts in \" choking ** only, but not in transform- ing; while the flux surrounding ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6957-8383", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... d gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, 3.) By the ratio : r__ Power consumed . (Current)2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., _ Energy component of E.M.F. Total current It is called the effective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The energy coefficient o ...", "... flux in the iron in the alternating magnetic field. To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductance, but negligible true ohmic resistance ; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating magnetic flux which induces in the electric circuit an E.M.F., — the counter E.M.F. of self-induction. If the ohmic re- sistance is negligible, that is, practically no E.M.F. con- sumed by the resistance, all ...", "... ing the current curves to approxi- mately the same height. The M.M.F., in C.G.S. units, is J#r=47r/103r = 1.257 IF. 76. The distortion of the wave of magnetizing current is as large as shown here only in an iron-closed magnetic circuit expending energy by hysteresis only, as in an iron- clad transformer on Open secondary circuit. As soon as the circuit expends energy in any other way, as in resistance, or by mutual inductance, or if an air-gap is introduced in the magnetic circuit, the distortion of the current wave rapidly decreases and practically disappears, and the current becomes more si ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... \\ I a a \\ 1 < \\ / V / \\ / \\ s ' — , -*^. -0- ( 1 I I , 5 ! i j ; L I 1 ! I 5 Seconds Fig. 1. Rise and decay of continuous current in an inductive circuit. continuous current in an inductive circuit: the exciting current of an alternator field, or a circuit having the constants r = 12 ohms; L = 6 henrys, and eQ = 240 volts; the abscissas being seconds of time. 13. If an electrostatic condenser of capacity C is connected to a continuous e.m.f. e0, no current exists, in stationary con- dition, in this direct-current circuit (ex ...", "... most cases the transient phenomena occurring in electric circuits immediately after a change of circuit conditions are of no importance, due to their short duration. They require serious consideration, however, - (a) In those cases where they reach excessive values. Thus in connecting a large transformer to an alternator the large initial value of current may do damage. In short-circuiting a large alternator, while the permanent or stationary short-circuit current is not excessive and represents little power, the very much larger momentary short-circuit current may be beyond the capacity of au ...", "... nsient phenomena occurring in electric circuits immediately after a change of circuit conditions are of no importance, due to their short duration. They require serious consideration, however, - (a) In those cases where they reach excessive values. Thus in connecting a large transformer to an alternator the large initial value of current may do damage. In short-circuiting a large alternator, while the permanent or stationary short-circuit current is not excessive and represents little power, the very much larger momentary short-circuit current may be beyond the capacity of automatic circuit-o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 33528-34202", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "snippets": [ "... KO = Dfct*t, (348) Whether this expression (348) is more general is still unknown. 57. As an example assume a transmission line having the following constants per wire :rl = 52;LX = 0.21 jg^ = 40 X 10~6, and Cl = 1.6 X 1Q-6. Further assume this line to be connected to step-up and step- down transformers having the following constants per trans- POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT 523 former high-potential circuit: r2 = 5, L2 = 3; g2 = 0.1 X 10 6, and C2 = 0.3 X 10~6; then A/ = a1 = vT/7i = 0.58 X 10~3, J2' = *2 = 0.95 X 10~3, u, = 136, u2 -= 1. The circuit consists of four sections ...", "... 00 amperes, the e.m.f. e0 = 40,000 volts, the total stored energy is W = ;02 (L, + L2) + e* (C, + C2) = 32,000 + 3000 = 35,000 joules, and from equation (338) then follows, for t = 0, 2 - 35,000, = 22.8X10', which gives u0 = 52.2, IP = 22.8 X 106, W = 35,000. Line. Step-up Transformer. Line. Step-down Transformer. Length of section, X' = 0.58xlO~3 0.95X10~3 0.58X10~3 0.95X10-3 Time constant, u = 136 1 136 1 Transfer constant, s = -83.8 + 51.2 -83.8 + 51.2 Energy of electric field, W = 6.650 10.850 6.650 10.850kilojoules Power suppl ...", "... 0 volts, the total stored energy is W = ;02 (L, + L2) + e* (C, + C2) = 32,000 + 3000 = 35,000 joules, and from equation (338) then follows, for t = 0, 2 - 35,000, = 22.8X10', which gives u0 = 52.2, IP = 22.8 X 106, W = 35,000. Line. Step-up Transformer. Line. Step-down Transformer. Length of section, X' = 0.58xlO~3 0.95X10~3 0.58X10~3 0.95X10-3 Time constant, u = 136 1 136 1 Transfer constant, s = -83.8 + 51.2 -83.8 + 51.2 Energy of electric field, W = 6.650 10.850 6.650 10.850kilojoules Power supplied by electric field, P= 690 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-06", "section_label": "Theory Section 6: Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "section_title": "Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1785-2249", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "snippets": [ "... in a circuit of current iQ and inductance L is 2 ' which is independent both of the resistance r of the circuit and the resistance n inserted in breaking the circuit. This energy has to be expended in stopping the current. EXAMPLES 32. (1) In the alternator field in Section 1, Example 4, Sec- tion 2, Example 2, and Section 5, Example 1, how long a time after impressing the required e.m.f. E = 230 volts will it take for the field to reach (a) J/£ strength, (b) %Q strength? (2) If 500 volts are impressed ...", "... mple 4, Sec- tion 2, Example 2, and Section 5, Example 1, how long a time after impressing the required e.m.f. E = 230 volts will it take for the field to reach (a) J/£ strength, (b) %Q strength? (2) If 500 volts are impressed upon the field of this alternator, and a non-inductive resistance inserted in series so as to give the required exciting current of 6.95 amp., how long after impressing the e.m.f. E = 500 volts will it take for the field to reach (a) y% strength, (b) %o strength, (c) and what is ...", "... f 500 volts are impressed upon the field of this alter- nator without insertion of resistance, how long will it take for the field to reach full strength? (4) With full field strength, what is the energy stored as magnetism? (1) The resistance of the alternator field is 33.2 ohms (Section 2, Example 2), the inductance 112 h. (Section 5, Example 1), the impressed e.m.f. is E = 230, the final value of current E io = — = 6.95 amp. Thus the current at time t is t = * - 6 = 6.95 (1 - e-°-296<). ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-64", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 64, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11864-11904", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "snippets": [ "XII. Efficiency and Losses 61. The losses in a commutating machine which have to be considered when deriving the efficiency by adding the individual losses are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a m ...", "... resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protected, and in pole faces when solid and the air gap is small. 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and windage. 5. Load losses, ...", "... r leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protected, and in pole faces when solid and the air gap is small. 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and windage. 5. Load losses, due to the increase of hysteresis and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 35256-35691", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... f the current lags or leads the e.m.f. by angle d, the power varies between P(l ^)andP(l +-^), \\ cos 6/ \\ cos 6/ that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half-wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into 405 406 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. lid = 90°, it is p = — EI sin 2 (3; that is, the effective power P = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circui ...", "... varies between P(l ^)andP(l +-^), \\ cos 6/ \\ cos 6/ that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half-wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into 405 406 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. lid = 90°, it is p = — EI sin 2 (3; that is, the effective power P = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circuit. Under any circumstances, however, the flow of energy in ...", "... RENT PHENOMENA the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. lid = 90°, it is p = — EI sin 2 (3; that is, the effective power P = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circuit. Under any circumstances, however, the flow of energy in the single-phase system is fluctuating, at least between zero and a maximum value, frequently even reversing. 274. If in a polyphase system ei, 62, 63, .... = instantaneous values of e.m.f.; ii, *2, is, .... — i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "section_title": "Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 25605-26027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... 0} BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 857 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle a> the power varies between p(\\--±J\\ and /Yl+-l_V y cos w y y cos w j that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If ci = 90°, it is : / = EIcos2p\\ that is, the effective power : /* = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circu ...", "... eads the E.M.F. by angle a> the power varies between p(\\--±J\\ and /Yl+-l_V y cos w y y cos w j that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If ci = 90°, it is : / = EIcos2p\\ that is, the effective power : /* = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circuit. Under any circumstances, however, the flow of energy in ...", "... flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If ci = 90°, it is : / = EIcos2p\\ that is, the effective power : /* = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circuit. Under any circumstances, however, the flow of energy in the single-phase system is fluctuating at least between zero and a maximum value, frequently even reversing. 240. If in a polyphase system ^i« ^2> ^8> • . . . = instantaneous values of E.M.F. ; hi h} fsj • • • • ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 24054-24488", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... fective power of the circuit. BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 441 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle £ the power varies between and cos u> that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If £ = 90°, it is : O rt , \" p > that is, the effective power : P = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circ ...", "... 441 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle £ the power varies between and cos u> that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If £ = 90°, it is : O rt , \" p > that is, the effective power : P = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circuit. Under any circumstances, however, the flow of energy i ...", "... lows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If £ = 90°, it is : O rt , \" p > that is, the effective power : P = 0, and the energy flows to and fro between generator and receiving circuit. Under any circumstances, however, the flow of energy in the single-phase system is fluctuating at least between zero and a maximum value, frequently even reversing. 268. If in a polyphase system *D ez> *s> • • • • = instantaneous values of E.M.F. ; h) *2, t'a, • • • ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1317-1992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... lows through a circuit, phenomena take place inside of the conductor as well as in the space out- side of the conductor. In the conductor, during the flow of electric energy through the circuit, electric energy is consumed continuously by being converted into heat. Along the circuit, from the generator to the receiver circuit, the flow of energy steadily decreases by the amount consumed in the conductor, and a power gradi- ent exists in the circuit along or parallel with the conductor. (Thus, while the voltage may decrease from generator to receiver circuit, as is usually the case, or may i ...", "... eing converted into heat. Along the circuit, from the generator to the receiver circuit, the flow of energy steadily decreases by the amount consumed in the conductor, and a power gradi- ent exists in the circuit along or parallel with the conductor. (Thus, while the voltage may decrease from generator to receiver circuit, as is usually the case, or may increase, as in an alternating-current circuit with leading current, and while the current may remain constant throughout the circuit, or decrease, as in a transmission line of considerable capacity with a leading or non-inductive receiver ci ...", "... s returned, more or less completely, when the electric field dis- appears by the stoppage of the flow of energy. Thus, in starting the flow of electric energy, before a perma- nent condition is reached, a finite time must elapse during which the energy of the electric field is stored, and the generator therefore gives more power than consumed in the conductor and delivered at the receiving end; again, the flow of electric energy cannot be stopped instantly, but first the energy stored in the electric field has to be expended. As result hereof, where the flow of electric energy pulsates, as i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3387-3720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... expressed, the inductance L is not constant, but varies w^ith the current, or the capacity is not constant, but varies with the voltage. The most important case is that of the ironclad magnetic cir- cuit, as it exists in one of the most important electrical apparatus, the alternating-current transformer. If the iron magnetic circuit contains an air gap of sufficient length, the magnetizing force con- sumed in the iron, below magnetic saturation, is small compared with that consumed in the air gap, and the magnetic flux, therefore, is proportional to the current up to the values where magnetic ...", "... been found for the cyclic curve of hysteresis, a mathematical calcula- tion is not feasible, but the transient has to be calculated by an 52 SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 53 approximate step-by-step method, as illustrated for the starting transient of an alternating-current transformer in '' Transient Elec- tric Phenomena and Oscillations/' Section I, Chapter XII. Such methods are very cumbersome and applicable only to numerical instances. An approximate calculation, giving an idea of the shape of the transient of the ironclad magnetic circuit, can be made by neglect- ing ...", "... of high currents, where magnetic sat- uration is reached, but the current change is slower in the range of medium magnetic densities. Thus, in ironclad transients very high-current values of short duration may occur, and such transients, as those of the starting current of alternating-current transformers, may therefore be of serious importance by their excessive current values. An oscillogram of the voltage and current waves in an 11,000-kw. high-voltage 60-cycle three-phase transformer, when switching onto the generating station near the most unfavorable point of the wave, is reproduced in F ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2972-3286", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... e expressed, the inductance L is not constant, but varies with the current, or the capacity is not constant, but varies with the voltage. The most important case is that of the ironclad magnetic cir- cuit, as it exists in one of the most important electrical apparatus, the alternating-current transformer. If the iron magnetic circuit contains an air gap of sufficient length, the magnetizing force con- sumed in the iron, below magnetic saturation, is small compared with that consumed in the air gap, and the magnetic flux, therefore, is proportional to the current up to the values where magnetic ...", "... lic curve of hysteresis, a mathematical calcula- tion is not feasible,, but the transient has to be calculated by an '^''\"r '*_/ ? :,\": \\ : 52 SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 53 approximate step-by-step method, as illustrated for the starting transient of an alternating-current transformer in \"Transient Elec- tric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" Section I, Chapter XII. Such methods are very cumbersome and applicable only to numerical instances. An approximate calculation, giving an idea of the shape of the transient of the ironclad magnetic circuit, can be made by neglect- ing th ...", "... range of high currents, where magnetic sat- uration is reached, but the current is slower in the range of medium magnetic densities. Thus, in ironclad transients very high-current values of short duration may occur, and such transients, as those of the starting current of alternating-current transformers, may therefore be of serious importance by their excessive current values. An oscillogram of the voltage and current waves in an 11,000-kw. high-voltage 60-cycle three-phase transformer, when switching onto the generating station near the most unfavorable point of the wave, is reproduced in F ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-02", "section_label": "Theory Section 2: Magnetism and E.m.f.", "section_title": "Magnetism and E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 910-1032", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "snippets": [ "... per sec. Thus it cuts 50 X 25 X 106 = 12.5 X 108 lines of magnetic flux per second. Hence the gener- ated e.m.f. is E = 12.5 volts. GENERATION OF E.M.F. 11 Such a machine is called a \" unipolar,\" or more properly a \" non-polar\" or an \"acyclic,\" generator. 14. (2) The field spools of the 20-pole alternator in Section 1, Example 4, are wound each with 616 turns of wire No. 7 (B. & S.), 0.106 sq. cm. in cross section and 160 cm. mean length of turn. The 20 spools are connected in series. How many ampe ...", "... lines of magnetic flux per second. Hence the gener- ated e.m.f. is E = 12.5 volts. GENERATION OF E.M.F. 11 Such a machine is called a \" unipolar,\" or more properly a \" non-polar\" or an \"acyclic,\" generator. 14. (2) The field spools of the 20-pole alternator in Section 1, Example 4, are wound each with 616 turns of wire No. 7 (B. & S.), 0.106 sq. cm. in cross section and 160 cm. mean length of turn. The 20 spools are connected in series. How many amperes and how many volts are required for the excitatio ...", "... 1, Example 4, are wound each with 616 turns of wire No. 7 (B. & S.), 0.106 sq. cm. in cross section and 160 cm. mean length of turn. The 20 spools are connected in series. How many amperes and how many volts are required for the excitation of this alternator field, if the resistivity of copper is 1.8 X 10~6 ohms per cm.3 1 FIG. 4. — Unipolar generator. Since 616 turns on each field spool are used, and 4280 ampere- 4280 turns required, the current is fi1fi = 6.95 amp. The resistance of 20 spools of 616 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-04", "section_label": "Theory Section 4: Power and Effective Values", "section_title": "Power and Effective Values", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1244-1572", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "snippets": [ "... ' ; = 4.44 fn& ; is the effective alternating e.m.f. generated in a coil of turns n rotating at a frequency of / (in hundreds of cycles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated e.m.f. The formula of the alternating-current generator, E = V2 *fn$, does not hol ...", "... ing e.m.f. generated in a coil of turns n rotating at a frequency of / (in hundreds of cycles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated e.m.f. The formula of the alternating-current generator, E = V2 *fn$, does not hold if the waves are not sine waves, since the ra ...", "... mula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated e.m.f. The formula of the alternating-current generator, E = V2 *fn$, does not hold if the waves are not sine waves, since the ratios of average to maximum and of maximum to effective e.m.f. are changed. If the variation of magnetic flux is not sinusoidal, the effective generated alternating e.m.f. is, E ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-111", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 111, "number": 5, "location": "lines 21589-21646", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "snippets": [ "... or negative, the induction machine acts like a constant impedance. 350 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The apparent impedance and its components, the apparent resistance and apparent reactance represented by the induction machine, vary with the slip. At synchronism apparent impe- dance, resistance, and reactance are a maximum. They decrease with increasing positive slip. With increasing negative slip the apparent impedance and reactance decrease also, the apparent FIG. 191. — Effective impedance of three-phase induction mac ...", "... ction as shown in Fig. 191, which gives the apparent impe- dance, resistance, and reactance of the machine shown in Figs, 176 and 177, etc., with the speed as abscissas. The cause is that the power current is in opposition to the ter- minal voltage above synchronism, and thereby the induction INDUCTION MACHINES 351 machine behaves as an impedance of negative resistance, that is, adding a power e.m.f. into the circuit proportional to the current. As may be seen herefrom, the induction machine when inserted in series ...", "... booster, that is, as an apparatus to generate and insert in the circuit an e.m.f. proportional to the current, and the amount of the boosting effect can be varied by varying the speed, that is, the slip at which the induction machine is revolving. Above synchronism the induction machine boosts, that is, raises the voltage; below synchronism it lowers the voltage; in either case also adding an out-of-phas.e e.m.f. due to its reactance. The greater the slip, either positive or negative, the less is the apparent resistanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-15", "section_label": "Theory Section 15: Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "section_title": "Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 5832-6221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "snippets": [ "15. LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 70. The load characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + jx. Let EQ = e.m.f. impressed upon the line. Choosing the e.m.f. at the end of the line as horizontal com- ponen ...", "... _ 6 = ^o2 - z2*2 - n, the e.m.f. (4) p = d = i V-Eo2 - x2i2 - ri2, (5) the power received at end of the line. The curve of e.m.f. e is an arc of an ellipse. With open circuit i = 0, e = E0 and P = 0, as is to be expected. At short circuit, e = 0, 0 = \\/#o2 — xzi2 — ri, and ° ; (6) X' that is, the maximum line current which can be established with a non-inductive receiver circuit and negligible line capacity. 71. The condition of maximum 'power delivered over the line '• ...", "... d inductance factor q = sin 6, at e.m.f. E = e at receiving circuit, the current is denoted by I = I(p-jq); (15) thus the e.m.f. consumed by the line impedance Z = r -f jx is E! = ZI = I (p -jq)(r+jx) = I [(rp + xq) - j (rq - xp)], and the generator voltage is Eo = E + #1 = [e + / (rp + sg)]. - jl (rq - xp); (16) 88 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING or, reduced, #o = V+ 7 (rp + xq)}2 + P (rq - xp)*, (17) and e = \\/EQ*- P(rq-xp)2 - I (rp + xq). (18) The power received ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-35", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 14: Synchronous Machines: Division of Load in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Division of Load in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 35, "number": 14, "location": "lines 9879-9917", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-35/", "snippets": [ "... accelerate to the machine whose driving power tends to slow down, and thus relieves the latter by increasing the load on the former. Thus these cross currents are power currents, and cause at no load or light load the one machine to drive the other as synchronous motor, while under load the result is that the machines do not share the load in proportion to their respective capacities. The speed of the prime mover, as steam engine or turbine, changes with the load. The frequency of alternators driven thereby must ...", "... to the machine whose driving power tends to slow down, and thus relieves the latter by increasing the load on the former. Thus these cross currents are power currents, and cause at no load or light load the one machine to drive the other as synchronous motor, while under load the result is that the machines do not share the load in proportion to their respective capacities. The speed of the prime mover, as steam engine or turbine, changes with the load. The frequency of alternators driven thereby must be the ...", "... at is, the engines or turbines must drop in speed from no load to full load by the same percent- age and in the same manner. If the regulation of the prime movers is not the same, the load is not divided proportionally between the alternators, but the alternator connected to the prime mover of closer speed regula- tion takes more than its share of the load under heavy loads, and SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 155 less under light loads. Thus, too close speed regulation of prime movers is not desirable in parallel opera ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-42", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 42: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 42, "number": null, "location": "lines 10586-10645", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-42/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 171 All these windings are closed-circuit windings; that is, starting at any point, and following the armature conductor, the circuit returns into itself after passing all e.m.fs. twice in opposite direc- tion (thereby avoiding short circuit). An instance of an open- coil winding is shown in Fig. 84, a series-connected three-phase star winding similar to that used in the Thomson-Houston arc machine. Such open-coil windings, however, cannot be used in commutating machines. They are generally prefe ...", "... he double spiral or double reentrant multiple wind- ing, twice as many circuits as poles are in multiple. Thus such FIG. 85. — Multiple double spiral ring winding. windings are mostly used for large low-voltage machines, but as very few large direct-current generators are built nowadays, and alternating-current generation with synchronous converters usu- ally preferred, and as multiple spiral or reentrant windings are inconvenient in synchronous converters, their use has greatly decreased. 39. A distinction is frequently made ...", "... y circuits as poles are in multiple. Thus such FIG. 85. — Multiple double spiral ring winding. windings are mostly used for large low-voltage machines, but as very few large direct-current generators are built nowadays, and alternating-current generation with synchronous converters usu- ally preferred, and as multiple spiral or reentrant windings are inconvenient in synchronous converters, their use has greatly decreased. 39. A distinction is frequently made between lap winding and wave winding. These are, however, not differen ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-45", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 45: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 177", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 177", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 45, "number": null, "location": "lines 10737-10777", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-45/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-45/", "snippets": [ "... MUTATING MACHINES 177 since the one side of the coil enters or leaves the field before the other. Therefore, in commutating machines it is seldom that a pitch is used that falls short of full pitch by more than one or two teeth, while in induction and synchronous machines occasionally as low a pitch as 50 per cent, is used, and two-thirds pitch is frequently employed. For special purposes, as in single-phase commutator motors fractional-pitch windings are sometimes used. 41. Series windings find their foremost applica ...", "... is used that falls short of full pitch by more than one or two teeth, while in induction and synchronous machines occasionally as low a pitch as 50 per cent, is used, and two-thirds pitch is frequently employed. For special purposes, as in single-phase commutator motors fractional-pitch windings are sometimes used. 41. Series windings find their foremost application in machines with small currents, or small machines in which it is desirable to have as few circuits as possible in multiple, and in machines in which it ...", "... that falls short of full pitch by more than one or two teeth, while in induction and synchronous machines occasionally as low a pitch as 50 per cent, is used, and two-thirds pitch is frequently employed. For special purposes, as in single-phase commutator motors fractional-pitch windings are sometimes used. 41. Series windings find their foremost application in machines with small currents, or small machines in which it is desirable to have as few circuits as possible in multiple, and in machines in which it is de ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-59", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 59, "number": 8, "location": "lines 11616-11694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "snippets": [ "... is zero at the point or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" point or \"neutral\" range of the commutating machine. Under load the armature current represents a m.m.f. acting in the direction from commutator brush to commutator brush of opposite polarity, that is, in quadrature with the field m.m.f. if the brushes stand midway between the field poles; or shifted against the quadrature position by the same angle by which the commutator brushes are shifted, which ...", "... int or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" point or \"neutral\" range of the commutating machine. Under load the armature current represents a m.m.f. acting in the direction from commutator brush to commutator brush of opposite polarity, that is, in quadrature with the field m.m.f. if the brushes stand midway between the field poles; or shifted against the quadrature position by the same angle by which the commutator brushes are shifted, which angle is called th ...", "... ing in the direction from commutator brush to commutator brush of opposite polarity, that is, in quadrature with the field m.m.f. if the brushes stand midway between the field poles; or shifted against the quadrature position by the same angle by which the commutator brushes are shifted, which angle is called the angle of lead. If n = turns in series between brushes per pole, and i = cur- rent per turn, the m.m.f. of the armature is Fa = ni per pole. Or, if r?o = total number of turns on the armature, nc = nu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-65", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 65, "number": 13, "location": "lines 11905-11980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "snippets": [ "... th commutating machines is that of commutation. Fig. 107 represents diagrammatically a commutating machine. FIG. 107. — Diagram for the study of commutation. The e.m.f. generated in an armature coil A is zero with this coil at or near the position of the commutator brush B\\. It rises and reaches a maximum about midway between two adjacent sets of brushes, BI and B2, at C, and then decreases again, reaching zero at or about B2, and then repeats the same change in opposite direction. The current in armature coil A, ...", "... commutating machine are the seat of a system of poly- phase e.m.fs. having as many phases as coils, the current in these coils is constant, reversing successively. 63. The reversal of current in coil A takes place while the gap G between the two adjacent commutator segments between which the coil A is connected passes the brush B2. Thus, if lw = width of brushes, S = peripheral speed of commutator per second in the same measure in which lw is given, as in inches per second if Z» is given in inches, to = -£ ...", "... reversing successively. 63. The reversal of current in coil A takes place while the gap G between the two adjacent commutator segments between which the coil A is connected passes the brush B2. Thus, if lw = width of brushes, S = peripheral speed of commutator per second in the same measure in which lw is given, as in inches per second if Z» is given in inches, to = -£ is the time during which the current in A reverses. Thus, considering the reversal as a 1 S single alternation, tQ is a half period ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2760-3266", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... ake an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (c/. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes have numerical values in practice somewhat like the following: Ei = 100 volts, and 7i = 75 amp. For a non-inductive second- ary load, as of incandescent lamps, the only reactance of the secondaiy circuit thus is that of the secondary coil, or Xi = 0.08 ohms, giving a lag of ^i = 3.6°. We have also, rii = 30 turns. rio = 300 turns. Fi = 2250 ampere-turns. F =100 ampere-turns. Er = 10 volts. E:, = 60 volts. Ei = 1000 volts. Fig. 21. — Ve ...", "... ance of the secondaiy circuit thus is that of the secondary coil, or Xi = 0.08 ohms, giving a lag of ^i = 3.6°. We have also, rii = 30 turns. rio = 300 turns. Fi = 2250 ampere-turns. F =100 ampere-turns. Er = 10 volts. E:, = 60 volts. Ei = 1000 volts. Fig. 21. — Vector diagram of transformer. The corresponding diagram is shown in Fig. 21. Obviously, no exact numerical values can be taken from a parallelogram as flat as OFiFFo, and from the combination of vectors of the relative magnitudes 1 :6 :100. Hence the importance of the graphical method consists not 30 SYMBOLIC METHO ...", "... ss for practical calculation as to aid in the simple understanding of the phenomena involved. 26. Sometimes we can calculate the numerical values trigo- nometrically by means of the diagram. Usually, however, this becomes too complicated, as will be seen by trying to calculate, from the above transformer diagram, the ratio of transformation. The primary m.m.f. is given by the equation Fo = VF2 + Fi2 _^ 2i^i^isin Bi, an expression not well suited as a starting-point for further calculation. A method is therefore desirable which combines the exactness of analytical calculation with the clea ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13484-14333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... watts; the total loss of power in volume, V, is P = Vp = 1.645 VdT'BnO-'^ watts. As an example, d = 1 mm. - 0.1 cm.:/ = 100; B = 5,000; V = 1,000 c.c; 6 = 1,645 X 10-11; F = 4,110 ergs = 0.000411 joules; p = 0.0411 watts; P = 41.4 watts. ' In some of the modern silicon steels used for transformer iron, X reaches values as low as 2 X 10*, and even lower; and the eddy current losses are reduced in the same proportion (1915). 140 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 108. (6) Iron Wire. Let, in Fig. 92, d = diameter of a piece of iron wire; then if u is the radius of a circular zone of thick ...", "... is preferable to consider this phenomenon of mutual induction as not merely producing a power component and a wattless component of e.m.f. in the primary conductor, but to consider explicitly both the secondary and the primary circuit, as will be done in the chapter on the alternating-current transformer. Only in cases where the energy transferred into the secondary circuit constitutes a small part of the total primary energy, as in the discussion of the disturbance caused by one circuit upon a parallel circuit, may the effect on the primary circuit be con- sidered analogously as in the chapt ...", "... etween circuits Lm, see \"Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering,\" 4th Ed. total self-inductance, L, from that part, Lm, which represents the transfer of e.m.f. into the secondary circuit, since the action of these two components is essentially different. Thus, in alternating-current transformers it is customary — and will be done later in this book — to denote as the self-inductance, L, of each circuit only that part of the magnetic flux produced by the circuit which passes between both circuits, and thus acts in \"choking\" only, but not in trans- forming; while the flux surrounding bot ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 33: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 33, "location": "lines 36515-37127", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamps", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... potential difference per circuit or phase of the system. 431 432 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA In low-potential circuits, as secondary networks, where the potential is not limited by the insulation strain, but by the potential of the apparatus connected into the system, as incan- descent lamps, the proper basis of comparison is equality of the potential per branch of the system, or per phase. On the other hand, in long-distance transmissions where the potential is not restricted by any consideration of apparatus suitable for a certain maximum potential only, but where the limitatio ...", "... circuits, in considering the danger to life from live wires entering buildings or otherwise accessible, the comparison on the basis of maximum potential also appears appropriate. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-distance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is to be made on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential existing in the system; the comparison of low-poten- tial distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving appara ...", "... — that is, half the copper of each of the two single- phase lines; or in other words, the three-phase system requires three-fourths as much copper as the single-phase system of the same potential. Introducing, however, a fourth or neutral wire into the three- phase system, and connecting the lamps between the neutral wire and the three outside wires — that is, in Y connection — the potential between the outside wires or delta potential will be = e X a/Sj since the Y potential = e, and the potential of the system is raised thereby from e to e\\/S ; that is, only one-third as much copper i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1224-1727", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... of the conductor, energy is expended, partly outside, partly even inside, of the conductor, by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hystere- sis, etc., the effective resistance, r, is in general larger than the true resistance of the conductor, sometimes many times larger, as in transformers at open secondary circuit, and is not a constant of the circuit any more. It is more fully discussed in Chapter VII. In alternating-current circuits, the power equation con- tains a third term, which, in sine waves, is the cosine of the difference of phase between E.M.F. and current : — p^ ...", "... re different. Figs. 2 and 3 repre- sent the secondary currents of a RuhmkorfF coil, whose secondary coil is closed by a hi^h external resistance : Fig. 3 is the coil operated in the usual way, by make and break of the primary battery current ; Fig. 2 is the coil fed with reversed currents by a commutator from a battery. 7. Self-inductance, or electro-magnetic momentum, which is always present in alternating-current circuits, — to a large extent in generators, transformers, etc., — tends to , \\ ■s ^ , --, ■-=, ^' A 1 / t ^^ L L l__L Li- J— ...", "... he coil operated in the usual way, by make and break of the primary battery current ; Fig. 2 is the coil fed with reversed currents by a commutator from a battery. 7. Self-inductance, or electro-magnetic momentum, which is always present in alternating-current circuits, — to a large extent in generators, transformers, etc., — tends to , \\ ■s ^ , --, ■-=, ^' A 1 / t ^^ L L l__L Li- J— LL _U__I Flj. 3. Want ultti EatB suppress the higher harmonics of a complex harmonic wave more than the fundamental harmonic, and thereby causes a ge ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "section_title": "Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1973-2121", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... is the fundamental equation of electrical engineer- ing, and applies to continuous-current, as well as to alter- nating-current, apparatus. 12. In continuous-current machines and in many alter- nators, the turns revolve through a constant magnetic field ; in other alternators and in induction motors, the mag- netic field revolves ; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the stationary turns. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = num- ber of turns in series from brush to brush, ♦ = flux inclosed per turn, and N =. frequency, the E.M.F. induced in the machine is j ...", "... gineer- ing, and applies to continuous-current, as well as to alter- nating-current, apparatus. 12. In continuous-current machines and in many alter- nators, the turns revolve through a constant magnetic field ; in other alternators and in induction motors, the mag- netic field revolves ; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the stationary turns. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = num- ber of turns in series from brush to brush, ♦ = flux inclosed per turn, and N =. frequency, the E.M.F. induced in the machine is jE\" = 4«aV10~® volts, independent of the num- b ...", "... ber of turns in series from brush to brush, ♦ = flux inclosed per turn, and N =. frequency, the E.M.F. induced in the machine is jE\" = 4«aV10~® volts, independent of the num- ber of poles, or series or multiple connection of the arma- ture, whether of the ring, drum, or other type. In an alternator or transformer, if n is the number of turns in series, * the maximum flux inclosed per turn, and N the frequency, this formula gives, ^.^. = 4// 7V10-» volts. Since the maximum E.M.F. is given by, — ^max. = I avg. E, we have 'max. = 2 7r«4>iV10-»VOltS. And since the effective E ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 963-1366", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... of the conductor, energy is expended, partly outside, partly even inside, of the conductor, by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hystere- sis, etc., the effective resistance, r, is in general larger than the true resistance of the conductor, sometimes many times larger, as in transformers at open secondary circuit, and is not a constant of the circuit any more. It is more fully discussed in Chapter VII. In alternating-current circuits, the power equation con- tains a third term, which, in sine waves, is the cosine of the difference of phase between E.M.F. and current : — P0 ...", "... re different. Figs. 2 and 3 repre- sent the secondary currents of a Ruhmkorff coil, whose secondary coil is closed by a high external resistance : Fig. 3 is the coil operated in the usual way, by make and break of the primary battery current ; Fig. 2 is the coil fed with reversed currents by a commutator from a battery. 7. Self-inductance, or electro-magnetic momentum, which is always present in alternating-current circuits, — to a large extent in generators, transformers, etc., — tends to Fig. 3. Wave with Even Harmonics. suppress the higher harmonics of a complex harmonic wave more than ...", "... he coil operated in the usual way, by make and break of the primary battery current ; Fig. 2 is the coil fed with reversed currents by a commutator from a battery. 7. Self-inductance, or electro-magnetic momentum, which is always present in alternating-current circuits, — to a large extent in generators, transformers, etc., — tends to Fig. 3. Wave with Even Harmonics. suppress the higher harmonics of a complex harmonic wave more than the fundamental harmonic, since the self-induc- tive reactance is proportional to the frequency, and is thus greater with the higher harmonics, and thereby ca ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1606-1742", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... s the fundamental equation of electrical engineer- ing, and applies to .continuous-current, as well as to alter- nating-current, apparatus. 12. In continuous-current machines and in many alter- nators, the turns revolve through a constant magnetic field ; in other alternators and in induction motors, the mag- netic field revolves ; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the stationary turns. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = num- ber of turns in series from brush to brush, = flux inclosed per turn, and N = frequency, the E.M.F. induced in the machine is ...", "... ineer- ing, and applies to .continuous-current, as well as to alter- nating-current, apparatus. 12. In continuous-current machines and in many alter- nators, the turns revolve through a constant magnetic field ; in other alternators and in induction motors, the mag- netic field revolves ; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the stationary turns. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = num- ber of turns in series from brush to brush, = flux inclosed per turn, and N = frequency, the E.M.F. induced in the machine is E = 4«4>7V10~8 volts, independent of the num- ber ...", "... m- ber of turns in series from brush to brush, = flux inclosed per turn, and N = frequency, the E.M.F. induced in the machine is E = 4«4>7V10~8 volts, independent of the num- ber of poles, of series or multiple connection of the arma- ture, whether of the ring, drum, or other type. In an alternator or transformer, if n is the number of turns in series, $ the maximum flux inclosed per turn, and JV the frequency, this formula gives, £avg = 4 « 4> JVW ~ 8 volts. Since the maximum E.M.F. is given by, — •^maz. = £ ^avg we have ^\"max. = 27r»7V710-8VOltS. And since the effective E.M. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... referable to consider this phenomenon of mutual inductance as not merely producing an energy component and a wattless component of E.M.F. in the primary conductor, but to consider explicitly both the sec- ondary and the primary circuit, as will be done in the chapter on the alternating-current transformer. Only in cases where the energy transferred into the secondary circuit constitutes a small part of the total pri- mary energy, as in the discussion of the disturbance caused by one circuit upon a parallel circuit, may the effect on the primary circuit be considered analogously as in the chapt ...", "... e, Lm. The object of this distinction is to separate the wattless part, Z1? of the total self-inductance, L, from that part, Lm, which represents the transfer of E.M.F. into the secondary circuit, since the action of these two components is essentially different. Thus, in alternating-current transformers it is customary — and will be done later in this book — to denote as the self-inductance, Z, of each circuit only that part of the magnetic flux produced by the circuit which passes between both circuits, and thus acts in \" choking \" only, but not in transform- ing; while the flux surrounding b ...", "... f each circuit only that part of the magnetic flux produced by the circuit which passes between both circuits, and thus acts in \" choking \" only, but not in transform- ing; while the flux surrounding both circuits is called mutual inductance, or useful magnetic flux. With' this denotation, in transformers the mutual inductance, Lm, is usu- ally very much greater than the self-inductances, //, and Z/, while, if the self-inductances, Z and Zj , represent the total flux, their product is larger than the square of the mutual inductance, Lm ; or 144 ALTERNATING— CURRENT PHENOMENA. Let rx = resist ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 4370-5278", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... lations and surges; the former is often more convenient to show the relation to traveling waves. In Figs. 35 and 36 are shown oscillograms of such line oscilla- tions. Fig. 35 gives the oscillation produced by switching 28 miles of 100-kv. line by high-tension switches onto a 2500-kw. step-up transformer in a substation at the end of a 153-mile three- phase line; Fig. 36 the oscillation of the same system caused by switching on the low-tension side of the step-up transformer. 29. As seen, the phase of current i and voltage e changes pro- gressively along the line I, so that at some distance Iq ...", "... 35 gives the oscillation produced by switching 28 miles of 100-kv. line by high-tension switches onto a 2500-kw. step-up transformer in a substation at the end of a 153-mile three- phase line; Fig. 36 the oscillation of the same system caused by switching on the low-tension side of the step-up transformer. 29. As seen, the phase of current i and voltage e changes pro- gressively along the line I, so that at some distance Iq current and voltage are 360 degrees displaced from their values at the starting point, that is, are again in the same phase. This distance Zo is called the wave length, and ...", "... nds over different circuit sections, of different con- stants and therefore different wave lengths, as for instance an overhead line, the underground cable, in which the wave length is about one-half what it is in the overhead line (k = 4) and coiled windings, as the high-potential winding of a transformer, in which the wave length usually is relatively short. In the velocity measure of length, the wave length becomes the same throughout all these circuit sections, and the investigation is thereby greatly simplified. 84 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. Substituting o-q = 1 in equation ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3956-4744", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... lations and surges; the former is often more convenient to show the relation to traveling waves. In Figs. 35 and 36 are shown oscillograms of such line oscilla- tions. Fig. 35 gives the oscillation produced by switching 28 miles of 100-kv. line by high-tension switches onto a 2500-kw. step-up transformer in a substation at the end of a 153-mile three- phase line; Fig. 36 the oscillation of the same system caused by switching on the low-tension side of the step-up transformer. 29. As seen, the phase of current i and voltage e changes pro- gressively along the line Z, so that at some distance 1Q ...", "... 35 gives the oscillation produced by switching 28 miles of 100-kv. line by high-tension switches onto a 2500-kw. step-up transformer in a substation at the end of a 153-mile three- phase line; Fig. 36 the oscillation of the same system caused by switching on the low-tension side of the step-up transformer. 29. As seen, the phase of current i and voltage e changes pro- gressively along the line Z, so that at some distance 1Q current and voltage are 360 degrees displaced from their values at the starting point, that is, are again in the same phase. This distance Z0 is called the wave length, and ...", "... nds over different circuit sections, of different con- stants and therefore different wave lengths, as for instance an overhead line, the underground cable, in which the wave length is about one-half what it is in the overhead line (K = 4) and coiled windings, as the high-potential winding of a transformer, in which the wave length usually is relatively short. In the velocity measure of length, the wave length becomes the same throughout all these circuit sections, and the investigation is thereby greatly simplified. 84 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. Substituting O-Q = 1 in equation ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-53", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 53: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 53, "number": null, "location": "lines 11132-11213", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "snippets": [ "... ionally with the load, the commutating field is maximum at no load, and gradually decreases with increase of load, and is correct only at one particular load. At constant shift of the brushes, the commutation of the constant potential machine, direct-current generator or motor, is best at a certain load, and usually becomes poorer at lighter or heavier loads, and ultimately becomes bad by inductive sparks due to insufficient commutating flux. In machines in which very good commutating constants cannot be secured, as in ...", "... the load, the commutating field is maximum at no load, and gradually decreases with increase of load, and is correct only at one particular load. At constant shift of the brushes, the commutation of the constant potential machine, direct-current generator or motor, is best at a certain load, and usually becomes poorer at lighter or heavier loads, and ultimately becomes bad by inductive sparks due to insufficient commutating flux. In machines in which very good commutating constants cannot be secured, as in large high ...", "... poorer at lighter or heavier loads, and ultimately becomes bad by inductive sparks due to insufficient commutating flux. In machines in which very good commutating constants cannot be secured, as in large high-speed machines (steam turbine driven direct-current generators) , this may lead to bad sparking or even flashing over at sudden overloads as well as when throwing off full load. 186 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 49. This has led to the development of the commutating pole, also called interpole, that is, a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-68", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 68: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 205", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 205", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 68, "number": null, "location": "lines 12200-12312", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-68/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-68/", "snippets": [ "... arge values of g, that is, when L approaches roto, or when r0 is not much larger than — • For this reason, in machines in which L cannot be £o made small, r is sometimes made large by inserting resistors in the leads between the armature and the commutator, so-called ''resistance\" or \"preventive\" leads as used in alternating-current commutator motors.", "... than — • For this reason, in machines in which L cannot be £o made small, r is sometimes made large by inserting resistors in the leads between the armature and the commutator, so-called ''resistance\" or \"preventive\" leads as used in alternating-current commutator motors.", "... For this reason, in machines in which L cannot be £o made small, r is sometimes made large by inserting resistors in the leads between the armature and the commutator, so-called ''resistance\" or \"preventive\" leads as used in alternating-current commutator motors." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1120-1683", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... - sistance of the conductor, energy is expended, partly outside, partly inside of the conductor, by magnetic hysteresis, mutual induction, dielectric hysteresis, etc., the effective resistance, r, is in general larger than the true resistance of the conductor, sometimes many time larger, as in transformers at open sec- ondary circuit, and is no longer a constant of the circuit. It is more fully discussed in Chapter VIII. In alternating-current circuits the power equation contains a third term, which, in sine waves, is the cosine of the angle of the difference of phase between e.m.f. and current ...", "... e and break of the primary battery 8 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA current; Fig. 2 is the coil fed with reversed currents by a com- mutator from a battery, 7. Inductive reactance, or electromagnetic momentum, which is always present in alternating-current circuits — to a large ex- tent in generators, transformers, etc. — tends to suppress the higher harmonics of a complex harmonic wave more than the Fig. 3. — Wave with even harmonics. fundamental harmonic, since the inductive reactance is pro- portional to the frequency, and is thus greater with the higher harmonics, and thereby causes ...", "... of the primary battery 8 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA current; Fig. 2 is the coil fed with reversed currents by a com- mutator from a battery, 7. Inductive reactance, or electromagnetic momentum, which is always present in alternating-current circuits — to a large ex- tent in generators, transformers, etc. — tends to suppress the higher harmonics of a complex harmonic wave more than the Fig. 3. — Wave with even harmonics. fundamental harmonic, since the inductive reactance is pro- portional to the frequency, and is thus greater with the higher harmonics, and thereby causes a general ten ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_title": "Dielectric Losses", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14334-15409", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... g\\ may be higher than the average gradient e Q I To illustrate on a numerical instance: Let the distance between the metal plates A and Bhel = 1 cm. With nothing but air at atmospheric pressure and temperature between the plates, the gap would break down by a spark dis- charge, and short-circuit the circuit of Fig. 96; at e = 30 kv. maximum, and at e = 25 kv., no discharge would occur. Assuming now two glass plates, a and b, each of 0.3 cm. thick- ness and permittivity /co = 4, were inserted, leaving an air-gap of 0.4 cm. of permittivity ki = 1. At e = 25 kv. the gradients thus would ...", "... gradient in the air down to practically g'o = 0, and the gradient in the glass plates thus would become : g\\ = ^ = 41.7 kv. per cm. Thus the insertion of the glass plates would cause the air-gap to break down. The dynamic current which flows through the air-gap in this case would not be the short-circuit current of the 164 AL TERN A TING-C URREN T PHENOMENA electric circuit, as would be the case in the absence of the glass plates but it would merely be the capacity current of the glass plates; and it would not be followed by the arc, but passes as a uniform bluish glow discharge, or as ...", "... sly throughout the en- tire field, as in a uniform field, but it is first reached in the denser portion of the field — at the surface of the spheres or parallel wires, where the lines of dielectric force converge. Thus the dielectric will first break down at the denser portion of the field, and short- circuit these portions by the flow of dynamic current. This, however, changes the voltage gradient in the rest of the field, and may raise it so as to break down the entire field, or it may not do so. Fig. 98. Fig. 99. h'5 For instance, in the dielectric field between two spheres at distanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 36: Three-Phase System", "section_title": "Three-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 36, "location": "lines 37958-38392", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "... effects are obviously maximum if some of the phases are fully loaded, others unloaded. Let E = e.m.f. between branches 1 and 2 of a three-phaser. Then e E = e.m.f. between 2 and 3, €^E = e.m.f. between 3 and 1; where e — v^ = —-^ . Let Zi, Z2, Z3 = impedances of the lines issuing from generator terminals 1, 2, 3, and 1^1, Yo, Y3 = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. If then, Ii, 1 2, 1 3, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it is, Ix + h + h = 0. (1) If, I'l, I'l, I's = currents through th ...", "... . between 3 and 1; where e — v^ = —-^ . Let Zi, Z2, Z3 = impedances of the lines issuing from generator terminals 1, 2, 3, and 1^1, Yo, Y3 = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. If then, Ii, 1 2, 1 3, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it is, Ix + h + h = 0. (1) If, I'l, I'l, I's = currents through the admittances, Fi, ¥2, Y3, ' from 2 to 3, 3 to 1, 1 to 2, it is, h = // - /'2, or, h + /'2 - /'a = 0 'h = I'l - 'I'z, or, 72 + I'z - /'i = 0 [ (2) 73=>2-i'x, or, /3 + h-r2 = 0 457 458 ALTE ...", "... These nine equations (2), (3), (4), determine the nine quan- tities: /i, h, 1 3, //, h', I/, El', EoJ, E/. Equations (4) substituted in (2) give: Ix = E'3Y3 - E'^Y^ 'h = E\\Yi - E'^Yz \\ (5) h = E\\Y-, - E'lYx These equations (5) substituted in (3), and transposed, give: as e.m.fs. at the generator terminals. since Ei = e E E2 = €^'e E3 = e' € E - E\\(l + YiZ2 + F1Z3) + E'^Y^Zs + E'3Y3Z, = 0 e^E - ^'2(1 + Y2Z3 + Y2ZO + E'3Y3Zi + E\\YiZ3 = 0 [ (6) E - 'e'3(1 + F3Z1 + F3Z2) + E\\YiZ, + ^'2^2^! = 0 as three linear equations with the three quantities, E'l, E'l, E'3. THREE-PHASE SYSTE ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbouc Mbthod", "section_title": "Symbouc Mbthod", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2744-3229", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... h make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (cf. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes •will have numerical values in practice, somewhat like E-^ = 100 volts, and /j = 75 amperes, for a non-inductive secon- dary load, as of incandescent lamps. Thus the only reac- tance of the secondary circuit is that of the secondary coil, or, x\\ = .08 ohms, giving a lag of eSj = 3.6^. We have also, fty = 30 turns. Uf, = 300 turns. (Fi = 2250 ampere-turns. $f = 100 ampere- turns. Er = 10 volts. £^ = 60 volts. Ei = 1000 volts. The co ...", "... l calculation, as to aid in the simple understanding of the phenomena involved. 24. Sometimes we can calculate the numerical values trigonometrically by means of the diagram. Usually, how- ever, this becomes too complicated, as will be seen by trying f/g. 27. to calculate, from the above transformer diagram, the ratio of transformation. The primary M.M.F. is given by the equation : — ' $Fo = V^H^i' + 2 IFSFi sin Wi , an expression not well suited as a starting-point for further calculation. A method is therefore desirable which combines the exactness of analytical calculation with t ...", "... ce given in the fourth chapter, of a circuit supplied with an E.M.F., E^ and a cur- rent, /, over an inductive line, we can now represent the impedance of the line by Z = r —jXy where r = resistance, X = reactance of the line, and have thus as the E.M.F. at the beginning of the line, or at the generator, the expression — Eo = E + ZL Assuming now again the current as the zero line, that is, / = /, we have in general — Eo = E + ir —jix ; hence, with non-inductive load, or E ^ e, Eo={e + ir) —jix, ix Co = V(0 = 42 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. In a circuit with lagg ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 25136-25597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamps", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "motors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... potential difference in the system, or the potential difference per circuit or phase of the system. In low potential circuits, as secondary networks, where the potential is not limited by the insulation strain, but by the potential of the apparatus connected into the system, as incandescent lamps, the proper basis of comparison is equality of the potential per branch of the system, or per phase. On the other hand, in long distance transmissions where the potential is not restricted by any consideration of ap- paratus suitable for a certain maximum potential only, but where the limita ...", "... ric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from live wires entering human habitations. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is to be made on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential existing in the system. The comparison of low potential distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatu ...", "... of each of the two single-phase lines ; or in other words, the three-phase system requires three-fourths of the copper of the single-phase system of the same potential. EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 471 Introducing, however, a fourth or neutral wire into the three-phase system, and connecting the lamps between the neutral wire and the three outside wires — that is, in Y con- nection— the potential between the outside wires or delta potential will be = e X V3, since the Y potential = e, and the potential of the system is raised thereby from e to e V3 ; that is, only J as much copper is requir ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 2, "location": "lines 755-835", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... . 282 6. The problem of the transmission line. 283 7. The differential equations of the transmission line, and their integral equations. 8. Different forms of the transmission line equations. 287 9. Equations with current and voltage given at one end of the line. 289 10. Equations with generator voltage, and load on receiving circuit given. 291 CONTENTS. xix PAGE 11. Example of 60,000-volt 200-mile line. 292 12. Comparison of result with different approximate calcula- tions. 294 13. Wave length and phase angle. 295 14. Zero phase angle and 45-degree phase angle. Cable of ...", "... negligible inductance. 296 15. Examples of non-inductive, lagging and leading load, and discussion of flow of energy. 297 16. Special case: Open circuit at end of line. 299 17. Special case: Line grounded at end. 304 18. Special case : Infinitely long conductor. 305 19. Special case: Generator feeding into closed circuit. 306 20. Special case: Line of quarter-wave length, of negligible resistance. 306 21. Line of quarter-wave length, containing resistance r and conductance g. 309 22. Constant-potential — constant-current transformation by line of quarter-wave length. 310 23 ...", "... f quarter-wave length, of negligible resistance. 306 21. Line of quarter-wave length, containing resistance r and conductance g. 309 22. Constant-potential — constant-current transformation by line of quarter-wave length. 310 23. Example of excessive voltage produced in high-potential transformer coil as quarter- wave circuit. 312 24. Effect of quarter-wave phenomena on regulation of long transmission lines; quarter-wave transmission. 313 25. Limitations of quarter-wave transmission. 314 26. Example of quarter-wave transmission of 60,000 kw. at 60 cycles, over 700 miles. 315" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3515-4071", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... 0.1, corresponding approximately to a lighting circuit, where the permanent value GO 1, that is, when passing from ci a section of low inductance and high capacity into a section of high inductance and low capacity, as from a transmission line into a transformer or a reactive coil, the voltage of the wave is s* increased; if — < 1, that is, when passing from a section of high ci inductance and low capacity into a section of low inductance and high capacity, as from a transformer to a transmission line, the voltage of the wave is decreased. This ...", "... high inductance and low capacity, as from a transmission line into a transformer or a reactive coil, the voltage of the wave is s* increased; if — < 1, that is, when passing from a section of high ci inductance and low capacity into a section of low inductance and high capacity, as from a transformer to a transmission line, the voltage of the wave is decreased. This explains the frequent increase to destructive voltages, when entering a station from the transmission line or cable, of an impulse or a wave which in the transmission line is of relatively harmless voltage. The ratio of the ...", "... vely harmless voltage. The ratio of the transmitted to the reflected wave is given by 2 VLjC, 2 and 2c2 L2C, (359) 530 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA 60. Example: Transmission line Lt = 1.95 X 1(T3 Ct = 0.0162 X 10-' ct = 346 ^7, = 0.56 i* And in the opposite direction Transformer 0.4 X 10-6 1580 .-? \" 2'56 •J- -0.56. The ratio -^becomes a maximum, = GO, for -1 =77, but in ei ci ^2 this case e/' = 0; that is, no reflection occurs, and the reflected wave equals zero, the transmitted wave equals the incoming wave. hence, becomes a maximum for c2 = 0, or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-front-letter-01", "section_label": "Front Matter 1: Cover Letter to Samuel Insull", "section_title": "Cover Letter to Samuel Insull", "kind": "front-matter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "PDF pages 1-7, lines 1-144", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactors", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/front-letter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/front-letter-01/", "snippets": [ "... in closer touch with it. Some of my recommendations therefore are more general, and re- quire further study by the operating engineers, and I shall be glad to co-operate therein, and expect to be in Chicago again in January. More particularly this applies to : 1.) The installation of power limiting reactors between the North- west Station and Fisk Street, which appears to me extremely desirable to eliminate the excessive interference between these stations in case of trouble in one of them. As, however, the tie cables between these sta- tions are also used as feeder cables for intermediate substations ...", "... nce between these stations in case of trouble in one of them. As, however, the tie cables between these sta- tions are also used as feeder cables for intermediate substations, a study by your engineers, in which I shall be glad to co-operate, is necessary to devise an arrangement of installation of reactors, which would not interfere with the economic use of tie cables of substation feeder cables. 2.) The substations were originally operated by separate feeders, but the need of using the feeder cables and apparatus in the most eco- nomical manner has led to tying substations together on the same feede ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_title": "Potential Series And Exponential Function", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3492-6063", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... em and thereby determining the coefficients, is called the method of indeterminate coefficients. It is one of the most convenient 72 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. and most frequently used methods of solving engineering problems. EXAMPLE 1. 54. In a 4-pole 500-volt 50-kw. direct-current shunt motor, the resistance of the field circuit, inclusive of field rheostat, is 250 ohms. Each field pole contains 4000 turns, and produces at 500 volts impressed upon the field circuit, 8 megalines of magnetic flux per pole. What is the equation of the field current, and how much time after closing t ...", "... absolute units = 640.^ , Iq 0.2 ' the practical unit of inductance, or the henry (h) being 10^ absolute units. Substituting L = 640 r = 250 and e = oOO, into equation (67) and (70) gives i = 2(l-£-«-9f), and 640 ^^^250X0.4343^'^-^-'^^^ ^^^^ Therefore it takes about 6 sec. before the motor field has reached 90 per cent of its final value. The reader is advised to calculate and plot the numerical values of i from equation (71), for ^ = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 sec. This calculation is best made in the form of a table, thus; ,-o.39< = jV_o. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: General", "section_title": "General", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 275-735", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... rth and Jupiter — owing to the time which it takes the light to go from Jupiter to the earth over the hundreds of millions of miles of distance. But if the speed of hght in the moving train must be the same as on the stationary track, we get some rather strange conclusions. Suppose we place a lamp on the track, back of the receding train, so that the light shines RELATIVITY OF LOCATION AND TIME 5 along the track (for instance, a signal light). The beam of light travels along the track at 186,000 miles per second. The train moves along the track, in the same direction, at 100 feet pe ...", "... know it is not so. The lady buying material for a dress in the dry-goods store during the daytime may select a nice heliotrope. But when the dress is finished, in the ballroom, she finds its color a clear soft pink. And when, to have a photograph taken, she goes to a photographer using mercury lamps in his studio, she finds the dress a clear blue. Which is its \"true\" color? Helio- trope, or pink, or blue? Any of the three is the true color 8 RELATIVITY AND SPACE in the condition under which it is observed. So, Einstein's theory of relativity proves to us, it is with length and with ti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "section_title": "Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 17446-17956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamps", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... sfac- tory the further we go outside of the square formed by the four light sources. Physiologically the illumination would probably be improved by locating the light sources in the four corners of the ceiling, or in the centers of the four sides of the ceiling. Physically, this arrangement of lamps in the corners of the room would greatly reduce the efficiency, thus require either more power, or lower the average illumination; the arrangement of the lamps at the sides would decrease the efficiency less, but would considerably impair the uniformity of illumination, giving a lower illumina ...", "... light sources in the four corners of the ceiling, or in the centers of the four sides of the ceiling. Physically, this arrangement of lamps in the corners of the room would greatly reduce the efficiency, thus require either more power, or lower the average illumination; the arrangement of the lamps at the sides would decrease the efficiency less, but would considerably impair the uniformity of illumination, giving a lower illumination near the corners of the room. Furthermore, in illuminating engineering, enters as an impor- tant and largely unknown factor, the effect on the physical and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-34", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 34, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9821-9878", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "snippets": [ "XIII. Parallel Operation 25. Any alternator can be operated in parallel, or synchronized with any other alternator. A single-phase machine can be syn- chronized with one phase of a polyphase machine, or a quarter- phase machine operated in parallel with a three-phase machine by synchronizing one phase ...", "XIII. Parallel Operation 25. Any alternator can be operated in parallel, or synchronized with any other alternator. A single-phase machine can be syn- chronized with one phase of a polyphase machine, or a quarter- phase machine operated in parallel with a three-phase machine by synchronizing one phase of the former with one phase of the latter. Since alternators in para ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-44", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 44: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 175", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 175", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 44, "number": null, "location": "lines 10685-10736", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-44/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-44/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 175 sarily be lap or coil windings. In Fig. 90 is shown a series drum winding with 35 coils and commutator segments, and a single turn per coil arranged as wave winding. This winding may be compared with the 35-coil series drum winding in Fig. 83. 40. Drum winding can be divided into full-pitch and frac- tional-pitch windings. In the full-pitch winding the spre ...", "... the pitch of one pole; that is, each coil covers FIG. 90. — Series drum wave winding. one-sixth of the armature circumference in a six-pole machine, etc. In a fractional-pitch winding it covers less or more. Series drum windings without cross-connected commutator in which thus the number of coils is not divisible by the number of poles are necessarily always slightly fractional pitch; but gen- erally the expression \" fractional-pitch winding\" is used only for windings in which the coil covers one or several teeth le ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-52", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Commutating Poles", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Commutating Poles", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 52, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11126-11131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-52/", "snippets": [ "VI. Effect of Commutating Poles 48. With the commutator brushes of a generator set midway between the field poles, as in Fig. 94, the m.m.f. of armature reac-" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-61", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 61: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 61, "number": null, "location": "lines 11711-11773", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generators", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-61/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-61/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 195 as average saturation curve the curve shown in Fig. 105 as A and as central curve in Fig. 106. Direct-current generators are usually operated at a point of the saturation curve above the bend, that is, at a point where the terminal voltage increases considerably less than proportionally to the field excitation. This is necessary in self-exciting direct- current generators to s ...", "... rrent generators are usually operated at a point of the saturation curve above the bend, that is, at a point where the terminal voltage increases considerably less than proportionally to the field excitation. This is necessary in self-exciting direct- current generators to secure stability. The ratio increase of field excitation total field excitation that is, corresponding increase of voltage total voltage F* de FIG. 105. — Saturation characteristics. is called saturation factor s, and is plotted in Fig. 105. It ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-63", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 63: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 197", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 197", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 63, "number": null, "location": "lines 11795-11863", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-63/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-63/", "snippets": [ "... ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING XL Characteristic Curves 60. The field characteristic or regulation curve, that is, curve giving the terminal voltage as function of the current output at constant field excitation, is of less importance in commutating machines than in synchronous machines, since commutating machines are usually not operated with separate and constant excitation, and the use of the series field affords a convenient means of changing the field excitation proportionally to the load. The curve giving the terminal voltage ...", "... The curve giving the terminal voltage as function of current out- put, in a compound-wound machine, at constant resistance in the shunt field, and constant adjustment of the series field, is, how- ever, of importance as regulation curve of the direct-current generator. This curve would be a straight line except for the effect of saturation, etc., as discussed above." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-67", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 67: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 67, "number": null, "location": "lines 12084-12199", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "snippets": [ "... moment when the gap G of the armature coil leaves the brush B the current therein has to rise suddenly to full intensity in opposite direction. This being impossible, due to the inductance of the coil, the current forms an arc from the brush across the commutator surface for a length of time depend- ing upon the inductance of the armature coil. Therefore, with low-resistance brushes, resistance commutation is not permissible except with machines of extremely low arma- FIG. 108. — Brush commutating coil A. ture induct ...", "... rage value during commutation. 66. (b) High-resistance brush contact. Fig. 108 represents a brush B commutating armature coil A. 204 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Let r0 = contact resistance of the brush, that is, resistance from the brush to the commutator surface over the total bearing surface of the brushes. The resistance of the commutated cir- cuit is thus internal resistance of the armature coil r plus the resistance from C to B plus the resistance from B to D. Thus, if to = time of commutation, at ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-75", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 75: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 75, "number": null, "location": "lines 12764-12779", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-75/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-75/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 215 adjusted for the same voltage at no load and at full load, under- compounds at higher and over-compounds at lower voltage, and even at open circuit of the shunt field gives still a voltage op as series generator. When shifting the brushes under load, at lower voltage a second point g is reached where the machine compounds correctly, and below this point the machine under-compounds and loses its excitation when the shunt field decreases below a certain value; that i ...", "... at lower voltage a second point g is reached where the machine compounds correctly, and below this point the machine under-compounds and loses its excitation when the shunt field decreases below a certain value; that is, it does not excite itself as series generator." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 34929-35255", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... uarter-phase system is a four-phase system. Higher systems than the quarter-phase or four-phase system have not been very extensively used, and are thus of less practical interest. A symmetrical six-phase system, derived by trans- formation from a three-phase system, has found application in synchronous converters, as offering a higher output from these machines, and a symmetrical eight-phase system proposed for the same purpose. 271. A characteristic feature of the symmetrical n-phase sys- tem is that under certain conditions it can produce a rotating m.m.f. of constant intensity. If n eq ...", "... each coil or ^ times the maximum m.m.f. of each coil. The phase of the resultant m.m.f. at the time represented by the angle /3 is tan d ^ — cot jS; hence d = ~ ^ o' That is, the m.m.f. produced by a symmetrical ?i-phase system revolves with constant intensity, V2 and constant speed, in synchronism with the frequency of the system; and, if the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is constant, the magnetism revolves with constant intensity and constant speed also, at the point acted upon symmetrically by the n m.m.fs. of the n-phase system. This is a characteristic feature of the symmetric ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Thbkb-Fhase System", "section_title": "Thbkb-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 27053-27500", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... and 1, where, e = \"v^i = — — \"^ — - . Let Zi, Z2, Zj = impedances of the lines issuing from genera- tor terminals 1, 2, 3, and Fj, Y^, Yz = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. If then, Ii, /a, /j, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it is, /i+/a + /8 = 0. (1) §263] TIJKEE-P/IASE SYSTEM, 391 If I{,hyU = i'= currents flowing through the admittances Yiy 5, la, from 2 to 3, 3 to 1, 1 to 2, it is, I^^U-J^. or, /i + /2'-// = 0] /o = //-//, or, /« + /3'-// = 0\" (2) /, = //_//, or, /8 + y ...", "... 3), (4), determine the nine quantities : A, /j, /a, //, A', A', E{, E.^, E^, Equations (4) substituted in (2) give : /, = /^:,'y,-e:./yA /, = E,'V^-E,'Y,\\ (5) A = E,'y2-E/Y,j These equations (5) substituted in (3), and transposed^ give, since Ei = € £ 1 £2 = €^E V as E.M.P\"s. at the generator terminals. £» = £ j c£- ^/(l + }\\X. + }\\Z^) + A/ i;Za + 7?,' j-.z, = 0] €*£ - £,' a + y,z, + y,Z:) + ^/ j:z, + Ay r, z, = o\\ (6) ^ - £t' (1 + I'aZ, + JaZa,) + Hi/iiZ., + A/ J's Zi = J 892 AL TERN A TING-CURREXT PHENOMENA, [ § 263 as three linear equations with the three quantities J ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 23781-24053", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "synchronous", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... arter-phase system is a four- phase system. Higher systems, than the quarter-phase or four-phase system, have not been very extensively used, and are thus of less practical interest. A symmetrical six-phase system, derived by transformation from a three-phase system, has found application in synchronous converters, as offering a higher output from these machines, and a symmetrical eight- phase system proposed for the same purpose. 265. A characteristic feature of the symmetrical »- phase system is that under certain conditions it can pro- duce a M.M.F. of constant intensity. If « equal mag ...", "... The phase of the resultant M.M.F. at the time repre- sented by the angle ft is : tan w = — cot /8 ; hence w = /? — ^ That is, the M.M.F. produced by a symmetrical «-phase system revolves with constant intensity : SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 439 F= — • V25 and constant speed, in synchronism with the frequency of the system ; and, if the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is constant, the magnetism revolves with constant intensity and constant speed also, at the point acted upon symmetri- cally by the n M.M.Fs. of the w-phase system. This is a characteristic feature of the symmet ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 31: Three-Phase System", "section_title": "Three-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 31, "location": "lines 25598-25903", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... M.F. between 3 and 1, where, e= ^1= ~ - Let ZD Z2, Zs = impedances of the lines issuing from genera- tor terminals 1, 2, 3, and Yl} Y2, Ys = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. Jf then, ID It, /8, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it is, /I + /2 + /3 = 0. (1) THREE-PHASE SYSTEM. 479 If //, 72', 7/ = currents flowing through the admittances Y1, F2, F3, from 2 to 3, 3 to 1, 1 to 2, it is, /! = /,'-/,', or, /1 + /2'_/3' = Ol >,->/-/.', or, /2 + /3'-7/ = o[ (2) >3 = //->/, or, /3 + >1/-/ ...", "... s in the receiver circuits. These nine equations (2), (3), (4), determine the nine quantities : flt 72, /3, //, 7a', 73', ^', Ti^ £&• Equations (4) substituted in (2) give : (5) These equations (5) substituted in (3), and transposed, give, since £l = c E Ez = £ E \\ as E.M.Fs. at the generator terminals. 480 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. as three linear equations with the three quantities 2T/, Substituting the abbreviations : a I \\7 7 I I/\" 7 \\ I/\" 7 ~\\7 7 i ~T * 1^2 ~T *1^3)> -tZ^S) •*8^'2 I 7 V 7 /1_1_V7_1_V7N>/ ^zt y 2-^D — V*1 ~r -^s^i T *»^V / A c, F2Z3, F3Z2 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3895-5444", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "arc lighting", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "generators", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... e voltage high. Especially at atmospheric pressure, the drop of the volt- ampere characteristic is extremely steep, so that it is practically impossible to secure stability by series resistance, but the con- duction changes to arc conduction, if sufficient current is avail- able, as from power generators, or the conduction ceases by the voltage drop of the supply source, and then starts again by the recovery of voltage, as with an electrostatic machine. Thus spark conduction also is called disruptive conduction and discon- tinuous conduction. Apparently continuous — though still interipittent ...", "... ELECTRIC CIRCUITS rithm of the voltage, to give better proportions. The boiling points of some materials are approximately indicated on the curves. It is essential for the electrical engineer to thoroughly undeiv stand the nature of the arc, not only because of its use as illumi- nant, in arc lighting, but more still because accidental arcs are the foremost cause of instability and troubles from dangerous transients in electric circuits. \\ .^ s \\ ( m \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ™ V \\ '^ \\ s ^ ^ V ^ '.,. ■\" .^ ~~^ -i ■^ 'W ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Trans Former. 342", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Trans Former. 342", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 4, "location": "lines 875-887", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANS- FORMER. 342 40. The transformer coil as circuit of distributed capacity, and the character of its capacity. 342 41. The differential equations of the transformer coil, and their integral equations. 344 42. Terminal conditions and final approximate equations. 346" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-38", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "section_title": "Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 38, "number": 2, "location": "lines 15626-15962", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "snippets": [ "... stem. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as to short circuit resistance, rv if the alternating potential is below, to throw resistance rl into circuit again, if the potential is above normal. With a single resistance step, rv in the one position of the regulator, with rx short circuited, and only r0 as exciter field winding resistance, the alternating ...", "... otential throws it over into the next position; while at light load, requiring low field excitation, the duration of the period of high resistance, 223 224 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (TO _|_ rj} is greater, and that of the period of low resistance, r0, less. 7. Let, ^ = the duration of the short circuit of resistance rx; t2 = the time during which resistance rx is in circuit, and t0 = t, + tr During each period t0, the resistance of the exciter field, therefore, is r0 for the time tv and (r0 + rj for the time ty Furthermore, let, i1 = the current during time tv and i2 = the current during ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "number": 1, "location": "lines 19260-19338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "snippets": [ "... n space, that is, with space, distance, length, etc., as independent variable. Such transient phenomena then connect the conditions of the electric quantities at one point in space with the electric quantities at another point in space, as, for instance, current and potential difference at the generator end of a transmission line with those at the receiving end of the line, or current density at the surface of a solid conductor carrying alternating current, as the rail return of a single-phase railway, with the current density at the center or in general inside of the conductor, or the distrib ...", "... the surface of a solid conductor carrying alternating current, as the rail return of a single-phase railway, with the current density at the center or in general inside of the conductor, or the distribution of alternating magnetism inside of a solid iron, as a lamina of an alternating-current transformer, etc. In such transient phenom- ena in space, the electric quantities, which appear as functions of space or distance, are not the instantaneous values, as in the preceding chapters, but are alternating currents, e.m.fs., etc., characterized by intensity and phase, that is, they are periodic f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity", "section_title": "Distributed Series Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 45, "number": 5, "location": "lines 23586-23947", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 43. The capacity of a transmission line, cable, or high-poten- tial transformer coil is shunted capacity, that is, capacity from conductor to ground, or from conductor to return conductor, or shunting across a section of the conductor, as from turn to turn or layer to layer of a transformer coil. In some circuits, in addition to this shunted capacity, dis- tributed serie ...", "... IES CAPACITY. 43. The capacity of a transmission line, cable, or high-poten- tial transformer coil is shunted capacity, that is, capacity from conductor to ground, or from conductor to return conductor, or shunting across a section of the conductor, as from turn to turn or layer to layer of a transformer coil. In some circuits, in addition to this shunted capacity, dis- tributed series capacity also exists, that is, the circuit is broken at frequent and regular intervals by gaps filled with a dielectric or insulator, as air, and the two faces of the conductor ends thus constitute a condenser ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "section_title": "The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 3, "location": "lines 874-1745", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... balance between production and consumption which was the orthodox idea of the economists of the past, in the early days of the individualis- tic era, and which is still the conception of many of those who, far from the work of the world under the student lamp and in the chairs of our universities, ponder over the problems of the nation. The conception of competition as a benevo- 84 FROM COMPETITION TO CO-OPERATION lent force in the industrial progress was based upon the theory that by competition between the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Evolution: Political Government", "section_title": "Evolution: Political Government", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 12, "location": "lines 5328-5797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "motor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... s which can never economically pay for their cost, but the only legitimate purpose of which is to keep the railroad freight rates down by their compe- tition. There will be competition, whether gas-engine 15G EVOLUTION: POLITICAL GOVERNMENT or electric motor is to be used, whether a local steam-turbine plant is to be installed, or power bought from a long-distance transmission sys- tem. But the decision will be made on the basis of the relative economy of the various propositions, uninfluenced by commercial or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 16: The Future Corporation", "section_title": "The Future Corporation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6975-7567", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamp", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... s which have smashed Europe's ii5 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH strongest fortifications are crawling with a snail's pace, or the tragic search for years through all the continents and islands of the known and unknown world, for a fiber to make the Edison lamp filament; and when it was found and the discoverer returned, chemistry had in the laboratory created a fiber still su- perior. The history of the creation of the United States Steel Corporation, if it could be written, probably would be more fascinating and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 883-1530", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_title": "Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 736-2388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lamps", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... y assuming light to be a wave, like an alternating current. Depending on their phase relation, the combination of two waves (as two beams of light or two alternating currents) may be anything between their sum and their difference. Thus the two alternating currents consumed by two incandescent lamps add, being in phase; the two alternating currents consumed respectively by an inductance and by a capacity subtract, giving a resultant equal to their difference; that is, if they are equal, they extinguish each other. The phenomenon of interference thus leads to the wave theory of light. If ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-15", "section_label": "Lecture 15: Electrochemistry", "section_title": "Electrochemistry", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9343-9686", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "snippets": [ "... gh temperatures a very large amount of energy has to be concentrated in one furnace; and with the moderate voltage used, this requires very large currents, thousands of amperes. Alternating currents are almost exclu- sively used, since it is easier to produce very large alternating currents by transformers, and since it is easier to control alter- nating than direct currents. Electric heat necessarily is very much more expensive than heat produced by burning coal, and so the electric furnace is used mainly: I St. Where very perfect control of the temperatures and freedom from impurities is es ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-01", "section_label": "Theory Section 1: Magnetism and Electric Current", "section_title": "Magnetism and Electric Current", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 477-909", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "snippets": [ "... = 0.4 X 105 / log, TT^ = 0.4 X 105 X 4.70 I = 0.188 X 106 7, 8 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING or 0.188 / megalines or millions of lines per line of 1000 m. of which 0.094 / megalines surround each of the two conductors. 10. (4) In an alternator each pole has to carry 6.4 millions of lines, or 6.4 megalines magnetic flux. How many ampere- turns per pole are required to produce this flux, if the magnetic 2 8 10 2 14 6 FIG. 3. — Magnetization curves of various irons. cir ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-05", "section_label": "Theory Section 5: Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 1573-1784", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "snippets": [ "... current di in time dt is e = — -j-. L 108 absolute units r dt = — -T.L volts. at A change of current of 1 amp. per second in the circuit of 1 h. inductance generates 1 volt. EXAMPLES 28. (1) What is the inductance of the field of a 20-pole alternator, if the 20 field spools are connected in series, each spool contains 616 turns, and 6.95 amp. produces 6.4 mega- lines per pole? The total number of turns of all 20 spools is 20 X 616 = 12,320 Each is interlinked with 6.4 X 106 lines, thus the total ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-18", "section_label": "Theory Section 18: Equivalent Sine Waves", "section_title": "Equivalent Sine Waves", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 7381-7736", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "snippets": [ "... all measuring instruments of alternating waves (with exception of instantaneous methods) as ammsters, volt- meters, wattmeters, etc., give not general alternating waves but their corresponding equivalent sine waves. EXAMPLES 88. In a 25-cycle alternating-current transformer, at 1000 volts primary impressed e.m.f., of a wave shape as shown in 108 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING e §M »OCOOI>.C^O5(NCOOOOi'— l i— 1 CO CO CO »H i— 1 • OQ '^ CO CO C^J ^H >O CO iQ CO C^ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_title": "Fields of Force", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 7737-7990", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transformer", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "snippets": [ "... in dealing with magnetic circuits, correspond the terms 118 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING dielectric flux, dielectric field intensity, permittivity, as used in dealing with the electrostatic fields of high potential apparatus, as transmission insulators, transformer bushings, etc. The fore- most difference is that in the magnetic field, a line of force must always return into itself in a closed circuit, while in the electro- static or dielectric field, a line of force may terminate in a con- ductor. The terminals of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-40", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 40: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 40, "number": null, "location": "lines 10475-10519", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-40/", "snippets": [ "... re. In the iron-clad machine the arma- ture winding is sunk into slots. The iron-clad type has the ad- vantage of greater mechanical strength, but the disadvantage of higher self-inductance in commutation, and thus requires high- resistance, carbon or graphite, commutator brushes. The iron- clad type has the advantage of lesser magnetic stray field, due FIG. 78. — Series machine. FIG. 79. — Compound machine. to the shorter gap between field pole and armature iron, and of lesser magnet distortion under load, and thus can ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-48", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 48: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 48, "number": null, "location": "lines 10845-10940", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-48/", "snippets": [ "... t, or armature reaction. J FIG. 94. — Distribution of flux with current in the armature. 44. Assuming the brushes set at the middle points between adjacent poles, D and G, Fig. 94, the m.m.f. of the armature is maximum at the point connected with the commutator brushes, in this case at the points D and G} and gradually decreases from full value at D to equal but opposite value at G, as shown by the line -Fa in Fig. 94, while the line FQ gives the field m.m.f. or impressed m.m.f. If n = number of turns i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-62", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Compounding", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 62, "number": 10, "location": "lines 11774-11794", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-62/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-62/", "snippets": [ "X. Compounding 59. In the direct-current generator the field excitation re- quired to maintain constant terminal voltage has to be increased with the load. A curve giving the field excitation in ampere- turns per pole, as function of the load in amperes, at constant terminal voltage, is called the compou ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-66", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 66: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 66, "number": null, "location": "lines 11981-12083", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "snippets": [ "... ible, as usually the case with copper brushes, or it may be of the same or a higher magnitude than the internal resistance of the armature coil A. The latter is usually the case with carbon or graphite brushes. In the former case the resistance of the short-circuit of arma- ture coil A under commutation is approximately constant; in the latter case it varies from infinity in the moment of beginning commutation down to minimum, and then up again to infinity at the end of commutation. 65. (a) Negligible resistance of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "section_title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1684-2011", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "commutator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... sisting of different / p- -^ s^ / ^ ^ N / / \\ V 1 / \\ 1 f \\ t VEF AQI VA .UE 1 / 0 j / 1 f s. / \\ / Fig. 5. — Pulsating wave. parts movable with regard to each other, as in unipolar machines.) A direct-current machine without commutator or collector rings, or a coil-wound unipolar machine, thus is an impossibility. Pulsating currents, and therefore pulsating potential differ- ences across parts of a circuit can, however, be produced from an alternating induced e.m.f. by the use of asymmetrical circuits, as arcs, some electro ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "section_title": "Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25271-25604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "synchronism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... oil or ;//2 times the maximum M.M.F. of each coil. The phase of the resultant M.M.F. at the time repre- sented by the angle /3 is : tan a> = cot P ; That is, the M.M.F. produced by a symmetrical «-phase system revolves with constant intensity : F = ,— » V2 and constant speed, in synchronism with the frequency of the system ; and, if the reluctance of the magnetic circuit §238] SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 355 is constant, the magnetism revolves with constant intensity and constant speed also, at the point acted upon symmetri- cally by the ;/ M.M.Fs. of the //-phase system. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 5445-6941", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "generator", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... al reason why the rising character- istic, J5i, should be selected as the representative magnetization curve, and not the decreasing characteristic, -B'l, except the inci- dent, that Bi passes through zero. In many engineering applica- tions, for instance, the calculation of the regulation of a generator, that is, the decrease of voltage under increase of load, it is ob- viously the decreasing characteristic, J?'i, which is determining. Suppose we continue B'\\ into negative values of ff , to the point Ai, at ff = — 1.5, J5 = —4, and then again reverse, we get a ris- ing magnetization curve, B ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 3, "location": "lines 836-874", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discharge of line of constant voltage and zero current. 329 33. Example of short-circuit oscillation of line. 331 34. Circuit grounded at both ends : Half-wave oscillation. 333 35. The even harmonics of the half-wave oscillation. 334 36. Circuit open at both ends. 335 37. Circuit closed upon itself: Full-wave oscillation. 336 38. Wave shape and frequency of oscillation. 338 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6798-7825", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "short circuit", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "short-circuit", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... imum or initial value equals the value which the current should have at this moment. If, however, the circuit is closed at the moment where the current should be zero and the condenser e.m.f. maximum, the condenser being 104 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA without charge acts in the first moment like a short circuit, that is, the current begins at a value corresponding to the impressed e.m.f. divided by the line impedance. Thus if we neglect the resistance and if the condenser reactance equals n2 times line reactance, the current starts at n2 times its final rate; thus it would, in a half wave, give n2 ti ..." ] } ] }, { "id": "waves-lines-and-radiation", "label": "Waves, Lines, And Radiation", "description": "Passages involving waves, wavelength, frequency, propagation, standing waves, traveling waves, distributed constants, electrical radiation, light, spectrum, ultraviolet, X-rays, and transmission lines.", "aliases": [ "wave", "waves", "wave length", "wave-length", "wavelength", "frequency", "periodicity", "propagation", "traveling wave", "travelling wave", "standing wave", "distributed constants", "distributed capacity", "distributed inductance", "transmission line", "radiation", "radiant energy", "electrical radiation", "electric radiation", "light", "spectrum", "ultra-violet", "ultraviolet", "ultra-red", "infra-red", "x-rays", "hertzian", "wireless" ], "modern_prompt": "This theme bridges ordinary wave language, distributed-line mathematics, and the radiation spectrum. Keep physical scale and context visible.", "interpretive_boundary": "Ether, Tesla-era, and Wheeler-style readings are only secondary layers here. 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"section_hits": [ { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 537, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 261 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 74 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 73 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 17 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "... connection of from 50 to 100 lamps on one circuit. With the exception of a few of the larger cities, all the street lighting by arc lamps in this country is done by constant current systems, either direct current or alternating current. For direct current constant current supply, separate arc light machines have been built, and are still largely used. In these machines, inherent regulation for constant current is produced by using a very high armature reaction and relatively weak field excitation; that is, the armature ampere turns are nearly equal and opposite to the field ampere turns, ...", "... re connected in series with each other into the arc circuit supplied from the constant potential source, and by separating or coming together, vary in reactance with the load, and thereby maintain constant current. While the alternating current arc lamp is less efficient, that is, gives less light for the same power, than the direct cur- rent arc lamp, the disadvantages of the use of numerous arc machines have led to the extended adoption of alternating cur- rent series arc lighting before the development of the mercury 224 GENERAL LECTURES arc rectifier, which enabled the operation ...", "... While incandescent lamps give the same efficiency for all sizes except such small sizes where mechanical difficulties appear in the filament production, the efficiency of the arc decreases greatly with decrease of current ; that is, the arc is at the greatest efficiency only for large units of light, but rather inefficient and not so well suited for small units of light. Even in large units, the efficiency of light production of the direct current carbon arc lamp is not superior to that of the tungsten incandescent lamp ; that of the alternating current carbon arc lamp is inferior to the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "section_title": "Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2366-3638", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 408, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 171 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 101 }, { "alias": "ultra-violet", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 16 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE III. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Visibility. 20. The most important physiological effect is the visibility of the narrow range of radiation, of less than one octave, between wave length 76 X 10~6 and 39 X 1Q-6. The range of intensity of illumination, over which the eye can see with practically equal comfort, is enormous: ...", "LECTURE III. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Visibility. 20. The most important physiological effect is the visibility of the narrow range of radiation, of less than one octave, between wave length 76 X 10~6 and 39 X 1Q-6. The range of intensity of illumination, over which the eye can see with practically equal comfort, is enormous: the average intensity of illumination at noon of a sunny day is nearly one million times greater than the illu ...", "LECTURE III. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Visibility. 20. The most important physiological effect is the visibility of the narrow range of radiation, of less than one octave, between wave length 76 X 10~6 and 39 X 1Q-6. The range of intensity of illumination, over which the eye can see with practically equal comfort, is enormous: the average intensity of illumination at noon of a sunny day is nearly one million times greater than the illumination given by the full moon, and still we ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_title": "Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 608-1548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 346, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 110 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 67 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 67 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "ultra-violet", "count": 18 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE I. NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 1. Radiation is a form of energy, and, as such, can be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usu ...", "LECTURE I. NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 1. Radiation is a form of energy, and, as such, can be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted ...", "LECTURE I. NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 1. Radiation is a form of energy, and, as such, can be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted into heat. Thus in an incandescent lamp, the heat energy produced by the electric current in the resistance of the filament, is converted into radiation. If I hold my hand near the lamp, the radiation intercepted by the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Temperature Radiation", "section_title": "Temperature Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3946-5076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 320, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "radiation", "count": 228 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "ultra-violet", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. TEMPERATURE RADIATION. 34. The most common method of producing radiation is by impressing heat energy upon a body and thereby raising its tem- perature. Up to a short time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a body by the transformat ...", "LECTURE V. TEMPERATURE RADIATION. 34. The most common method of producing radiation is by impressing heat energy upon a body and thereby raising its tem- perature. Up to a short time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a body by the transformation of chemical energy, that is, by combustion, and ...", "LECTURE V. TEMPERATURE RADIATION. 34. The most common method of producing radiation is by impressing heat energy upon a body and thereby raising its tem- perature. Up to a short time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a body by the transformation of chemical energy, that is, by combustion, and in later years by the trans- formation of electric energy, as in the arc and incandescent lamp. With increasing temperature of a body the radiation from the body increases. Thus ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "section_title": "Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1549-2365", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 305, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 103 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 77 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "ultra-violet", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE II. RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 9. For convenience, the total range of known radiations can be divided into two classes, the electric waves and the light waves, which are separated from each other by the blank space in the middle of the spectrum of radiation (Fig. 14). Under light waves we here include also the invisible u ...", "LECTURE II. RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 9. For convenience, the total range of known radiations can be divided into two classes, the electric waves and the light waves, which are separated from each other by the blank space in the middle of the spectrum of radiation (Fig. 14). Under light waves we here include also the invisible ultra-red radiation and the ultra-violet radiation and the non-refrangible radiations, as X-rays, etc., separat ...", "LECTURE II. RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 9. For convenience, the total range of known radiations can be divided into two classes, the electric waves and the light waves, which are separated from each other by the blank space in the middle of the spectrum of radiation (Fig. 14). Under light waves we here include also the invisible ultra-red radiation and the ultra-violet radiation and the non-refrangible radiations, as X-rays, etc., separated from the la ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_title": "Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 16485-17445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 271, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 256 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE XII. ILLUMINATION AND ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING. 110. Artificial light is used for the purpose of seeing and distinguishing objects clearly and comfortably when the day- light fails. The problem of artificial lighting thus comprises con- sideration of the source of light or the illuminant; the flux of light issuing from it; the distribution of the light flux in sp ...", "LECTURE XII. ILLUMINATION AND ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING. 110. Artificial light is used for the purpose of seeing and distinguishing objects clearly and comfortably when the day- light fails. The problem of artificial lighting thus comprises con- sideration of the source of light or the illuminant; the flux of light issuing from it; the distribution of the light flux in space, that is, the light flux density in space and more particularly at the illuminated objects; the illum ...", "LECTURE XII. ILLUMINATION AND ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING. 110. Artificial light is used for the purpose of seeing and distinguishing objects clearly and comfortably when the day- light fails. The problem of artificial lighting thus comprises con- sideration of the source of light or the illuminant; the flux of light issuing from it; the distribution of the light flux in space, that is, the light flux density in space and more particularly at the illuminated objects; the illumination, that is, the light flux density reflected from the illuminated objects, and the effect ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Light Flux And Distribution", "section_title": "Light Flux And Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9389-12573", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 226, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 201 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE X. LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. 86. The light flux of an illuminant is its total radiation power, in physiological measure. It therefore is the useful output of the illuminant, and the efficiency of an illuminant thus is the ratio of the total light flux divided by the power input. In general, the d ...", "LECTURE X. LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. 86. The light flux of an illuminant is its total radiation power, in physiological measure. It therefore is the useful output of the illuminant, and the efficiency of an illuminant thus is the ratio of the total light flux divided by the power input. In general, the distribution of the light flux throughou ...", "LECTURE X. LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. 86. The light flux of an illuminant is its total radiation power, in physiological measure. It therefore is the useful output of the illuminant, and the efficiency of an illuminant thus is the ratio of the total light flux divided by the power input. In general, the distribution of the light flux throughout space is not uniform, but the light-flux d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "section_title": "Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 8511-9388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 208, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 123 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 67 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "ultra-red", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "ultra-violet", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IX. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such by converting the energy of radiation into some other form of energy, as, for instance, into heat, and measuring the latter. Thus a beam of radiation may be measured by having it impinge on one contact of a thermo-coupl ...", "LECTURE IX. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such by converting the energy of radiation into some other form of energy, as, for instance, into heat, and measuring the latter. Thus a beam of radiation may be measured by having it impinge on one contact of a thermo-couple, of which th ...", "LECTURE IX. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such by converting the energy of radiation into some other form of energy, as, for instance, into heat, and measuring the latter. Thus a beam of radiation may be measured by having it impinge on one contact of a thermo-couple, of which the other contact is mai ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "section_title": "Luminescence", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5077-6608", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 194, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 73 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 59 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "ultra-violet", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VI. LUMINESCENCE. 43. All methods of producing radiation, and more particularly light, other than the temperature radiation or incandescence, are generally comprised by the name luminescence. Some special cases of luminescence have already been discussed in the phe- nomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence, represented by the conversion of the rad ...", "LECTURE VI. LUMINESCENCE. 43. All methods of producing radiation, and more particularly light, other than the temperature radiation or incandescence, are generally comprised by the name luminescence. Some special cases of luminescence have already been discussed in the phe- nomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence, represented by the conversion of the radiation absorbed by a body into ...", "LECTURE VI. LUMINESCENCE. 43. All methods of producing radiation, and more particularly light, other than the temperature radiation or incandescence, are generally comprised by the name luminescence. Some special cases of luminescence have already been discussed in the phe- nomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence, represented by the conversion of the radiation absorbed by a body into radiation of a different wave length ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 12, "location": "lines 14897-17124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 184, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 184 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, ...", "... alternating-current transformer thus consist* of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two sets of electric circuits, the primary and the secondary, which are mounted rotatably with regards to each other. It transforms between primary electrical and secondary electrical power, and also between FREQUENCY CONVERTER 177 electrical and mechanical power. As the frequency of the re- volving secondary is the frequency of slip, thus differing from the primary, it follows, that the general alternating-current transformer changes not only voltages and current, but also frequencies, and may therefore b ...", "... it interlinked with two sets of electric circuits, the primary and the secondary, which are mounted rotatably with regards to each other. It transforms between primary electrical and secondary electrical power, and also between FREQUENCY CONVERTER 177 electrical and mechanical power. As the frequency of the re- volving secondary is the frequency of slip, thus differing from the primary, it follows, that the general alternating-current transformer changes not only voltages and current, but also frequencies, and may therefore be called \"frequency converter.\" Obviously, it may also change the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 29375-32539", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 174, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 145 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXV DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES 232. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alter- nating currents and alternating e.m.fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from si ...", "CHAPTER XXV DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES 232. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alter- nating currents and alternating e.m.fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and with certain distortions it may not be pos- sible to replace the distorted wave by an equivalent sine ...", "CHAPTER XXV DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES 232. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alter- nating currents and alternating e.m.fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and with certain distortions it may not be pos- sible to replace the distorted wave by an equivalent sine wave, since the angle of phase displacement o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-53", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 53, "number": 4, "location": "lines 30244-31450", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 167, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 116 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping constant on the freq ...", "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping constant on the frequency and the wave length is negligible. The same obviously applies also to traveling waves, generally to a still greater extent, si ...", "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping constant on the frequency and the wave length is negligible. The same obviously applies also to traveling waves, generally to a still greater extent, since the lengths o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_title": "Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 736-2388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 161, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 75 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 57 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... tween the results of the old and of the new conceptions are so small that they usually cannot be observed even by the most accurate scientific investigation, and in the few instances where the differences have been measured, as in the disturbances of Mercury's orbit, the bending of the beam of light in the gravitational field, etc., they are close to the limits of observation. 12 CONCLUSIONS FROM RELATIVITY THEORY 13 We have seen that the length of a body and the time on it change with the relative velocity of the observer. The highest velocities which we can produce (outside of ioni ...", "... nge with the relative velocity of the observer. The highest velocities which we can produce (outside of ionic velocities) are the velocity of the rifle bullet (1000 meters per second) , the velocity of expansion of high-pressure steam into a vacuum (2000 meters per second), and the velocity of propagation of the detonation in high explosives (6000 meters per second). At these velocities the change of length and time is one part in 180,000 millions, 22,000 millions and 5000 millions respectively. The highest cosmic velocity probably is that of a comet passing the sun at grazing distance, 200 kil ...", "... part in 180,000 millions, 22,000 millions and 5000 millions respectively. The highest cosmic velocity probably is that of a comet passing the sun at grazing distance, 200 kilometers per second. The shortening of the length even then would be only one in four millions. The bending of a beam of light in the gravitational field of the sun is only a fraction of a thousandth of a degree. The overrunning of the perihelium of the planet Mercury is only about 20 miles out of more than a hundred million miles. Therefore the principal value of the relativity theory thus far consists in the bett ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 4745-5520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 148, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 47 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "standing wave", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T ...", "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decre ...", "... int of the circuit, that is, at any dis- tance angle co, and at any time t, that is, time angle <£, then is p = ei, = e0ioe~2ut cos ( T co — 7) sin (0 =F co — 7), = ^|V2«=Fco-7), (2) and the average power flow is Po = avg p, (3) = 0. Hence, in a stationary oscillation, or standing wave of a uni- form circuit, the average flow of power, p0, is zero, and no power flows along the circuit, but there is a surge of power, of double frequency. That is, power flows first one way, during one-quarter cycle, and then in the opposite direction, during the next quarter- cycle, etc. Suc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Light Intensity And Illumination", "section_title": "Light Intensity And Illumination", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 12574-16484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 148, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 134 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 14 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE XI. LIGHT INTENSITY AND ILLUMINATION. A. INTENSITY CURVES FOR UNIFORM ILLUMINATION. 102. The distribution of the light flux in space, and thus the illumination, depends on the location of the light sources, and on their distribution curves. The character of the required illumi- nation depends on the ...", "LECTURE XI. LIGHT INTENSITY AND ILLUMINATION. A. INTENSITY CURVES FOR UNIFORM ILLUMINATION. 102. The distribution of the light flux in space, and thus the illumination, depends on the location of the light sources, and on their distribution curves. The character of the required illumi- nation depends on the purpose for which it is used: a general illumination of low and approximately uniform intensity for street light ...", "LECTURE XI. LIGHT INTENSITY AND ILLUMINATION. A. INTENSITY CURVES FOR UNIFORM ILLUMINATION. 102. The distribution of the light flux in space, and thus the illumination, depends on the location of the light sources, and on their distribution curves. The character of the required illumi- nation depends on the purpose for which it is used: a general illumination of low and approximately uniform intensity for street lighting; a general illumination of uniform high intensity in meeting rooms, etc.; a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 5279-6124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 147, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "standing wave", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-\"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ...", "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-\"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where -7), (2) and the average power flow is Po = avg p, (3) = 0. Hence, in a stationary oscillation, or standing wave of a uni- form circuit, the average flow of power, po, is zero, and no power flows along the circuit, but there is a surge of power, of double frequency. That is, power flows first one way, during one-quarter cycle, and then in the opposite direction, during the next quarter- cycle, etc. Suc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 12962-16963", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 144, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 115 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f / '■ 1 i- ...", "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f / '■ 1 i- 10 / 1 / 1 B- n.» ...", "... / 1 ' / / y / y / -^ _ '^ ' J^ / 1 t- u / / B- IM. i~ [00 B- IB. 1 / 1 A / / .*=: W ■^-1 been discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-cur- rent Phenomena. \" The characteristic of the wave-shape distortion by magnetic 126 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS BaturatioD in a closed magnetic circuit is the production of a high peak and fiat zero, of the current with a sine wave of impressed voltage, of the voltage with a sine wave of current traversing the circuit. k- ■^ ^^ MM ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Chemical And Physical Effects Of Radiation", "section_title": "Chemical And Physical Effects Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3639-3945", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 138, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "radiation", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "ultra-violet", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "ultra-red", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IV. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Chemical Effects. 31. Where intense radiation is intercepted by a body chemical action may result by the heat energy into which the radiation is converted. This, however, is not a direct chemical effect of radiation but an indirect effect, resulting from the energy of the radiation. Dire ...", "LECTURE IV. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Chemical Effects. 31. Where intense radiation is intercepted by a body chemical action may result by the heat energy into which the radiation is converted. This, however, is not a direct chemical effect of radiation but an indirect effect, resulting from the energy of the radiation. Direct chemical effects of radiation are frequent. It i ...", "LECTURE IV. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Chemical Effects. 31. Where intense radiation is intercepted by a body chemical action may result by the heat energy into which the radiation is converted. This, however, is not a direct chemical effect of radiation but an indirect effect, resulting from the energy of the radiation. Direct chemical effects of radiation are frequent. It is such an effect on which photography is based : the dissociating action of radiation on silver ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "section_title": "Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 17446-17956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 138, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 132 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE XIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING. 123. The design of an illumination requires the solution of physiological as well as physical problems. Physical considera- tions, for instance, are the distribution of light-flux intensity throughout the illuminated space, as related to size, location and number of light sources, while the relation, to the satisfac- tory character of the illumination, of the direction of the light, its subdivision and diffusion, etc., are physiological questions. Very little, howe ...", "... ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING. 123. The design of an illumination requires the solution of physiological as well as physical problems. Physical considera- tions, for instance, are the distribution of light-flux intensity throughout the illuminated space, as related to size, location and number of light sources, while the relation, to the satisfac- tory character of the illumination, of the direction of the light, its subdivision and diffusion, etc., are physiological questions. Very little, however, is known on the latter, although the entire field of the physiological effects of the physical ...", "... s physical problems. Physical considera- tions, for instance, are the distribution of light-flux intensity throughout the illuminated space, as related to size, location and number of light sources, while the relation, to the satisfac- tory character of the illumination, of the direction of the light, its subdivision and diffusion, etc., are physiological questions. Very little, however, is known on the latter, although the entire field of the physiological effects of the physical methods of illumination is still largely unexplored. As result thereof, illuminating engineering is not yet an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 134, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 52 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. INDUCTIVE DISCHARGES. 64. The discharge of an inductance into a transmission line may be considered as an illustration of the phenomena in a complex circuit comprising sections of very different constants; that is, a combination of a circuit section of high inductance and small resistance and negligible capacity and conductance, as a generating station, with a circuit of di ...", "... ne may be considered as an illustration of the phenomena in a complex circuit comprising sections of very different constants; that is, a combination of a circuit section of high inductance and small resistance and negligible capacity and conductance, as a generating station, with a circuit of distributed capacity and inductance, as a transmission line. The extreme case of such a discharge would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is connected to the generating station. Let r = the total resistance and L = the total inductance of the indu ...", "... the phenomena in a complex circuit comprising sections of very different constants; that is, a combination of a circuit section of high inductance and small resistance and negligible capacity and conductance, as a generating station, with a circuit of distributed capacity and inductance, as a transmission line. The extreme case of such a discharge would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is connected to the generating station. Let r = the total resistance and L = the total inductance of the inductive section of the circuit; also let g ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "number": 3, "location": "lines 21721-23178", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 115, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "distributed constants", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 27. An interesting application of the equations of the long distance transmission line given in the preceding chapter can be made to the determination of the natural period of a transmis- sion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric e ...", "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 27. An interesting application of the equations of the long distance transmission line given in the preceding chapter can be made to the determination of the natural period of a transmis- sion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of ci ...", "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 27. An interesting application of the equations of the long distance transmission line given in the preceding chapter can be made to the determination of the natural period of a transmis- sion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit cont ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 113, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 48 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If n ...", "CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If now at the moment when the impulse arrives at the starting point a second impulse, of opposite direction, is sent into the line, the return of ...", "... by the energy consumption in the conductor, and so fading out. The condition of this phenomenon of electrical resonance thus is that alternating impulses occur at time intervals equal to the time required for the impulse to travel the length of the line and back; that is, the time of one half wave of impressed e.m.f. is the time required by light to travel twice the length of the line, or the time of one complete period is the time light requires to travel four times the length of the line; in other words, the number of periods, or frequency of the impressed alternating e.m.fs., in reso ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "section_title": "Standing Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 52, "number": 3, "location": "lines 29316-30243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 109, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 65 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "standing wave", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 14. If the propagation constant of the wave vanishes, h = 0, the wave becomes a stationary or standing wave, and the equa- tions of the standing wave are thus derived from the general equations (50) to (61), by substituting therein h = 0, which gives R2 = V(k2 - LCm2)2; (97) hence, if ...", "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 14. If the propagation constant of the wave vanishes, h = 0, the wave becomes a stationary or standing wave, and the equa- tions of the standing wave are thus derived from the general equations (50) to (61), by substituting therein h = 0, which gives R2 = V(k2 - LCm2)2; (97) hence, if k2 > LCm2, R2 = tf- LCm ...", "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 14. If the propagation constant of the wave vanishes, h = 0, the wave becomes a stationary or standing wave, and the equa- tions of the standing wave are thus derived from the general equations (50) to (61), by substituting therein h = 0, which gives R2 = V(k2 - LCm2)2; (97) hence, if k2 > LCm2, R2 = tf- LCm2; and if /c2 < LCm ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 91, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... . 77. The ; most ; important periodic functions in electrical engineering are the alternating currents and e.m.fs. Usually they are, in first approximation, represented by a single trigo- nometric function, as : i = io cos {O—ix))] or, e = eo sin (d—d); that is, they are assumed as sine waves. 108 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. f ■ . Theoretically, obviously this condition can never be perfectly attained, and frequently the deviation from sine shape is suffi- cient to require practical consideration/ especially in those cases, where the electric circuit contains electrostatic capac ...", "... consideration/ especially in those cases, where the electric circuit contains electrostatic capacity, as is for instance, the case with long-distance transmission lines, underground cable systems, high potential transformers, etc. (However, no matter how much the alternating or other periodic wave differs from simple sine shape — ^that is, however much the wave is '' distorted,\" it can always be represented by the trigonometric seriesj(3). As illustration the following applications of the trigo- nometric series to engineering problems may be considered: {A) The determination of the eq ...", "... uit contains electrostatic capacity, as is for instance, the case with long-distance transmission lines, underground cable systems, high potential transformers, etc. (However, no matter how much the alternating or other periodic wave differs from simple sine shape — ^that is, however much the wave is '' distorted,\" it can always be represented by the trigonometric seriesj(3). As illustration the following applications of the trigo- nometric series to engineering problems may be considered: {A) The determination of the equa^ori^of_the_,periodic function; that is, the evolution of~tRe c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-51", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Discussion Of General Equations", "section_title": "Discussion Of General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 51, "number": 2, "location": "lines 28695-29315", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 90, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 52 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "standing wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-51/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-51/", "snippets": [ "... have the same values of s, q, h, k. Of the four terms of each group, iv iv i3, i4 or ev ev es, e4 respectively (equations (50) and (51)), two contain the angles (qt — kl): iv e1 and iz, e3; and two contain the angles (qt + kl): i2, e2 and i4, e4. In the terms iv e^ and iz, e3, the speed of propagation of the phenomena follows from the equation qt - kl = constant, thus: ti q dt r.*1 hence is positive, that is, the propagation is from lower to higher values of I, or towards increasing I. In the terms iv e2 and i4, e4, the speed of propagation from qt + kl = constant is dl_ _q Jt ...", "... 51)), two contain the angles (qt — kl): iv e1 and iz, e3; and two contain the angles (qt + kl): i2, e2 and i4, e4. In the terms iv e^ and iz, e3, the speed of propagation of the phenomena follows from the equation qt - kl = constant, thus: ti q dt r.*1 hence is positive, that is, the propagation is from lower to higher values of I, or towards increasing I. In the terms iv e2 and i4, e4, the speed of propagation from qt + kl = constant is dl_ _q Jt~ ~k hence is negative, that is, the propagation is from higher to lower values of I, or towards decreasing I. Considering therefore ...", "... n the terms iv e^ and iz, e3, the speed of propagation of the phenomena follows from the equation qt - kl = constant, thus: ti q dt r.*1 hence is positive, that is, the propagation is from lower to higher values of I, or towards increasing I. In the terms iv e2 and i4, e4, the speed of propagation from qt + kl = constant is dl_ _q Jt~ ~k hence is negative, that is, the propagation is from higher to lower values of I, or towards decreasing I. Considering therefore iv el and i3J e3 as direct or main waves, iv e2 and i4, e4 are their return waves, or reflected waves, and iv e2 is t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-54", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations", "section_title": "Free Oscillations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 54, "number": 5, "location": "lines 31451-32708", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 90, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 68 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "standing wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g; the wave length constant, &; the time attenuation constant, u\\ the distance attenuation constant, h, and the time accel ...", "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g; the wave length constant, &; the time attenuation constant, u\\ the distance attenuation constant, h, and the time acceleration constant ...", "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g; the wave length constant, &; the time attenuation constant, u\\ the distance attenuation constant, h, and the time acceleration constant, s ; among these, the time ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-57", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "section_title": "Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 57, "number": 8, "location": "lines 34203-34896", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 88, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 69 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-57/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-57/", "snippets": [ "... transition point as zero point of X, so that >l< 0 is section 1, A>0 is section 2, equations (285) assume the form A2 = B2 = C2 = D2 = blCv (349) From equations (349) and (286) it follows that c2 (A* - C22) = ct (A* - C,2) 1 and (350) c2 (B2 - D2) = c, (B2 - D2). J If now a wave in section 1, A B, travels towards transition point A = 0, at this point a part is reflected, giving rise to the reflected wave C D in section 1, while a part is transmitted and appears as main wave A B in section 2. The wave C D in sec- tion 2 thus would not exist, as it would be a wave coming ...", "... = C2 = D2 = blCv (349) From equations (349) and (286) it follows that c2 (A* - C22) = ct (A* - C,2) 1 and (350) c2 (B2 - D2) = c, (B2 - D2). J If now a wave in section 1, A B, travels towards transition point A = 0, at this point a part is reflected, giving rise to the reflected wave C D in section 1, while a part is transmitted and appears as main wave A B in section 2. The wave C D in sec- tion 2 thus would not exist, as it would be a wave coming towards A = 0 from section 2, so not a part of the wave coming from section 1. In other words, we can consider the circuit as c ...", "... ows that c2 (A* - C22) = ct (A* - C,2) 1 and (350) c2 (B2 - D2) = c, (B2 - D2). J If now a wave in section 1, A B, travels towards transition point A = 0, at this point a part is reflected, giving rise to the reflected wave C D in section 1, while a part is transmitted and appears as main wave A B in section 2. The wave C D in sec- tion 2 thus would not exist, as it would be a wave coming towards A = 0 from section 2, so not a part of the wave coming from section 1. In other words, we can consider the circuit as com- prising two waves moving in opposite direction : (1) A main wave ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 10718-13483", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 87, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 59 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductive reactance, but negligible true ohmic resistance; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating mag- netic flux which generates in the electric circuit an e.ni.f. — the counter e.m.f. of self-induction. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, that is, practically no e.m.f. consuzned by the resist- ance, all the impressed e.m.f. must be consume ...", "... lf-induction. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, that is, practically no e.m.f. consuzned by the resist- ance, all the impressed e.m.f. must be consumed by the counter e.m.f. of self-induction, that is, the counter e.m.f. equals the impressed e.m.f.; hence, if the impressed e.m.f. is a sine wave, the counter e.m.f., and, therefore, the magnetic flux which generates the counter e.m.f., must follow a sine wave also. The alternating wave of current is not a sine wave in this case, but is distorted by hysteresis. It is possible, however, to plot the cur- rent wave in this case from the hy ...", "... all the impressed e.m.f. must be consumed by the counter e.m.f. of self-induction, that is, the counter e.m.f. equals the impressed e.m.f.; hence, if the impressed e.m.f. is a sine wave, the counter e.m.f., and, therefore, the magnetic flux which generates the counter e.m.f., must follow a sine wave also. The alternating wave of current is not a sine wave in this case, but is distorted by hysteresis. It is possible, however, to plot the cur- rent wave in this case from the hysteretic cycle of magnetic flux. From the number of turns, n, of the electric circuit, the effective counter e.m.f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves : General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12222-12961", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 84, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 65 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII SHAPING OF WAVES : GENERAL 69. In alternating-current engineering, the sine wave, as shown in Fig. 46, is usually aimed at as the standard. This is not duo to any inherent merit of the sine wave. For all those pm-poses, where the energy developed by the cur- rent in a resistance is the object, as for incande ...", "CHAPTER VII SHAPING OF WAVES : GENERAL 69. In alternating-current engineering, the sine wave, as shown in Fig. 46, is usually aimed at as the standard. This is not duo to any inherent merit of the sine wave. For all those pm-poses, where the energy developed by the cur- rent in a resistance is the object, as for incandescent lighting, heating, etc., any wave form is equally satisfact ...", "CHAPTER VII SHAPING OF WAVES : GENERAL 69. In alternating-current engineering, the sine wave, as shown in Fig. 46, is usually aimed at as the standard. This is not duo to any inherent merit of the sine wave. For all those pm-poses, where the energy developed by the cur- rent in a resistance is the object, as for incandescent lighting, heating, etc., any wave form is equally satisfactory, as the energy of the wave depends only on its effective value, but not on it^ shape. With regards to insula ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 21983-22448", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 83, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 47 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 18 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIII. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 244. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 175 and Fig. 175. Effect of Triple Harmonic. 176 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 399 In Fig. 175 is shown the fundamental ...", "CHAPTER XXIII. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 244. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 175 and Fig. 175. Effect of Triple Harmonic. 176 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 399 In Fig. 175 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitu ...", "... ARMONICS. 244. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 175 and Fig. 175. Effect of Triple Harmonic. 176 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 399 In Fig. 175 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacements of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°, represented by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "section_title": "Ri", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 20, "location": "lines 24560-25119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 80, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 18 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXri. XFFBCTB OF HIOHXilt BAAHONICS. 223. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 159 and rig. reo. £jr«t •/ wp/. ho™ 160 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 159 is shown the funda ...", "CHAPTER XXri. XFFBCTB OF HIOHXilt BAAHONICS. 223. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 159 and rig. reo. £jr«t •/ wp/. ho™ 160 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 159 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per c ...", "... IOHXilt BAAHONICS. 223. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 159 and rig. reo. £jr«t •/ wp/. ho™ 160 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 159 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacements of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 21190-21982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 80, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 65 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXII. DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES. 233. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sin ...", "CHAPTER XXII. DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES. 233. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and with certain distortions it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equivalent sine w ...", "CHAPTER XXII. DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES. 233. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and with certain distortions it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equivalent sine wave, since the angle of phase displacement of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 80, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 70 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... ECTRICAL APPARATUS primary, that is, which receives electric power and converts it into mechanical power, and the primary or stator of the induc- tion machine thus corresponds to the armature of the synchro- nous or commutating machine. In the secondary or rotor of the induction machine, low-frequency currents — of the frequency of slip — are induced by the primary, but the magnetic field flux is produced by the exciting current which traverses the primary or armature or stator. Thus the induction machine may be considered as a machine in which the magnetic field is produced by the armature ...", "... y, that is, which receives electric power and converts it into mechanical power, and the primary or stator of the induc- tion machine thus corresponds to the armature of the synchro- nous or commutating machine. In the secondary or rotor of the induction machine, low-frequency currents — of the frequency of slip — are induced by the primary, but the magnetic field flux is produced by the exciting current which traverses the primary or armature or stator. Thus the induction machine may be considered as a machine in which the magnetic field is produced by the armature reaction, and corresponds t ...", "... en leading current produced, or — with a lesaer exciting current in the rotor — at least the power-factor increased. Various such methods of secondary excitation have been pro- posed, and to some extent used. 1. Passing a direct current through the rotor for excitation. In this case, as the frequency of the secondary currents is the frequency of slip, with a direct current, the frequency is zero, that is, the motor becomes a synchronous motor. 2. Excitation through commutator, by the alternating supply current, either in shunt or in series to the armature. At the supply frequency,/, and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6957-8383", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 78, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 54 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... ield. To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductance, but negligible true ohmic resistance ; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating magnetic flux which induces in the electric circuit an E.M.F., — the counter E.M.F. of self-induction. If the ohmic re- sistance is negligible, that is, practically no E.M.F. con- sumed by the resistance, all the impressed E.M.F. must be consumed ...", "... ble, that is, practically no E.M.F. con- sumed by the resistance, all the impressed E.M.F. must be consumed by the counter E.M.F. of self-induction, that is, the counter E.M.F. equals the impressed E.M.F. ; hence, if EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 107 the impressed E.M.F. is a sine wave, the counter E.M.F., and, therefore, the magnetic flux which induces the counter E.M.F. must follow a sine wave also. The alternating wave of current is not a sine wave in this case, but is distorted by hysteresis. It is possible, however, to plot the current wave in this case from the hystere ...", "... he counter E.M.F. of self-induction, that is, the counter E.M.F. equals the impressed E.M.F. ; hence, if EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 107 the impressed E.M.F. is a sine wave, the counter E.M.F., and, therefore, the magnetic flux which induces the counter E.M.F. must follow a sine wave also. The alternating wave of current is not a sine wave in this case, but is distorted by hysteresis. It is possible, however, to plot the current wave in this case from the hysteretic cycle of magnetic flux. From the number of turns, n, of the electric circuit, the effective counter E.M.F., ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 33011-34776", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 77, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXVII SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES 259. The vector representation, A — a'^ -{- ja^'^ = a (cos d -\\- j sin 6) of the alternating wave, A = tto cos {(f) — 6) apphes to the sine wave only. The general alternating wave, however, contains an infinite series of terms, of odd frequencies, A = Aicos( 0- ^i) + ^3 cos (3 (^ - 63 ...", "CHAPTER XXVII SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES 259. The vector representation, A — a'^ -{- ja^'^ = a (cos d -\\- j sin 6) of the alternating wave, A = tto cos {(f) — 6) apphes to the sine wave only. The general alternating wave, however, contains an infinite series of terms, of odd frequencies, A = Aicos( 0- ^i) + ^3 cos (3 (^ - 63) + As cos (5 <^ - ^5) + thus cannot be directly represented by one complex vector quantity. The re ...", "CHAPTER XXVII SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES 259. The vector representation, A — a'^ -{- ja^'^ = a (cos d -\\- j sin 6) of the alternating wave, A = tto cos {(f) — 6) apphes to the sine wave only. The general alternating wave, however, contains an infinite series of terms, of odd frequencies, A = Aicos( 0- ^i) + ^3 cos (3 (^ - 63) + As cos (5 <^ - ^5) + thus cannot be directly represented by one complex vector quantity. The replacement of the general wave by its equivalent sin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 76, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIV. SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES. 253. The vector representation, A = a1 +y — 7) ei = e0 sin (0 — 7) l where # = 2»ft (4) and ' = 27^ (5) is the frequency of oscillation. The transient component is hk = e-*, (6) 72 LINE OSCILLATIONS. 73 where e = — €Q sin 7 hence the total expression of transient current and voltage is i = loe-^cos (0 - 7) 6 = eoe-^sinfa - 7) 7, e0, and i.Q follow from the initial values ef and i' of the transient ...", "... rge or charge of a condenser through an in- ductive circuit. Obviously, no material difference can exist, whether the capacity and the inductance are separately massed, or whether they are intermixed, a piece of inductance and piece of capacity alternating, or uniformly distributed, as in the transmission line, cable, etc. Thus, the same equations apply to any point of the transmission line. A B Fig. 34. However, if (8) are the equations of current and voltage at a point A of a line, shown diagrammatically in Fig. 34, at any other point B, at distance I from the point A, the same equations w ...", "... al difference can exist, whether the capacity and the inductance are separately massed, or whether they are intermixed, a piece of inductance and piece of capacity alternating, or uniformly distributed, as in the transmission line, cable, etc. Thus, the same equations apply to any point of the transmission line. A B Fig. 34. However, if (8) are the equations of current and voltage at a point A of a line, shown diagrammatically in Fig. 34, at any other point B, at distance I from the point A, the same equations will apply, but the phase angle 7, and the maximum values eQ and IQ, may be differen ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: F", "section_title": "F", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 8269-10499", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 73, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 49 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... orce. To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductance, but negligible true ohmic resistance ; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating magnetic flux which induces in the electric circuit an E.M.F., — the counter E.M.F. of self-induction. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, the counter E.M.F. equals the impressed E.M.F. ; hence, if the impressed E.M.F. is §75] EFFECTIVE RESIS ...", "... n alternating magnetic flux which induces in the electric circuit an E.M.F., — the counter E.M.F. of self-induction. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, the counter E.M.F. equals the impressed E.M.F. ; hence, if the impressed E.M.F. is §75] EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE, 107 a sine wave, the counter E.M.F., and, therefore, the mag- netic flux which induces the counter E.M.F. must follow sine waves also. The alternating wave of current is not a sine wave in this case, but is distorted by hysteresis. It is possible, however, to plot the current wave in this case from the hyster ...", "... ion. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, the counter E.M.F. equals the impressed E.M.F. ; hence, if the impressed E.M.F. is §75] EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE, 107 a sine wave, the counter E.M.F., and, therefore, the mag- netic flux which induces the counter E.M.F. must follow sine waves also. The alternating wave of current is not a sine wave in this case, but is distorted by hysteresis. It is possible, however, to plot the current wave in this case from the hysteretic cycle of magnetic flux. From the number of turns, «, of the electric circuit, the effective counter E.M.F., ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "section_title": "Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 23274-24559", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 70, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 57 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI. DIBTOBTIOX OF WAVS-SHAFE AND ITS CAUSES. 212. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and no longer, and it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equiv- alent sine wave, sin ...", "CHAPTER XXI. DIBTOBTIOX OF WAVS-SHAFE AND ITS CAUSES. 212. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and no longer, and it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equiv- alent sine wave, since the angle of phase displacement of the equ ...", "... BTIOX OF WAVS-SHAFE AND ITS CAUSES. 212. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and no longer, and it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equiv- alent sine wave, since the angle of phase displacement of the equivalent sine wave becomes indefinite. Thus it becomes desirable to investigate the distortion of the wave ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-55", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 55, "number": 6, "location": "lines 32709-33527", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 69, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 40. The discussions of standing waves and free oscillations in Chapters III and V, and traveling waves in Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are alwa ...", "CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 40. The discussions of standing waves and free oscillations in Chapters III and V, and traveling waves in Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits comprising sections of different con- stants, ...", "CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 40. The discussions of standing waves and free oscillations in Chapters III and V, and traveling waves in Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits comprising sections of different con- stants, — generator, transformer, transmission lines, and load, — and a simple circuit is realized only by a section of a circuit, as a tran ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 49, "number": 9, "location": "lines 27003-27760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 67, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "electric radiation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated b ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and the voltage drop, may be of an entirely ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-40", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification", "section_title": "Arc Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 40, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17755-19259", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 66, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "snippets": [ "... and producing a reverse cathode blast, which, in general, requires a voltage higher than the electrostatic striking 249 250 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA voltage (at arc temperature) between the electrodes. With an alternating impressed e.m.f. the arc if established goes out at the end of the half wave, or if a cathode blast is maintained continuously by a second arc (excited by direct current or overlapping sufficiently with the first arc), only alternate half waves can pass, those for which that terminal is negative from which the continuous blast issues. The arc, with an alternating impre ...", "... emperature) between the electrodes. With an alternating impressed e.m.f. the arc if established goes out at the end of the half wave, or if a cathode blast is maintained continuously by a second arc (excited by direct current or overlapping sufficiently with the first arc), only alternate half waves can pass, those for which that terminal is negative from which the continuous blast issues. The arc, with an alternating impressed voltage, therefore rectifies, and the voltage range of rectification is the range between the arc voltage and the electro- static spark voltage through the arc vapo ...", "... in either case, so that only the constant-current rectifier will be considered more explicitly in the following paragraphs. The constant-current mercury arc rectifier system, as used for the operation of constant direct-current arc circuits from an alternating constant potential supply of any frequency, is sketched diagrammatically in Fig. 60. It consists of a constant-current transformer with a tap C brought out from the middle of the secondary coil AB. The rectifier tube has two graphite anodes ARC RECTIFICATION 251 a, 6, and a mercury cathode c, and usually two auxiliary mercury a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Flames As Illuminants", "section_title": "Flames As Illuminants", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6609-7140", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "ultra-violet", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "ultra-red", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. FLAMES AS ILLUMINANTS. 56. Two main classes of illuminants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combust ...", "... minants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combustion, almost exclusively hydrocarbon flames are used, as the gas flame, the candle, the oil lamp, the gasolene and kerosene lamp, etc.; that is, compounds of hydrogen and carbon or of hydrogen, carbon and some oxygen are burned. The hydrogen, H, com- bines wit ...", "... of the air, to carbon dioxide, C02; or, if the air supply is insufficient, to carbon monoxide, CO, a very poisonous, combustible, odorless gas (coal gas), which thus appears in all incomplete combustions and is present, also, as intermediary stage, in complete combustion. The mechanism of the light production by the hydrocarbon flame I illustrate here on the luminous gas flame : where the gas issues from the burner into the air, it burns at the surface of the gas jet. By the heat of combustion the gas is raised to a high temperature. Most hydrocarbons, however, cannot stand high temperat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 31657-33200", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 64, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 54 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... g periodically between constant maximum and minimum values — that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero; and is called a pulsating cur- rent if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is characterized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alternating current. A very important ...", "... that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero; and is called a pulsating cur- rent if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is characterized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alternating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometrically ...", "... plete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alternating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometrically varying amplitude; that is, currents in which the amplitude of each following wave bears to that of the pre- ceding wave a constant ratio. Such currents consist of a series of waves of constant length, decreasing in amplitude, that is, in strength, in constant proportion. They are called oscillating currents in analogy with mechanical oscillations — ^for instance of the pend ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 37: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 37, "location": "lines 38393-40115", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 63, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... anti- ties, 37 Actual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating resistance, 352 volt-ampere characteristic, 354 wave constrtiction, 355 Armature reaction of alternator, 260, 272 Average value of ...", "... , 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating resistance, 352 volt-ampere characteristic, 354 wave constrtiction, 355 Armature reaction of alternator, 260, 272 Average value of wave, 11 Balanced polyphase system, 397 Balance factor of polyphase system, 406 Brush discharge, 112 Cable, topographical characteristic, 42 Capacity, 4, 9 of line, 174 Choking coil, 96 Circuit charact ...", "... , 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating resistance, 352 volt-ampere characteristic, 354 wave constrtiction, 355 Armature reaction of alternator, 260, 272 Average value of wave, 11 Balanced polyphase system, 397 Balance factor of polyphase system, 406 Brush discharge, 112 Cable, topographical characteristic, 42 Capacity, 4, 9 of line, 174 Choking coil, 96 Circuit characteristic of line and cable, 44 dielectric and dynamic, 159 factor of general wave, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6804-8485", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 62, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... scillation becomes cumulative, that is, increas- ing in amplitude, until either the system breaks down or, by the increase of the energy dissipation, it becomes equal to the energy supply, and the oscillation becomes continual. A continual or cumulative oscillation thus involves an energy and frequency transformation, from the low-frequency or con- tinuous-current energy of the power supply of the system to the high-frequency energy of the oscillation. 119 120 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES This energy transformation may be brought about by the transient of energy readjustmen ...", "... increas- ing in amplitude, until either the system breaks down or, by the increase of the energy dissipation, it becomes equal to the energy supply, and the oscillation becomes continual. A continual or cumulative oscillation thus involves an energy and frequency transformation, from the low-frequency or con- tinuous-current energy of the power supply of the system to the high-frequency energy of the oscillation. 119 120 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES This energy transformation may be brought about by the transient of energy readjustment, resulting from a change of circuit ...", "... the energy dissipation, it becomes equal to the energy supply, and the oscillation becomes continual. A continual or cumulative oscillation thus involves an energy and frequency transformation, from the low-frequency or con- tinuous-current energy of the power supply of the system to the high-frequency energy of the oscillation. 119 120 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES This energy transformation may be brought about by the transient of energy readjustment, resulting from a change of circuit conditions, producing again a change of circuit conditions and thereby an energy readjus ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents,", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5312-6797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 62, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "ultraviolet", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "ultra-red", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. OSCILLATING CURRENTS, 44. The charge and discharge of a condenser through an inductive circuit produces periodic currents of a frequency depending upon the circuit constants. The range of frequencies which can be produced by electro- dynamic machinery is rather limited: synchronous machines or ordinary alternators can give economically and in units of larger size frequencies from 10 to 125 cycles. Frequencies below 10 cycles ...", "... nge of frequencies which can be produced by electro- dynamic machinery is rather limited: synchronous machines or ordinary alternators can give economically and in units of larger size frequencies from 10 to 125 cycles. Frequencies below 10 cycles are available by commutating machines with low frequency excitation. Above 125 cycles the difficulties rapidly increase, due to the great number of poles, high periph- eral speed, high power required for field excitation, poor regu- lation due to the massing of the conductors, which is required because of the small pitch per pole of the machine, etc. ...", "... ller powers, a few kilowatts, by using shunted capacity to assist the excitation, and not attempting to produce constant potential, single-phase alternators have been built and are in commercial service giving 10,000 and even 100,000 cycles, and 200,000-cycle alternators are being designed for wireless telegraphy and telephony. Still, even going to the limits of peripheral speed, and sacri- ficing everything for high frequency, a limit is reached in the frequency available by electrodynamic generation. It becomes of importance, therefore, to investigate whether by the use of the condenser ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2162-2971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 13 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... re equal, as shown in Fig. 15B, and is a maximum, if the change occurs at the moment when the two currents i\\ and iz have the greatest difference, that is, at a point one-quarter period or 90 degrees distant from the intersection of i\\ and 12, as shown in Fig. 15C. 32 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. If the current ii is zero, we get the starting of the alternating current in an inductive circuit, as shown in Figs. 16, A, B, C. The starting transient is zero, if the circuit is closed at the moment when the permanent current would be zero (Fig. 16B), and is a maximum when cl ...", "... of the alternating current in an inductive circuit, as shown in Figs. 16, A, B, C. The starting transient is zero, if the circuit is closed at the moment when the permanent current would be zero (Fig. 16B), and is a maximum when closing the circuit at the maximum point of the permanent-current wave (Fig. 16C). The permanent current and the transient components are shown dotted in Fig. 16, and the resultant or actual current in drawn lines. B Fig. 16. — Single-energy Starting Transient of Alternating-current Circuit. 1 8. Applying the preceding to the starting of a balanced three-ph ...", "... , the sum of the initial values of the three transient currents also is zero. Since the three transient curves ii°, i'2°, iz° are pro- portional to each other fas exponential curves of the same dura- tion T = — ], and the sum of their initial values is zero, it follows 34 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. that the sum of their instantaneous values must be zero at any moment, and therefore the sum of the instantaneous values of the resultant currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic fie ...", "... n to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the former varying with the voltage, the latter with the current in the line. Any change of the voltage on the line, or the current in the line, or the relation between volt- age and current, therefore requires ...", "... esponding change of the stored energy; that is, a readjustment of the stored energy e^C in the system, the electrostatic energy and the electro- i'L magnetic energy — — , from the previous to the changed cir- cuit conditions. This readjustment occurs by an oscillation, that is, a series of waves of voltage and of current, which gradually decreases in intensity, that is, dies out. ' These oscillating voltages and currents are the result of the readjustment of the stored energy of the circuit to a sudden change of conditions, and are dependant upon the stored energy of the circuit, but ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "section_title": "Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3619-4087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 15 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR DIAGRAMS 42. The graphic representation of alternating waves in rec- tangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae and the instan- taneous values as ordinates, gives a picture of their wave structure, as shown in Figs. 1 to 5. It does not, however, show their periodic character as well as the representation in polar coordi- nates, with the time as th ...", "CHAPTER VII POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR DIAGRAMS 42. The graphic representation of alternating waves in rec- tangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae and the instan- taneous values as ordinates, gives a picture of their wave structure, as shown in Figs. 1 to 5. It does not, however, show their periodic character as well as the representation in polar coordi- nates, with the time as the angle or the amplitude — one complete period being represented by one revolution — and the instan- taneous values as radius vector ...", "... tude — one complete period being represented by one revolution — and the instan- taneous values as radius vectors; the polar coordinate system, in which the independent variable, the angle, is periodic, obvi- ously lends itself better to the representation of periodic functions, as alternating waves. Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 36 and 37 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude or angle of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 13649-16361", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 51 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "periodicity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... s the object always to retain secondary circuits in inductive relation to primary circuits and vice versa, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the E.M.Fs. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency 238 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the \"slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). Hence, if N = ...", "... relation to primary circuits and vice versa, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the E.M.Fs. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency 238 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the \"slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). Hence, if N = frequency of main or primary E.M.F., and s = percentage slip ...", "... their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the E.M.Fs. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency 238 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the \"slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). Hence, if N = frequency of main or primary E.M.F., and s = percentage slip ; sJV = frequency of armature or secondary E.M.F., a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "section_title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 15, "location": "lines 18413-19373", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... extended use for small and moderate powers, for storage-battery charging and for series arc lighting by constant direct current. For large powers, however, the rectifier does not appear applicable, but the synchronous converter takes its place. The two most important types of direct-current arc-light ma- chines, however, have in reality been mechanical rectifiers, and for compounding alternators, and for starting synchronous motors, rectifying commutators have been used to a considerable extent. Let, in Fig. 72, e be the alternating voltage wave of the supply source, and the connections ...", "... most important types of direct-current arc-light ma- chines, however, have in reality been mechanical rectifiers, and for compounding alternators, and for starting synchronous motors, rectifying commutators have been used to a considerable extent. Let, in Fig. 72, e be the alternating voltage wave of the supply source, and the connections of the receiver circuit with this sup- ply source be periodically and synchronously reversed, at the zero points of the voltage wave, by a reversing commutator driven by a small synchronous motor, shown in Fig. 73. In the receiver circuit the voltage w ...", "... motors, rectifying commutators have been used to a considerable extent. Let, in Fig. 72, e be the alternating voltage wave of the supply source, and the connections of the receiver circuit with this sup- ply source be periodically and synchronously reversed, at the zero points of the voltage wave, by a reversing commutator driven by a small synchronous motor, shown in Fig. 73. In the receiver circuit the voltage wave then is unidirectional but pul- sating, as shown by e0 in Fig. 74. If receiver circuit and supply circuit both are non-inductive, the current in the receiver circuit is a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2485-3386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 57, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... equal, as shown in Fig. 155, and is a maximum, if the change occurs at the moment when the two currents ii and 12 have the greatest difference, as shown in Fig. 15C, that is, at a point one-quarter period or 90 degrees distant from the intersec- tion of ii and 12. 32 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. If the current ii is zero, we get the starting of the alternating current in an inductive circuit, as shown in Figs. 16, A, B,C. The starting transient is zero, if the circuit is closed at the moment when the permanent current would be zero (Fig. 165), and is a maximum when clo ...", "... of the alternating current in an inductive circuit, as shown in Figs. 16, A, B,C. The starting transient is zero, if the circuit is closed at the moment when the permanent current would be zero (Fig. 165), and is a maximum when closing the circuit at the maximum point of the permanent-current wave (Fig. 16C). The permanent current and the transient components are shown dotted in Fig. 16, and the resultant or actual current in drawn lines. Fig. 16. — Single-energy Starting Transient of Alternating-current Circuit. 1 8. Applying the preceding to the starting of a balanced three-phase ...", "... o, the sum of the initial values of the three transient currents also is zero. Since the three transient curves ii^, 12^, 4° are pro- portional to each other fas exponential curves of the same dura- tion T = —\\ and the sum of their initial values is zero, it follows 84 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. that the sum of their instantaneous values must be zero at any moment, and therefore the sum of the instantaneous values of the resultant currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "section_title": "Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 24023-27995", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... ing causes the voltage to rise to the maximum value pcjnnitted by the power of the generating source. Hence, whrjrrj the circuit constants, with a constant-voltage supply source, are Huch as U) approach constant-voltage constant-current tran.sfonnation, as in for instance the case in very long transmission line«, or>^;n-<:ircuit- ing may lead to dangeroiLs or even destructive voltage rh¥% 128. With an inductive reactance inserted in series to an alt^^r- 245 246 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS nating-current non-inductive circuit, at constant-supply voltage, the current in this circuit is approximately consta ...", "... other words, the series induct- ive reactance of the constant-cmrent transformer, varies auto- matically between a maximum, with the primary and secondary coils at their maximum distance apart, and a minimum with the coils touching each other. Obviously, this automatic action is independent of frequency, impressed voltage, and character of load. If the two coils P and S in Fig. 114 are wound with the same number of turns and connected in series with each other and with the circuit, Fig. 114 is a constant-current regulator, or a regulating reactance, that is, a reactance which varies with the ...", "... constant series reactance, whether condensive or inductive, when inserted in a constant-potential circuit, tends toward a constant-current r^ulation, at least within a certain range of load. That is, at varying resistance, r, and therefore varying load, the current is approximately constant at light load, and drops off only gradu- ally with increasing load. 256 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS This constant-current regulation, and the power-factor of the circuit, are best if the reactance of the receiver circuit is of oppo- site sign to the series reactance, and poorest if of the same sign. That ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 48, "number": 8, "location": "lines 26095-27002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "propagation", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD. 67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is ...", "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD. 67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reali ...", "... etic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the electric field starts at the conductor and propa- gates from there through space with a finite though very high velocity, the velocity of light; that is, at any point in space the electric field at any moment corresponds not to the condi- tion of the electric energy flow at that moment but to that at a moment earlier by the time of propagation from the conductor to the point under consideration, or, in other words, the electric field ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "section_title": "Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2389-3594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE III GRAVITATION AND THE GRAVITATIONAL FLELD A. THE IDENTITY OF GRAVITATIONAL, CENTRIFUGAL AND INERTIAL MASS As seen in the preceding lecture, the conception of the ether as the carrier of radiation had to be abandoned as incompatible with the theory of relativity; the conception of action at a distance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, char ...", "... force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, character- ized by the property of exerting a force on any body susceptible to this energy — that is, a magnetic field on a magnetizable body, a gravitational field on a gravitational mass, etc. Light, or, in general, radiation, is an electromagnetic wave — ^that is, an alternation or periodic variation of the electromagnetic field^ — and the difference between the alternating fields of our transmission lines, the electro- magnetic waves of our radio stations, the waves of visible light and ...", "... ctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, character- ized by the property of exerting a force on any body susceptible to this energy — that is, a magnetic field on a magnetizable body, a gravitational field on a gravitational mass, etc. Light, or, in general, radiation, is an electromagnetic wave — ^that is, an alternation or periodic variation of the electromagnetic field^ — and the difference between the alternating fields of our transmission lines, the electro- magnetic waves of our radio stations, the waves of visible light and the X-rays are merely thos ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3133-3507", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally ...", "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher frequency; that is, for the higher harmonics of the generator wave, and for so ...", "... open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher frequency; that is, for the higher harmonics of the generator wave, and for some of the higher harmonics of the generator wave resonance rise of voltage so may occur between the line capacity and the circuit inductance. The origin and exist ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6125-6803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 51, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we h ...", "... ircuit, and u that of any section, this section must have a second exponential time decrement, s = Uq — u, (2) which represents power transfer from the section to other sections, or, if s is negative, power received from other sections. The oscil- lation of every individual section thus is a traveling wave, with a power-transfer constant s. As Uo is the average dissipation constant, that is, an average of the power-dissipation constants u of all the sections, and s = uq — u the power-transfer constant, some of the s must be positive, some negative. In any section in which the power-dissipatio ...", "... ion constants u of all the sections, and s = uq — u the power-transfer constant, some of the s must be positive, some negative. In any section in which the power-dissipation constant u is less than the average Uq of the entire circuit, the power-transfer con- stant s is positive; that is, the wave, passing over this section, in- creases in intensity, builds up, or in other words, gathers energy, which it carries away from this section into other sections. In any section in which the power-dissipation constant u is greater than the average Uq of the entire circuit, the power-transfer con- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5521-6088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 50, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we h ...", "... ircuit, and u that of any section, this section must have a second exponential time decrement, S = UQ — U, (2) which represents power transfer from the section to other sections, or, if s is negative, power received from other sections. The oscil- lation of every individual section thus is a traveling wave, with a power-transfer constant s. As UQ is the average dissipation constant, that is, an average of the power-dissipation constants u of all the sections, and s = UQ — u the power-transfer constant, some of the s must be positive, some negative. In any section in which the power-dissipatio ...", "... on constants u of all the sections, and s = UQ — u the power-transfer constant, some of the s must be positive, some negative. In any section in which the power-dissipation constant u is less than the average UQ of the entire circuit, the power-transfer con- stant s is positive ; that is, the wave, passing over this section, in- creases in intensity, builds up, or in other words, gathers energy, which it carries away from this section into other sections. In any section in which the power- dissipation constant u is greater than the average UQ of the entire circuit, the power-transfer con ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "section_title": "Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7826-9227", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 50, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the ...", "CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole system, of the same character as in the case of localized capacity and inductance discussed in the preceding chapter. While a system of distributed capacity has an infinite number of frequencies, which usually are the odd multiples of a funda- ...", "... nce transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole system, of the same character as in the case of localized capacity and inductance discussed in the preceding chapter. While a system of distributed capacity has an infinite number of frequencies, which usually are the odd multiples of a funda- mental frequency of oscillation, in those cases where the fundamental frequency predominates and the effect of the higher frequencies is negligible, the oscillation can be approxi- mated by the equations of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1120-1683", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 49, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... ed current, etc. 2. In phice of the above-mentioned fundamental laws of continuous currents, we find in alternating-current circuits the following: Ohm's law assumes the form i = -, where z, the apparent resistance, or impedance, is no longer a constant of the circuit, but depends upon the frequency of the currents; and in circuits containing iron, etc., also upon the e.m.f. Impedance, z, is, in the system of absolute units, of the same dimension as resistance (that is, of the dimension lt~^ = velocity), and is expressed in ohms. It consists of two components, the resistance, r, and the ...", "... be called then the effective re- sistance. It may no longer be a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not represent the expenditure of energy as does the effective resistance, r, but merelj^ the surging to and fro of energy. It is not a constant of the circuit, but depends upon the frequency, and frequently, as in circuits containing iron, or in electrolytic conductors, upon the e.m.f. also. Hence while the effective resistance, r, refers to the power or active component of e.m.f., or the e.m.f. in phase with the current, the re- actance, X, refers to the wattless or reactive compo ...", "... ugh the magnetic field. Hence, if i is the current and L is the inductance of a cir- cuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, i, is Li, and 4/L* is consequently the average rate of cutting; that is, the number of lines of force cut by the conductor per second, where / = frequency, or number of complete periods (double reversals) of the current per second, i = maximum value of current. Since the maximum rate of cutting bears to the average rate the same ratio as the quadrant to the radius of a circle (a sinu- 4 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA soidal variation suppose ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "section_title": "Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 16964-17631", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 76. The elimination of voltage and current distortion, and production of sine waves from any kind of supply wave, that is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" Series reactance alo ...", "CHAPTER IX WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 76. The elimination of voltage and current distortion, and production of sine waves from any kind of supply wave, that is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" Series reactance alone acts to a considerable extent as wave screen, by consuming voltage proportional to the frequency and the c ...", "CHAPTER IX WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 76. The elimination of voltage and current distortion, and production of sine waves from any kind of supply wave, that is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" Series reactance alone acts to a considerable extent as wave screen, by consuming voltage proportional to the frequency and the current, and thereby reducing ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2760-3266", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V SYMBOLIC METHOD 25. The graphical method of representing alternating-current phenomena affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual relation of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves rep- resented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, ...", "... affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual relation of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves rep- resented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (c/. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes have numerical values in practice somewhat like the following: Ei = 100 volts, and 7i = 75 amp. For a non-indu ...", "... Fo = VF2 + Fi2 _^ 2i^i^isin Bi, an expression not well suited as a starting-point for further calculation. A method is therefore desirable which combines the exactness of analytical calculation with the clearness of the graphical representation. 27. We have seen that the alternating sine wave is repre- sented in intensity, as well as phase, by a vector, 01, which is determined analytically by two numerical quantities — the length, 01, or intensity; and the amplitude, AOI, or phase, 6, of the wave, /. Instead of denoting the vector which repre- Fig. 22. sents the sine wave in th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Inductor Machines", "section_title": "Inductor Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 17, "location": "lines 20294-20974", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... e voltage in the armature turns of the inductor alternator, thus is #i — *», while that in the revolving-field or revolving-armature type of alternator is 2 *„. The general formula of voltage induction in an alternator is: (1) ! - y/2 «/«*„, 27G ELECTRICAL APPARATUS where : / = frequency, in hundreds of cycles, n = number of armature turns in series, *0 = maximum magnetic flux, alternating through the armature turns, in megalines, e = effective value of induced voltage. *i — *s taking the place of 2 *0, in the inductor alternator, the equation of voltage induction thus is: ...", "... ature, if instead of pulsat- ing between 4>, and *2 or approximately zero, we would alternate between *i and — *i. On the other hand, the single field-coil construction gives a material advantage in the material economy of the field, and in machines having very many field poles, that is, high-frequency alternators, the economy in the field construction overbalances the lesser economy in the use of the armature, especially as at higli frequencies it is not feasible any more to push the alter- nating flux, $0, up to or near saturation values. Therefore, for high-frequency generators, the induc ...", "... poles, that is, high-frequency alternators, the economy in the field construction overbalances the lesser economy in the use of the armature, especially as at higli frequencies it is not feasible any more to push the alter- nating flux, $0, up to or near saturation values. Therefore, for high-frequency generators, the inductor alternator becomes the economically superior types, and is preferred, and for ex- tremely high frequencies (20,000 to 100,000 cycles) the inductor alternator becomes the only feasible type, mechanically, 168. In the calculation of the magnetic circuit of the inductor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 963-1366", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... rrent, etc. 2. In place of the above-mentioned fundamental laws of continuous currents, we find in alternating-current circuits the following : Ohm's law assumes the form, i = e ] s, where z, the apparent resistance, or impedance, is no longer a constant of the circuit, but depends upon the frequency of the cur- rents ; and in circuits containing iron, etc., also upon the E.M.F. Impedance, z, is, in the system of absolute units, of the same dimensions as resistance (that is, of the dimension LT~l = velocity), and is expressed in ohms. It consists of two components, the resistance, r, an ...", "... n the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not represent the expenditure of power, as does the effective resistance, r, but merely the surging to and fro of energy. It is not a constant of the INTRODUCTION. 3 circuit, but depends upon the frequency, and frequently, as in circuits containing iron, or in electrolytic conductors, upon the E.M.F. also. Hence, while the effective resist- ance, r, refers to the energy component of E.M.F., or the E.M.F. in phase with the current, the reactance, x, refers to the wattless component of E.M.F., or ...", "... the magnetic field. Hence, if / is the current, and L is the inductance of a circuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, z, is Li, and 4 NLi is consequently the average rate of cutting ; that is, the number of lines of force cut by the conductor per second, where N ' = frequency, or number of complete periods (double reversals) of the cur- rent per second. Since the maximum rate of cutting bears to the average rate the same ratio as the quadrant to the radius of a circle (a sinusoidal variation supposed), that is the ratio ir/2 H- 1, the maximum rate of cutting is 2 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2322-2773", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. SYMBOLIC METHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating, current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, ...", "... ords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (cf. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes will have numerical values in practice, somewhat like El — 100 volts, and 1-^ = 75 amperes, for a non-inductiv ...", "... 2 + S^2 + 20^ sin Wi, an expression not well suited as a starting-point for further calculation. A method is therefore desirable which combines the exactness of analytical calculation with the clearness of the graphical representation. Fig. 22. 25. We have seen that the alternating sine wave is represented in intensity, as well as phase, by a vector, Of, which is determined analytically by two numerical quanti- ties — the length, Of, or intensity ; and the amplitude, AOf, or phase <3, of the wave, /. Instead of denoting the vector which represents the sine wave in the polar diag ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbouc Mbthod", "section_title": "Symbouc Mbthod", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2744-3229", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. SYMBOUC MBTHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating- current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is frequently not well suited, owing to the widely •different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instanc ...", "... ds the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is frequently not well suited, owing to the widely •different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (cf. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes •will have numerical values in practice, somewhat like E-^ = 100 volts, and /j = 75 amperes, for a non-inducti ...", "... ' + 2 IFSFi sin Wi , an expression not well suited as a starting-point for further calculation. A method is therefore desirable which combines the exactness of analytical calculation with the clearness of the graphical representation. Flq, 22. 25. We have seen that the alternating sine wave is represented in intensity, as well as phase, by a vector. Of, which is determined analytically by two numerical quanti- ties — the length, Of, or intensity ; and the amplitude, AO/, or phase to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchronizing energy current d ...", "... one of the two alternators then is given by: 2E 2 = sin co sin (d> a) cos ( co) z E 2 f 1 = sin co sin { (20 a co)+sin (co cm Z I J E 2 E 2 E 2 = sin co sin (2 a 0))+^- cos a jr- cos (2co a) (4) ^7 ^7 The phase angle co of the EMF is not constant, but pulsates with approximately constant low frequency, the frequency of the beat, and decreasing amplitude. co =co oe = maximum value of the phase angle, then may approximately represent the gradually decreasing amplitude of the phase angle, where a = attenuation of the beat or oscillation, and -at . ... co=a>oo sin pc/> (5; would approximately repres ...", "... alternators then is given by: 2E 2 = sin co sin (d> a) cos ( co) z E 2 f 1 = sin co sin { (20 a co)+sin (co cm Z I J E 2 E 2 E 2 = sin co sin (2 a 0))+^- cos a jr- cos (2co a) (4) ^7 ^7 The phase angle co of the EMF is not constant, but pulsates with approximately constant low frequency, the frequency of the beat, and decreasing amplitude. co =co oe = maximum value of the phase angle, then may approximately represent the gradually decreasing amplitude of the phase angle, where a = attenuation of the beat or oscillation, and -at . ... co=a>oo sin pc/> (5; would approximately represent the instant ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "section_title": "The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3595-6820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IV THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPACE A. THE GEOMETRY OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD The starting point of the relativity theory is that the laws of nature, including the velocity of light in empty space, are the same everywhere and with regard to any system to which they may be referred — whether on the revolving platform of the earth or in the speeding railway train or in the space between the fixed stars. From this it follows that the length of a body is not a fixed property ...", "... ich escapes notice, as the size of the triangle which we can meas- ure is limited to a few hundred million miles. ^ The mathe- maticians therefore used to speculate whether such a departure would be discovered if we could measure a tri- angle between some distant fixed stars with some hundred light-years as sides. The answer has now been given indirectly by the rela- tivity theory, showing that physical space varies between ^ Some of these properties will be explained later on. ^ The diameter of the orbit of the earth. 74 RELATIVITY AND SPACE General Euclidean Elliptic Hy ...", "... ine our three-dimensional space as con- tained in and as a part of a four-dimensional Euclidean space (and mathematically there is no difficulty in this), then from this four-dimensional Euclidean space we would see that the straight lines of our space are really circles with about 100,000,000 light-years' radius. But the center of the circle and its curvature are outside of our 3-space, in the fourth dimension, exactly as the straight line of the elliptic 2-space is a circle seen from the Euclidean 3-space containing the elliptic 2-space as sphere, but a circle of which the center and th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1224-1727", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... rrent, etc. 2. In place of the above-mentioned fundamental laws of continuous currents, we find in alternating-current circuits the following : Ohm's law assumes the form, i = c j Sy where r, the apparent resistance, or impcdaiue^ is no longer a constant of the circuit, but depends upon the frequency of the cur- rents ; and in circuits containing iron, etc., also upon the E.M.F. Impedance, ^, is, in the system of absolute units, of the same dimensions as resistance (that is, of the dimension L T~ * = velocity), and is expressed in ohms. It consists of two components, the resistance, r, ...", "... ffective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, ;r, does not represent the expenditure of power, as does the effective resistance, r, but merely the surging to and fro of energy. It is not a constant of the §3] I.XTRODUCriO.V, 3 circuit, but depends upon the frequency, and frequently, as in circuits containing iron, or in electrolytic conductors, upon the E.M.F. also. Hence, while the effective resist- ance, /', refers to the energy component of E.M.F., or the E.M.F. in phase with the current, the reactance, ;r, refers to the wattless component of E.M.F., o ...", "... gh the magnetic field. Hence, if / is the current, and L is the inductance of a circuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, /, is Lt, and 4 NLt is consequently the average rate of cutting ; that is, the number of lines of force cut by the conductor per second, where JV= frequency, or number of complete periods (double reversals) of the cur- rent per second. Since the maximum rate of cutting bears to the average rate the same ratio as the quadrant to the radius of a circle (a sinusoidal variation supposed), that is the ratio IT / 2 -5- 1, the maximum rate of cutting i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19374-20293", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... hich case the counter e.m.f. of self-induction lags less than 90° behind the current. 149. A case of this nature occurs in the effect of hysteresis, from a different point of view. In \"Theory and Calcuation of Al- ternating Current\" it was shown, thai -magnetic hysteresis distorts the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, REACTION MACHINES 263 that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called the angle of hysteretic advanee of phase a. the e.m.f. generated by the mag ...", "... on lags less than 90° behind the current. 149. A case of this nature occurs in the effect of hysteresis, from a different point of view. In \"Theory and Calcuation of Al- ternating Current\" it was shown, thai -magnetic hysteresis distorts the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, REACTION MACHINES 263 that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called the angle of hysteretic advanee of phase a. the e.m.f. generated by the magnetism, or counter e.m.f. nf self-induction ...", "... case of this nature occurs in the effect of hysteresis, from a different point of view. In \"Theory and Calcuation of Al- ternating Current\" it was shown, thai -magnetic hysteresis distorts the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, REACTION MACHINES 263 that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called the angle of hysteretic advanee of phase a. the e.m.f. generated by the magnetism, or counter e.m.f. nf self-induction lag* 90° behind the magnetism, it lags 90° + a he ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "section_title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2122-2743", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. GRAPHIC BEFRISXINTATION. 14. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, represented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternate waves is given by their repre- sentation in polar coordi ...", "CHAPTER IV. GRAPHIC BEFRISXINTATION. 14. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, represented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternate waves is given by their repre- sentation in polar coordinates, with the time as an angle or the amplitude, — one complete period being represented by one revolution, — and the instantaneous values as radii ...", "... GRAPHIC BEFRISXINTATION. 14. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, represented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternate waves is given by their repre- sentation in polar coordinates, with the time as an angle or the amplitude, — one complete period being represented by one revolution, — and the instantaneous values as radii vectores. Fiq, 8, Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 20502-21189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... the counter E.M.F. of self-induction lags less than 90° behind the current. 227. A case of this nature has been discussed already in the chapter on Hysteresis, from a different point of view. REACTION MACHINES. 373 There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called the angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the magnetism, or counter E. ...", "... ess than 90° behind the current. 227. A case of this nature has been discussed already in the chapter on Hysteresis, from a different point of view. REACTION MACHINES. 373 There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called the angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the magnetism, or counter E.M.F. of self-induction, lags 90° behind the ...", "... current. 227. A case of this nature has been discussed already in the chapter on Hysteresis, from a different point of view. REACTION MACHINES. 373 There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called the angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the magnetism, or counter E.M.F. of self-induction, lags 90° behind the magnetism, it lags 90 -f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "section_title": "Beactiox Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 22388-23273", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... . of self-induction lags less than 90° behind the current. 206. A case of this nature has been discussed already in the chapter on Hysteresis, from a different point of view. 310 ALTERNATING-CUKREXT PHKNOMENA. [§ 207 There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called tlie angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the magnetism, or counter E ...", "... d the current. 206. A case of this nature has been discussed already in the chapter on Hysteresis, from a different point of view. 310 ALTERNATING-CUKREXT PHKNOMENA. [§ 207 There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called tlie angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the magnetism, or counter E.M.F. of self-induction, lags 90^ behind the ...", "... case of this nature has been discussed already in the chapter on Hysteresis, from a different point of view. 310 ALTERNATING-CUKREXT PHKNOMENA. [§ 207 There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called tlie angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the magnetism, or counter E.M.F. of self-induction, lags 90^ behind the magnetism, it lags 90 + ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "section_title": "The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 12683-13648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 36 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV. THE GENERAL ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER OR FREQUENCY CONVERTER. 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic- circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the ...", "... large self-induction; that is, comparatively large primary exciting susceptance and large reactance. The general alternating-current transformer transforms between electrical and mechanical power, and changes not only E.M.Fs. and currents, but frequencies also, and may therefore be called a \"frequency converter.\" Obviously, it also may change the number of phases. 142. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both primary and secondary electric circuit, a magnetic cross- flux passes in the transformer between primary and second- ary, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked ...", "... ds the one circuit without interlinking with the other, and is thus produced by the M.M.F. of one circuit only. 143. The mutual magnetic flux of the transformer is produced by the resultant M.M.F. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the counter E.M.F., the number of turns, and the frequency of the electric circuit, by the. equation: Where E = effective E.M.F. JV= frequency. n = number of turns. <£ == maximum magnetic flux. The M.M.F. producing this flux, or the resultant M.M.F. of primary and secondary circuit, is determined by shape and magnetic characteristic of the mate ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-46", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 46, "number": 6, "location": "lines 23948-24980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "snippets": [ "... st, that is, at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. Hence, alternating magnetic fields and magnetic structures desired to respond very quickly to changes of m.m.f. are built of thin wires or thin iron sheets, that is, are laminated. Since the generated e.m.fs. are proportional to the frequency of the alternating magnetism, the laminations must be finer the higher the frequency. To fully utilize the magnetic permeability of the iron, it there- fore has to be laminated so as to give, at the impressed frequency, practically uniform magnetic induction throughout its section, that is, ...", "... tic fields and magnetic structures desired to respond very quickly to changes of m.m.f. are built of thin wires or thin iron sheets, that is, are laminated. Since the generated e.m.fs. are proportional to the frequency of the alternating magnetism, the laminations must be finer the higher the frequency. To fully utilize the magnetic permeability of the iron, it there- fore has to be laminated so as to give, at the impressed frequency, practically uniform magnetic induction throughout its section, that is, negligible secondary currents. This, however, is no longer the case, even with the thi ...", "... at is, are laminated. Since the generated e.m.fs. are proportional to the frequency of the alternating magnetism, the laminations must be finer the higher the frequency. To fully utilize the magnetic permeability of the iron, it there- fore has to be laminated so as to give, at the impressed frequency, practically uniform magnetic induction throughout its section, that is, negligible secondary currents. This, however, is no longer the case, even with the thinnest possible laminations, at extremely high frequencies, as oscillating currents, lightning discharges, etc., and under these conditi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... this case only the data below magnetic saturation would be used for deriving the theoretical equations, and the effect of magnetic saturation treated as secondary phenomenon. Or, for instance, when studying the excitation current of an induction motor, that is, the current consumed when running light, at low voltage the current may increase again with decreasing voltage, 212 ENGIN^EERING MATHEMATICS. instead of decreasing, as result of the friction load, when the voltage is so low that the mechanical friction constitutes an appreciable part of the motor output. Thus, empirical curves c ...", "... expressions, gives p = 0.01625V = 1.135r4xl0-i^ that is, the power input varies with the fourth power of the resistance. Assuming the resistance r as proportional to the absolute temperature T, and considering that the power input into the lamp is radiated from it, that is, is the power of radiation P^, the equation between p and r also is the equation between P^ and T, thus, P, = A:T4; that is, the radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature. This is the law of black body radiation, and above equation of the volt-ampere characteristic of the tungsten lam ...", "... stance. Assuming the resistance r as proportional to the absolute temperature T, and considering that the power input into the lamp is radiated from it, that is, is the power of radiation P^, the equation between p and r also is the equation between P^ and T, thus, P, = A:T4; that is, the radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature. This is the law of black body radiation, and above equation of the volt-ampere characteristic of the tungsten lamp thus appears as a conclusion from the radiation law, that is, as a rational equation. 154. Example 2. In a magnet ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "section_title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1684-2011", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES 9. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating cur- rent, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective value is used, that is, the square root of the mean square ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of prac ...", "... nstantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective value is used, that is, the square root of the mean square ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different for the two half-waves, as in Fig. 3. As arithmetic mean, or average value, of a wave as in Figs. 4 and 5, the ...", "... erizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective value is used, that is, the square root of the mean square ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different for the two half-waves, as in Fig. 3. As arithmetic mean, or average value, of a wave as in Figs. 4 and 5, the arithmetical average of all the instantaneous values dur- ing one complete period is understood. 0 \\ I ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "section_title": "Vector Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2149-2759", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV VECTOR REPRESENTATION 16. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, rep- resented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternating waves is given by their representation as vectors, in ...", "CHAPTER IV VECTOR REPRESENTATION 16. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, rep- resented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternating waves is given by their representation as vectors, in the so-called crank diagram. A vector, equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave, revolves at uniform speed so as to make a comple ...", "... VECTOR REPRESENTATION 16. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, rep- resented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternating waves is given by their representation as vectors, in the so-called crank diagram. A vector, equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave, revolves at uniform speed so as to make a complete revolution per period, and the pro- jections of this revolving vector on the horizontal then de ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... motors or adjustable-speed motors, where efficient acceleration under heavy torque is necessary. As generators, they would be of advantage for the generation of very low fre- quency, since in this case synchronous machines are uneconom- ical, due to their very low speed, resultant from the low frequency. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt or series motor, remains the same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a dir ...", "... s an e.m.f. of self-inductance, which is not useful but wattless, and therefore harmful in lowering the power- factor, hence must be kept as low as possible. This e.m.f. of self-inductance of the field, e0, is proportional to the field strength, $, to the number of field turns, n0, and to the frequency, /, of the impressed e.m.f. : eo = 2 ir/no* 10\"8, (1) while the useful e.m.f. generated by the field in the armature conductors, or \"e.m.f. of rotation,\" e, is proportional to the field strength, $, to the number of armature turns, nh and to the fre- quency of rotation of the armature, /<>: ...", "... (4) e and, substituting herein (1) and (2): tan 6 - { -°- (5) Small angle of lag and therewith good power-factor therefore require high values of /0 and n\\ and low values of / and n0. High /o requires high motor speeds and as large number of poles as possible. Low / means low impressed frequency; there- fore 25 cycles is generally the highest frequency considered for large commutating motors. High ni and low n0 means high armature reaction and low field excitation, that is, just the opposite conditions from that required for good commutator-motor design. Assuming synchronism, /o = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1368-3542", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... oonatants: Co = 110; Yt-g-jb\" 0.01 - 0.1 j; Zo = r„+ j\"j:0 =0.1 +0.3j; Z, = rl+jxl = 0.1 -f 0.3j; the speed-torque curve of this motor is shown as A in Fig. 1 SPEED CONTROL 3 Suppose now a resistance, r, i8 inserted in series into the sec- ondary circuit, which when cold — that is, at light-load — equals the internal secondary resistance: but increases so as to double with 100 amp. passing through it. This resistance can then be represented by: r = r° (1 + i,« 10-*) = 0.1 (1 +»i,10-4), NDUCTION MOTOR -110 I ^ z,=r, + .3i SPEED CONTROL BY POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFF ...", "... uming, now, that the internal resistance, rlT were made as low as possible, tx = 0.05, and the rest added as externa] resistance of high temperature coefficient: r\" = 0.05, giving the total resistance: = 0.1 (1 + 0.5 ir 10\"4). (4) This gives the same resistance as curve A ; r\\ = 0.1, at light- load, where iL is small and the external part of the resistance cold. But with increasing load the resistance, r'i, increases, and the motor gives the curve shown as C in Fig. 1. As seen, curve C is the same near synchronism as A, but in starting gives twice as much torque as A, due to the i ...", "... resis Starting Device 4. Instead of increasing the secondary resistance with increas- ing slip, to get high torque at low speeds, the same result can be produced by the use of an effective resistance, such as the effect- ive or equivalent resistance of hysteresis, or of eddy currents. As the frequency of the secondary current varies, a magnetic circuit energized by the secondary current operates at the varying frequency of the slip, s. At a given current, i\\, the voltage required to send the current through the magnetic circuit is proportional to the frequency, that is, to 8. Hence, the su ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6798-7825", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... NT CIRCUIT. 65. Let, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the condensive reactance is xc = > 2 7T/C J where/ = frequency and 6 = 2 nft. (3) Then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance is ri\\ the e.m.f. consumed by inductance, is di di Ldt = xJe' and the e.m.f. consumed by capacity is , (4) where i = instantaneous value of the current. di di C Hence, e = ri + x -- + xc I i dO, (5) da J di f* E co ...", "... { sm (0 — Xc f 2xTsin00cosV/-c0 L r x (26) and the potential difference at the condenser terminals as cos# cos V -H where cos xc sin , (27) xc, and 7 = - 90°. (28) In this case an oscillating term always exists whatever the value of 00, that is, the point of the wave, where the circuit is started. The frequency of oscillation therefore is /o or, approximately, 2x\" _ 4X2 (29) where/ = fundamental frequency. Substituting x = 2nfL and zc = — -r-, we have CL or, approximately, /o (30) 98 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA 60. The oscillating ...", "... x (26) and the potential difference at the condenser terminals as cos# cos V -H where cos xc sin , (27) xc, and 7 = - 90°. (28) In this case an oscillating term always exists whatever the value of 00, that is, the point of the wave, where the circuit is started. The frequency of oscillation therefore is /o or, approximately, 2x\" _ 4X2 (29) where/ = fundamental frequency. Substituting x = 2nfL and zc = — -r-, we have CL or, approximately, /o (30) 98 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA 60. The oscillating start, or, in general, change of circuit condi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... 2) r where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous ...", "... ltage: '\" \\l^- (9) v/ U V c -^ therefore is of the nature of an impedance z^^ and is called the natural impedance, or the surge im'pedance, of the circuit ; and Ic its reciprocal, \\ j = Vq, is the natural admittance, or the surge admittance, of the circuit. 62 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. The maximum transient voltage can thus be calculated from the maximum transient current: eo = ^0 y g = ^'o^Jo, (10) and inversely, fc ^0 = eo y Y = eo2/o. (11) This relation is very important, as frequently in double-energy transients one of the quantities eo or io is gi ...", "... mited by the disruptive strength of the line insulation against momentary voltages, is e^, the maximum discharge current in the line is limited to Iq = eoyo. If L is high but C low, as in the high-potential winding of a high-voltage transformer (which winding can be considered as a circuit of distributed capacity, inductance, and resistance), Zq is high and 2/0 low. That is, a high transient voltage can produce only moderate transient currents, but even a small transient cur- rent produces high voltages. Thus reactances, and other reactive apparatus, as transformers, stop the passage of large oscillatin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... , (2) where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous ...", "... transient voltage: v/: -^ therefore is of the nature of an impedance z0, and is called the natural impedance, or the surge impedance, of the circuit ; and fc its reciprocal, V/y = yo, is the natural admittance, or the surge T J j admittance, of the circuit. 62 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. The maximum transient voltage can thus be calculated from the maximum transient current: #0 = 'Z'O V/ 7> = i&Qj (10) and inversely, /C io = eo y j = e02/o. (11) This relation is very important, as frequently in double-energy transients one of the quantities e$ or i0 is gi ...", "... ited by the disruptive strength of the line insulation against momentary voltages, is e0, the maximum discharge current in the line is limited to i0 = e<>yo. If L is high but C low, as in the high-potential winding of a high-voltage transformer (which winding can be considered as a circuit of distributed capacity, inductance, and resistance), z0 is high and T/O low. That is, a high transient voltage can produce only moderate transient currents, but even a small transient cur- rent produces high voltages. Thus reactances, and other reactive apparatus, as transformers, stop the passage of large oscillatin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-38", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 17: Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 38, "number": 17, "location": "lines 10190-10429", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "snippets": [ "... us, the momentary short-circuit current of the machine can be made to decrease somewhat more rapidly by increasing the resistance of the field circuit, that is, wasting exciting power in the field rheostat. In the very first moment the short-circuit current waves are unsymmetrical, as they must simultaneously start from zero in all phases and gradually approach their symmetrical appear- ance, i.e., in a three-phase machine three currents displaced by 120 degrees. Hereby the field current is made pulsating, with nor- ma ...", "... l, as they must simultaneously start from zero in all phases and gradually approach their symmetrical appear- ance, i.e., in a three-phase machine three currents displaced by 120 degrees. Hereby the field current is made pulsating, with nor- mal or synchronous frequency, that is, with the same frequency as the armature current. This full frequency pulsation gradually dies out and the field current becomes constant with a polyphase short circuit, while with a single-phase short circuit it remains 162 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRIC ...", "... t from zero in all phases and gradually approach their symmetrical appear- ance, i.e., in a three-phase machine three currents displaced by 120 degrees. Hereby the field current is made pulsating, with nor- mal or synchronous frequency, that is, with the same frequency as the armature current. This full frequency pulsation gradually dies out and the field current becomes constant with a polyphase short circuit, while with a single-phase short circuit it remains 162 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING pulsating with doubl ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_title": "Dielectric Losses", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14334-15409", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... ic lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating magnetic field, power is consumed by mag- netic hysteresis. This is proportional to the frequency, and to the 1.6*'' power of the magnetic density, and is considerable, amounting in a closed magnetic circuit to 40 to 60 per cent, of the total volt-amperes. In the dielectric field, the energy losses usually are very much smaller, rarely amounting to more than a few per cent., though they ...", "... c; corona, that is, losses due to a partial or local breakdown of the electrostatic field, and dielectric hysteresis or phenomena of similar nature. It is doubtful whether a true dielectric hysteresis, that is, a molecular dielectric friction, exists. A dielectric loss, propor- tional to the- frequency and to the 1.6*^' power of the dielectric field: P = njD'-^ has been observed in rotating dielectric fields, but is so small, that it usually is overshadowed by the other losses. In alternating dielectric fields in solid materials, such as in condensers, coil insulation, etc., a loss is co ...", "... s is commonly observed which gives an approximately constant power-factor of the elec- tric energizing circuit, over a wide range of voltage and of fre- quency, from less than a fraction of 1 per cent, up to a few per cent. 150 DIELECTRIC LOSSES 151 Constancy of the power-factor with the frequency, means that the loss is proportional to the frequency, as the current i, and thus the volt-ampere input, ei, are proportional to the frequency. Constancy of the power-factor with the voltage, means that the loss is proportional to the square of the voltage, as the current i is proportional to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Regulating Pole Converters", "section_title": "Regulating Pole Converters", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 21, "location": "lines 30088-31715", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI REGULATING POLE CONVERTERS 230. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a syn- chronous converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating voltag ...", "... etween the eiuimjuia- tor brushes and the resultant magnetic flux, so that the direct voltage between the brushes is not the maximum diametrical alternating voltage but only a part thereof. Or by changing the maximum diametrical alternating voltage, at constant effective impressed voltage, by wave-shape distortion by the superposition of liigher harmonics. In the former case, only a reduction of the direct voltage lx*- low the normal value can lie produced, while in the latter case an increase as well as a reduction can be produced, an increase if the higher harmonies are in phase, and ...", "... er case, only a reduction of the direct voltage lx*- low the normal value can lie produced, while in the latter case an increase as well as a reduction can be produced, an increase if the higher harmonies are in phase, and a reduction if the higher harmonics are in opposition to the fundamental wave of the dia- metrical or Y voltage. A. Variable Ratio by a Change of the Position Angle between Commutator Brushes and Resultant Magnetic Flux 231. Let, in the commutating maclane shown diagrammatic- ally in Fig. 195, the potential difference, or alternating voltage between one point, a, of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "section_title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1367-1605", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES. 8. IN a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective Fig. 4. Alternating Wave. value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maxim ...", "... varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective Fig. 4. Alternating Wave. value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different fo ...", "... es constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective Fig. 4. Alternating Wave. value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different for the two half-waves, as in Fig. 3. As arithmetic mean, or average value, of a wave as in Figs. 4 and 5, the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "section_title": "Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3543-5554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 30 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... he armature iron, that is, inside of the first squirrel cage, and thus of higher reactance, a \"double squirrel-cage induction motor\" in derived, which to some extent combines the characteristics of the high- resistance and the low-resistance secondary. That is, at start- ing and low speed, the frequency of the magnetic flux in the arma- ture, and therefore the voltage induced in the secondary winding is high, and the high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries con- siderable current, gives good torque and torque efficiency, while the low-resistance squirrel cage is ineffective, due to its high ...", "... a- ture, and therefore the voltage induced in the secondary winding is high, and the high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries con- siderable current, gives good torque and torque efficiency, while the low-resistance squirrel cage is ineffective, due to its high reactance at the high armature frequency. At speeds near synchronism, the secondary frequency, being that of slip, is low, and the secondary induced voltage correspondingly low. The high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries little current and gives little torque. In the low-resistance squirrel cage, due to its low reactance at the l ...", "... ondary winding is high, and the high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries con- siderable current, gives good torque and torque efficiency, while the low-resistance squirrel cage is ineffective, due to its high reactance at the high armature frequency. At speeds near synchronism, the secondary frequency, being that of slip, is low, and the secondary induced voltage correspondingly low. The high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries little current and gives little torque. In the low-resistance squirrel cage, due to its low reactance at the low frequency of slip, in spite of the relatively 27 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4218-4594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... of oscillation is stopped by the increasing energy losses. This kind of hunting is stopped by increasing the energy losses due to the oscillation, by copper bridges between the poles, by aluminum collars around the pole faces, or by a com- plete squirrel cage winding in the pole faces. The frequency of this hunting depends on the magnetic attraction, that is, on the field excitation, and on the weight of the rotating mass. The higher the field excitation the greater is the magnetic force, that is, quicker the motion of the ma- chine and therefore the higher the frequency. The greater the ...", "... pole faces. The frequency of this hunting depends on the magnetic attraction, that is, on the field excitation, and on the weight of the rotating mass. The higher the field excitation the greater is the magnetic force, that is, quicker the motion of the ma- chine and therefore the higher the frequency. The greater the weight, the slower it is set in motion, that is, the lower the frequency. Characteristic of this hunting therefore is that its fre- quency is changed by changing the field excitation. 2nd. If the speed of the engine varies during the rota- tion, rising and falling with the ...", "... n the field excitation, and on the weight of the rotating mass. The higher the field excitation the greater is the magnetic force, that is, quicker the motion of the ma- chine and therefore the higher the frequency. The greater the weight, the slower it is set in motion, that is, the lower the frequency. Characteristic of this hunting therefore is that its fre- quency is changed by changing the field excitation. 2nd. If the speed of the engine varies during the rota- tion, rising and falling with the steam impulses, then the alternator speed and the frequency also pulsate with a speed equa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 28, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... cessitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux. Eddy currents are true electric currents, though flowing in minute circuits; and they follow all the laws of electric circuits. Their E.M.F. is proportional to the intensity of magneti- zation, (B, and to the frequency, N. Eddy currents are thus proportional to the magnetization, (B, the frequency, N, and to the electric conductivity, y, of the iron ; hence, can be expressed by The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to the electric con- ductivity, ...", "... Eddy currents are true electric currents, though flowing in minute circuits; and they follow all the laws of electric circuits. Their E.M.F. is proportional to the intensity of magneti- zation, (B, and to the frequency, N. Eddy currents are thus proportional to the magnetization, (B, the frequency, N, and to the electric conductivity, y, of the iron ; hence, can be expressed by The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to the electric con- ductivity, and can be expressed by W= 130 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. or, since, ($> ...", "... rtional to tlie electric conductivity of the iron ; or, W=aE*y. Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents, is that is, The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit ; it is indepen- dent of ^M..^., frequency, etc., but proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron, y. 87. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an angle of advance, ft ; but, unlike hysteresis, eddy currents in general do not dis- tort the current wave. The angle of advance of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Chapter II", "section_title": "Chapter II", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1728-1972", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II INSTAIfTAmiOUB VAI>nES KSD INTSaRAI. VAIiUia. 8. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective FI9. 4. mwrnaUng ■value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum valu ...", "... ch varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective FI9. 4. mwrnaUng ■value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different for the two half-waves, as in Fig. 3. As arithmetic mean, or average value, of a wave as in Figs. 4 and 5, the ...", "... le. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective FI9. 4. mwrnaUng ■value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different for the two half-waves, as in Fig. 3. As arithmetic mean, or average value, of a wave as in Figs. 4 and 5, the arithmetical average of all the instan- taneous values during one complete period is understood. This ari ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... essitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux. Eddy currents are true electric currents, though flowing in minute circuits ; and they follow all the laws of electric circuits. Their E.M.F. is proportional to the intensity of magneti- zation, (B, and to the frequency, N. Eddy currents are thus proportional to the magnetization, (B, the frequency, A^, and to the electric conductivity, y, of the iron ; hence, can be expressed by The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to the electric con- ductivity, ...", "... Eddy currents are true electric currents, though flowing in minute circuits ; and they follow all the laws of electric circuits. Their E.M.F. is proportional to the intensity of magneti- zation, (B, and to the frequency, N. Eddy currents are thus proportional to the magnetization, (B, the frequency, A^, and to the electric conductivity, y, of the iron ; hence, can be expressed by The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to the electric con- ductivity, and can be expressed by 130 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 87 or, since, (S ...", "... onal to the electric conductivity of the iron ; or, H^=aJS^y. Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents, is that is. The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit ; it is indepen- dent of 1£.M.,Y ,y frequency y etCy but proportiotml to the electric conductivity of the iropi, y. 87. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an a?tgle of advanccy p ; but, unlike hysteresis, eddy currents in general do not dis- tort the current wave. The angle of advance o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "section_title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 27501-29124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... periodically between constant maximum and minimum values, — that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values, — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero ; and is called a pulsating current if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is charac- terized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alter- nating current. A very impo ...", "... hat is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values, — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero ; and is called a pulsating current if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is charac- terized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alter- nating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometri ...", "... cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alter- nating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometrically varying amplitude ; that is, cur- rents in which the amplitude of each following wave bears to that of the preceding wave a constant ratio. Such currents consist of a series of waves of constant length, decreasing in amplitude, that is in strength, in constant proportion. They are called oscillating currents in analogy with mechanical oscillations, — for instance of the pendu- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 25904-27405", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... periodically between constant maximum and minimum values, — that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values, — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero ; and is called a pulsating current if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is charac- terized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alter- nating current. A very impo ...", "... hat is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values, — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero ; and is called a pulsating current if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is charac- terized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alter- nating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometri ...", "... cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alter- nating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometrically varying amplitude ; that is, cur- rents in which the amplitude of each following wave bears to that of the preceding wave a constant ratio. Such currents consist of a series of waves of constant length, decreasing in amplitude, that is in strength, in constant proportion. They are called oscillating currents in analogy with mechanical oscillations, — for instance of the pendu- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12398-13955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII HIGHER HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 88. The usual theory and calculation of induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armature or primary, is sinusoidal in space. While in most eas ...", "... * Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armature or primary, is sinusoidal in space. While in most eases this is sufficicntly the ease, it is not always so, and especially the space or air-gap distribution of the magnetic flux may sufficientl ...", "... components. The secondary currents induced by these component fluxes, and the torque produced by the secondary currents, thus show the same components. Thus the motor* torque consists of the sum of a series of components: The main or fundamental torque of the motor, given by the usual sine-wave theory of the induction motor, and due to the fundamental voltage wave: ei cos 0 ] Iju *\\ (3) d cos \\ ~ 2) is shown as T\\ in Fig. 55, of the usual shape, increasing from standstill, with increasing speed, upj to a maximum torque, and then decreasing again to zero at synchronism. The ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-113", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Induction Machines: Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 113, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21813-21922", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 25 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-113/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-113/", "snippets": [ "VH. Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer 159. The e.m.fs. generated in the secondary of the induction machine are of the frequency of slip, that is, synchronism minus speed, thus of lower frequency than the impressed e.m.f. in the range from stan ...", "VH. Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer 159. The e.m.fs. generated in the secondary of the induction machine are of the frequency of slip, that is, synchronism minus speed, thus of lower frequency than the impressed e.m.f. in the range from standstill to double synchronism; of higher frequency outside of this range. ' Thus, by opening the secondary circuits of the induction machine an ...", "VH. Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer 159. The e.m.fs. generated in the secondary of the induction machine are of the frequency of slip, that is, synchronism minus speed, thus of lower frequency than the impressed e.m.f. in the range from standstill to double synchronism; of higher frequency outside of this range. ' Thus, by opening the secondary circuits of the induction machine and connecting them to an external or consumer's cir- cuit, the induct ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "section_title": "Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 16077-16520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI POWER, AND DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL 135. Graphically, alternating currents and voltages are repre- sented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the topographical method, ho ...", "CHAPTER XVI POWER, AND DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL 135. Graphically, alternating currents and voltages are repre- sented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more con- venient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the abs ...", "... of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more con- venient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the absolute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as coordi- nate center), and their connection the difference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are repre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "section_title": "Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6089-7274", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... line of magnetic force interlinks with the current i. The capacity is the ratio of the dielectric flux to the voltage, where \\f/ is the dielectric flux, or number of lines of dielectric force, and e the voltage which produces it. With a single round conductor without return conductor (as wireless antennae) or with the return conductor at infinite dis- tance, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, shown by drawn lines in Fig. 8, page 10, and the lines of dielectric force are straight lines radiating from the conductor, shown dotted in Fig. 8. Due to the return conductor, i ...", "... e latter circles intersecting in two points (the foci) inside of the con- ductors, as shown in Fig. 9, page 11. With more than one return conductor, and with phase displacement between the return currents, as in a three-phase three-wire circuit, the path of the 119 'iJBLtiGTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. lines of force is still more complicated, and varies during the cyclic change of current. The calculation of such more complex magnetic and dielectric fields becomes simple, however, by the method of superposition of fields. As long as the magnetic and the dielectric flux are ...", "... Inductance Calculation of Circuit. At distance x from the conductor center, the length of the mag netic circuit is 2 irx, and if F = m.m.f. of the conductor, the mag- netizing force is and the field intensity hence the magnetic density (B 2F x (4) (5) 122 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. and the magnetic flux in the zone dx thus is d^=^fdx, I (6) and the magnetic flux interlinked with the conductor thus is X hence the total magnetic flux between the distances x\\ and z2 is rx*2 thus the inductance X 1. External magnetic flux, xi = r; xz = s; jP = i, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: General", "section_title": "General", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 275-735", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... ath of the stone is the same, as the same laws of nature apply everywhere. If the laws of nature are the same in the railway train moving at constant speed on straight, level track as they are on the \"rigid\" platform of the earth or in the empty space among the fixed stars, then the speed of light must also be the same, 186,000 miles per second, and so must be the speed with which the electric current travels in its circuit, which is the speed of light. This is important because all observations depend on it. Any event is either observed by seeing it or recorded by some electrical arran ...", "... on straight, level track as they are on the \"rigid\" platform of the earth or in the empty space among the fixed stars, then the speed of light must also be the same, 186,000 miles per second, and so must be the speed with which the electric current travels in its circuit, which is the speed of light. This is important because all observations depend on it. Any event is either observed by seeing it or recorded by some electrical arrange- ment, and in either case we do not get the exact time when the event occurs but a time later by the time it takes the light to reach our eye or the electr ...", "... circuit, which is the speed of light. This is important because all observations depend on it. Any event is either observed by seeing it or recorded by some electrical arrange- ment, and in either case we do not get the exact time when the event occurs but a time later by the time it takes the light to reach our eye or the electric current to flow from the event to the recording device, and to get the exact time of the event, we therefore have to allow for the time taken by the light or the electric current. Owing to the enormous speed of the light, this time difference between the moment ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Long Distance Transmission", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2562-3132", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... ong distance transmission. Two-phase is not used any more, and direct current is being proposed, having been used abroad in a few cases : but due to the difficulty of generation and utilization, it is not probable that it will find any extended use, so that it does not need to be considered. FREQUENCY The frequency depends to a great extent on the character of the load, that is, whether the power is used for alternating current distribution — 60 cycles^-or for conversion to direct current — 25 cycles. For the transmission line, 25 cycles has the advantage that the charging current is less ...", "... ansmission. Two-phase is not used any more, and direct current is being proposed, having been used abroad in a few cases : but due to the difficulty of generation and utilization, it is not probable that it will find any extended use, so that it does not need to be considered. FREQUENCY The frequency depends to a great extent on the character of the load, that is, whether the power is used for alternating current distribution — 60 cycles^-or for conversion to direct current — 25 cycles. For the transmission line, 25 cycles has the advantage that the charging current is less and the inductiv ...", "... ill find any extended use, so that it does not need to be considered. FREQUENCY The frequency depends to a great extent on the character of the load, that is, whether the power is used for alternating current distribution — 60 cycles^-or for conversion to direct current — 25 cycles. For the transmission line, 25 cycles has the advantage that the charging current is less and the inductive drop is less, because charging current and inductance voltage are proportional to the frequency. VOLTAGE 11,000 to 13,200 volts and more recently, even 22,000 volts is most common for shorter distances, as 10 t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "distributed constants", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of ...", "... nent of current, in quadrature with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective susceptance, or b. In many cases the exact calculation of the quantities, r, x, g, h, is not possible in the present state of the art. In general, r, x, g, b, are not constants of the circuit, but depend — besides upon the frequency — more or less upon e.m.f., current, etc. Thus, in each particular case it becomes necessary to dis- cuss the variation of r, x, g, b, or to determine whether, and through what range, they can be assumed as constant. In what follows, the quantities r, x, g, b, will always be consid- ered as t ...", "... — within the range discussed in the preceding chapter — to circuits containing iron and other materials producing energy losses outside of the electric conductor. 128. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or 168 DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY 169 other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, however, the condensive react- ance is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite num- ber of infinitely small cond ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-22", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Machines: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 22, "number": 1, "location": "lines 8518-8657", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "snippets": [ "... . Since the latter combine features of the commutating machines with those of the synchronous machines they will be considered separately. In the synchronous machines the terminal voltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displaced phase armature ...", "... - manent magnetism. The formula for the e.m.f. generated in synchronous machines, commonly called alternators, is E = S2irn3> = 4. where n is the number of armature turns in series interlinked with the magnetic flux <1> (in megalines per pole), / the frequency of rotation (in hundreds of cycles per second), E the e.m.f. gen- erated in the armature turns. This formula assumes a sine wave of e.m.f. If the e.m.f. wave differs from sine shape, the e.m.f. is E = 4.447/n, 2 -\\/2 where y = form factor of t ...", "... where n is the number of armature turns in series interlinked with the magnetic flux <1> (in megalines per pole), / the frequency of rotation (in hundreds of cycles per second), E the e.m.f. gen- erated in the armature turns. This formula assumes a sine wave of e.m.f. If the e.m.f. wave differs from sine shape, the e.m.f. is E = 4.447/n, 2 -\\/2 where y = form factor of the wave, or — - times ratio of effect- 7T ive to mean value of wave, that is, the ratio ,of the effective value of the ge ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-82", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 82, "number": 3, "location": "lines 13796-13888", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "snippets": [ "HI. Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces 87. The preceding ratios of e.m.fs. apply strictly only to the generated e.m.fs. and that under the assumption of a sine wave of alternating generated e.m.f. The latter is usually a sufficiently close approximation, since the armature of the converter is a multi-tooth structure, that is, contains a distributed winding. The ratio between the difference of potential at the commu- tat ...", "... that at the collector rings of the converter usually differs somewhat from the theoretical ratio, due to the e.m.f. consumed in the converter armature, and in machines converting from alternating to continuous current, also due to the shape of the impressed wave. When converting from alternating to direct current, under load the difference of potential at the commutator brushes is less than the generated direct e.m.f., and the counter-generated alternating e.m.f. less than the impressed, due to the voltage consumed b ...", "... only to the maximum value of the alternating voltage (being equal to twice the maximum star voltage), but to the effective value (or value read by voltmeter) only in so far as the latter depends upon the former, being = — - 7= maximum value with a sine wave. Thus with an impressed wave of e.m.f. giving a different ratio of maximum to effective value, the ratio between direct and alternating voltage is changed in the same proportion as the ratio of maximum to effective; thus, for instance, with a flat-topped ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14089-14918", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 20 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... ds the one circuit without interlinking with the other, and is thus produced by the M.M.F. of one circuit only. 133. The common magnetic flux of the transformer is produced by the resultant M.M.F. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the counter E.M.F., the number of turns, and the frequency of the electric circuit, by the equation : ^ Where E = effective E.M.F. iV= frequency. n = number of turns. * = maximum magnetic flux. The M.M.F. producing this flux, or the resultant M.M.F. of primary and secondary circuit, is determined by shape and magnetic characteristic of the mater ...", "... of one circuit only. 133. The common magnetic flux of the transformer is produced by the resultant M.M.F. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the counter E.M.F., the number of turns, and the frequency of the electric circuit, by the equation : ^ Where E = effective E.M.F. iV= frequency. n = number of turns. * = maximum magnetic flux. The M.M.F. producing this flux, or the resultant M.M.F. of primary and secondary circuit, is determined by shape and magnetic characteristic of the material composing the magnetic circuit, and by the magnetic induction. At open secondary circ ...", "... secondary electric circuit with the mutual magnetic flux is different from that of the primary. Thus, the frequencies of both circuits are different, and the induced E.M.Fs. are not proportional to the number of turns as in the stationary transformer, but to the product of number of turns into frequency. 135. Let, in a general alternating-current transformer: s = ratio ??^°i?^1 frequency, or \" slip \" ; - .- pnmary ^ •'' ft thus, if JV= primary frequency, or frequency of impressed E.M.F., s JV=i secondary frequency ; 196 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [f 1 36 and the E.M.F. indu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "section_title": "Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9381-9740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII. POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL. 102. Graphically alternating currents and E.M.F's are represented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topographical method, howe ...", "CHAPTER XII. POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL. 102. Graphically alternating currents and E.M.F's are represented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more convenient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the abso ...", "... of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more convenient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the abso- lute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as co-ordinate center) and their connection the dif- ference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are rep ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Alternating- Current Motors In General", "section_title": "Alternating- Current Motors In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21713-23905", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... stationary and moving members do not vary with their relative positions, ami those in which they vary with the relatifl positions of stator and rotor. In the latter a cycle of rotation exists, and therefrom the tendency of the motor results to lock at a speed giving a definite ratio between the frequency of rotation and the frequency of impressed e.m.f. Such motors, therefore, are synchronous motors. The main types of synchronous motors are as follows: 1. One member supplied with alternating and the other with direct current — polyphase or single-phase synchronous motors, 2. One member exc ...", "... o not vary with their relative positions, ami those in which they vary with the relatifl positions of stator and rotor. In the latter a cycle of rotation exists, and therefrom the tendency of the motor results to lock at a speed giving a definite ratio between the frequency of rotation and the frequency of impressed e.m.f. Such motors, therefore, are synchronous motors. The main types of synchronous motors are as follows: 1. One member supplied with alternating and the other with direct current — polyphase or single-phase synchronous motors, 2. One member excited by alternating current, th ...", "... t closed upon itself — synchronous induction motors. 3. One member excited by alternating current, the other of different magnetic reluctance iii different direction! construction) — reaction motors. 4. One member excited by alternating current, the other by altcrnating current of different frequency or different direction of rotation- — general alternating-current transformer or fre- quency converter and synchronous-induction generator. ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS 301 (II is the synchronous motor of the electrical industry. (2) and (3) are used occasionally to produce synchronous rotati ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... ther, and of which one may be called the primary cir- cuit, the other the secondary circuit. The magnetic field of the induction machine inherently must be an alternating field (usually a polyphase rotating field) excited by alternating currents. Synchronous machines are machines in which the frequency of rotation has a fixed and rigid relation to the frequency of the supply voltage. Usually the frequency of rotation is the same as the frequency of the. supply voltage: in the standard synchronous machine, with direct-current field excitation. The two frequencies, however, may be different ...", "... the other the secondary circuit. The magnetic field of the induction machine inherently must be an alternating field (usually a polyphase rotating field) excited by alternating currents. Synchronous machines are machines in which the frequency of rotation has a fixed and rigid relation to the frequency of the supply voltage. Usually the frequency of rotation is the same as the frequency of the. supply voltage: in the standard synchronous machine, with direct-current field excitation. The two frequencies, however, may be different: in the double synchronous generator, the frequency of rota ...", "... eld of the induction machine inherently must be an alternating field (usually a polyphase rotating field) excited by alternating currents. Synchronous machines are machines in which the frequency of rotation has a fixed and rigid relation to the frequency of the supply voltage. Usually the frequency of rotation is the same as the frequency of the. supply voltage: in the standard synchronous machine, with direct-current field excitation. The two frequencies, however, may be different: in the double synchronous generator, the frequency of rotation is twice the frequency of alternation; in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Polyphase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17717-20445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 19 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... n the circuits utilized to trans- mit electric power to the secondary, while in the induction motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical forces between the primary, and secondary utilized to produce motion. In the general alternating-current trans- former or frequency converter we shall find an apparatus trans- mitting electric as well as mechanical energy, and comprising both, induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force be- tween primary and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electri ...", "... e object always to retain secondary circuits in inductive rela- tion to primary circuits and vice versa, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the e.m.fs. generated in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the e.m.fs. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the \"slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). 208 POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 209 Hence, if / ...", "... tion to primary circuits and vice versa, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the e.m.fs. generated in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the e.m.fs. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the \"slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). 208 POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 209 Hence, if / = frequency of main or primary e.m.f., 5 = slip as fraction o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... e point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi. nitely near together, as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 83. 8 3 S Fig, 83. Distributed Capacity. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current,, and consequently of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable ...", "... . It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may with sufficient approximation be represented by one con- §103] DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 151 denser of the same capacity as the line, shunted across the line. Frequently it makes no difference either, whether this condenser is considered as connected across the line at the generator end, or at the receiver end, or at the middle. The best approximation is to consider the line as ...", "... the limits of applicability of the approximate representation of the line by one or by three condensers. Assuming, for instance, that the line conductors are of 1 cm diameter, and at a distance from each other of 50 cm, and that the length of transmission is 50 km, we get the capacity of the transmission line from the formula — c = microfarads, 4 log nat -^ where K = dielectric constant of the surrounding medium = 1 in air ;. / = length of conductor = 5 X 10* cm. ; d = distance of conductors from each other = 50 cm. ; 8 = diameter of conductor = 1 cm. Since C = .3 microfarads, the cap ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "section_title": "Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 12, "location": "lines 12885-13935", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "... URRENT CIRCUITS. 99. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a circuit con- taining resistance and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that point of the e.m:f. wave at which the permanent current is zero. Closing the circuit at any other point of the e.m.f. wave produces a transient term of current and of magnetic flux. So for instance, if the circuit is closed when the current i should have its negative maximum value - 70, and therefore the magnetic flux ...", "... e and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that point of the e.m:f. wave at which the permanent current is zero. Closing the circuit at any other point of the e.m.f. wave produces a transient term of current and of magnetic flux. So for instance, if the circuit is closed when the current i should have its negative maximum value - 70, and therefore the magnetic flux and the magnetic flux density also be at their negative maximum value - ^>0 and - (B0 — that is, ...", "... tance, if the circuit is closed when the current i should have its negative maximum value - 70, and therefore the magnetic flux and the magnetic flux density also be at their negative maximum value - ^>0 and - (B0 — that is, in an inductive circuit, near the zero value of the decreasing e.m.f. wave — during the first half wave of e.m.f. the magnetic flux, which generates the counter e.m.f., should vary from — 4>0 to + 0, or by 2 4>0; hence, starting with 0, to generate the same counter e.m.f., it must rise to + 2 0, that is, twice its permanent value, and so the current i also rises ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-09", "section_label": "Theory Section 9: Vector Diagrams", "section_title": "Vector Diagrams", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 2865-3233", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "snippets": [ "9. VECTOR DIAGRAMS 42. The best way of graphically representing alternating-cur- rent phenomena is by a vector diagram. The most frequently used vector diagram is the crank diagram. In this, sine waves of alternating currents, voltages, etc., are represented as projec- tions of a revolving vector on the horizontal. That is, a vector equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave is assumed to revolve at uniform speed so as to make one c ...", "... used vector diagram is the crank diagram. In this, sine waves of alternating currents, voltages, etc., are represented as projec- tions of a revolving vector on the horizontal. That is, a vector equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave is assumed to revolve at uniform speed so as to make one complete revolution per period, and the projections of this revolving vec- tor upon the horizontal then represent the instantaneous values of the wave. Let, for instance, 01 represent in length the ...", "... n length to the maximum value of the alternating wave is assumed to revolve at uniform speed so as to make one complete revolution per period, and the projections of this revolving vec- tor upon the horizontal then represent the instantaneous values of the wave. Let, for instance, 01 represent in length the maximum value of current i = I cos (6 — 00). Assume then a vector, 07, to revolve, left-handed or in positive direction, so that it makes a 42 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING complete revolution d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 17632-21381", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... cal work has been done, more or less systematically, on transients, and a great mass of information is thus available in the literature. These transients are more ex- tensively treated in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Elec- tric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" and in \" Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, '' and therefore will be omitted in the fol- lowing. However, to some extent, the transients of our theoret- ical literature, still are those of the \"phantom circuit,\" that is, a circuit in which the constants r, L, C, g, are assumed as constant. The effect of the variation of con ...", "... in which the constants r, L, C, g, are assumed as constant. The effect of the variation of constants, as found more or less in actual circuits: the change of L with the current in circuits con- taining iron; the change of C and g with the voltage (corona, etc.) ; the change of r and g with the frequency, etc., has been studied to a limited extent only, and in specific cases. In the application of the theory of transients to actual electric circuits, considerable judgment thus is often necessary to allow and correct for these \"secondary\" phenomena which are not in- cluded in the theoretical e ...", "... rent forms of instability, but usually all three may occur, under different circuit conditions. The electric arc is the most frequent and most serious cause of instability of electric circuits, and therefore should first be sus- pected, especially if the instability assumes the form of high- frequency disturbances or abrupt changes of current or voltage, such as is shown for instance in the oscillograms. Figs. 80 and 81. Somewhat similar effects of instability are produced by pyro- electric conductors. Induction motors and synchronous motors may show instability of speed: dropping out of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 2, "location": "lines 755-835", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279 3. Relation of wave length of impressed frequency to natural frequency of line, and limits of approximate line cal- culations. 279 4. Electrical and magnetic phenomena in transmission line. 281 5. The four constants of the transmission line : r, L, g, C. 282 6. The problem of the tr ...", "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279 3. Relation of wave length of impressed frequency to natural frequency of line, and limits of approximate line cal- culations. 279 4. Electrical and magnetic phenomena in transmission line. 281 5. The four constants of the transmission line : r, L, g, C. 282 6. The problem of the transmission line. 283 7. The diff ...", "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279 3. Relation of wave length of impressed frequency to natural frequency of line, and limits of approximate line cal- culations. 279 4. Electrical and magnetic phenomena in transmission line. 281 5. The four constants of the transmission line : r, L, g, C. 282 6. The problem of the transmission line. 283 7. The differential equations of t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "section_title": "Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14549-15353", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "... -inductance and low armature reaction, as uni-tooth high frecfUency alternators, this increase of the momentary short-circuit current over the permanent short- circuit current is moderate, but may reach enormous values in machines of low self-inductance and high armature reaction, as large low frequency turbo alternators. 114. Superimposed upon this transient term, resulting from the gradual adjustment of the field flux to a change of m.m.f., is the transient term of armature reaction. In a polyphase alternator, the resultant m.m.f. of the .armature in permanent conditions is constant in int ...", "... intensity and oscillating in position, and therefore generates in the field coils Field Current Armature Current Fig. 50. Three-phase short-circuit current of a turbo-alternator. an e.m.f. and causes a corresponding pulsation in the field current and field terminal voltage, of the same frequency as the armature current, as shown by the oscillogram of such a three-phase short-circuit, in Fig. 50. This pulsation of field current is independent of the point in the wave, at which the short-circuit occurs, and dies out gradually, with the dying out of the transient term of the rotating m.m ...", "... nator. an e.m.f. and causes a corresponding pulsation in the field current and field terminal voltage, of the same frequency as the armature current, as shown by the oscillogram of such a three-phase short-circuit, in Fig. 50. This pulsation of field current is independent of the point in the wave, at which the short-circuit occurs, and dies out gradually, with the dying out of the transient term of the rotating m.m.f. In a single-phase alternator, the armature reaction is alter- nating with regard to the armature, hence pulsating, with double frequency, with regard to the field, varyi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-04", "section_label": "Theory Section 4: Power and Effective Values", "section_title": "Power and Effective Values", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1244-1572", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "snippets": [ "... by the resistance, the remainder by some counter e.m.f., E — EI. If an alternating current i = I0 sin 6 passes through a resist- ance r, the power consumed by the resistance is, i*r = 702r sin2 0 = ^r C1 ~ cos 2 0), & thus varies with twice the frequency of the current, between zero and 70V. The average power consumed by resistance r is, avg. since avg. (cos) = 0. 16 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Thus the alternating current i = IQ since 0 consumes in a resist- ance r the same effect as a ...", "... same effect. ET Analogously E = —i is the effective value of the alternating V2 e.m.f., e = EQ sin 6. Since E0 = 2 irfn$, it follows that J' ; = 4.44 fn& ; is the effective alternating e.m.f. generated in a coil of turns n rotating at a frequency of / (in hundreds of cycles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the indiv ...", "... cles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated e.m.f. The formula of the alternating-current generator, E = V2 *fn$, does not hold if the waves are not sine waves, since the ratios of average to maximum and of maximum to effective e.m.f. are changed. If the varia ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13484-14333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... necessitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux. Eddy currents are true electric currents, though existing in minute circuits; and they follow all the laws of electric circuits. Their e.m.f. is proportional to the intensity of magnetization, B, and to the frequency, /. Eddy currents are thus proportional to the magnetization, B, the frequency, /, and to the electric conductivity, X, of the iron; hence, can be expressed by i = bXBf. The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to the electric conduc- ...", "... lux. Eddy currents are true electric currents, though existing in minute circuits; and they follow all the laws of electric circuits. Their e.m.f. is proportional to the intensity of magnetization, B, and to the frequency, /. Eddy currents are thus proportional to the magnetization, B, the frequency, /, and to the electric conductivity, X, of the iron; hence, can be expressed by i = bXBf. The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to the electric conduc- tivity, and can be expressed by P = 62X52J2. or, since Bf is proportional to ...", "... f the iron; or, P = aE^\\. 136 FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 137 Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents is P . that is, The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit; it is independent of e.m.f., frequency, etc., but proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron, X. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an angle of advance, /3; but unhke hysteresis, eddy currents in general do not distort the current wave. The angle of advance of phase du ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Induction Motob", "section_title": "Induction Motob", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 14919-17024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 16 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... rrangement has the object always to retain secondary cir- cuits in inductive relation to primary circuits, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the E.M.F. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the ** slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). Hence, if N = frequency of main or primary E.M.F. ...", "... ts in inductive relation to primary circuits, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the E.M.F. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the ** slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). Hence, if N = frequency of main or primary E.M.F., and s = percentage slip ; sN = frequency of armature or ...", "... their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the E.M.F. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the ** slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). Hence, if N = frequency of main or primary E.M.F., and s = percentage slip ; sN = frequency of armature or secondary E.M.F., and (1 — s) J\\r= frequency of rotatio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 33528-34202", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "snippets": [ "... IRCUIT. 50. The free oscillation of a complex circuit differs from that of the uniform circuit in that the former contains exponential functions of the distance A which represent the shifting or transfer of power between the sections of the circuit. Thus the general expression of one term or frequency of current and voltage in a section of a complex circuit is given by equations (290); - £~SA [C cos q (A + 0 + D sin q (J + t)]} and /7 +SA [A cos q (A — t) -f B sin q (A — £)] where q = nq0, q0 = — , A = total length of circuit, expressed in the distance coordinate A = o-lt I being t ...", "... p = ei [A cos q(X-t) + B sin q (X - t)]2 [C cos q (X + 0 + D sin g (J + O]2} + [e+2sA(A2-£2) cos 2q (X-t) -e~2s* (C2-D2) cos 2 g (l + t)] + 2 [ABe+*s*sm 2 g (X-t) -CDe-2'* sin 2-g (A + *)]} ; (303) that is, the instantaneous value of power consists of a constant term and terms of double frequency in (X - t) and (A + t) or in distance A and time t. Integrating (303) over a complete period in time gives the effective or mean value of power at any point X as p = r*M {fi+2« (A2 + J52) - s-2s (C2 + £>2) } ; (304) .2 * C that is, the effective power at any point of the circuit is the ...", "... t. Integrating (303) over a complete period in time gives the effective or mean value of power at any point X as p = r*M {fi+2« (A2 + J52) - s-2s (C2 + £>2) } ; (304) .2 * C that is, the effective power at any point of the circuit is the difference between the effective power of the main wave and that of the reflected wave, and also, the instantaneous power at any time and any point of the circuit is the difference between the instantaneous power of the main wave and that of the reflected wave. The effective power at any point of the circuit gradually decreases in any section wit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "... small, the braking power of the induction machine at backward INDUCTION MACHINES 341 rotation is, as a rule, not considerable, excepting when using high resistance in the armature circuit. Z0« Zj- 0.1+ 0.3 j Y - 0.01 - 0.1 J 110 VOLTS CONSTANT FREQUENCY -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 -6000 -7000 -8000 -9000 FIG. 185. — Induction generator load curves. TORQUE POWER 8000 _0 loo; -4000 -6000 113 1.2 1U 1009 0,8 0:7 o!e 0 5 0!4 Oi3 ol2 ...", "... -6000 -7000 -8000 -9000 FIG. 185. — Induction generator load curves. TORQUE POWER 8000 _0 loo; -4000 -6000 113 1.2 1U 1009 0,8 0:7 o!e 0 5 0!4 Oi3 ol2 0. ACTI A ^ SLIP FACTION OF SYNCHROS SM CONSTANT FREQUENCY CONSTANT TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF 110 Z0- Y - 0.01 - 0.4 05 060 160 140 100. FIG. 186. — Induction machine speed curves. Substituting for s negative values, corresponding to a speed above synchronism, torque and power output and power input 3 ...", "... rator be without speed-controlling devices, running up beyond synchronous speed as much as required to consume the power supplied to it. Conversely, however, if an induction machine is driven at constant speed and connected to a suitable circuit as load, the frequency given by the machine will not be synchronous with the speed, or constant at all loads, but decreases with increasing load from practically synchronism at no load, and thus for the induction generator at constant speed a load curve can be con- structed as ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3895-5444", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "spectrum", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... her, and last class may be considered vapor, gas and vacuum conduction. Typical of this is, that the volt-ampere characteristic is dropping, that is, the voltage decreases with in- crease of current, and that luminescence accompanies the con- duction, that is, conversion of electric energy into light. Thus, gas and vapor conductors are unstable on constant- potential supply, but stable on constant current. On constant potential they require a series resistance or reactance, to produce stability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conduction, arc conduction, ...", "... quire a series resistance or reactance, to produce stability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conduction, arc conduction, and true electronic conduction. In spark conduction, the gas or vapor which fills the space be- tween the electrodes is the conductor. The light given by the gaseous conductor thus shows the spectrum of the gas or vapor which fills the space, but the material of the electrodes is imma- terial, that is, affects neither the light nor the electric behavior of the gaseous conductor, except indirectly, in so far as the section of the conduc ...", "... tability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conduction, arc conduction, and true electronic conduction. In spark conduction, the gas or vapor which fills the space be- tween the electrodes is the conductor. The light given by the gaseous conductor thus shows the spectrum of the gas or vapor which fills the space, but the material of the electrodes is imma- terial, that is, affects neither the light nor the electric behavior of the gaseous conductor, except indirectly, in so far as the section of the conductor at the terminals depends upon the terminal sur- fac ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "section_title": "Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 27996-29301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 15 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... s, the regulation is improved, by the line and leakage reactance, from g = 4 per cent, to 5 = 1.5 per cent, as seen in Fig. 127. 163. In paragraph 161 and the preceding, the shunted react- ances, 61 and 62, have been assumed as constant and independent of p. However, with the change of p, the wave-shape distortion between current and voltage changes, as with increasing p, more and more saturated reactors are thrown into the circuit and dis- tort the current wave. As 61 is shunted by gf, and carries a small part of the current only, and g is non-inductive, the change of wave shape in 61 ...", "... g, the shunted react- ances, 61 and 62, have been assumed as constant and independent of p. However, with the change of p, the wave-shape distortion between current and voltage changes, as with increasing p, more and more saturated reactors are thrown into the circuit and dis- tort the current wave. As 61 is shunted by gf, and carries a small part of the current only, and g is non-inductive, the change of wave shape in 61 will be less, and as 61 carries only a part of the current, the effect of the change of wave shape in 61 thus is practically neg- ligible, so that 61 can be assumed as ...", "... e of p, the wave-shape distortion between current and voltage changes, as with increasing p, more and more saturated reactors are thrown into the circuit and dis- tort the current wave. As 61 is shunted by gf, and carries a small part of the current only, and g is non-inductive, the change of wave shape in 61 will be less, and as 61 carries only a part of the current, the effect of the change of wave shape in 61 thus is practically neg- ligible, so that 61 can be assumed as constant and independent of p. 62, however, carries the total current, at fairly high saturation, and thus exerts ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 5, "location": "lines 4072-5311", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... e current is i = 10.2 £-200' sin 980*; the condenser potential is e, - 1000 { 1 - e\" 20° ' (cos 980 t + 0.21 sin 980 0 } . 62 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA 41. Since the equations of current and potential difference (42) to (47) contain trigonometric functions, the phenomena are periodic or waves, similar to alternating currents. They r differ from the latter by containing an exponential factor e 2 L , which steadily decreases with increase of t. That is, the sue- 16UUI — f ^ f N, c = « 1QOO volts L = = 1 X)mh 1 X \\ T = 40 oh, as C = = OE af. ...", "... 3 or 8 0 1& °\\ 2A fy 3i 20 7400 480' \\5( ^) & (0 72 ^ -« 1 — ~, [_ \\ 1 s ^ S I/ J \\ 1 \\ / \\ / Fig. 14. Charging a condenser through a circuit having resistance and induc- tance. Constant potential. Oscillating charge. cessive half waves of current and of condenser potential pro- gressively decrease in amplitude. Such alternating waves of progressively decreasing amplitude are called oscillating waves. Since equations (42) to (47) are periodic, the time t can be represented by an angle 6, so that one complete period is denoted ...", "... [_ \\ 1 s ^ S I/ J \\ 1 \\ / \\ / Fig. 14. Charging a condenser through a circuit having resistance and induc- tance. Constant potential. Oscillating charge. cessive half waves of current and of condenser potential pro- gressively decrease in amplitude. Such alternating waves of progressively decreasing amplitude are called oscillating waves. Since equations (42) to (47) are periodic, the time t can be represented by an angle 6, so that one complete period is denoted by 2 n or one complete revolution, f) * 4 O -ft (A Q\\ 0 = —t = 2rft. (48) hence, the frequen ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "section_title": "Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 10583-12397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... 0 CO 00 *• «H »-!•-• CO 110.0; 100.0; 107.5: 102.0 OH OiO • • • • 0 ^1 H *£ ** ** eM -* 0000 • • • • 0000 »H *-l f>4 <-4 ^as .2 31 00 O CO 00 0000 I I I • • • 000 s CO 00 000*0 I I I O © «\"« • » • 000 INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION 131 3. FREQUENCY PULSATION 81. If the frequency of the voltage supply pulsates with sufficient rapidity that the motor speed can not appreciably follow the pulsations of frequency, the motor current and torque also pulsate; that is, if the frequency pulsates by the fraction, p, above and below the normal, at ...", "... .0; 100.0; 107.5: 102.0 OH OiO • • • • 0 ^1 H *£ ** ** eM -* 0000 • • • • 0000 »H *-l f>4 <-4 ^as .2 31 00 O CO 00 0000 I I I • • • 000 s CO 00 000*0 I I I O © «\"« • » • 000 INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION 131 3. FREQUENCY PULSATION 81. If the frequency of the voltage supply pulsates with sufficient rapidity that the motor speed can not appreciably follow the pulsations of frequency, the motor current and torque also pulsate; that is, if the frequency pulsates by the fraction, p, above and below the normal, at the average slip, s, the actual ...", "... O CO 00 0000 I I I • • • 000 s CO 00 000*0 I I I O © «\"« • » • 000 INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION 131 3. FREQUENCY PULSATION 81. If the frequency of the voltage supply pulsates with sufficient rapidity that the motor speed can not appreciably follow the pulsations of frequency, the motor current and torque also pulsate; that is, if the frequency pulsates by the fraction, p, above and below the normal, at the average slip, s, the actual slip pulsates between s + p and a — p, and motor current and = =■ - ^pts uw ^ ^^J '^ isV*i ix *!vS \\ \\ y§ j«fe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 18, "location": "lines 20975-21712", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 14 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... . (2) If, now, a pulsation of the synchronous motor occurs, resulting in a change of the phase relation, 0, between the counter e.m.f., e, and the impressed e.m.f., e0 (the latter being of constant fre- quency, thus constant phase), by an angle, 5, where 8 is a periodic function of time, of a frequency very low compared with the impressed frequency, then the phase angle of the counter e.rn.f., e, is P + 6; and the counter e.m.f. is: E = e {cos (0 + 6) - j sin (p + 6)1, 19 290 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS hence the current: / = - {[e0 cos a — e cos (a + 0 + 5)] z — j [e0 sin a — e sin (a ...", "... motor occurs, resulting in a change of the phase relation, 0, between the counter e.m.f., e, and the impressed e.m.f., e0 (the latter being of constant fre- quency, thus constant phase), by an angle, 5, where 8 is a periodic function of time, of a frequency very low compared with the impressed frequency, then the phase angle of the counter e.rn.f., e, is P + 6; and the counter e.m.f. is: E = e {cos (0 + 6) - j sin (p + 6)1, 19 290 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS hence the current: / = - {[e0 cos a — e cos (a + 0 + 5)] z — j [e0 sin a — e sin (a + 0 + 6)]\\ = h + ysin* jsin(a + p+ *) + jcos(a ...", "... on of time; hence v = Vq (1 — s) = actual velocity, at time, t. During the time element, dt, the position of the synchronous motor armature regarding the impressed e.m.f., e0, and thereby the phase angle, 0 + 6, of e, changes by: dd = 2 Tcfsdt = sd0, (5) where: 0 = 2 icft, and / = frequency of impressed e.m.f., e0. Let: m = mass of revolving machine elements, and M0 — )i im-'o2 = mean mechanical momentum, reduced to joules or watt-seconds; then the momentum at time, t, and velocity v = v0 (1 — s) is: AT = y2vivj(\\ - s)2, and the change of momentum during the time element, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations. 478", "section_title": "Free Oscillations. 478", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 5, "location": "lines 1148-1186", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "standing wave", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 478 28. Types of waves: standing waves, traveling waves, alter- nating-current waves. 478 29. Conditions and types of free oscillations. 478 30. Terminal conditions. 480 31. Free oscillation as standing wave. 481 32. Quarter-wave and half-wave oscillation, and their equa- tions. 482 33. Conditions under whi ...", "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 478 28. Types of waves: standing waves, traveling waves, alter- nating-current waves. 478 29. Conditions and types of free oscillations. 478 30. Terminal conditions. 480 31. Free oscillation as standing wave. 481 32. Quarter-wave and half-wave oscillation, and their equa- tions. 482 33. Conditions under which a standing wa ...", "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 478 28. Types of waves: standing waves, traveling waves, alter- nating-current waves. 478 29. Conditions and types of free oscillations. 478 30. Terminal conditions. 480 31. Free oscillation as standing wave. 481 32. Quarter-wave and half-wave oscillation, and their equa- tions. 482 33. Conditions under which a standing wave is a free osci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-44", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 44, "number": 4, "location": "lines 23179-23585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- ...", "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil contains a large number of turns, a great length of conductor, and therefore its electrostatic capacity is appreciable, and such a coil thus repre ...", "... rably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil contains a large number of turns, a great length of conductor, and therefore its electrostatic capacity is appreciable, and such a coil thus represents a circuit of distributed resistance, inductance, and capacity somewhat similar to a transmission line. The same applies to reactive coils, etc., wound for very high voltages, and even in smaller reactive coils at very high frequency. This capacity effect is more marked in smaller transformers, where the size of the iron core and therewith the voltage per turn is less, and therefore the numbe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: General Review", "section_title": "General Review", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 154-565", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... irements of all the other steps so must be taken into consideration. Of the greatest importance in this respect is the use to which electric power is put, since it is the ultimate purpose for which it is generated and transmitted ; next in importance is the transmis- sion, as the long distance transmission line usually is the most expensive part of the system, and in the transmission the limitation is more severe than in any other step through which the electric power passes. The main uses of electric power are : General Distribution for Lighting and Pozver. The relative proportion between power us ...", "... ernating current are 60 cycles and 25 cycles. The former is used for general distri- bution for lighting and power, the latter for conversion to direct current, for alternating current railways, and for large powers. GENERAL REVIEW ii In England and on the continent, 50 cycles is standard frequency. This frequency still survives in this country in Southern California, where it was introduced before 60 cycles was standard. The frequencies of 125 to 140 cycles, which were standard in the very early days, 20 years ago, have disappeared. The frequency of 40 cycles, which once was introduce ...", "... are 60 cycles and 25 cycles. The former is used for general distri- bution for lighting and power, the latter for conversion to direct current, for alternating current railways, and for large powers. GENERAL REVIEW ii In England and on the continent, 50 cycles is standard frequency. This frequency still survives in this country in Southern California, where it was introduced before 60 cycles was standard. The frequencies of 125 to 140 cycles, which were standard in the very early days, 20 years ago, have disappeared. The frequency of 40 cycles, which once was introduced as compromise ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-21", "section_label": "Apparatus Introduction 21: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "apparatus-introduction", "sequence": 21, "number": null, "location": "lines 8292-8517", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "snippets": [ "... t and alternating-current apparatus is unsatisfactory, since it includes in the same class apparatus of entirely different character, as the induction motor and the alternating-current generator, or the constant-potential commutating machine and the rectifying arc light machine. Thus the following classification, based on the characteristic features of the apparatus, as adopted by the A. I. E. E. Standard- izing Committee, is used in the following discussion. It refers only to the apparatus transforming between electric and ...", "... connected with a multi-segmental commutator. 121 122 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2d. Synchronous machines, consisting of a undirectional mag- netic field and an armature revolving relatively to the mag- netic field at a velocity synchronous with the frequency of the alternating-current circuit connected thereto. . 3d. Rectifying apparatus, that is, apparatus reversing the direc- tion of an alternating current synchronously with the frequency. 4th. Induction machines, consisting of an alternating mag- netic circuit or ...", "... volving relatively to the mag- netic field at a velocity synchronous with the frequency of the alternating-current circuit connected thereto. . 3d. Rectifying apparatus, that is, apparatus reversing the direc- tion of an alternating current synchronously with the frequency. 4th. Induction machines, consisting of an alternating mag- netic circuit or circuits interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits moving with regard to each other. 5th. Stationary induction apparatus, consisting of a magnetic circuit interlinked ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Induction Generators", "section_title": "Induction Generators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 20446-21537", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 13 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... eyond saturation of its magnetic field. When operating in parallel with synchronous alternating cur- rent generators, the induction generator obviously takes its leading exciting current from the synchronous alternator, which thus carries a lagging wattless current. 175. To generate constant frequency, the speed of the in- duction generator must increase with the load. Inversely, when driven at constant speed, with increasing load on the induction generator, the frequency of the current generated thereby decreases. Thus, when calculating the characteristic curves of the constant-speed induc ...", "... iting current from the synchronous alternator, which thus carries a lagging wattless current. 175. To generate constant frequency, the speed of the in- duction generator must increase with the load. Inversely, when driven at constant speed, with increasing load on the induction generator, the frequency of the current generated thereby decreases. Thus, when calculating the characteristic curves of the constant-speed induction generator, due regard has to be taken of the decrease of frequency with increase of load, or what may be called the slip of frequency, s. Let, in an induction generator ...", "... e load. Inversely, when driven at constant speed, with increasing load on the induction generator, the frequency of the current generated thereby decreases. Thus, when calculating the characteristic curves of the constant-speed induction generator, due regard has to be taken of the decrease of frequency with increase of load, or what may be called the slip of frequency, s. Let, in an induction generator, Yo = go — jho = primary exciting admittance, Zo = To -\\- jxo = primary self-inductive impedance, Zi = ri + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance, reduced to primary, all these quanti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_title": "Alternating Current Railway Motor", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 8649-9342", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "snippets": [ "... wer, but causes the current to lag, and so lowers the power factor of the motor; that is, causes the motor to take more volt-amperes than corresponds to its output, and so is objectionable. The useful voltage, or e. m. f. of rotation of the motor, is proportional to the speed ; or rather the \"frequency of rota- tion\", No, is proportional to the field strength F, and to the number of armature turns m. The wattless voltage, or self- induction of the field, is proportional to the frequency N, to the field strengfth F, and the number of field turns n. The ratio of the useful voltage to the wattl ...", "... . The useful voltage, or e. m. f. of rotation of the motor, is proportional to the speed ; or rather the \"frequency of rota- tion\", No, is proportional to the field strength F, and to the number of armature turns m. The wattless voltage, or self- induction of the field, is proportional to the frequency N, to the field strengfth F, and the number of field turns n. The ratio of the useful voltage to the wattless voltage therefore is mNo -^ nN, and to make the useful voltage high and the wattless voltage low, therefore requires as high a frequency of rotation No and as low a frequency of supply ...", "... induction of the field, is proportional to the frequency N, to the field strengfth F, and the number of field turns n. The ratio of the useful voltage to the wattless voltage therefore is mNo -^ nN, and to make the useful voltage high and the wattless voltage low, therefore requires as high a frequency of rotation No and as low a frequency of supply N, as possible. Thus the commutator motors of more than 25 cycles give poor power factors; and for a given number of revolutions No, which is number of revolutions per second times number of pairs of poles, therefore is the higher, the more poles ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-36", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 15: Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 36, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9918-10123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "snippets": [ "XV. Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation 27. In alternators operated from independent prime movers, it is not sufficient that the average frequency corresponding to the average speed of the prime movers be the same, but still more important that the frequency be the same at any instant, that is, that the frequency (and thus the speed of the prime mover) be constant. In rotary prime movers, as turbi ...", "... Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation 27. In alternators operated from independent prime movers, it is not sufficient that the average frequency corresponding to the average speed of the prime movers be the same, but still more important that the frequency be the same at any instant, that is, that the frequency (and thus the speed of the prime mover) be constant. In rotary prime movers, as turbines or electric motors, this is usually the case; but with reciprocating machines, as steam engines, the torque a ...", "... lternators operated from independent prime movers, it is not sufficient that the average frequency corresponding to the average speed of the prime movers be the same, but still more important that the frequency be the same at any instant, that is, that the frequency (and thus the speed of the prime mover) be constant. In rotary prime movers, as turbines or electric motors, this is usually the case; but with reciprocating machines, as steam engines, the torque and thus the speed of rotation rises and falls periodically ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-88", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 88, "number": 10, "location": "lines 15811-15892", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "snippets": [ "X. Frequency 101. While converters can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25 ...", "X. Frequency 101. While converters can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25-cycle converter. The commutator surface moves the distanc ...", "X. Frequency 101. While converters can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25-cycle converter. The commutator surface moves the distance from brush to next brush, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16521-17716", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... t. 143. The alternating magnetic flux of the magnetic circuit surrounding both electric circuits is produced by the combined magnetizing action of the primary and of the secondary current. This magnetic flux is determined by the e.m.f. of the trans- former, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If $ = maximum magnetic flux, / = frequency, n = number of turns of the coil, the e.m.f. generated in this coil is E = V27r/n$ 10-8 = 4A4fn^ IQ-^ volts; hence, if the e.m.f., frequency, and number of turns are de- termined, the maximum magnetic flux is E108 $ = — — V27r/n To ...", "... etic circuit surrounding both electric circuits is produced by the combined magnetizing action of the primary and of the secondary current. This magnetic flux is determined by the e.m.f. of the trans- former, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If $ = maximum magnetic flux, / = frequency, n = number of turns of the coil, the e.m.f. generated in this coil is E = V27r/n$ 10-8 = 4A4fn^ IQ-^ volts; hence, if the e.m.f., frequency, and number of turns are de- termined, the maximum magnetic flux is E108 $ = — — V27r/n To produce the magnetism, $, of the transformer, a m.m ...", "... magnetic flux is determined by the e.m.f. of the trans- former, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If $ = maximum magnetic flux, / = frequency, n = number of turns of the coil, the e.m.f. generated in this coil is E = V27r/n$ 10-8 = 4A4fn^ IQ-^ volts; hence, if the e.m.f., frequency, and number of turns are de- termined, the maximum magnetic flux is E108 $ = — — V27r/n To produce the magnetism, $, of the transformer, a m.m.f. of F ampere-turns is required, which is determined by the shape and the magnetic characteristic of the iron, in the manner dis- cussed in Chap ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 35: Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 35, "location": "lines 37453-37957", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... s of a polyphase system are star, or (in a three- phase system) Y quantities, it usually is more convenient to reduce all quantities to Y connection, and use one of the F-cir- cuits as the equivalent single-phase circuit. 304. As an example may be considered the calculation of a long-distance transmission line, delivering 10,000 kw., three-phase power at 60 cycles, 80,000 volts and 90 per cent, power-factor at 100 miles from the generating station, with approximately 10 per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. distant from each other. ...", "... circuit. 304. As an example may be considered the calculation of a long-distance transmission line, delivering 10,000 kw., three-phase power at 60 cycles, 80,000 volts and 90 per cent, power-factor at 100 miles from the generating station, with approximately 10 per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. distant from each other. 29 450 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 10,000 kw. total power delivered gives 3,333 kw. per line or single-phase branch (F power). 3,333 kw. at 90 per cent, power-factor gives 3,700 kv.-amp. 80,000 volts ...", "... hms per mile. The nearest standard size of wire is No. 0 B. & S., which has a resistance of 0.52 ohms, and a weight of 1680 lb. per mile. Choosing this size of wire so requires for the 300 miles of line conductor, 300 X 1680 = 500,000 lb. of copper. At 0.52 ohms per mile, the resistance per transmission line or circuit of 100 miles length is, r — 52 ohms. The inductance of wire No. 0, with d = 0.325 in. diameter, and 6 ft. = 72 in. distance from the return conductor, is calculated from the formula of line inductance^ as, 2.3 mil-henrys per mile; hence, per circuit, L - 0.23 henry, and heref ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2774-3131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 33. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. T ...", "... a vector OI-± (Fig. 26), or by 7l = — i —ji'> Or, if the difference of potential from terminal B to terminal A is denoted by the E = e + je' , the difference of potential from A to B is El = — e — je' . 44 ALTERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Hence, in dealing with alternating-current sine waves, it is necessary to consider them in their proper direction with regard to the circuit. Especially in more complicated circuits, as interlinked polyphase systems, careful attention has to be paid to this point. -*' Fig. 28. 34. Let, for instance, in Fig. 27, an interlinked three- phase ...", "... tion, A^O, from the terminal to common connection, and represented by — El. Conversely, the dif- ference of potential from A1 to Az is El — Ez. It is then convenient to go still a step farther, and drop, in the diagrammatic representation, the vector line altogether ; that is, denote the sine wave by a point only,, the end of the corresponding vector. \" Looking at this from a different point of view, it means that we choose one point of the system — for instance, the common connection O — as a zero point, or point of zero potential, and represent the potentials of all the other points ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "periodicity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... and what appear to be hopelessly complex calculations may thus be carried out quickly and expeditiously by a proper arrangement of the work. The most convenient way usually is the arrangement in tabular form. As example, consider the problem of calculating the regula- tion of a 6(),000-volt transmission line, of r = 60 ohms resist- ance, a;= 135 ohms inductive reactance, and 6 = 0.0012 conden- sive susceptance, for various values of non-inductive, inductive, and condensive load. Starting with the complete equations of the long-distance transmission line, as given in \"Theory and Calculation of Tr ...", "... ulating the regula- tion of a 6(),000-volt transmission line, of r = 60 ohms resist- ance, a;= 135 ohms inductive reactance, and 6 = 0.0012 conden- sive susceptance, for various values of non-inductive, inductive, and condensive load. Starting with the complete equations of the long-distance transmission line, as given in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" Section III, paragraph 9, and considering that for every one of the various power-factors, lag, and lead, a sufficient number of values 249 250 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. have to be calculated to giv ...", "... ng that for every one of the various power-factors, lag, and lead, a sufficient number of values 249 250 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. have to be calculated to give a curve, the amount of work appears hopelessly large. However, without loss of engineering exactness, the equa- tion of the transmission line can be simplified by approxima- tion, as discussed in Chapter V, paragraph 123, to the form. + ^/o 1+- ZY + F^oU+^^ (1) where Eo, h are voltage and current, respectively at the step- down end, El, I\\ at the step-up end of the line; and Z = r—jx = Q^—\\Zbj is the total line impe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-07", "section_label": "Theory Section 7: Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 2250-2717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "snippets": [ "... DUCTANCE IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 34. An alternating current i = IQ sin 2irft or i — I0 sin 0 can be represented graphically in rectangular coordinates by a curved line as shown in Fig. 10, with the instantaneous values FIG. 10. — Alternating sine wave. i as ordinates and the time t, or the arc of the angle corresponding to the time, 6 = 2irft, as abscissas, counting the time from the zero value of the rising wave as zero point. If the zero value of current is not chosen as zero point of time, ...", "... line as shown in Fig. 10, with the instantaneous values FIG. 10. — Alternating sine wave. i as ordinates and the time t, or the arc of the angle corresponding to the time, 6 = 2irft, as abscissas, counting the time from the zero value of the rising wave as zero point. If the zero value of current is not chosen as zero point of time, the wave is represented by i = /0 sin 2 IT/ (t - t'), or i = /osin (6 — 8'), where tf and 6' are respectively the time and the corresponding angle at which the cu ...", "... as ordinates and the time t, or the arc of the angle corresponding to the time, 6 = 2irft, as abscissas, counting the time from the zero value of the rising wave as zero point. If the zero value of current is not chosen as zero point of time, the wave is represented by i = /0 sin 2 IT/ (t - t'), or i = /osin (6 — 8'), where tf and 6' are respectively the time and the corresponding angle at which the current reaches its zero value in the ascendant. If such a sine wave of alternating current i = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-37", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 16: Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 37, "number": 16, "location": "lines 10124-10189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "snippets": [ "XVI. Higher Frequency Cross Currents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, ...", "XVI. Higher Frequency Cross Currents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machines may be two or more generators, in the same or in different ...", "... I. Higher Frequency Cross Currents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machines may be two or more generators, in the same or in different stations, of wave shapes containing higher harmonics of different order, intensity or phase, or synchronous motors or converters of wave shapes differ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "section_title": "Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 12673-14088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... t. 118. The alternating magnetic flux of the magnetic circuit surrounding both electric circuits is produced by the combined magnetizing action of the primary and of the secondary current. This magnetic flux is determined by the E.M.F. of the transformer, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If 4> = maximum magnetic flux, N-= frequency, n = number of turns of the coil ; the E.M.F. induced in this coil is E = ViirNn^ 10-« volts, = 4.44 AV/* 10 -'volts; hence, if the E.M.F., frequency, and number of turns are determined, the maximum magnetic flux is E 1()» W'2.irNn ...", "... tic circuit surrounding both electric circuits is produced by the combined magnetizing action of the primary and of the secondary current. This magnetic flux is determined by the E.M.F. of the transformer, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If 4> = maximum magnetic flux, N-= frequency, n = number of turns of the coil ; the E.M.F. induced in this coil is E = ViirNn^ 10-« volts, = 4.44 AV/* 10 -'volts; hence, if the E.M.F., frequency, and number of turns are determined, the maximum magnetic flux is E 1()» W'2.irNn To produce the magnetism, *, of the transformer, ...", "... lux is determined by the E.M.F. of the transformer, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If 4> = maximum magnetic flux, N-= frequency, n = number of turns of the coil ; the E.M.F. induced in this coil is E = ViirNn^ 10-« volts, = 4.44 AV/* 10 -'volts; hence, if the E.M.F., frequency, and number of turns are determined, the maximum magnetic flux is E 1()» W'2.irNn To produce the magnetism, *, of the transformer, a M.M.F. of JF ampere-turns is required, which is determined by the shape and the magnetic characteristic of the iron, in the manner discussed in Chapter X. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 11605-12682", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... it. 128. The alternating magnetic flux of the magnetic circuit surrounding both electric circuits is produced by the combined magnetizing action of the primary and of the secondary current. This magnetic flux is determined by the E.M.F. of the transformer, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If <£ = maximum magnetic flux, N= frequency, n = number of turns of the coil ; the E.M.F. induced in this coil is E= V2 *• JVfc * 10 -8 = 4.44 .Afo* 10 -'volts; hence, if the E.M.F., frequency, and number of turns are determined, the maximum magnetic flux is To produce the magnetis ...", "... agnetic circuit surrounding both electric circuits is produced by the combined magnetizing action of the primary and of the secondary current. This magnetic flux is determined by the E.M.F. of the transformer, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If <£ = maximum magnetic flux, N= frequency, n = number of turns of the coil ; the E.M.F. induced in this coil is E= V2 *• JVfc * 10 -8 = 4.44 .Afo* 10 -'volts; hence, if the E.M.F., frequency, and number of turns are determined, the maximum magnetic flux is To produce the magnetism, $, of the transformer, a M.M.F. of 5 ampere-t ...", "... etic flux is determined by the E.M.F. of the transformer, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If <£ = maximum magnetic flux, N= frequency, n = number of turns of the coil ; the E.M.F. induced in this coil is E= V2 *• JVfc * 10 -8 = 4.44 .Afo* 10 -'volts; hence, if the E.M.F., frequency, and number of turns are determined, the maximum magnetic flux is To produce the magnetism, $, of the transformer, a M.M.F. of 5 ampere-turns is required, which is determined ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 195 by the shape and the magnetic characteristic of the iron, in the manner disc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 6942-9061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... Bi and Bz, as by an alternating or pul- sating current, a dissipation of energy by molecular friction occurs during each magnetic cycle. Experiment shows that the energy consumed per cycle and cm.^ of magnetic material depends only on the limits of the cycle, Bi and B2, but not on the speed or wave shape of the change. If the energy which is consumed by molecular friction is sup- plied by an electric current as magnetizing force, it has the effect that the relations between the magnetizing current, i, or magnetic field intensity, H, and the magnetic flux density, B, is not revers- ible, ...", "... neral, when speaking of hysteresis, molecular magnetic friction is meant, and the hysteresis cycle assumed under the con- dition of no other energy conversion, and this assumption will be made in the following, except where expressly stated otherwise. The hysteresis cycle is independent of the frequency within conmiercial frequencies and far beyond this range. Even at frequencies of hundred thousand cycles, experimental evidence seems to show that the hysteresis cycle is not materially changed, except in so far as eddy currents exert a demagnetizing action and thereby require a change of the ...", "... ing, all this energy, v>, is dissipated as heat, that is, is the hysteresis energy which measures the molecular magnetic friction. 38. If in Fig. 30 the shaded area represents the hysteresis loop between + H, + B, and — H, — B, giving with a sinusoidal alternating flux the voltage and current waves, Fig. 31, the maxi- mum area, which the hysteresis loop could theoretically assume, is given by the rectangle between + H, + B; — H, + B; — H, — B; + H, — B. This would mean, that the magnetic fiux does not appreciably decrease with decreasing field intensity, until the field has reversed to f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 1, "location": "lines 15354-15625", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... ponderates in the values of current, voltage, etc., and the permanent term occasionally is very small compared with the transient term. 4. Periodic transient phenomena are of engineering impor- tance mainly in three cases: (1) in the control of electric circuits; (2) in the production of high frequency currents, and (3) in the rectification of alternating currents. 1. In controlling electric circuits, etc., by some operating mechanism, as a potential magnet increasing and decreasing the resistance of the circuit, or a clutch shifting brushes, etc., the main objections are due to the excess ...", "... ation of the successive transient terms, any resultant inter- mediary between the two extremes can thus be produced. On this principle, for instance, operated the controlling solenoid of the Thomson-Houston arc machine, and also numerous auto- matic potential regulators. 2. Production of high frequency oscillating currents by period- ically recurring condenser discharges has been discussed under \" oscillating current generator,\" in Section I, paragraph 44. Non-sinusoidal high frequency alternating currents are pro- duced by an arc, when made unstable by shunting it with a condenser, as disc ...", "... he Thomson-Houston arc machine, and also numerous auto- matic potential regulators. 2. Production of high frequency oscillating currents by period- ically recurring condenser discharges has been discussed under \" oscillating current generator,\" in Section I, paragraph 44. Non-sinusoidal high frequency alternating currents are pro- duced by an arc, when made unstable by shunting it with a condenser, as discussed before. The Ruhmkorff coil or inductorium also represents an appli- cation of periodically recurring transient phenomena, as also does Prof. E. Thomson's dynamostatic machine. 3. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-47", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "section_title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 47, "number": 7, "location": "lines 24981-26094", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 59. If the frequency of an alternating or oscillating current is high, or the section of the conductor which carries the current is very large, or its electric conductivity or its magnetic per- meability high, the current density is not uniform throughout the conductor section, but decreases towards the interior of ...", "... oughout the con- ductor section is considerable, the conductor section is not fully utilized, but the material in the interior of the conductor is more or less wasted. It is of importance, therefore, in alternating- current circuits, especially in dealing with very large currents, or with high frequency, or materials of very high permeability, as iron, to investigate this phenomenon. An approximate determination of this effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to be negligible in its effect on the resistance of the conductor, 369 370 TRAN ...", "... iron as conductor, as for instance iron wires in high potential transmissions for branch lines of smaller power, or steel cables for long spans in transmission lines. (3) In the rail return of single-phase railways. (4) When carrying very high frequencies, such as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations. In the last two cases, which probably are of the greatest impor- tance, the unequal current distribution usually is such that practically no current exists at the conductor center, and the effective resistance of the track rail even for 25-cycle alternating current thus is sever ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "section_title": "General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "number": 1, "location": "lines 27761-28694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "distributed constants", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "snippets": [ "... rgy storage i2L depending upon the current, - — , as electromagnetic component & of the electric field; or the voltage generated due to the change of the current, L — , that is, with an alternating current, the at reactive voltage consumed in the circuit - jxi, where x = 2 nfL and / = frequency. g = effective (shunted) conductance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the voltage, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating voltage, the current, eg, in phase with the voltage. C = effective capacity ...", "... e energy storage e*C depending upon the voltage, — , as electrostatic component of the electric field; or the current consumed by a change of the de voltage, C — , that is, with an alternating voltage, the (leading) dt reactive current consumed in the circuit - jbe, where 6 = 2 and / = frequency. 417 418 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA In the investigation of electric circuits, these four constants, r, L, g, C, usually are assumed as located separately from each other, or localized. Although this assumption can never be per- fectly correct, — for instance, every resistor has some inductance ...", "... . Although this assumption can never be per- fectly correct, — for instance, every resistor has some inductance and every reactor has some resistance, — nevertheless in most cases it is permissible and necessary, and only in some classes of phenomena, and in some kinds of circuits, such as high-frequency phenomena, voltage and current distribution in long-distance, high-potential circuits, cables, telephone circuits, etc., this assumption is not permissible, but r, L, g, C must be treated as distributed throughout the circuit. In the case of a circuit with distributed resistance, inductance, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... ble originated, of an irregular period of about 1 second per beat. d) The tie line reactor B, got very hot. e) The drop of voltage and the voltage fluctuation lasted for 18 minutes, with only slight decrease. Then they suddenly disappeared and normal voltage returned. f) During the disturbance, the frequency of the system fluctuated by about two cycles, that is 8%, and three machines in Fisk A where the trouble originated tripped their excess speed governors and cut off steam. g) Some synchronous machines dropped out of step, but the exact record is no more available. Remarks: a) The fluctuation and dr ...", "... itation (the armature reaction component of the synchronous impedance), the amplitude of the oscillation steadily diminishes, until the oscillation disappears. That is, the interchange current between two alternators which are in synchronism but out of phase, pulsates, with approximate- ly constant frequency of the beat, but with an amplitude, which grad- ually decreases to nothing. If the EMFs of the two machines are equal, then at the moment when the two machines are in phase, there is no resultant EMF, and thus no current, and when the machines are out of phase, the resultant EMF is approximately in ...", "... the following, where we are mainly interested in the magnitude of the effects, we may for simplicity assume equality of EMF of the machines. B If two alternators or groups of alternators such as station sections, are connected together out of synchronism, that is while differing from each other in frequency, they slowly slip past each other, and during each cycle of slip, or beat, a periodic energy transfer takes place, while the interchange current periodically rises and falls. During one-quar- ter the cycle of slip, or beat, the alternators are partly in phase with each other, that is, their EMFs ar ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Methods Of Approximation", "section_title": "Methods Of Approximation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15156-16482", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ai}^-a^-^ '15) 128. Example. AVhat is the current input to an induction motor, at impressed voltage eo and slip s (given as fraction of synchronous speed) if ro — jxo is the impedance of the primary circuit of the motor, and ri — jxi the impedance of the secondary circuit of the motor at full frequency, and the exciting current of the motor is neglected; assuming s to be a small quantity; that is, the motor running at full speed? Let E be the e.m.f. generated by the mutual magnetic flux, that is, the magnetic flux which interlinks with primary and with secondary circuit, in the primary circ ...", "... l quantity; that is, the motor running at full speed? Let E be the e.m.f. generated by the mutual magnetic flux, that is, the magnetic flux which interlinks with primary and with secondary circuit, in the primary circuit. Since the fre- quency of the secondary circuit is the fraction 8 of the frequency 192 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. of the primary circuit, the generated e.m.f. of the secondary circuit is sE. Since x\\ is the reactance of the secondary circuit at full frequency, at the fraction s of full frequency the reactance of the secondary circuit is sxi, and the impedance of the sec- ...", "... secondary circuit, in the primary circuit. Since the fre- quency of the secondary circuit is the fraction 8 of the frequency 192 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. of the primary circuit, the generated e.m.f. of the secondary circuit is sE. Since x\\ is the reactance of the secondary circuit at full frequency, at the fraction s of full frequency the reactance of the secondary circuit is sxi, and the impedance of the sec- ondary circuit at slip s, therefore, is ri — jsx\\] hence the secondary current is, • ri-]sxi If the exciting current is neglected, the primary current equals the secondary curre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3267-3618", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD 36. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — voltage, for instance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the e.m.f , is considered as a part of the impressed voltage or as a counter e.m.f. This is analogous to the ...", "... site phase, and therefore represented by a vector, OIi (Fig. 26), or by 7] = — i — ji'. Or, if the difference of potential from terminal B to terminal A is denoted by the E = e -\\- je', the difference of potential from A to B is El = — e — je'. Hence, in dealing with alternating-current sine waves it is necessary to consider them in their proper direction with regard to the circuit. Especially in more complicated circuits, as inter- linked polyphase systems, careful attention has to be paid to this point. 37. Let, for instance, in Fig. 27, an interlinked three-phase system be represen ...", "... rection, AiO, from the terminal to common connec- tion, and represented by — Ei. Conversely, the difference of potential from Ai to Az'is Ei — Ei. It is then convenient to go still a step farther, and drop the vector line altogether in the diagrammatic representation; that is, denote the sine wave by a point only, the end of the corre- sponding vector. Looking at this from a different point of view, it means that we choose one point of the system — for instance, the common O ^a § ^^^ El O E2 Fig. 27. Fig. 2S. connection, or neutral 0 — as a zero point, or point of zero p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI PHASE CONTROL 80. At constant voltage, eo, impressed upon a circuit, as a transmission line, resistance, r, inserted in series with the receiv- ing circuit, causes the voltage, e, at the receiver circuit to decrease with increasing current, /, through the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is ...", "... at will, by producing in the receiver circuit lagging or leading currents, the change of voltage, e, with a change of load in the circuit can be controlled. For instance, by changing the current from lagging at no-load to lead at heavy load the reactance, x, can be made to lower the voltage at light load and raise it at overload, and so make up for the increasing drop of voltage with increasing load, caused by the resistance, r, that is, to maintain constant voltage, or even a voltage, e, which rises with the load on the receiving circuit, at constant voltage, Co, at the generator side of ...", "... the field magnetism is decreased, the motor speed increases, as the armature has to revolve faster to consume the impressed e.m.f., and if the field excitation is increased, the motor slows down. A synchronous motor, however, cannot vary in speed, since it must keep in step with the impressed frequency, and if, therefore, at constant impressed voltage the field excitation is decreased below that which gives a field magnetism, that at the synchronous speed consumes the impressed voltage, the field magnetism still must remain the same, and the armature current thus changes in phase in such a m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 3, "location": "lines 836-874", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. ...", "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discharge of line of constant v ...", "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discharge of line of constant voltage and zero current. 329 33. Example of short-circuit oscillation of line. 331 34. Circuit grounded at both ends : Half-wave oscill ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Discussion Of General Equations. 431", "section_title": "Discussion Of General Equations. 431", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1063-1086", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "standing wave", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS. 431 7. The two component waves and their reflected waves. Attenuation in time and in space. 431 8. Period, wave length, time and distance attenuation constants. 433 9. Simplification of equations at high frequency, and the velocity unit of distance. 434 10. Decrement of traveling wave. 436 11. Physical meaning of t ...", "CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS. 431 7. The two component waves and their reflected waves. Attenuation in time and in space. 431 8. Period, wave length, time and distance attenuation constants. 433 9. Simplification of equations at high frequency, and the velocity unit of distance. 434 10. Decrement of traveling wave. 436 11. Physical meaning of the two component waves. 43 ...", "CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS. 431 7. The two component waves and their reflected waves. Attenuation in time and in space. 431 8. Period, wave length, time and distance attenuation constants. 433 9. Simplification of equations at high frequency, and the velocity unit of distance. 434 10. Decrement of traveling wave. 436 11. Physical meaning of the two component waves. 437 12. Stationary or standing wave. Trigonometric arid logarith- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Traveling Waves. 457", "section_title": "Traveling Waves. 457", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1112-1147", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "traveling wave", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 457 20. Different forms of the equations of the traveling wave. 457 CONTENTS. xxiii PAGE 21. Component waves and single traveling wave. Attenua- tion. 459 22. Effect of inductance, as loading, and leakage, on attenu- ation. Numerical example of telephone circuit. 462 23. Traveling ...", "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 457 20. Different forms of the equations of the traveling wave. 457 CONTENTS. xxiii PAGE 21. Component waves and single traveling wave. Attenua- tion. 459 22. Effect of inductance, as loading, and leakage, on attenu- ation. Numerical example of telephone circuit. 462 23. Traveling sine wave and traveling cosine wave. Ampli- tude and wave front ...", "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 457 20. Different forms of the equations of the traveling wave. 457 CONTENTS. xxiii PAGE 21. Component waves and single traveling wave. Attenua- tion. 459 22. Effect of inductance, as loading, and leakage, on attenu- ation. Numerical example of telephone circuit. 462 23. Traveling sine wave and traveling cosine wave. Ampli- tude and wave front. 464 24. Discussion of traveling wave as function ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity", "section_title": "Distributed Series Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 45, "number": 5, "location": "lines 23586-23947", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "electrical radiation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 43. The capacity of a transmission line, cable, or high-poten- tial transformer coil is shunted capacity, that is, capacity from conductor to ground, or from conductor to return conductor, or shunting across a section of the conductor, as from turn to turn or layer to layer of a transformer coil. In some circuits, in addition to th ...", "... er, the supply voltage is alternating, the voltage does not divide uniformly between the gaps, but the potential difference is the greater, that is, the potential gradient steeper the nearer the gap is to the line L, and this distribution of potential becomes the more non-uniform the higher the frequency; that is, the greater the charging current of the capacity of the cylinder against ground. The charging currents against ground, of all 848 DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY 349 the cylinders from q to the ground G, Figs. 90 and 91, must pass the gap between the adjacent cylinders p and g; ...", "... ent circuit of a multi-gap lightning arrester. formed by these two cylinders, C, this potential difference increases towards L, being, at each point proportional to the vector sum of all the charging currents, against ground, of all the cylinders between this point and ground. The higher the frequency, the more non-uniform is the poten- tial gradient along the circuit and the lower is the total supply voltage required to bring the maximum potential gradient, near the line L, above the disruptive voltage, that is, to initiate the discharge. Thus such a multigap structure is discriminating re ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-02-discussion-of-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 3: Discussion of Recommendations", "section_title": "Discussion of Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "PDF pages 12-16, lines 721-1138", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "Discussion of Recommendations While recommendations 1) to 3) should greatly reduce the frequency of troubles or keep them out of the generating system by isolating or localizing them by the feeder reactors, it obviously is not possible to absolutely guard against the occasional troubles in the generating sys- tem, such as short circuits. But as soon as the trouble is cleared as by the opening ...", "... sm with the rest of the system. It therefore is hardly to be expected that they would promptly drop into synchronism but rather would continue indefinitely to drift out of synchronism with the rest of the system. Two alternators or stations, thrown together out of synchronism, that is, differing in frequency from each other, will promptly, that is, practically instantly, pull each other into step, that is, the slow machine [[END_PDF_PAGE:14]] [[PDF_PAGE:15]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz speeds up and the fast machine slows down, if their frequency differ- ence was low enough. This, however, would, w ...", "... n together out of synchronism, that is, differing in frequency from each other, will promptly, that is, practically instantly, pull each other into step, that is, the slow machine [[END_PDF_PAGE:14]] [[PDF_PAGE:15]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz speeds up and the fast machine slows down, if their frequency differ- ence was low enough. This, however, would, with turbo-alternators, require a frequency difference not much exceeding one percent, and it is not probable that the unloaded station, idling on the governors, would be so close in frequency to the loaded station, especially as the frequency diff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "section_title": "Lightning Protection", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 4931-5294", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... ENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W\"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits made their appearance, this protection against lightning by a simple small spark gap to ground became insufficient, and this addi- tional problem arose : to open the short circuit of the machine current, which resulted from and followed the lightning dis- charge. This prob ...", "... ; and later on, for alternating current, the multi-gap between non-arcing metal cylinders, a number of small spark gaps in series with each other, between line and ground, over which the lightning discharges to ground — the machine cur- rent following as arc, but stopped at the end of the half wave of alternating current; but not starting at the next half wave, due to the property of these \"non-arcing\" metals (usually zinc-copper alloys), to carry an arc in one direction, but requir- ing an extremely high voltage to start a reverse arc. These lightning arresters operated satisfactorily ...", "... non-arcing metal cylinders, a number of small spark gaps in series with each other, between line and ground, over which the lightning discharges to ground — the machine cur- rent following as arc, but stopped at the end of the half wave of alternating current; but not starting at the next half wave, due to the property of these \"non-arcing\" metals (usually zinc-copper alloys), to carry an arc in one direction, but requir- ing an extremely high voltage to start a reverse arc. These lightning arresters operated satisfactorily with the smaller machines and circuits of limited power used in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-16", "section_label": "Lecture 16: The Incandescent Lamp", "section_title": "The Incandescent Lamp", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 9687-9919", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "snippets": [ "... THE INCANDESCENT LAMP mHE two main types of electric illuminants are the in- candescent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent lamps in an electric circuit therefore act as non-inductive ohmic resistance and can there- fore be operated equally well on constant potential as on con- stant current. As electric distribution systems are always constant potential, most incandescent lamps are operated on consta ...", "... tant potential as on con- stant current. As electric distribution systems are always constant potential, most incandescent lamps are operated on constant potential ; and only for outdoor lighting, that is, for street lighting in cases where the arc lamp is too large and too expensive a unit of light for the requirements, incandescent lamps are used on a constant, direct or alternating current cir- cuit; they are then usually built for the standard arc circuits, and thus for low voltage. For general convenience the efficiency of incandescent lamps is given in watts power consumption per h ...", "... efficiency rating — is called the useful life ; since experience has shown, that after a decrease of candle power of 20%, with the carbon filament lamp, under average conditions, it is more economical to replace the lamp with a new lamp, than to continue its use ; as then the increased cost of light due to the lower efficiency is greater than the cost of the lamp, when distributed over 500 hours. 2IO GENERAL LECTURES In discussing incandescent lamp efficiencies, it is therefore essential to make sure that the efficiency is given at the useful life of 500 hours; since obviously any eff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-10", "section_label": "Theory Section 10: Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "section_title": "Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 3234-3585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "snippets": [ "... RICAL ENGINEERING In soft annealed sheet iron or sheet steel and in silicon steel, rj varies from 0.60 X 10~3 to 2.5 X 10~3, and can in average, for good material, be assumed as 1.5 X 10~3. The loss of power in the volume, V, at flux density B and frequency /, is thus P = VfoB1'6 X 10\"7, in watts, and, if / = the exciting current, the hysteretic effective resist- ance is P B1'6 r\" =J-* = VfrW-^' If the flux density, B, is proportional to the current, /, sub- stituting for B, and introducing the consta ...", "... is proportional to the current, /, sub- stituting for B, and introducing the constant k, we have rn V ~ 'PA' that is, the effective hysteretic resistance is inversely propor- tional to the 0.4 power of the current, and directly proportional to the frequency. 49. Besides hysteresis, eddy or Foucault currents contribute to the effective resistance. Since at constant frequency the Foucault currents are pro- portional to the magnetism producing them, and thus approxi- mately proportional to the current, the loss of p ...", "... that is, the effective hysteretic resistance is inversely propor- tional to the 0.4 power of the current, and directly proportional to the frequency. 49. Besides hysteresis, eddy or Foucault currents contribute to the effective resistance. Since at constant frequency the Foucault currents are pro- portional to the magnetism producing them, and thus approxi- mately proportional to the current, the loss of power by Foucault currents is proportional to the square of the current, the same as the ohmic loss, that is, the eff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... with the field magnetism die down to the values corresponding to the short-circuit condition. Thus the momentary short- circuit current of an alternator is far greater than the perma- nent short-circuit current; many times in a machine of low self-induction and high armature reaction, as a low-frequency, high-speed alternator of large capacity; relatively little in a machine of low armature reaction and high self-induction, as a high-frequency unitooth alternator, 193. Graphically, the internal reactions of the alternating- current generator can be represented as follows: Let the impressed ...", "... lternator is far greater than the perma- nent short-circuit current; many times in a machine of low self-induction and high armature reaction, as a low-frequency, high-speed alternator of large capacity; relatively little in a machine of low armature reaction and high self-induction, as a high-frequency unitooth alternator, 193. Graphically, the internal reactions of the alternating- current generator can be represented as follows: Let the impressed m.m.f., or field excitation, Fo, be repre- sented by the vector OFo, in Fig. 139, chosen for convenience as vertical axis. Let the armature cur ...", "... - ni^) + mi. (4) If, then, (P = magnetic permeance of the structure, that is, magnetic flux divided by the ampere-turns m.m.f. producing it, (P = ^, or, ^ = (9F = j10-8, (6) where / = frequency. Denoting 2 irfn 10 ~ ^ by a we have, (7) 62 = a $ (8) and since the generated e.m.f. is 90° behind the generating flux, in symbolic expression, E2= - ja^; (9) hence, substituting (5) in (9), E2 = a(P{fo - ni2) - jaiPnii, . (10) the virtual generated e.m.f. The e.m.f. consumed by t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... tly the instantaneous or self-inductive effect is represented by a self-inductive reactance, x, the gradual or mutual inductive effect by an armatiu'e reaction. The relation between self-inductive component, x, and mutual inductive component, x\\ varies from about 2 -?- 1 in the unitooth- high frequency alternators of old, to about 1 -5- 20 in some of the earlier turbo-alternators. In those synchronous machines, which contain a squirrel-cage induction-motor winding in the field faces, for starting as motors, or as protection against himting, or to equaUze the armature reaction in single-phas ...", "... inductive component of the armature reactance has no inductive effect on the field, as its resultant is imidirectionaJ with regard to the field flux. In the single-phase machine, however (or polyphase machine on imbalanced load), such inductive effect exists, as a permanent pulsation of double frequency. The mutual inductive flux of the armature circuit on the field circuit is alternating, and the field circuit, revolving synchronously REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 241 through this alternating flux, thus has an e.m.f. of double fre- quency induced in it, which produces a double-frequen ...", "... equency. The mutual inductive flux of the armature circuit on the field circuit is alternating, and the field circuit, revolving synchronously REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 241 through this alternating flux, thus has an e.m.f. of double fre- quency induced in it, which produces a double-frequency current in the field circuit, superimposed on the direct ciu-rent from the exciter. The field flux of the single-phase alternator (or poly- phase alternator at imbalanced load) thus pulsates with double frequency, and, by being carried synchronously through the armature circuits, this double-f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Divided Circuit", "section_title": "Divided Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9228-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... (3) 122 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and of circuit 3 is (4) Instead of the inductances, L, and capacities, C, it is usually preferable, even in direct-current circuits, to introduce the reactances, x = 2 nfL = inductive reactance, xc = = con- 2 7T/G densive reactance, referred to a standard frequency, such as / = 60 cycles per second. Instead of the time t, then, an angle 0 = 2 nft (5) is introduced, and then we have di x di dd di ^ * (6) i/iift - 2 Kfo f Id0 - Xc/i dd, t since Hereby resistance, inductance, and capacity are expressed in the same units, ohms. Time is expre ...", "... 1) and cPt ' di r (2^o + x,) -^- + (2r0 + r,) ^- + (2 xco + ajj i/ + (2 a0 + x2) ^ +(2r +r)-^+(2z+zH'-2^. C22) 2 ^ ro -t r2; k ^co+ *C2; ^2 - * DIVIDED CIRCUIT 125 The solution of these equations (21) and (22) is the usual equation of electrical engineering, giving t/ and i2 as sine waves if the e.m.f., e0, is a sine wave; giving ^'1/ and i2 as constant quantities if e0 is constant and xco and either xCi or xct or both vanish, and giving i{ and i2 = 0 if either xco or both xCl and xCt differ from zero. Subtracting (21) and (22) from (19) and (20) leaves as dif- ferential equa ...", "... ^- + (2r0 + r,) ^- + (2 xco + ajj i/ + (2 a0 + x2) ^ +(2r +r)-^+(2z+zH'-2^. C22) 2 ^ ro -t r2; k ^co+ *C2; ^2 - * DIVIDED CIRCUIT 125 The solution of these equations (21) and (22) is the usual equation of electrical engineering, giving t/ and i2 as sine waves if the e.m.f., e0, is a sine wave; giving ^'1/ and i2 as constant quantities if e0 is constant and xco and either xCi or xct or both vanish, and giving i{ and i2 = 0 if either xco or both xCl and xCt differ from zero. Subtracting (21) and (22) from (19) and (20) leaves as dif- ferential equations of the transient terms i\" and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-12", "section_label": "Theory Section 12: Impedance of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Impedance of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 3761-4464", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "snippets": [ "... current, and 6 = 0 a non-in- ductive receiver circuit. The capacity of the transmission 0 line shall be considered as negligible. FIG. 27.— Vector diagram ,1 i f , v i. of current and e.m.fs. in a _Assummg the phase of the current transmission line assuming QI = / as zero in the polar diagram, zero capacity. Fig. 27, the e.m.f. E is represented by vector OE, ahead of 07 by angle 0. The e.m.f. consumed by re- sistance r is OEi = Ei = Ir in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. consumed by ...", "... EERING Denoting tan 0i = - the time angle of lag of the line impe- dance, it is, trigonometrically, Since OE02 = OE2 + EEQ2 - 2 OE X EEQ cos ~EEo = OE* = Iz, OEEQ = 180 - 0i + 6, FIG. 28. — Locus of the generator and receiver e.m.fs. in a transmission line with varying load phase angle. E02 = E2 + I2z2 + 2 EIz cos (0! - 6) = (E + Iz)2 - 4 #/z sin2 ^-^, we have and E0 = \\I(E -f- Iz)2 — 4 EIz sin2 -^—= — , and the drop of voltage in the line, EQ - E = \\ (E + Iz}2 - 4 EIz sin2 -^ E. ...", "... not depend upon current and line constants only, but depend also upon the angle of phase displacement of the current delivered over the line. If 0 = o, that is, non-inductive receiving circuit, FIG. 29. — Locus of the generator and receiver e.m.fs. in a transmission line with varying load phase angle. E0 = - 4 EIz sin21; that is, less than E + Iz, and thus the line drop is less than Iz. If 0 — 6 1, EQ is a maximum, = E + Iz, and the line drop is the impedance voltage. With decreasing 0, E0 decreases, and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-35", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 14: Synchronous Machines: Division of Load in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Division of Load in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 35, "number": 14, "location": "lines 9879-9917", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-35/", "snippets": [ "XIV. Division of Load in Parallel Operation 26. Much more important than equality of terminal voltage before synchronizing is equality of frequency. Inequality of frequency, or rather a tendency to inequality of frequency (since by necessity the machines hold each other in step or at equal frequency), causes cross currents which transfer'energy from the machine whose driving power tends to accelerate to ...", "XIV. Division of Load in Parallel Operation 26. Much more important than equality of terminal voltage before synchronizing is equality of frequency. Inequality of frequency, or rather a tendency to inequality of frequency (since by necessity the machines hold each other in step or at equal frequency), causes cross currents which transfer'energy from the machine whose driving power tends to accelerate to the machine whose drivin ...", "XIV. Division of Load in Parallel Operation 26. Much more important than equality of terminal voltage before synchronizing is equality of frequency. Inequality of frequency, or rather a tendency to inequality of frequency (since by necessity the machines hold each other in step or at equal frequency), causes cross currents which transfer'energy from the machine whose driving power tends to accelerate to the machine whose driving power tends to slow down, and thus relieves th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25135-25681", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... g in synchronism as a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running, 204. The principal and foremost condition of parallel opera- tion of alternators is equality of frequency; that is, the trans- mission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be con- sidered as synchr ...", "... rnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running, 204. The principal and foremost condition of parallel opera- tion of alternators is equality of frequency; that is, the trans- mission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be con- sidered as synchronizing, since it allows no flexibility or phase adjustment between the alternators, but makes them essentially one machine. If connected ...", "... y cause large cross-current, since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the machines. Thus rigid mechanical connection is not desirable for parallel operation of alternators. 205. The second important condition of parallel operation is uniformity of speed; that is, constancy of frequency. If, for instance, two alternators are driven by independent single- cylinder engines, and the cranks of the engines happen to be crossed, the one engine will pull, while the other is near the dead- point, and conversely. Consequently, alternately the one alter- nator will tend to speed up and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25682-29374", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... the impressed e.m.f., eo- If 2 < 2 r, ei < eo; that is, motor e.m.f. < generator e.m.f. If 2 = 2 r, ei = eo; that is, motor e.m.f. = generator e.m.f. If 2 > 2 r, ei > go; that is, motor e.m.f. > generator e.m.f. In either case, the current in the synchronous motor is leading. 221. B. Running Light, p = 0. When running light, or for p = 0, we get, by substituting in (19) and (20), eoz /l ^^ = TV2 ?o /r z-\\2 ^ j 1 + ^ cos 2 r, ei > go; that is, motor e.m.f. > generator e.m.f. In either case, the current in the synchronous motor is leading. 221. B. Running Light, p = 0. When running light, or for p = 0, we get, by substituting in (19) and (20), eoz /l ^^ = TV2 ?o /r z-\\2 ^ j 1 + ^ cos ) Vl6.4Xl0-«p}. Maximum output, p = 156.25 kw. (21) at ei = 2795 volts i = 125 amp. Running light, (22) ei2 + 500 i^ - 6.25 X 10* + 40 iei = 0 ei = 20i ± V6.25 X 10^ - 100 i^ (28) SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 325 At the minimum value of counter e.m.f., ei= 0 is z = 112 (29) At the minimum value of current, i= 0 is ei = 2500 (30) At the maximum value of counter e.m.f., ei = 5590 is i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 35256-35691", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... e value of power, P = EI cos e. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as cos (2/3 - e)^ _ P A _ cos(2)£J- d)\\ \\ cos 0 / ' Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single- phase, alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of e.m.f. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant, p = ei. If the angle of lag, ^ = 9, it is, p - P(l - cos 2/3); hence the flow of energy varies between zero and 2 P, where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. If ...", "... ow of energy varies between zero and 2 P, where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. If the current lags or leads the e.m.f. by angle d, the power varies between P(l ^)andP(l +-^), \\ cos 6/ \\ cos 6/ that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half-wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into 405 406 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. lid = 90°, it is p ...", "... ere P is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. If the current lags or leads the e.m.f. by angle d, the power varies between P(l ^)andP(l +-^), \\ cos 6/ \\ cos 6/ that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half-wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into 405 406 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. lid = 90°, it is p = — EI sin 2 (3; that is, the effective p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "section_title": "Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 25605-26027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... s w — sin (2 /3 — w)), and the average value of power : 7^= EI cos w. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : \\^ cos w J Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : p -= €t. If the angle of lag w = it is : / = /^ (1 - sin 2 )3) ; hence the flow of power varies between zero and 2/*, where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circui ...", "... is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. 1240} BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 857 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle a> the power varies between p(\\--±J\\ and /Yl+-l_V y cos w y y cos w j that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If ci = 90°, it is : / = EIcos2p\\ that is, the effective powe ...", "... tive power of the circuit. 1240} BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 857 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle a> the power varies between p(\\--±J\\ and /Yl+-l_V y cos w y y cos w j that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If ci = 90°, it is : / = EIcos2p\\ that is, the effective power : /* = 0, and the energy flows to and fr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 24054-24488", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... Ssin ft sin (ft — S) = £S(cos a — cos (2 £ — a)), and the average value of power : Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : /-** If the angle of lag £ = 0 it is : p = P (1 — cos 2 0) ; hence the flow of power varies between zero and 2 Pt where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. ...", "... varies between zero and 2 Pt where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 441 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle £ the power varies between and cos u> that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If £ = 90°, it is : O rt , \" p > that is, the effective po ...", "... e average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 441 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle £ the power varies between and cos u> that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If £ = 90°, it is : O rt , \" p > that is, the effective power : P = 0, and the energy flows to and f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Synchronous Induction Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 9, "location": "lines 14466-14550", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "periodicity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... it at right angles therewith. That is, with the rotation of the arma- ture the secondary circuit, corresponding to a primary circuit, varies from short-circuit at coincidence of the axis of the arma- ture coil with the axis of the primary coil, to open-circuit in quadrature therewith, with the periodicity of the armature speed. That is, the apparent admittance of the primary circuit varies periodically from open-circuit admittance to the short- circuited transformer admittance. At synchronism such a motor represents an electric circuit of an admittance varying with twice the periodicity of the ...", "... th the periodicity of the armature speed. That is, the apparent admittance of the primary circuit varies periodically from open-circuit admittance to the short- circuited transformer admittance. At synchronism such a motor represents an electric circuit of an admittance varying with twice the periodicity of the primary frequency, since twice per period the axis of the armature coil and that of the primary coil coincide. A varying admittance is obviously identical in effeel with a varying reluctance, which will be discussed in the chapter on reaction machines. That is, the induction motor with ...", "... mature speed. That is, the apparent admittance of the primary circuit varies periodically from open-circuit admittance to the short- circuited transformer admittance. At synchronism such a motor represents an electric circuit of an admittance varying with twice the periodicity of the primary frequency, since twice per period the axis of the armature coil and that of the primary coil coincide. A varying admittance is obviously identical in effeel with a varying reluctance, which will be discussed in the chapter on reaction machines. That is, the induction motor with one closed armature circui ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 959-3894", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "radiation", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... c conductors are those conductors in which the conduction of the electric current converts energy into no other form but heat. That is, a consumption of power takes place in the metallic con- 1 2 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ductors by conversion into heat, and into beat only. Indirectly, we may get light, if the heat produced raises the temperature high enough to get visible radiation as in the incandescent lamp filament, but this radiation is produced from heat, and directly the conversion of electric energy takes place into beat. Most of the metaUic conductors cover, as regards their specific ...", "... ent converts energy into no other form but heat. That is, a consumption of power takes place in the metallic con- 1 2 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ductors by conversion into heat, and into beat only. Indirectly, we may get light, if the heat produced raises the temperature high enough to get visible radiation as in the incandescent lamp filament, but this radiation is produced from heat, and directly the conversion of electric energy takes place into beat. Most of the metaUic conductors cover, as regards their specific resist- ance, a rather narrow range, between about 1.6 microhm-cm. {1.6 X 10~*) ...", "... a consumption of power takes place in the metallic con- 1 2 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ductors by conversion into heat, and into beat only. Indirectly, we may get light, if the heat produced raises the temperature high enough to get visible radiation as in the incandescent lamp filament, but this radiation is produced from heat, and directly the conversion of electric energy takes place into beat. Most of the metaUic conductors cover, as regards their specific resist- ance, a rather narrow range, between about 1.6 microhm-cm. {1.6 X 10~*) for copper, to about 100 microhm-cm. for cast iron, mercu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves. 442", "section_title": "Standing Waves. 442", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1087-1111", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "standing wave", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave length", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave-length", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 442 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential undergro ...", "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 442 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential underground power cable. Character of waves. Numerical example. G ...", "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 442 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential underground power cable. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 452 18. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3387-3720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... bility then is (B^' — (B', and, assuming the (metallic) permeability as proportional hereto, gives M = c((B^'-(BO, and, substituting gives M rrp/' ^, ^ CCEJOC' 1 + cOC'' * See \"On the Law of Hysteresis,\" Part II, A.I.E.E. Transactions, 1892, page 621. 54 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. or, substituting a, -:=r—i = (T, gives equation (1). /O 1 -j For X = 0 in equation (1), - = - ; for 5C = oo , (B = - ; that is, in equation (1), - = initial permeability, - = saturation value of (X (J magnetic density. If the magnetic circuit contains an air gap, the ...", "... integrated by resolving into partial fractions: 1 ^ 1 h h__ i{i^uy i l + 6^ ii + uy' and the integration of differential equation (7) then gives If then, for the time t = U, the current is i = Iq, these values substituted in (8) give the integration constant C: 56 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. and, subtracting (8) from (9), gives This equation is so complex in i that it is not possible to cal- culate from the different values of t the corresponding values of i; but inversely, for different values of i the corresponding values of t can be calculated, and the correspo ...", "... \\ \\ -C:^-^ \"\"■^^-^^ii: ^^=^-^ — -. 4 5 Fig. 29. seconds Such is done in Fig. 29, for the values of the constants; r = .3, a = 4 X 10^ c = 4 X 104, h = .(), n = 300. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 57 O o s -1-3 M s 58 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. This gives T2 = A. Assuming io = 10 amperes for ^o = 0, gives from (10) the equa- tion: T = 2.92 - { 9.21 log'^ , ,\\ . + .921 log'^ i ' ^ ^ 1 + .6?; ' =\" ' i + .6?;^ Herein, the logarithms have been reduced to the base 10 by division with log^^e = .4343. For comparison ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2972-3286", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... any density (B', the remaining magnetizability then is (B^' — (B', and, assuming the (metallic) permeability as proportional hereto, gives and, substituting gives a, = cftco'rc^ * See \"On the Law of Hysteresis,\" Part II, A.I.E.E. Transactions, 1892, page 621. 54 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. or, substituting 1_ 1 *** / t*« ,—fc / (/ • gives equation (1). For OC = 0 in equation (1), ^ = - ; for 3C = oo » = - ; that is, uv a: cr in equation (1), - = initial permeability, - = saturation value of Oi (7 magnetic density. If the magnetic circuit contains an ...", "... 1 1 6 6 i(l + 6i)2 \" i 1 + 6i (1 + 6i)2>. and the integration of differential equation (7) then gives If then, for the time t = tQ, the current is i = i0, these values substituted in (8) give the integration constant C: T1log- + !T2logio + T- + ^o + C = 0, (9) 56 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. and, subtracting (8) from (9), gives 1 + 6i 5 ' (10) This equation is so complex in i that it is not possible to cal- culate from the different values of t the corresponding values of i; but inversely, for different values of i the corresponding values of t can be calcula ...", "... cuit : t=2.92- i + t-.6i j l+.6i (dotted: t = 1.0851g i— .50?) 2 3 4 5 Fig. 29. 6 seconds Such is done in Fig. 29, for the values of the constants a = 4 X 105, c = 4 X 104, b = .6, n = 300. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 57 58 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. This gives T = 4 Assuming i0 = 10 amperes for t0 = 0, gives from (10) the equa- tion : 4 T = 2.92 - 1 9.21 log10 ^ + . 921 .6 i Herein, the logarithms have been reduced to the base 10 by division with logwe = .4343. For comparison is shown, in dotted line, in Fi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Light And Power Distribution", "section_title": "Light And Power Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 983-1526", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "THIRD LECTURE LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 1\"^ N A DIRECT current distribution system, the motor load is connected to the outside mains at 220 volts, \"^\"^ and only very small motors, as fan motors, between outside mains and neutral ; since the latter connection, with a large motor, would locally unbalance a sys ...", "... ostat, the difference in power between that which the motor actually gives, and that which it would give, with the same torque, at full speed, is consumed in the rheostat. Where therefore different motor speeds are required, pro- visions are made in the induction motor to change the number LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 39 of poles; thereby a number of different definite speeds are available, at which the motor operates economically as \"multi- speed\" motor. The starting torque of the polyphase induction motor with starting rheostat in the armature (Form L motor) is the same as th ...", "... he third conductor is carried to those places where motors are used and three-phase motors are operated by separate step-down transformers. In the lighting feeders, the voltage is then controlled by feeder regulators, or, in a smaller system, the generator excitation is varied so as to main- LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 41 tain the proper voltage on the lighting phase. At load, the three-phase triangle then more or less unbalances, but induction motors are very little sensitive to unbalancing of the voltage, and by their regulation — ^by taking more current from the phase of higher, le ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Generation", "section_title": "Generation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3781-4217", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... little attend- ance. The disadvantages are : a. Usually the cost of development and installation is far higher than with steam power. b. The location of the water power cannot be chosen freely, but is fixed by nature; therefore the power cannot be used where generated, but a long distance transmission line is required. c. Usually lower reliability of service, due to the depend- ence on a transmission line, and on meteorological conditions : the river may run dry in summer, ice interfere with the opera- tion in winter. The speed of the water in the turbine depends upon the head of water, and ...", "... far higher than with steam power. b. The location of the water power cannot be chosen freely, but is fixed by nature; therefore the power cannot be used where generated, but a long distance transmission line is required. c. Usually lower reliability of service, due to the depend- ence on a transmission line, and on meteorological conditions : the river may run dry in summer, ice interfere with the opera- tion in winter. The speed of the water in the turbine depends upon the head of water, and is approximately, in feet per minute, 480 Vh, where h is the head, in feet. The peripheral speed of the ...", "... , and a flatter efficiency- curve; that is, the turbine efficiency remains high at partial loads, and at overloads, where the steam engine efficiency falls off greatly; so that the superiority of the steam turbine in efficiency, while marked at rated load, is still far greater at partial load, light load and overload. b. Smaller size, weight and space occupied. c. Uniform rate of rotation, therefore decreased liability of hunting of synchronous machines, and decreased necessity of heavy foundations to withstand reciprocating strains. d. Greater reliability of operation and far less att ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-109", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 109, "number": 3, "location": "lines 20428-21157", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "snippets": [ "... ection. Consequently, in the polyphase motor running synchronously, that is, doing no work whatever, the secondary becomes current- less, and the primary current is the exciting current of the motor only. In the single-phase induction motor, even when running light, the secondary still carries the exciting current of the mag- netic flux in quadrature with the axis of the primary exciting coil. Since, this flux has essentially the same intensity as the flux in the direction of the axis of the primary exciting coil, t ...", "... in quadrature with the axis of the primary exciting coil. Since, this flux has essentially the same intensity as the flux in the direction of the axis of the primary exciting coil, the current in the armature of the single-phase induction motor run- ning light, and therefore also the primary current corresponding thereto, has the same m.m.f., that is, the same intensity, as the primary exciting current, and the total primary current of the single-phase induction motor running light is thus twice the exciting curren ...", "... gle-phase induction motor run- ning light, and therefore also the primary current corresponding thereto, has the same m.m.f., that is, the same intensity, as the primary exciting current, and the total primary current of the single-phase induction motor running light is thus twice the exciting current, that is, it is the exciting current of the main magnetic flux plus the current producing in the secondary the exciting current of the cross magnetic flux. In reality it is slightly less, especially in small motors, due ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-114", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 114, "number": 8, "location": "lines 21923-22191", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "snippets": [ "VIII. Concatenation of Induction Motors 160. In the secondary of the induction motor an e.m.f. is generated of the frequency of slip. Thus connecting the sec- ondary circuit of the induction motor to the primary of a second induction motor, the latter is fed by a frequency equal to the slip of the first motor, and reaches its synchronism at the frequency of slip of the first ...", "... catenation of Induction Motors 160. In the secondary of the induction motor an e.m.f. is generated of the frequency of slip. Thus connecting the sec- ondary circuit of the induction motor to the primary of a second induction motor, the latter is fed by a frequency equal to the slip of the first motor, and reaches its synchronism at the frequency of slip of the first motor, the first motor then acting as frequency converter for the second motor. If, then, two equal induction motors are rigidly connected together an ...", "... . is generated of the frequency of slip. Thus connecting the sec- ondary circuit of the induction motor to the primary of a second induction motor, the latter is fed by a frequency equal to the slip of the first motor, and reaches its synchronism at the frequency of slip of the first motor, the first motor then acting as frequency converter for the second motor. If, then, two equal induction motors are rigidly connected together and thus caused to revolve at the same speed, the speed of the second motor, which i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15161-15475", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "snippets": [ "... 2 ir\\ I 2 ir - — )COB(T-— we have that is, the resultant m.m.f. in any direction T has the phase 6 = r, and the intensity, rcFiA/2 ~^~ thus revolves in space with uniform velocity and constant in- tensity, in synchronism with the frequency of the alternating current. 248 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Since in the converter, Fl = ^M, TTU we have the resultant m.m.f. of the power component of the alternating current in the n-phase converter. This m.m.f. revolves synchronously in t ...", "... ds. Thus while the resultant reactions neutralize, a local effect remains which in its relation to the magnetic field oscillates with a period equal to the time of motion of the armature through the angle between adjacent alternating leads; that is, double frequency in a single-phase converter (in which it is equal in magnitude to the direct-current reaction, and is the oscillating armature reaction discussed above), sextuple frequency in a three-phase converter, and quadruple frequency in a four- phase converter. The am ...", "... n of the armature through the angle between adjacent alternating leads; that is, double frequency in a single-phase converter (in which it is equal in magnitude to the direct-current reaction, and is the oscillating armature reaction discussed above), sextuple frequency in a three-phase converter, and quadruple frequency in a four- phase converter. The amplitude of this oscillation in a polyphase converter is small, arid its influence upon the magnetic field is usually neg- ligible, due to the damping effect of the field ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "section_title": "Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 18829-19345", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... ving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 169. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be considered as synchron ...", "... furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 169. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be considered as synchronizing ; since it allows no flexibility or phase adjustment between the alternators, but makes them essentially one machine. If connected i ...", "... ause large cross-current ; since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the machines. Thus rigid mechanical connection is not desirable for parallel operation of alternators. 170. The second important condition of parallel opera- tion is uniformity of speed ; that is, constancy of frequency. §171] SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS, 249 If, for instance, two alternators are driven by independent single-cylinder engines, and the cranks of the engines hap- pen to be crossed, the one engine will pull, while the other is near the dead-point, and conversely. Consequently, alter- nately the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17597-18052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... ving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 190. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be considered as synchron ...", "... furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 190. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be considered as synchronizing ; since it allows no flexibility or phase adjustment between the alternators, but makes them essentially one machine. If connected i ...", "... ause large cross-current ; since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the machines. Thus rigid mechanical connection is not desirable for parallel operation of alternators. 191. The second important condition of parallel opera- tion is uniformity of speed ; that is, constancy of frequency. 312 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. If, for instance, two alternators are driven by independent single-cylinder engines, and the cranks of the engines hap- pen to be crossed, the one engine will pull, while the other is near the dead-point, and conversely. Consequently, alter- nately the o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 19458-20501", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... ance, etc., are assumed as reduced to the primary circuit by the ratio of turns, in the same way as done in the chapter on Induction Motors. 217. Let $ = maximum magnetic flux per field pole ; e = effective E.M.F. induced thereby in the field turns ; thus, where ;/ = number of turns, N= frequency. = — -- \\&-anN The instantaneous value of magnetism is = <& sin (3 ; and the flux interlinked with the armature circuit <£x = sin /3 sin X ; when X is the angle between the plane of the armature coil and the direction of the magnetic flux. (Usually about 45°.) ...", "... he plane of the armature coil and the direction of the magnetic flux. (Usually about 45°.) The E.M.F. induced in the armature circuit, of n turns, (as reduced to primary circuit), is thus, e = _ n ^1 10-8, = - n® 4- sin B sin X lO\"8, at at = - n$> sin X cos (3 + sin (3 cos X 10~8. If N= frequency in cycles per second, N: = frequency of rotation or speed in cycles per second, and k = N^/ N speed we have frequency thus, gl = — 2-TrnJV® {sin X cos /? + k cos X sin B\\ 10~8, or, since $ = — — — — , et = e V2 {sin X cos /3 + k cos X sin fi\\. 360 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 2 ...", "... e direction of the magnetic flux. (Usually about 45°.) The E.M.F. induced in the armature circuit, of n turns, (as reduced to primary circuit), is thus, e = _ n ^1 10-8, = - n® 4- sin B sin X lO\"8, at at = - n$> sin X cos (3 + sin (3 cos X 10~8. If N= frequency in cycles per second, N: = frequency of rotation or speed in cycles per second, and k = N^/ N speed we have frequency thus, gl = — 2-TrnJV® {sin X cos /? + k cos X sin B\\ 10~8, or, since $ = — — — — , et = e V2 {sin X cos /3 + k cos X sin fi\\. 360 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 218. Introducing now complex quantitie ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "section_title": "Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 14, "location": "lines 17125-18412", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... ance the voltages and the reaction of the load on the generating system. This problem has become of considerable importance in the last years, for the purpose of taking targe single-phase loads, for electric railway, furnace work, etc., from a three-phase supply system as a central station or transmission line. For this pur- pose, usually synchronous phase converters with synchronous phase balancers are used. As illustration may thus be considered in the following the monocyclic device, the induction phase converter, and the synchronous phase converter and balancer. Monocyclic Devices 127. The ...", "... ltages, e and eo, are impressed upon a quarter- phase induction motor, this motor will not take power equally from both phases, e and e0, but takes power essentially only from phase, e. In starting, and at heavy load, a small amount of power is taken also from the quadrature voltage, eo, but at light- load, power may be returned into this voltage, so that in general the average power of e0 approximates zero, that is, the voltage, eo, is wattless. A monocyclic system thus may be defined as a system of poly- phase voltages, in which one of the power axis, the main axis or energy axis, is c ...", "... man be smaller than the difference between these two assumptions. 131. Let: Y0 = So _ j°o ■ primary exciting admittance of the induc- tion machine, Zo = r0 + jxq = primary, and thus also tertiary self-induc- tive impedance, Zi ™ Ti + jx, = secondary self-inductive impedance, all at full frequency, and reduced to the same number of turns. Let: Y* = tfi — jbs = admittanceof the load on the second phase; denoting further: z = za + z„ 1 \"Theory and Calculation of Al terns ling-curr edition, page 204. Phenomena,\" 5th PHASE CONVERSION 223 it is, then, choosing the diagrammat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... nt should be at its maximum value. It is, however, zero, and since in a circuit containing inductance (that is, in practically any circuit) the current cannot change instantly, it follows that in this case the current gradually rises from zero as initial value to the permanent value of the sine wave i. This approach of the current from the initial value, in the INTRODUCTION 21 present case zero, to the final value of the curve i, can either be gradual, as shown by the curve il of Fig. 4, or by a series of oscillations of gradually decreasing amplitude, as shown by curve i2 of Fig. ...", "... odically and in rapid suc- cession, as when rectifying an alternating current by synchro- nously reversing the connections of the alternating impressed e.m.f. with the receiver circuit (as can be done mechanically or without moving apparatus by undirectional conductors, as arcs). At every half wave the circuit reversal starts a tran- sient term, and usually this transient term has not yet disap- peared, frequently not even greatly decreased, when the next reversal again starts a transient term. These transient terms may predominate to such an extent that the current essentially consists ...", "... essed, then the spark gap discharges as soon as the condenser charge has reached a certain value, and so starts a transient term; the condenser charges again, and discharges, and so by the successive charges and discharges of the condenser a series of transient terms is produced, recurring at a frequency depending upon the circuit constants and upon the ratio of the disruptive voltage of the spark gap to the impressed e.m.f. INTRODUCTION 23 >uch a phenomenon for instance occurs when on a high- potential alternating-current system a weak spot appears in the cable insulation and permits ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "number": 1, "location": "lines 19260-19338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wireless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "snippets": [ "... ith space, distance, length, etc., as independent variable. Such transient phenomena then connect the conditions of the electric quantities at one point in space with the electric quantities at another point in space, as, for instance, current and potential difference at the generator end of a transmission line with those at the receiving end of the line, or current density at the surface of a solid conductor carrying alternating current, as the rail return of a single-phase railway, with the current density at the center or in general inside of the conductor, or the distribution of alternating magne ...", "... analytical method of dealing with such phenomena therefore introduces two independent variables, time t and distance I, that is, the electric quantities are periodic functions of time and transient functions of space. The introduction of the complex quantities, as representing the alternating wave by a constant algebraic number, eliminates 277 278 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the time t as variable, so that, in the denotation by complex quantities, the transient phenomena in space are functions of one independent variable only, distance Z, and thus lead to the same equations as the previous ...", "... us values, that is, real quantities. Otherwise the method of treatment and the general form of the equations are the same as with transient functions of time. 2. Some of the cases in which transient phenomena in space are of importance in electrical engineering are : (a) Circuits containing distributed capacity and self-induc- tance, as long-distance energy transmission lines, long-distance telephone circuits, multiple spark-gaps, as used in some forms of high potential lightning arresters (multi-gap arrester), etc. (b) The distribution of alternating current in solid conductors and the increase of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... losed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator. When the \"A ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. condenser C is charged, the current in the Hne A and the condenser C is zero again. That is, the permanent condition before closing the switch S, and also some time after the closing of the switch, is zero current in the line. Immediately after the closing of the switch, however ...", "... (corresponding to the lessened flow of power), some of the stored energy has to be returned to the circuit, or dissipated, by a transient. Thus the transient is the result of the change of the amount of stored energy, required by the change of circuit conditions, and 4 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. is the phenomenon by which the circuit readjusts itself to the change of stored energy. It may thus be said that the perma- nent phenomena are the phenomena of electric power, the tran- sients the phenomena of electric energy. 3. It is obvious, then, that transients are not spe ...", "... starting with i^, the transient follows the proportional curve i\\ At some time, t, however, the current i has dropped to the value 12, with which the curve i' started. At this moment t, the conditions in the first case, of current i, are the same as the conditions in 6 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the second case, of current i\\ at the moment h; that is, from t onward, curve i is the same as curve i' from time ti onward. Since Fig. 4. — Curve of Simple Transient: Decay of Current. i^ is proportional to i, from any point t onward curve i is propor- tional to the same cu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... e inductance of the circuit. $ = L^.* (1) The magnetic field represents stored energy ly. To produce it, power, p, must therefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage : P = e'i, (2) * n^, if the flux interlinks the circuit n fold. 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. to produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage e' must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gives the power p, which supplies the stored energy w of the magnetic field $. This voltage e' is called the inductance voltage, or voltage consumed hy self-i ...", "... ce. Unfortunately, to a large extent in dealing with the dielectric fields the prehistoric conception of the electrostatic charge on the conductor still exists, and by its use destroys the analogy between the two components of the electric field, the magnetic and the 14 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. dielectric, and makes the consideration of dielectric fields un- necessarily complicated. There obviously is no more sense in thinking of the capacity current as current which charges the conductor with a quantity of electricitj^, than there is of speaking of the inductance vol ...", "... units were already too well established. The factor 10-^ also appears undesirable, but when the electrical units were introduced the absolute unit appeared as too large a value of current as practical unit, and one-tenth of it was chosen as unit, and called \"ampere.\" 16 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. This gives the average voltage gradient, while the actual gradient in an ununiform field, as that between two conductors, varies, being higher at the denser, and lower at the less dense, portion of the field, and is 47r then is the dielectric-field intensity, and D = kK (20) ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... h S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator. When the 1 DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. condenser C is charged, the current in the line A and the condenser C is zero again. That is, the permanent condition before closing the switch S, and also some time after the closing of the switch, is zero current in the line. Immediately after the closing of the switch, howeve ...", "... (corresponding to the lessened flow of power), some of the stored energy has to be returned to the circuit, or dissipated, by a transient. Thus the transient is the result of the change of the amount of stored energy, required by the change of circuit conditions, and 4 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. is the phenomenon by which the circuit readjusts itself to the change of stored energy. It may thus be said that the perma- nent phenomena are the phenomena of electric power, the tran- sients the phenomena of electric energy. 3. It is obvious, then, that transients are not spe ...", "... ting with z'2, the transient follows the proportional curve i' . At some time, t, however, the current i has dropped to the value t'2, with which the curve i' started. At this moment t, the conditions in the first case, of current i, are the same as the conditions in 6 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the second case, of current if, at the moment t\\; that is, from t onward, curve i is the same as curve i' from time i\\ onward. Since t! Fig. 4. — Curve of Simple Transient: Decay of Current. if is proportional to i from any point t onward, curve i' is propor- tional to th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 883-1530", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... , with a proportionality factor, L, which is called the inductance of the circuit. = Li. (1) The magnetic field represents stored energy w. To produce it, power, p, must therefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage, p = e'i. (2) 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. To produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage ef must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gives the power p, which supplies the stored energy w of the magnetic field . This voltage er is called the inductance voltage, or voltage consumed by self ...", "... ce. Unfortunately, to a large extent in dealing with the dielectric fields the prehistoric conception of the electrostatic charge on the conductor still exists, and by its use destroys the analogy between the two components of the electric field, the magnetic and the 14 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. dielectric, and makes the consideration of dielectric fields un- necessarily complicated. There obviously is no more sense in thinking of the capacity current as current which charges the conductor with a quantity of electricity, than there is of speaking of the inductance volt ...", "... units were already too well established. The factor 1Q-1 also appears undesirable, but when the electrical units were introduced the absolute unit appeared as too large a value of current as practical unit, and one-tenth of it was chosen as unit, and called \"ampere.\" 16 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. This gives the average voltage gradient, while the actual gradient in an ummiform field, as that between two conductors, varies, being higher at the denser, and lower at the less dense, portion of the field, and is then is the dielectric-field intensity, and D = KK (20) wo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-104", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 104, "number": 7, "location": "lines 18521-18665", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "snippets": [ "... ee voltages, currents, etc., are displaced in phase from each other by 120°. Their third harmonics therefore are displaced in phase from each other by 3 X 120°, that is, by 360°, or in other words, are in phase with each other. In Fig. 169, such triple frequency fluxes in the three cores would have no magnetic return, except by leakage through the air, that is, cannot exist, except in negligible intensity, and there- fore the core type of three-phase transformer cannot give any serious triple frequency voltage. In t ...", "... , such triple frequency fluxes in the three cores would have no magnetic return, except by leakage through the air, that is, cannot exist, except in negligible intensity, and there- fore the core type of three-phase transformer cannot give any serious triple frequency voltage. In the shell type Fig. 168, however, the three triple frequency fluxes, being in phase with each other, produce a triple frequency single-phase flux through a closed magnetic circuit. Where the circuit conditions and connections are such as to give ...", "... return, except by leakage through the air, that is, cannot exist, except in negligible intensity, and there- fore the core type of three-phase transformer cannot give any serious triple frequency voltage. In the shell type Fig. 168, however, the three triple frequency fluxes, being in phase with each other, produce a triple frequency single-phase flux through a closed magnetic circuit. Where the circuit conditions and connections are such as to give a triple harmonic — as with YY connection — the shell-type three-phase trans ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-11", "section_label": "Theory Section 11: Capacity and Condensers", "section_title": "Capacity and Condensers", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 3586-3760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "snippets": [ "... there is current to the condenser during rising and from the condenser during decreasing e.m.f., as shown in Fig. 26. That is, the current consumed by the condenser leads the impressed e.m.f. by 90 time degrees, or a quarter of a period. Denoting / as frequency and E as effective alternating e.m.f. impressed upon a condenser of C'mf. capacity, the condenser is charged and discharged twice during each cycle, and the time of one complete charge or discharge is therefore j^- Since E \\/2 is the maximum voltage impr ...", "... impressed. to charge it in j^ seconds an average current of 4 fCE \\/2 10~6 amp. is required. effective current TT Since average current 2\\/2' the effective current is I = 2-irfCE 10~6; that is, at an impressed e.m.f. of E effective volts and frequency /, a condenser of C mf. capacity consumes a current of 1 = 2 irfCE 10~6 amp. effective, which current leads the terminal voltage by 90 degrees or a quarter period. Transposing, the e.m.f. of the condenser is 106/ 106 The value z0 = fn is ca ...", "... rrent, which latter, however, is generally so small as to be negligible, though in underground cables of poor quality, it may reach as high as 50 per cent, or more of the charging or wattless current of the condenser. 52. The capacity of one wire of a transmission line is i.nxio-6x/ . C = - — ~-i - , in mf., where Id = diameter of wire, cm.; 18 — distance of wire from return wire, cm.; I = length of wire, cm., and 1.11 X 10~6 = reduction coefficient from electrostatic units to mf . The logarithm is the natu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-15", "section_label": "Theory Section 15: Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "section_title": "Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 5832-6221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "snippets": [ "15. LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 70. The load characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of ...", "15. LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 70. The load characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be d ...", "... ri, and expanding, gives e* = (r2 + x2) i2 (8) = z2i2; hence, e — zi, and - = z. (9) -T- = 7*1 is the resistance or effective resistance of the receiving circuit; that is, the maximum power is delivered into a non- LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 87 inductive receiving circuit over an inductive line upon which is impressed a constant e.m.f., if the resistance of the receiving circuit equals the impedance of the line, TI = z. In this case the total impedance of the system is Z0 = Z + n = r + ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 21538-22301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... motor considerably more advan- tage is gained by compensating for the wattless magnetizing component of current by capacity than in the polyphase motor, where this wattless component of the current is relatively small. The use of shunted capacity, however, has the dis- advantage of requiring a wave of impressed e.m.f. very close to sine shape, since even with a moderate variation from sine shape the wattless charging current of the condenser of higher frequency may lower the power-factor more than the compen- sation for the wattless component of the fundamental wave raises it, as will be ...", "... is wattless component of the current is relatively small. The use of shunted capacity, however, has the dis- advantage of requiring a wave of impressed e.m.f. very close to sine shape, since even with a moderate variation from sine shape the wattless charging current of the condenser of higher frequency may lower the power-factor more than the compen- sation for the wattless component of the fundamental wave raises it, as will be seen in the chapter on General Alternating- current Waves. Thus the most satisfactory application of the condenser in the single-phase motor is not in shunt to the ...", "... vantage of requiring a wave of impressed e.m.f. very close to sine shape, since even with a moderate variation from sine shape the wattless charging current of the condenser of higher frequency may lower the power-factor more than the compen- sation for the wattless component of the fundamental wave raises it, as will be seen in the chapter on General Alternating- current Waves. Thus the most satisfactory application of the condenser in the single-phase motor is not in shunt to the primary circuit, but in a tertiary circuit; that is, in a circuit stationary with regard to the primary im ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "section_title": "Commutatob Motobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21339-22387", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... ctance, etc., are assumed as reduced to the primary circuit by the ratio of turns, in the same way as done in the chapter on Induction Motors. 196. Let ^ = maximum magnetic flux per field pdle ; e = effective E.M.F. induced thereby in the field turns; thus : ^^ n = number of turns, iV= frequency, thus : ^ , 10» V2irnN The instantaneous value of magnetism is sin )3 ; and the flux interlinked with the armature circuit <^i = 4> sin p, sin X ; when X is the angle between the plane of the armature coil and the direction of the magnetic flux. The E.M.F. induced in the ar ...", "... e plane of the armature coil and the direction of the magnetic flux. The E.M.F. induced in the armature circuit, of n turns, as reduced to primary circuit, is thus : ^ — _ «^^10-« = — « 4> — sin )3 sin X 10\"* == — « 4> ) sin X cos p dp_ lit + s\\npcos\\—\\ 10 ^ dt ) -8 If iV= frequency in cycles per second, N^ = speed in cycles per second (equal revolutions per second times num- ber of pairs of poles), it is : dt dt ' §197] COMMUTATOR MOTORS, 297 and since A = 45°, or sin X = cos X = 1 / V2, it is, sub- stituted : ^1= - V2fl-«*{iV^cos)3+^isin)3}10-» or, since * = ...", "... per second times num- ber of pairs of poles), it is : dt dt ' §197] COMMUTATOR MOTORS, 297 and since A = 45°, or sin X = cos X = 1 / V2, it is, sub- stituted : ^1= - V2fl-«*{iV^cos)3+^isin)3}10-» or, since * = ; ^1 = — ^ { cos )3 + ^ sin )3 } ; where * = A = ratio _^P??d_ . N frequency or the effective value of secondary induced E.M.F., 197. Introducing now complex quantities, and counting the time from the zero value of rising magnetism, the mag- netism is represented by the primary induced E.M.P\\, E =^ — e\\ the secondary induced E.M.F. : hence, if V2 Zi = /*! ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Synchronizing Induction Motors", "section_title": "Synchronizing Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 8, "location": "lines 13956-14465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... for starting . and speed control. Thus, when using two motors in concatena- tion for speeds from standstill to half synchronism, from half synchronism to full speed, the motors may also be operated on a single rheostat by connecting their secondaries in parallel. As in parallel connection the frequency of the secondaries must be the same, and the secondary frequency equals the slip, it follows that the motors in this case must operate at the same slip, that is, at the same frequency of rotation, or in synchronism with each other. If the connection of the induction motors to the load is such ...", "... concatena- tion for speeds from standstill to half synchronism, from half synchronism to full speed, the motors may also be operated on a single rheostat by connecting their secondaries in parallel. As in parallel connection the frequency of the secondaries must be the same, and the secondary frequency equals the slip, it follows that the motors in this case must operate at the same slip, that is, at the same frequency of rotation, or in synchronism with each other. If the connection of the induction motors to the load is such that they can not operate in exact step with each other, obviousl ...", "... so be operated on a single rheostat by connecting their secondaries in parallel. As in parallel connection the frequency of the secondaries must be the same, and the secondary frequency equals the slip, it follows that the motors in this case must operate at the same slip, that is, at the same frequency of rotation, or in synchronism with each other. If the connection of the induction motors to the load is such that they can not operate in exact step with each other, obviously separate resistances must be used in the motor secondaries, so as to allow different slips. When rigidly connect- ing ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 29302-30428", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... m of the instantaneous values of power of all the phases is constant throughout the cycle. In the single-phase system, however, or in a polyphase system with unbalanced load, that is, a system in which the different phases are unequally loaded, the total flow of power is pulsating, with double frequency. To balance an unbalanced polyphase system thus requires a storage of energy, hence can not be done by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machine. Electrically, e ...", "... rent i = I cos (2) The power then is where p = ei = EI cos^ = ^ (1 + cos 2 ) = Q + Q cos 2 « (3) = f (4) that is, in a non-inductive single-phase circuit, the power consists of a constant component, Q--2' and an alternating component, EI = \"2- cos 2 0, of twice the frequency of the supply voltage, and a maximum value equal to that of the constant component. The instantane- ous power thus pulsates between zero and 2 Q, by equation (3). If the circuit is inductive, of lag angle a, the current is i = I cos (0 — a) (5) and the instantaneous power thus, p — EI cos ...", "... rcuit is closed by a capacity, C, the current leads the TT impressed voltage by ^, thus is i = / cos (« + I) (10) and the instantaneous power thus, p = EI cos + l) = -Q cos(2 « - ^) • 166. If a number of voltages, ei = Ei cos (<^ — 7i) (12) * \"Engineering Mathematics,\" Chapter III, paragraphs 66 to 75. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors. 403", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors. 403", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 9, "location": "lines 1014-1042", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "radiation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. Example of copper and iron wire, copper ribbon ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. Example of copper and iron wire, copper ribbon and iron pipe ; tabulation and discussion of numerical values. 408 84. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "section_title": "Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 8, "location": "lines 1262-1285", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT TRANSITION POINT. 58. Main wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave. 525 59. Transition of single wave, constancy of phase angles, relations between the components, and voltage trans- formation at transition point. 526 60. Numerical example, and conditions of maximum. 530 61. Equations of reverse wave. 531 62. Equatio ...", "CHAPTER VIII. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT TRANSITION POINT. 58. Main wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave. 525 59. Transition of single wave, constancy of phase angles, relations between the components, and voltage trans- formation at transition point. 526 60. Numerical example, and conditions of maximum. 530 61. Equations of reverse wave. 531 62. Equations of compound w ...", "CHAPTER VIII. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT TRANSITION POINT. 58. Main wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave. 525 59. Transition of single wave, constancy of phase angles, relations between the components, and voltage trans- formation at transition point. 526 60. Numerical example, and conditions of maximum. 530 61. Equations of reverse wave. 531 62. Equations of compound wave at transition poi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3515-4071", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... Q = — dlt X in a circuit of the following constants: — = 0.1, corresponding approximately to a lighting circuit, where the permanent value GO ^ \\ 1 1 Fig. 8. Starting current of an inductive circuit. X Of the last case, — = 10, a series of successive waves are r plotted in Fig. 8, showing the very gradual approach to perma- nent condition. ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 45 Fig. 9 shows, for the circuit — = 1.5, the current when closing the circuit 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150° respectively behind the zero value of permanent current. T ...", "... ely behind the zero value of permanent current. The permanent value of current is usually shown in these diagrams in dotted line. ^^\\Ss m 1.5 120 180 240 300 Degrees 480 640 Fig. 9. Starting current of an inductive circuit. 28. Instead of considering, in Fig. 9, the current wave as consisting of the superposition of the permanent term / cos (6 — Q0) and the transient term — h c cos 00 the current wave can directly be represented by the permanent term 0 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -ft ^ \\ X / \\ \\ s. > ^ \"\"S^ \"N / ^~*. --^ \\ ^^. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-39", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Mechanical Rectification", "section_title": "Mechanical Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 39, "number": 3, "location": "lines 15963-17754", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "snippets": [ "... the current changes from the one to the next phase. Thus the Thomson-Houston arc machine is a star-connected three- phase constant-current alternator with rectifying commutator. The Brush arc machine is a quarter-phase machine with rectify- ing commutator. In rectification frequently the sine wave term of the current is entirely overshadowed by the transient exponential term, and thus the current in the rectified circuit is essentially of an exponential nature. As examples, three cases will be discussed: 1. Single-phase constant-current rectification; that is, a rectifier is inserted ...", "... ngle-phase constant-current rectification; that is, a rectifier is inserted in an alternating-current circuit, and the voltage consumed by the rectified circuit is small compared with the total circuit voltage; the current thus is not noticeably affected by the rectifier. In other words, a sine wave of current is sent over a rectifying commutator. 2. Single-phase constant-potential rectification; that is, a constant-potential alternating e.m.f. is rectified, and the impe- dance between the alternating voltage and the rectifying com- mutator is small, so that the rectified circuit determi ...", "... ent over a rectifying commutator. 2. Single-phase constant-potential rectification; that is, a constant-potential alternating e.m.f. is rectified, and the impe- dance between the alternating voltage and the rectifying com- mutator is small, so that the rectified circuit determines the current wave shape. 3. Quarter-phase constant-current rectification as occurring in the Brush arc machine. MECHA NIC A L REG TIFICA TION 231 i. Single-phase constant-current rectification. 10. A sine wave of current, i0 sin 0, derived from an e.m.f. very large compared with the voltage consumed i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1659-2484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... l and % t 1 % io A C c c ..1. 1 Fig. 10. — Magnetic Single-energy Transient. negligible capacity), a magnetic field $0 10' Lio interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage eo is suddenly withdrawn, without changing 19 20 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the constants of the coil circuit, as for instance by short- circuiting the terminals of the coil, as indicated at A. With no voltage impressed upon the coil, and thus no power supplied to it, current i and magnetic flux $ of the coil must finally be zero. However, since the ma ...", "... ial rate, as shown dotted in Fig. IIB (as could be caused, for instance, by a gradual increase of the resistance of the coil circuit), the induced voltage would retain its initial value eo up to the moment of time t = to -\\- T, where the current has fallen to zero, as 22 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. shown dotted in Fig. llC The area of this new voltage curve would be CqT, and since it is the same as that of the curve e, as seen above, it follows that the area of the voltage curve e is (3) Se^ = eoT, I = rioT, I and, combining (2) and (3), I'o cancels, and we get the ...", "... ^ = i'oe e = eoe\"\"^^'\"'\"^ e^e t-tn t-tn T t-tp T = $ = ioe eoe -I,. -£<'- -k) 5 -£\"- -k) (5) Usually, the starting moment of the transient is chosen as the zero of time, ^o = 0, and equations (5) then assume the simpler form : 24 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. ^ = $oe - ct = $oe T = $oe L I = ioe- - ct = loe t T t = loe rt 'L rt e = e^e-''^ = eoe ^ = e^e ^. (6) The same equations may be derived directly by the integration of the differential equation: Lf + n = 0, (7) di where L -7- is the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1531-2161", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... ressed upon a wire coil of resistance r and inductance L (but negligible capacity). A current iQ = — flows through the coil and a magnetic field $0 10~8 = - - interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage e0 is suddenly withdrawn, without changing 19 20 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the constants of the coil circuit, as for instance by short- circuiting the terminals of the coil, as indicated at A, with no voltage impressed upon the coil, and thus no power supplied to it, current i and magnetic flux <£ of the coil must finally be zero. However, since the ma ...", "... itial rate, as shown dotted in Fig. 115 (as could be caused, for instance, by a gradual increase of the resistance of the coil circuit), the induced voltage would retain its initial value e0 up to the moment of time t = tQ + T, where the current has fallen to zero, as 22 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. shown dotted in Fig. 11C. The area of this new voltage curve would be e0T, and since it is the same as that of the curve e, as seen above, it follows that the area of the voltage curve e is = ri.r, and, combining (2) and (3), i0 cancels, and we get the value of T: : • .:' : ...", "... written in the forms: I = lot~ c (t ~ 'o) = IQ€ e = e0e~c('~'o) = e0e - 7 # - to = ^Qe L , - y (t - *0) ^r /?„£ L (5) Usually, the starting moment of the transient is chosen as the zero of time, Zo = 0, and equations (5) then assume the simpler form: 24 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES, (6) The same equations may be derived directly by the integration of the differential equation: where L -=- is the inductance voltage, ri the resistance voltage. and their sum equals zero, as the coil is short-circuited. Equation (7) transposed gives hence logi =- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "section_title": "Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1527-2561", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... . 52 GENERAL LECTURES Salaries are fixed cost, A ; labor, attendance and inspection are partly fixed cost A, partly proportional cost B, — economy of operation requires therefore a shifting of as large a part thereof over into class B, by shutting down smaller substations during periods of light load, etc. Incandescent lamp renewals, arc lamp trimming, etc., are essentially proportional costs, B. The reserve capacity of a plant, the steam reserve main- tained at the receiving end of a transmission line, the difference in cost between a duplicate pole line and a single pole line with ...", "... rge a part thereof over into class B, by shutting down smaller substations during periods of light load, etc. Incandescent lamp renewals, arc lamp trimming, etc., are essentially proportional costs, B. The reserve capacity of a plant, the steam reserve main- tained at the receiving end of a transmission line, the difference in cost between a duplicate pole line and a single pole line with two circuits, the storage battery reserve of the distribution system, the tie feeders between stations, etc., are items of the character C ; that is, part of the cost insuring the reliability and continuity of po ...", "... r the place of consumption, water power usually is far less reliable than steam power. To insure equal reliability, a water power plant brings the item C, the reliability cost, very high in comparison with the reliability cost of a steam power plant, since the possibility of a break- down of a transmission line requires a steam reserve, and LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER 53 where absolute continuity of service is required, it requires also a storage battery, etc. : so that on the basis of equal reliability of service, sometimes very little difference in cost exists between steam power and water pow ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-14", "section_label": "Theory Section 14: Rectangular Coordinates", "section_title": "Rectangular Coordinates", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 5264-5831", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "snippets": [ "14. RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 64. The vector diagram of sine waves gives the best insight into the mutual relations of alternating currents and e.m.fs. For numerical calculation from the vector diagram either the trigonometric method or the method of rectangular components is used. The method of rectangular components, as e ...", "... component from the horizontal com- ponent i\\ or 1 1 cos 0i. 1 1 = ii + ji* (2) thus means that I\\ consists of a horizontal component i\\ and a vertical component iz, and the plus sign signifies that i\\ and iz are combined by the parallelogram of sine waves. 78 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The secondary e.m.f. of the transformer in Section 13, Fig. 34, is written in this manner, E\\ = — ei, that is, it has the hori- zontal component — e\\ and no vertical component. The primary generated e.m.f. is ...", "... ess of phase; that is, I = denotes a current of intensity / = and phase tan 0 = — . ^ RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 81 In the following, dotted italics wfll be used for the symbolic expressions and plain italics for the absolute values of alternating waves. In the same way z = \\/r2 + x2 is denoted in symbolic repre- sentation of its rectangular components by Z = r + jx. (91) When using the symbolic expression of rectangular coordinates it is necessary ultimately to reduce to common expressions. ; Thus ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-81", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Converters: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 81, "number": 1, "location": "lines 13189-13795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "snippets": [ "... rmature coils with a series-wound armature, and the number of armature coils per pair of poles with a multiple- wound armature, must be divisible by the number of phases, and that multiple spiral and reentrant windings are difficult to apply. Regarding the wave shape of the alternating counter-gener- SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 225 ated e.m.f., similar considerations apply as for a synchronous machine with closed-circuit armature; that is, the generated e.m.f. usually approximates a sine wave, due to the multi-tooth ...", "... to apply. Regarding the wave shape of the alternating counter-gener- SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 225 ated e.m.f., similar considerations apply as for a synchronous machine with closed-circuit armature; that is, the generated e.m.f. usually approximates a sine wave, due to the multi-tooth distributed winding. Thus, in the following, only those features will be discussed in which the synchronous converter differs from the commu- tating machines and synchronous machines treated in the preceding chapters. Fig. 122 represen ...", "... ch makes a complete period for every revolution of the machine (in a 226 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING bipolar converter, or p periods per revolution in a machine of 2 p poles). Hence, this alternating e.m.f. is e = E sin 2 trft, where / = frequency of rotation, E = e.m.f. between brushes of the machine; thus, the effective value of the alternating e.m.f. is F ;'* El 84. That is, a direct-current machine produces between two collector rings connected with two opposite points of the commu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-86", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 86, "number": 7, "location": "lines 15586-15734", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "snippets": [ "VII. Variable Ratio Converters (\"Split Pole\" Converters) 98. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 253 converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltag ...", "... and the resultant magnetic flux, so that the direct voltage between the brushes is not the maximum diametrical alternating voltage but only a part thereof, Or by changing the maximum diametrical alternating voltage, at constant effective impressed voltage, by wave-shape distortion by the superposition of higher harmonics. In the former case, only a reduction of the direct voltage below the normal value can be produced, while in the latter case an increase as well as a reduction can be produced, an increase if the ...", "... t voltage below the normal value can be produced, while in the latter case an increase as well as a reduction can be produced, an increase if the higher harmonics are in phase, and a reduction if the higher harmonics are in opposition to the fundamental wave of the diametrical or Y voltage. Both methods are combined in the so-called \" Regulating Pole Converter\" or \"Split Pole Converter,\" which is used to supply, from constant alternating voltage supply, direct voltage varying sometimes over a range of ± 20 per ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-87", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 87, "number": 9, "location": "lines 15735-15810", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "snippets": [ "... operated either way according to the distribution of load on the system. Or inverted operation may be used in emergencies to produce alternating current. When converting from alternating to direct current, the speed of the converter is rigidly fixed by the frequency, and cannot be varied by its field excitation, the variation of the latter merely changing the phase relation of the alternating current. When converting, however, from direct to alternating current as the only source of alternating current, that is, not run ...", "... reasing and decreases with increasing field strength. As alternating-current generator, however, the field strength depends upon the intensity and phase relation of the alternating current, lagging current reducing the field strength and thus increasing speed and frequency, and leading current increasing the field strength and thus decreasing speed and frequency. Thus, if a load of lagging current is put on an inverted con- verter, as, for instance, by starting an induction motor or another converter thereby from the alternat ...", "... r, the field strength depends upon the intensity and phase relation of the alternating current, lagging current reducing the field strength and thus increasing speed and frequency, and leading current increasing the field strength and thus decreasing speed and frequency. Thus, if a load of lagging current is put on an inverted con- verter, as, for instance, by starting an induction motor or another converter thereby from the alternating side, the demagnetizing effect of the alternating current reduces the field strength an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-90", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 90, "number": 12, "location": "lines 15983-16064", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "snippets": [ "... an induction machine. If the secondary of an induction machine is connected to a second induction or synchronous machine on the same shaft, and of the same number of poles, the combination runs at half synchronous speed, and the first induction machine as frequency converter supplies half of its power as electric power of half frequency to the second machine, and changes the other half 262 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING as motor into mechanical power, driving the second machine as generator. (Or, if the two ...", "... ed to a second induction or synchronous machine on the same shaft, and of the same number of poles, the combination runs at half synchronous speed, and the first induction machine as frequency converter supplies half of its power as electric power of half frequency to the second machine, and changes the other half 262 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING as motor into mechanical power, driving the second machine as generator. (Or, if the two machines have different number of poles, or are connected to run at diffe ...", "... division of power is at a different but constant ratio) . Using thus a double- current generator as second machine, it receives half of its power mechanically, by the induction machine as motor, and the other half electrically, by the induction machine as frequency converter. Such a machine, then, is intermediate between a converter and a direct-current generator, having an armature reaction equal to half that of a direct-current generator. Such motor converters have been recommended for high-fre- quency systems, as their ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 22302-23970", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... to the m.m.f. of the field-coils only. In this case the e.m.f. is, in general, a maximum at the moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field-coils, as shown in Fig. 129, and thus incloses 259 260 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA no magnetism. The e.m.f. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception to this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the arma- ture is different in different directions; thereby, during the syn- chronous rotation of the armature, a pulsation of the magne ...", "... uced. This pulsation of the mag- netic flux generates e.m.f. in the field-spools, and thereby makes the field current pulsating also. Thus, we have, in this case, even on open-circuit, no rotation through a constant magnetic field, but rotation through a pulsating field, which makes the e.m.f. wave unsymmetrical, and shifts the maximum point from its theoretical position midway between the field-poles. In general this secondary reaction can be neglected, and the field m.m.f. be assumed as constant. Fig. 130. The relative position of the armature m.m.f. with respect to the field m.m. ...", "... lj^ not constant, but is pulsating, owing to the synchronously varying reluctance of the armature magnetic circuit, and the field mag- netic circuit; it may, however, be considered in what follows as constant; that is, the e.m.fs. generated thereby may be repre- sented by their equivalent sine waves. A specific discussion of the distortions of the wave shape due to the pulsation of the syn- chronous reactance is found in Chapter XXVI. The synchron- ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 263 ous reactance, x, is not a true reactance in the ordinary sense of the word, but an equivalent or effecti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3230-3545", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 33. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite •direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. ...", "... ctor 0/^ (Fig. 26), or by /j = — / —ji'' Or, if the difference of potential from terminal B to terminal A is denoted by the E = e +jyf the difference lOf potential from A to B is E^ = — e —je'. 44 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§34 Hence, in dealing with alternating-current sine waves, it is necessary to consider thorn in their proper direction with regard to the circuit. Especially in more complicated circuits, as interlinked polyphase systems, careful attention has to be paid to this point. Fig. 26, 34. Let, for instance, in Fig. 27, an interlinked three- phase syst ...", "... A-fi^ from the terminal to common connection, and represented by — -fi*!. Conversely, the dif- ference of potential from A<^ to A^ is E<^ — E^, It is then convenient to go still a step farther, and drop, in the diagrammatic representation, the vector line altogether ; that is, denote the sine wave by a point only, the end of the corresponding vector. Looking at this from a different point of view, it means that we choose one point of the system — for instance, the common connection O — as a zero point, or point of zero potential, and represent the potentials of all the other points of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "section_title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 17025-18828", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... s zero, and the E.M.F. of the armature is diie to the M.M.F. of the field coils only. In this case the E.M.F. is, in general, a maximum at the moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field coils, as shown in Fig. 110, and thus incloses no magnetism. The E.M.F. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception from this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the armature is different in different directions ; thereby, 1 160] AL TERN A TING-CURRENT GENERA TOR. 235 during the synchronous ro ...", "... s pulsation of the magnetic flux induces E.M.F. in the field spools, and thereby makes the field current pulsating also. Thus, we have, in this case, even on open circuit, no Fig. 110. rotation through a constant magnetic field, but rotation through a pulsating field, which makes the E.M.F. wave unsymmetrical, and shifts the maximum point from its the- oretical position midway between the field poles. In gen- eral this secondary reaction can be neglected, and the field M.M.F. be assumed as constant. 160. The relative position of the armature M.M.F. with respect to the field M.M.F. d ...", "... uently not constant, but is pulsating, owing to the synchronously vary- ing reluctance of the armature magnetic circuit, and the field magnetic circuit ; it may, however, be considered in what follows as constant; that is, the E.M.Fs. induced thereby may be represented by their equivalent sine waves. A specific discussion of the distortions of the wave shape due to the pulsation of the synchronous reactance is found in Chapter XX. The synchronous reactance, x, is not a true reactance in the ordinary sense of the word, but an equivalent or effective reactance. 163. Let E^ = induced E.M.F ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16362-17596", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... is zero, and the E.M.F. of the armature is due to the M.M.F. of the field coils only. In this case the E.M.F. is, in general, a maximum at the moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field coils, as shown in Fig. 126, and thus incloses no magnetism. The E.M.F. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception from this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the armature is different in different directions ; thereby, 298 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. during the synchronous rotation of ...", "... s pulsation of the magnetic flux induces E.M.F. in the field spools, and thereby makes the field current pulsating also. Thus, we havet in this case, even on open circuit, no Fig. 126. rotation through a constant magnetic field, but rotation through a pulsating field, which makes the E.M.F. wave unsymmetrical, and shifts the maximum point from its the- oretical position midway between the field poles. In gen- eral this secondary reaction can be neglected, and the field M.M.F. be assumed as constant. The relative position of the armature M.M.F. with re- spect to the field M.M.F. depe ...", "... quently not constant, but is pulsating, owing to the synchronously varying reluctance of the armature magnetic circuit, and the field magnetic circuit ; it may, however, be considered in what follows as constant ; that is, the E.M.Fs. induced thereby may be represented by their equivalent sine waves. A specific discussion of the distortions of the wave shape due to the pulsation of the synchronous reactance is found in Chapter XX. The synchronous reactance, x, is not a true reactance in the ordinary sense of the word, but an equivalent or effective reactance. Sometimes the total effects t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 21382-22633", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... nating-current generators to operate in parallel. (6) Hunting of synchronous converters. (c) Hunting of synchronous motors. While considerable theoretical work has been done, practically all theoretical study of the hunting of synchronous machines has been limited to the calculation of the frequency of the transi- ent oscillation of the synchronous machine, at a change of load, frequency or voltage, at synchronizing, etc. However, this transient oscillation is harmless, and becomes dangerous only if the oscillation ceases to be transient, but becomes permanent and cumulative, and the most ...", "... (c) Hunting of synchronous motors. While considerable theoretical work has been done, practically all theoretical study of the hunting of synchronous machines has been limited to the calculation of the frequency of the transi- ent oscillation of the synchronous machine, at a change of load, frequency or voltage, at synchronizing, etc. However, this transient oscillation is harmless, and becomes dangerous only if the oscillation ceases to be transient, but becomes permanent and cumulative, and the most important problem in the study of hunt- ing thus is the determination of the cause, which ...", "... causes an ac- celeration, that is, an increase of speed. However, in the synchronous motor the torque is not a function of the speed, but in stationary condition the speed must always be the same, synchronism, and the torque is a function of the relative position of the rotor to the impressed frequency. The increase of speed, due to the excess torque resulting from the decreased load, causes the rotor to run ahead of its previous relative position, and thereby decreases the torque until, by the increased speed, the motor has run ahead from the relative position corresponding to the pre- viou ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "section_title": "General System Of Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 40, "location": "lines 12217-12884", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... ITS. (A) Circuits containing resistance and inductance only. 95. Let, upon a general system or network of circuits con- nected with each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In the latter case, the dependency of the e.m.f. upon the currents must obviousl ...", "... cuits containing resistance and inductance only. 95. Let, upon a general system or network of circuits con- nected with each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In the latter case, the dependency of the e.m.f. upon the currents must obviously be give ...", "... he preceding discussion gives the general method of the determination of the transient phenomena occurring in any system or net work of circuits containing resistances, self-indue- 178 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA tances and mutual inductances and capacities, and impressed and counter e.m.fs. of any frequency or wave shape, alternating or con- tinuous. It presupposes, however, (1) That the solution of the system for the permanent terms of currents and e.m.fs. is given. (2) That, if the impressed e.m.fs. contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system, these transient terms of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: General Distribution", "section_title": "General Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 566-982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... a 2 x 120 voltage distribution, the station may have, in addition to the neutral bus bar zero, three positive GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 25 bus bars i, i', i\", and three negative bus bars 2, 2', 2\", differing respectively from the neutral bus by 120, 130 and 140 volts, as shown in Fig. 3. At light load, when the drop of voltage in the feeders is negligible, the feeders connect to the busses I, o, 2 of 120 volts. When the load increases, some of the feeders are shifted over, by transfer bus bars, to the 130 volt busbars i' and 2'; with still further increase of load, more feeders are con ...", "... versely with decreasing load; or the different bus bars are operated through boosters, or by connection with the storage battery reserve, etc. In addition to feeders and mains, tie feeders usually con- nect the generating station or substation with adjacent stations, so that during periods of light load, or in case of breakdown, a station may be shut down altogether and supplied from adjacent stations by tie feeders. Such tie feeders also permit most stations to operate without storage battery reserve, that is, to concentrate the storage batteries in a few stations, from which in case of ...", "... nating current distribution system, that is, a system using secondary distribution mains as far as feasible, the all year efficiency is about the same as with the direct current system. In such an alternating current system, 34 GENERAL LECTURES the efficiency at heavy load is higher, and at light load lower, than in the direct current system ; in this respect the alternating current system has the advantage over the direct current system, since at the time of heavy load the power is more valuable than at light load." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-15", "section_label": "Lecture 15: Electrochemistry", "section_title": "Electrochemistry", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9343-9686", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "snippets": [ "... g soda, and chlorates. Alternating current is used very little for electrolytic work, as with organic compounds to produce oxidation and reduction at the same time; that is, act on the compound in rapid succession by oxygen and hydrogen, the one during the one, the other during the next half wave of current. Very active metals like manganese and silicon dissolve by alternating current; that is, one-half wave dissolves, but the other does not deposit again. Very inert metals like platinum are deposited by alternat- ing current; that is, the negative half wave deposits by alter- natin ...", "... o produce oxidation and reduction at the same time; that is, act on the compound in rapid succession by oxygen and hydrogen, the one during the one, the other during the next half wave of current. Very active metals like manganese and silicon dissolve by alternating current; that is, one-half wave dissolves, but the other does not deposit again. Very inert metals like platinum are deposited by alternat- ing current; that is, the negative half wave deposits by alter- nating current, but the positive half wave does not dissolve. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 203 B, ElvECTROMETAI,I,URGICAI. WORK. ...", "... ther during the next half wave of current. Very active metals like manganese and silicon dissolve by alternating current; that is, one-half wave dissolves, but the other does not deposit again. Very inert metals like platinum are deposited by alternat- ing current; that is, the negative half wave deposits by alter- nating current, but the positive half wave does not dissolve. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 203 B, ElvECTROMETAI,I,URGICAI. WORK. In electrometallurgical work the heat is used to produce the chemical action; thus it is immaterial whether alternating or direct current is used. The ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-03", "section_label": "Theory Section 3: Generation of E.m.f.", "section_title": "Generation of E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1033-1243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "snippets": [ "... d with cu. cm. 12 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Thus it cuts during each revolution four times the lines of force inclosed in the position of maximum inclosure. If 3> = the maximum number of lines of force inclosed by the conductor, / = the frequency in revolutions per second or cycles, and n = number of convolutions or turns of the con- ductor, the lines of force cut per second by the conductor, and thus the average generated e.m.f. is, E = 4 fn$ absolute units, = 4fn3> ID\"8 volts. FIG. 5. — G ...", "... age value of this e.m.f. is the sum of the average values of the e.m.fs. of the individual coils. Thus in a direct-current machine, if $ = maximum flux in- closed per turn, n = total number of turns in series from com- mutator brush to brush, and / = frequency of rotation through the magnetic field. E = 4/n$> = generated e.m.f. ($ in megalines, / in hundreds of cycles per second). This is the formula of the direct-current generator. EXAMPLES 17. (1) A circular wire coil of 200 turns and 40 cm. mean diam ...", "... volts at 11 volts per commutator segment gives 50, or as next integer divisible by 3, n = 51 segments or turns per pole. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 15 8 poles give 4 cycles per revolution, 500 rev. per min. gives 50%Q = 8.33 rev. per sec. Thus the frequency is/ = 4 X 8.33 = 33.3 cycles per second. The generated e.m.f. is E = 550 volts, thus by the formula of direct-current generator, E = 4/n, or, 550 = 4 X 0.333 X 51 , = 8.1 megalines per pole. 19. (3) What is the e.m.f. generated in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_title": "Induction Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "number": 1, "location": "lines 18949-19165", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "snippets": [ "... bring the current back into p>hase with the voltage, or the field may be excited from a separate e.m.f. differing 90 deg. in phase from that supplied to the armature. The former arrange- ment has the disadvantage of requiring almost perfect con- stancy of frequency, and therefore is not practicable. In the latter arrangement the armature winding of the motor is fed by one, the field winding by the other phase of a quarter-phase sys- tem, and thus the current in the armature brought approximately into phase with the ...", "... is fixed regarding the primary, and the electric energy in the secondary is made use of, while in the latter the secondary is movable regarding the primary, and the me- chanical force acting between primary and secondary is used. In consequence thereof the frequency of the currents in the sec- ondary of the induction motor differs from, and as a rule is very much lower than, that of the currents impressed upon the pri- mary, and thus the ratio of e.m.fs. generated in primary and in secondary is not the ratio of th ...", "... rom, and as a rule is very much lower than, that of the currents impressed upon the pri- mary, and thus the ratio of e.m.fs. generated in primary and in secondary is not the ratio of their respective turns, but is the ratio of the product of turns and frequency. Taking due consideration of this difference of frequency be- tween primary and secondary, the theoretical investigation of the induction motor corresponds to that of the stationary trans- former. The transformer feature of the induction motor pre- dominates to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19166-20427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "snippets": [ "... and secondary (mutual induction); s = slip, with the primary fre- quency as unit; that is, s = 0 denoting synchronous rotation, s = l standstill of the motor. We then have 1 — s = speed of the motor secondary as fraction of syn- chronous speed, sf = frequency of the secondary currents, where / = frequency impressed upon the primary; 1 The self -inductive reactance refers to that flux which surrounds one of the electric circuits only, without being interlinked with the other circuits. 312 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRIC ...", "... the primary fre- quency as unit; that is, s = 0 denoting synchronous rotation, s = l standstill of the motor. We then have 1 — s = speed of the motor secondary as fraction of syn- chronous speed, sf = frequency of the secondary currents, where / = frequency impressed upon the primary; 1 The self -inductive reactance refers to that flux which surrounds one of the electric circuits only, without being interlinked with the other circuits. 312 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING hence, . se = e.m.f. generated ...", "... at flux which surrounds one of the electric circuits only, without being interlinked with the other circuits. 312 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING hence, . se = e.m.f. generated in the secondary. The actual impedance of the secondary circuit at the frequency sf is Zi8 = 7*1 +jsxi; hence, the secondary current is se se where the primary exciting current is /oo =eY = e[g — jb], and the total primary current is /o = e I (ai -f g) — j (a2 + b] where The e.m.f. consumed in the primary circuit by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-46", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generated E.m.fs.", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generated E.m.fs.", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 46, "number": 3, "location": "lines 10778-10835", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-46/", "snippets": [ "III. Generated E.M.FS. 42. The formula for the generation of e.m.f. in a direct- current machine, as discussed in the preceding, is e = where e = generated e.m.f., / = frequency = number of pairs of poles X hundreds of rev. per sec., n = number of turns in series between brushes, and <£ = magnetic flux passing through the armature per pole, in megalines. In ring-wound machines, is one-half the flux per field pole, since t ...", "... er, each armature turn has only one con- ductor lying on the armature surface, or face conductor, while in a drum-wound machine each turn has two face conductors. Thus, with the same . number of face conductors — that is, the same armature surface — the same frequency, and the same flux per field pole, the same e.m.f. is generated in the ring-wound as in the drum-wound armature. The number of turns in series between brushes, n, is one-half the total number of armature turns in a series-wound armature, - the total nu ...", "... series-wound armature, - the total number of armature turns in a single-spiral multiple- wound armature with p poles. It is one-half as many in a double- spiral or double-reentrant, one-third as many in a triple-spiral winding, etc. By this formula, from frequency, series turns, and magnetic flux the e.m.f. is found, or inversely, from generated e.m.f., fre- quency, and series turns the magnetic flux per field pole is calculated: *--!-, 4/n From magnetic flux, and section and lengths of the different parts of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-57", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 57: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 57, "number": null, "location": "lines 11401-11540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 191 ture in centimeters per second, lp = pitch of armature slot (that is, width of one slot and one tooth at armature surface), the S frequency is /i = y-. Or, if / = frequency of machine, n — number of armature slots per pair of poles, /i = nf. For instance,/ = 33.3, n = 51, thus/i = 1700. Under the assumption, width of slots equals width of teeth = 2 X width of air gap, the dis ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 191 ture in centimeters per second, lp = pitch of armature slot (that is, width of one slot and one tooth at armature surface), the S frequency is /i = y-. Or, if / = frequency of machine, n — number of armature slots per pair of poles, /i = nf. For instance,/ = 33.3, n = 51, thus/i = 1700. Under the assumption, width of slots equals width of teeth = 2 X width of air gap, the dis- tribution of magnetic flux at the pol ...", "... osed with an alternating flux FIG. 104. — Effect of slots on flux distribution. BO, shown in Fig. 104, with a maximum of 475 and a minimum of 1825. This alternating flux BQ can, as regards production of eddy currents, be replaced by the equivalent sine wave B0o, that is, a sine wave having the same effective value (or square root of mean square). The effective value is 718. The pulsation of magnetic flux farther in the interior of the field-pole face can be approximated by drawing curves equi- 192 ELEM ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-91", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 91, "number": 13, "location": "lines 16065-16540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "snippets": [ "... the machine is driven as generator. I I. Ill jiHojifljybJU yyyyyyyyyyyyyyywyy jyyyyy a'\"o\"o a^aza3 C B J1 a\"a\"a 1J. 2i FIG. 142. — Development of a direct-current converter. 106. While the currents in the armature coils are more or less sine waves in the alternator, rectangular reversed currents in the direct-current generator or motor, and distorted triple-fre- quency currents in the synchronous converter, the currents in the armature coils of the direct-current converter are approximately triangular double ...", "... in the alternator, rectangular reversed currents in the direct-current generator or motor, and distorted triple-fre- quency currents in the synchronous converter, the currents in the armature coils of the direct-current converter are approximately triangular double-frequency waves. Let Fig. 142 represent a development of a direct-current con- verter with brushes BI and B2, and C one autotransformer re- ceiving current 2 i from the neutral. Consider first an armature coil ai adjacent and behind (in the direction of rotation) an ...", "... lternator, rectangular reversed currents in the direct-current generator or motor, and distorted triple-fre- quency currents in the synchronous converter, the currents in the armature coils of the direct-current converter are approximately triangular double-frequency waves. Let Fig. 142 represent a development of a direct-current con- verter with brushes BI and B2, and C one autotransformer re- ceiving current 2 i from the neutral. Consider first an armature coil ai adjacent and behind (in the direction of rotation) an auto- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2012-2148", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... f turns, n — that is, when the turns either revolve through the flux or the flux passes in and out of the turns — the total flux is cut four times during each complete period or cycle, twice passing into, and twice out of, the turns. Hence, if / = number of complete cycles per second, or the frequency of the flux, $, the average e.m.f. generated in n turns is Eavg. = 4 71$/ 10-« volts. This is the fundamental equation of electrical engineering, and applies to continuous-current, as well as to alternating- current, apparatus. 16 LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 17 14. In continuous-c ...", "... alternates with respect to the sta- tionary turns; in other apparatus, alternation and rotation occur simultaneously, as in alternating-current commutator motors. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = number of turns in series from brush to brush, $ = flux inclosed per turn, and / = frequency, the e.m.f. generated in the machine is E = 4/i$/10~^ volts, independent of the number of poles, of series or multiple connection of the armature, whether of the ring, drum, or other type. In an alternator or transformer, if n is the number of turns in series, $ the maximum flux inclosed per ...", "... nerated in the machine is E = 4/i$/10~^ volts, independent of the number of poles, of series or multiple connection of the armature, whether of the ring, drum, or other type. In an alternator or transformer, if n is the number of turns in series, $ the maximum flux inclosed per turn, and /the frequency, this formula gives Eavg. = 4:7l^f lO'S VOltS. Since the maximum e.m.f. is given by we have ^max. = 2 7rW$/ 10-8 volts. And since the effective e.m.f. is given by Emax. E. eff. — V2 we have Eeff. = V2 wn^f 10-^ = 4.44 nf^ 10-« volts, which is the fundamental formula of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "section_title": "Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1973-2121", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... h the flux, or the flux passes in and out of the turns, during each complete alternation or cycle, — the total flux is cut four times, twice passing into, and twice out of, the turns. / §12] LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION, 17 Hence, if A^= number of complete cycles per second, or the frequency of the relative alternation of flux ♦, the average E.M.F. induced in ;/ turns is, — wfi'.vf . = 4 // ♦ jy 10 - \" volts. This is the fundamental equation of electrical engineer- ing, and applies to continuous-current, as well as to alter- nating-current, apparatus. 12. In continuous-current ...", "... eld ; in other alternators and in induction motors, the mag- netic field revolves ; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the stationary turns. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = num- ber of turns in series from brush to brush, ♦ = flux inclosed per turn, and N =. frequency, the E.M.F. induced in the machine is jE\" = 4«aV10~® volts, independent of the num- ber of poles, or series or multiple connection of the arma- ture, whether of the ring, drum, or other type. In an alternator or transformer, if n is the number of turns in series, * the maximum flux inclose ...", "... the machine is jE\" = 4«aV10~® volts, independent of the num- ber of poles, or series or multiple connection of the arma- ture, whether of the ring, drum, or other type. In an alternator or transformer, if n is the number of turns in series, * the maximum flux inclosed per turn, and N the frequency, this formula gives, ^.^. = 4// 7V10-» volts. Since the maximum E.M.F. is given by, — ^max. = I avg. E, we have 'max. = 2 7r«4>iV10-»VOltS. And since the effective E.M.F. is given by, — 'eff. 77 —. -^'max. V2 we have E^ft, = V2ir«jyi0-8 = 4.44«*iV^10-8volts, wh ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "section_title": "Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25120-25270", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIII. GENERAIi FOIiTFHASE STSTEMS. 232. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. ...", "CHAPTER XXIII. GENERAIi FOIiTFHASE STSTEMS. 232. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the si ...", "... The quarter-])hase system, consisting of two equal E.M.Fs. displaced by 90°, or one-quarter of a peHod, is an unsymmetrical system. 233. The flow of power in a single-phase system is pulsating ; that is, the watt curve of the circuit is a sine § 233] GENERAL rOLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 347 wave of double frequency, alternating between a maximum value and zero, or a negative maximum value. In a poly- phase system the watt curves of the different branches of the system are pulsating also. Their sum, however, or the total flow of power of the system, may be either constant or pulsating. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1606-1742", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... ther revolve through the flux, or the flux passes in and out of the turns, the total flux is cut four times during each complete period or cycle, twice passing into, and twice out of, the turns. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 17 Hence, if N= number of complete cycles per second, or the frequency of the flux 3>, the average E.M.F. induced in n turns is, £&vg, = 4 « 3> N 10 ~ 8 volts. This is the fundamental equation of electrical engineer- ing, and applies to .continuous-current, as well as to alter- nating-current, apparatus. 12. In continuous-current machines and in many alter- ...", "... ld ; in other alternators and in induction motors, the mag- netic field revolves ; in transformers, the field alternates with respect to the stationary turns. Thus, in the continuous-current machine, if n = num- ber of turns in series from brush to brush, = flux inclosed per turn, and N = frequency, the E.M.F. induced in the machine is E = 4«4>7V10~8 volts, independent of the num- ber of poles, of series or multiple connection of the arma- ture, whether of the ring, drum, or other type. In an alternator or transformer, if n is the number of turns in series, $ the maximum flux inclosed p ...", "... in the machine is E = 4«4>7V10~8 volts, independent of the num- ber of poles, of series or multiple connection of the arma- ture, whether of the ring, drum, or other type. In an alternator or transformer, if n is the number of turns in series, $ the maximum flux inclosed per turn, and JV the frequency, this formula gives, £avg = 4 « 4> JVW ~ 8 volts. Since the maximum E.M.F. is given by, — •^maz. = £ ^avg we have ^\"max. = 27r»7V710-8VOltS. And since the effective E.M.F. is given by, — we have £es. = = 4.44 n 4>^10- 8 volts, which is the fundamental formula of alternating-c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 18053-19457", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... essed E.M.F., *0. If 2 < 2 r, el < 2 r, r0; that is, motor E.M.F. > generator E.M.F. In either case, the current in the synchronous motor is leading. 207. B. Running Light, p = 0. When running light, or for / = 0, we get, by substitut- ing in (19) and (20), (26) Obviously this condition cannot well be fulfilled, since p must at least equal the power consumed by friction, etc. ; and thus the true no-load curve merely approaches the curve / = 0, being, howe ...", "... r, el < 2 r, r0; that is, motor E.M.F. > generator E.M.F. In either case, the current in the synchronous motor is leading. 207. B. Running Light, p = 0. When running light, or for / = 0, we get, by substitut- ing in (19) and (20), (26) Obviously this condition cannot well be fulfilled, since p must at least equal the power consumed by friction, etc. ; and thus the true no-load curve merely approaches the curve / = 0, being, however, rounded off, where curve ...", "... urrent, z, is given by equation (28) by — = 0, as del (32) If, as abscissas, elt and as ordinates, zi, are chosen, the axis of these ellipses pass through the points of maximum power given by equation (22). It is obvious thus, that in the V-shaped curves of syn- chronous motors running light, the two sides of the curves are not straight lines, as usually assumed, but arcs of ellipses, the one of concave, the other of convex, curvature. These two ellipses are shown in Fig. 154, and divide the whole space into six parts — the two parts A and A', whose areas contain the quartic curv ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 23643-23780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXV. GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 260. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. ...", "CHAPTER XXV. GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 260. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the si ...", "... rical system. The quarter-phase system, consisting of two equal E.M.Fs. displaced by 90°, or one-quarter of a period, is an unsymmetrical system. 261. The flow of power in a single-phase system is pulsating ; that is, the watt curve of the circuit is a sine GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 431 wave of double frequency, alternating between a maximum value and zero, or a negative maximum value. In a poly- phase system the watt curves of the different branches of the system are pulsating also. Their sum, however, or the total flow of power of the system, may be either constant or pulsating. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11051-12221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... pply to the direct-current electromagnet as well as to the alternating-current electromagnet. In the alternating-current electromagnet, if io is the effective value of the current, F is the effective or average value of the pull, and the pull or force of the electromagnet pulsates with double frequency between and 2F. 63. In the alternating-current electromagnet usually the vol- tage consumed by the resistance of the winding, tV, can be neglected compared with the voltage consumed by the reactance of the winding, ioXy and the latter, therefore, is practically equal to the terminal voltage, ...", "... e neglected compared with the voltage consumed by the reactance of the winding, ioXy and the latter, therefore, is practically equal to the terminal voltage, e, of the electromagnet. We have then, by the general equation of self-induction, e = 27r fLio (20) 96 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS where / = frequency, in cycles per second. From which follows, ij. = 2^ (21) and substituting (21) in equations (14) to (19), gives as the equa- tion of the mechanical workj and the pull of the alternating^current electromagnet. In the metric system: PI = ^ \\ . ^ gram-cm. (22) „ io(e2 — ei) 10^ _Jo^ de ^ ...", "... sformer secon ries, the magnetic flux through the transformer primaries drops in the proportion, and the mechanical forces in the transformer drop with square of the primary terminal voltage, and with a great drop of the minal voltage, as occurs for instance with large transformers at the en a transmission line or long feeders, the mechanical forces may drop small fraction of the value, which they have on a system of practically limited power. MAGNETISM 101 If L = leakage inductance of the transformer, at short-circuit, where the entire flux, $, is leakage flux, we have =:^108 (46) n henc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_title": "Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 22634-23465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... th unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, however small the latter may be in the so-called \"non-inductive\" circuit. With continuous current in stationary conditions, the inductance, L, has no effect on the energy flow; with alternating current of frequency, /, the inductance, L, consumes a voltage 2 x/Li, and is, therefore, represented by the reactance, x = 2x/L, which is measured in ohms, and differs from the ohmic resistance, r, merely by being wattless or reactive, that is, representing not dissipation of energy, but surging of energy. Every ...", "... secondary circuit and corresponds to ri/i. 118. Appljdng this to the polyphase induction motor with single squirrel-cage secondary. Let Yo — g — jb = primary exciting admittance; Zo = ro + jxo = primary self-inductive impedance; Zi = ri + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance at full frequency, reduced to the primary. Let Pi = the true induced voltage in the secondary, at full frequency, corresponding to the magnetic flux in the armature core. The secondary current then is The mutual inductive voltage at full frequency, ^ = ^1 + jxifi Thus the exciting current, /oo = YoP ...", "... th single squirrel-cage secondary. Let Yo — g — jb = primary exciting admittance; Zo = ro + jxo = primary self-inductive impedance; Zi = ri + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance at full frequency, reduced to the primary. Let Pi = the true induced voltage in the secondary, at full frequency, corresponding to the magnetic flux in the armature core. The secondary current then is The mutual inductive voltage at full frequency, ^ = ^1 + jxifi Thus the exciting current, /oo = YoP = ((7-i&)(l+if)^i where sbxi Qi = g + q2 = b — ri sgxi ri and the total current, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit. 498", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit. 498", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1187-1227", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... t time decrement % 503 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir- cuit. 510", "... ement % 503 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir- cuit. 510", "... 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir- cuit. 510" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1317-1992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... or parallel with the conductor. (Thus, while the voltage may decrease from generator to receiver circuit, as is usually the case, or may increase, as in an alternating-current circuit with leading current, and while the current may remain constant throughout the circuit, or decrease, as in a transmission line of considerable capacity with a leading or non-inductive receiver circuit, the flow of energy always decreases from generating to receiving circuit, and the power gradient therefore is characteristic of the direc- tion of the flow of energy.) In the space outside of the conductor, during the ...", "... concen- tric, or approximately so, to the conductor. That is, a needle- shaped magnetizable body, as an iron needle, tends to set itself in a direction concentric to the conductor. The electrostatic action has a maximum in a direction radial, or approximately so, to the conductor. That is, a light needle- shaped conducting body, if the electrostatic component of the field is powerful enough, tends to set itself in a direction radial to the conductor, and light bodies are attracted or repelled radially to the conductor. Thus, the electric field of a circuit over which energy flows has ...", "... the conductor. The electrostatic action has a maximum in a direction radial, or approximately so, to the conductor. That is, a light needle- shaped conducting body, if the electrostatic component of the field is powerful enough, tends to set itself in a direction radial to the conductor, and light bodies are attracted or repelled radially to the conductor. Thus, the electric field of a circuit over which energy flows has three main axes which are at right angles with each other: The electromagnetic axis, concentric with the conductor. The electrostatic axis, radial to the conductor. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Mutual Inductance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 10, "location": "lines 10475-12216", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... total number of interlinkages between the circuit and the number of lines of magnetic force produced by unit current in the circuit, we have di L{j± = e.m.f. consumed by the inductance, ctt where, t = time. If instead of time t an angle 6 = 2 nft is introduced, where / is some standard frequency, as 60 cycles, di x. 3^ = e.m.f. consumed by the inductance, au where x1 = 2 nfL^ = inductive reactance. If now M = mutual inductance between the circuit and another circuit, that is, number of interlinkages of the circuit with the magnetic flux produced by unit current in the second ci ...", "... olts, when assuming the saturation curve in this range as straight line, is given by the equation The impressed e.m.f. of the shunt field is the same, hence, reduced to the main circuit by the ratio of turns, a = 1.2 X 10~3, is e, = 152 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA Assuming now as standard frequency, / = 60 cycles per sec., the constants of the two mutually inductive circuits shown diagrammatically in Fig. 38 are : Main Circuit. Shunt Field Circuit. Current i amp. il amp Impressed e.m.f... Resistance *= 272 1^ VOHS T = 6 ohms e1 = (272+~Ml.2X10-3volts rt = 0 144X 10~3 oh ...", "... 70 £-°010' sin 16.28 6. The two frequencies of oscillation are 3009 and 977 cycles per sec., hence rather low. The secondary terminal voltage has a maximum of nearly 4000, reduced to the primary, or 400 times as large as corre- sponds to the ratio of turns. In this particular instance, the frequency 3009 is nearly suppressed, and the main oscillation is of the frequency 977." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Electric Railway", "section_title": "Electric Railway", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 5295-7123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "... t± _ 1^1^^ Fl^. 29. Choose for instance, a maximum acceleration and maxi- mum braking of two miles per hour per second, and assuming a retardation of one-quarter mile per hour per second by fric- tion (that is, assuming that the car slows down one-quarter mile per second, when running light on a level track) ; if then the time of one complete run between two stations is given equal to A B in Fig. 29, the simplest t)rpe of run consists of constant acceleration, from A to C, on the line A a, drawn 152 GENERAL LECTURES under a slope of two miles per hour per second ; at C the po ...", "... back when running down a long hill. Therefore on mountain railways, induction motors have the advantage. In an induction motor there is no running on the motor curve, and so the efficiency of acceleration is lower. Objection to the series motor is the unlimited speed ; that is, when running light, it runs away. In railroading this is no objection, because tlie motor is never running light and some- body is always in control. In elevator work the series motor is objectionable, due to the unlimited speed ; therefore a limited speed motor is neces- sary. In elevators frequent stops, and ...", "... advantage. In an induction motor there is no running on the motor curve, and so the efficiency of acceleration is lower. Objection to the series motor is the unlimited speed ; that is, when running light, it runs away. In railroading this is no objection, because tlie motor is never running light and some- body is always in control. In elevator work the series motor is objectionable, due to the unlimited speed ; therefore a limited speed motor is neces- sary. In elevators frequent stops, and so efficient acceleration are necessary; therefore a compound motor is best, that is, a motor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-01", "section_label": "Theory Section 1: Magnetism and Electric Current", "section_title": "Magnetism and Electric Current", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 477-909", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "snippets": [ "... s the magnetizing force, : '-« and as the field intensity, 0 2 F H = 0.4 TT = 2^- 4. The magnetic field of an electric circuit consisting of two parallel conductors (or any number of conductors, in a poly- phase system), as the two wires of a transmission line, can be considered as the superposition of the separate fields of the conductors (consisting of concentric circles). Thus, if there are I amperes in a circuit consisting of two parallel conductors (conductor and return conductor), at the distance li from the ...", "... = - — — - = 0.4 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 7 In equilibrium, 0.2 mlQ sin r = 0.4 mlQ cos r, or tan r = 2, r = 63.4°. 9. (3) What is the- total magnetic flux per I = 1000 m. length, passing between the conductors of a long distance transmission line carrying 7 amperes of current, if Id = 0.82 cm. is the diam- eter of the conductors (No. 0 B. & S.), 18 = 45 cm. the spacing or distance between them? FIG. 2. — Diagram of transmission line for inductance calculation. At distance lr from the center o ...", "... m. length, passing between the conductors of a long distance transmission line carrying 7 amperes of current, if Id = 0.82 cm. is the diam- eter of the conductors (No. 0 B. & S.), 18 = 45 cm. the spacing or distance between them? FIG. 2. — Diagram of transmission line for inductance calculation. At distance lr from the center of one of the conductors (Fig. 2), the length of the magnetic circuit surrounding this conductor is 2irlr) the m.m.f., 7 ampere-turns; thus the magnetizing force / = s— r> and the field intensit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-16", "section_label": "Theory Section 16: Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6222-6813", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "snippets": [ "16. PHASE CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION LINES 76. If in the receiving circuit of an inductive transmission line the phase relation can be changed, the drop of voltage in the line can be maintained constant at varying loads or even decreased with increasing load; that is, at constant generator voltage the transmission can be compounded for constant voltage at the rec ...", "... nerator voltage the transmission can be compounded for constant voltage at the receiving end, or even over-compounded for a voltage increasing with the load. 1. Compounding of Transmission Lines for Constant Voltage Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the transmission line, CQ = voltage impressed upon the beginning of the line, e = vol- tage received at the end of end line. PHASE CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION LINES 91 Let i = power current in the receiving circuit; that is, P — ei = transmitted power, and ii = reactive ...", "... (3) In a circuit whose voltage e0 fluctuates by 20 per cent, between 1800 and 2200 volts, a synchronous motor of internal impedance Z0 = r0 + jx0 = 0.5 + 5 j is connected through a reactive coil of impedance Z\\ = r\\ + jx\\ = 0.5 -f- 10 j and run light, as compensator (that is, generator of reactive currents). How will the voltage at the synchronous motor terminals e\\, at constant excitation, that is, constant counter e.m.f. e = 2000, vary as function of e$ at no load and at a load of i = 100 amp. po ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-29", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 29, "number": 8, "location": "lines 9399-9553", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "snippets": [ "... us motor to secure stability, that is, independence of minor fluctuations of impressed voltage or of field excitation. 19. The theoretical maximum output of the synchronous motor, or the load at which it drops out of step, at constant impressed voltage and frequency is, even with very high armature reaction, usually far beyond the heating limits of the machine. 200 100 600 800 1000 1200 UOO 1600 1800 2000 FIG. 66. — Synchronous motor phase characteristics. The actual maximum output depends on the ...", "... 600 800 1000 1200 UOO 1600 1800 2000 FIG. 66. — Synchronous motor phase characteristics. The actual maximum output depends on the drop of terminal voltage due to the increase of current, and on the steadiness or uniformity of the impressed frequency, thus upon the individual conditions of operation, but is as a rule far above full load. Hence, by varying the field excitation of the synchronous motor the current can be made leading or lagging at will, and the syn- chronous motor thus offers the simpl ...", "... out of phase or wattless currents for controlling the voltage in trans- mission lines, compensating for wattless currents of induction motors, etc. Synchronous machines used merely for supplying wattless currents, that is, synchronous motors or generators running light, with over-excited or under-excited field, are called synchronous condensers. They are used as exciters for induc- tion generators, as compensators for the reactive lagging currents SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 147 of induction motors, for voltage control of transmi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-43", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 43: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 43, "number": null, "location": "lines 10646-10684", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-43/", "snippets": [ "... l C%. If the armature coils consist of a single turn only, as in Fig. 86, and thus are open at 6 and d} the end connection and the cross connection can be combined by passing from a in coil Ci directly to c and from c directly to e in FIG. 89. — Wave winding. coil C2; that is, the circuit abcde is replaced by ace. This has the effect that the coils are apparently open at one side. Such a winding has been called a wave winding. Only series windings with a single turn per coil can be arranged a ...", "... from a in coil Ci directly to c and from c directly to e in FIG. 89. — Wave winding. coil C2; that is, the circuit abcde is replaced by ace. This has the effect that the coils are apparently open at one side. Such a winding has been called a wave winding. Only series windings with a single turn per coil can be arranged as wave windings, while windings with several turns per coil must neces-", "... inding. coil C2; that is, the circuit abcde is replaced by ace. This has the effect that the coils are apparently open at one side. Such a winding has been called a wave winding. Only series windings with a single turn per coil can be arranged as wave windings, while windings with several turns per coil must neces-" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-65", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 65, "number": 13, "location": "lines 11905-11980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "snippets": [ "... as in inches per second if Z» is given in inches, to = -£ is the time during which the current in A reverses. Thus, considering the reversal as a 1 S single alternation, tQ is a half period, and thus /0 = ^-7- = ;ry- is 4 »o z iw the frequency of commutation; hence, if L = inductance of the armature coil A, the e.m.f. generated in the armature coil during commutation is eo = 2irfoLiot where io = current reversed, and the energy which has to be dissipated during commutation is i 2 r, ^1 > ^o; that is, motor E.M.F. > generator E.M.F. In either case, the current in the synchronous motor is leading. 186. B. Running Lights / = 0. When running light, or for / = 0, we get, by substitut- ing in (19) and (20), (26) Obviously this condition can never be fulfilled absolutely, since/ must at least equal the power consumed by friction, etc. ; and thus the true no-load curve merely approaches the curve/ = 0, being, however, rounded off, wher ...", "... of current, /, is given by equation = 0, as -• '.= T'o-. (32) r r If, as abscissae, ^i, and as ordinates, zi, are chosen, the axis of these ellipses pass through the points of maximum power given by equation (22). It is obvious thus, that in the curves of synchronous motors running light, published by Mordey and others, the two sides of the V-shaped curves are not straight lines, as usually assumed, but arcs of ellipses, the one of concave, the other of convex, curvature. These two ellipses are shown in Fig. 138, and divide the whole space into six parts — the two parts A and ...", "... {2 e^ - 1000 i'-y = 7.8125 X 10^ - 5 + lOV. (17) ^1 = 5590 (19) VH(l-^-2xl0-«/) + (.894cos<^+.447sin<^)Vr^6.4xl0\"-«/}. i = 559 (20) Vi{(l-^-2xl0-V>) + (.894cos<^-.447sin<^)Vi^6.4xl0-«/}. (22) Maximum output, / = 156.25 kilowatts (21) at fi = 2,795 volts /■ =125 amperes Running light, ^j« + 500 /* - 6. 25 X 10* = F 40 /Vx = I ,^8^ ^1 = 20 /• i V6.25 X 10* - 100 n \\ ^ ^ At the minimum value of C.KM.F. ^i = is / = 112 (29) At the minimum value of current, / = is ^i = 2500 (30) At the maximum value of C.KM.F. s woiiM In* ( -) . the errui \\/7 ' made by the simpler expression (13) is less than ( — ) . Thus, if To is 3 per cent of r, which is a fair average in interior light- ing circuits, {-) =0.032 = 0.0009, or less than 0.1 percent; hence, is usuall^^ negligible. 46. If an expression in its finite form is moi*e complicated and thereby less convenient for numerical calculation, as for instance if it contains roots, development into an infinite series frequent ...", "... t is, they consist of successive alternations of gradually decreasing amplitude. Such functions are called oscillating functions. Practically all disturbances in electric circuits consist of such oscillating currents and voltages. 600^ = 2;: gives, as the time of one complete period, and the frequency is ^ = ^ = 0.0105 sec; 600 ' /=-^ = 95.3 cycles per sec. In this particular case, as the resistance is relatively high, the oscillations die out rather rapidly. The reader is advised to calculate and plot the numerical values of i and e, and of their exponential terms, for every 30 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-05", "section_label": "Theory Section 5: Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 1573-1784", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "snippets": [ "... linkages at 6.95 amp. is 12,320 X 6.4 X 106 = 78 X 109. 6.95 amp. = 0.695 absolute units, hence the number of in- terlinkages per unit current, or the inductance, is - 112 X I*- 112 h. 29. (2) What is the mutual inductance between an alter- nating transmission line and a telephone wire carried for 10 miles below and 1.20 m. distant from the one, 1.50 m. distant from the other conductor of the alternating line; and what is the e.m.f. generated in the telephone wire, if the alternating cir- cuit carries 100 amp. at ...", "... X 10371ogei||° = 72 7 103; or, 72 7 103 interlinkages, hence, for 7 = 10, or one absolute unit, thus, M = 72 X 104 absolute units = 72 X 10~5 h. = 0.72 mh. 100 amp. effective or 141.4 amp. maximum or 14.14 abso- lute units of current in the transmission line produces a maximum flux interlinked with the telephone line of 14.14 X 0.72 X 10~3 X 109 = 10.2 megalines. Thus the e.m.f. generated at 60 cycles is E = 4.44 X 0.6 X 10.2 = 27.3 volts effective." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-103", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 103, "number": 6, "location": "lines 18461-18520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "radiation", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "snippets": [ "... n rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. Smaller distribution transformers usually are installed out- doors, on poles, and then require protection by enclosure in an iron case or tank. This ...", "... the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. Smaller distribution transformers usually are installed out- doors, on poles, and then require protection by enclosure in an iron case or tank. This still further reduces the heat radiation, and therefore such transformer cases are now almost always filled with oil, the oil serving to carry the heat from the transformer iron and windings to the case. Incidentally, the oil filling also protects the transformer from the failure of insulation by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-112", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 112, "number": 6, "location": "lines 21647-21812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "snippets": [ "... e condenser current is derived by double 354 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING transformation in the multitooth structure of the induction machine, which has a practically uniform magnetic field, irre- spective of the shape of the primary impressed e.m.f. wave, the application of the condenser becomes feasible irrespective of the wave shape of the generator. Usually the tertiary circuit in this case is arranged on an angle of 60 deg. with the primary circuit, and in starting a powerful torque is thereby develop ...", "... INEERING transformation in the multitooth structure of the induction machine, which has a practically uniform magnetic field, irre- spective of the shape of the primary impressed e.m.f. wave, the application of the condenser becomes feasible irrespective of the wave shape of the generator. Usually the tertiary circuit in this case is arranged on an angle of 60 deg. with the primary circuit, and in starting a powerful torque is thereby developed, with a torque efficiency superior to any other single-phase motor starti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-24", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 24, "number": 3, "location": "lines 8741-8906", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "snippets": [ "... ant, while in the single-phase machine the armature reaction and thereby the resultant m.m.f. of field and armature is pulsating. The pulsation of the resultant m.m.f. of the single-phase machine causes a pulsation of its magnetic field under load, of double frequency, which generates a third harmonic of e.m.f. in the armature conductors. In machines of high armature reaction, as steam-turbine-driven single-phase alternators, the pulsation of the magnetic field may be sufficient to cause serious energy losses and heating by ...", "... d. This is usually done by a squirrel- cage induction machine winding in the field pole faces, or by short-circuited conductors laid in the pole faces in electrical space quadrature to the field coils. In these conductors, secondary currents Ei'_ of double frequency are produced which equalize the resultant m.m.f. of the machine." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-42", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 42: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 42, "number": null, "location": "lines 10586-10645", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-42/", "snippets": [ "... alternating-current generation with synchronous converters usu- ally preferred, and as multiple spiral or reentrant windings are inconvenient in synchronous converters, their use has greatly decreased. 39. A distinction is frequently made between lap winding and wave winding. These are, however, not different types; but the wave winding is merely a constructive modification of the series drum winding with single-turn coil, as seen by comparing", "... lly preferred, and as multiple spiral or reentrant windings are inconvenient in synchronous converters, their use has greatly decreased. 39. A distinction is frequently made between lap winding and wave winding. These are, however, not different types; but the wave winding is merely a constructive modification of the series drum winding with single-turn coil, as seen by comparing" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-44", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 44: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 175", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 175", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 44, "number": null, "location": "lines 10685-10736", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-44/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-44/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 175 sarily be lap or coil windings. In Fig. 90 is shown a series drum winding with 35 coils and commutator segments, and a single turn per coil arranged as wave winding. This winding may be compared with the 35-coil series drum winding in Fig. 83. 40. Drum winding can be divided into full-pitch and frac- tional-pitch windings. In the full-pitch winding the spread of the coil covers the pitch of one pole; that is, ...", "... the 35-coil series drum winding in Fig. 83. 40. Drum winding can be divided into full-pitch and frac- tional-pitch windings. In the full-pitch winding the spread of the coil covers the pitch of one pole; that is, each coil covers FIG. 90. — Series drum wave winding. one-sixth of the armature circumference in a six-pole machine, etc. In a fractional-pitch winding it covers less or more. Series drum windings without cross-connected commutator in which thus the number of coils is not divisible by the number of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-74", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 74: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 74, "number": null, "location": "lines 12660-12763", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 213 proportionally to the load, gives curves C, D, and E, which are higher at light load, but fall off faster at high load. A still further shift of brushes near the maximum current value even overturns the curve as shown in F. Curves E and F correspond to a very great shift of brushes, and an armature demagnetizing effect of the same ...", "... her shift of brushes near the maximum current value even overturns the curve as shown in F. Curves E and F correspond to a very great shift of brushes, and an armature demagnetizing effect of the same magnitude as the field excitation, as realized in arc-light machines, in which the last part of the curve is used to secure inherent regulation for constant current. The resistance characteristic, that is, the dependence of the current and of the terminal voltage of the series generator upon 6000 6000 1 23 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-80", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 80: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 80, "number": null, "location": "lines 13120-13188", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "snippets": [ "... introduced e.m.f.; and lowered, if this e.m.f. is in opposition; raised beyond synchronism, if this e.m.f. is in the same direction as the e.m.f. induced in the motor secondary. As, however, the e.m.f. induced in the induction motor secondary is of the frequency of slip, the speed controlling e.m.f. must either be supplied through the commutator or de- rived from a low frequency commutating machine as source. 4. For power-factor compensation. In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage or, what i ...", "... ame direction as the e.m.f. induced in the motor secondary. As, however, the e.m.f. induced in the induction motor secondary is of the frequency of slip, the speed controlling e.m.f. must either be supplied through the commutator or de- rived from a low frequency commutating machine as source. 4. For power-factor compensation. In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage or, what is the same, the voltage leads the current, and the power-factor thus can be raised by compensation either by introduci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-89", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 89, "number": 11, "location": "lines 15893-15982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "snippets": [ "... ctor rings in the same way as in the converter. Obviously the use of the double-current generator is limited to those sizes and speeds at which a good direct-current generator can be built with the same number of poles as a good alternator, that is, low- frequency machines of large output and relatively high speed; while high-frequency low-speed double-current generators are undesirable. The essential difference between double-current generator and converter is, however, that in the former the direct current and the altern ...", "... he double-current generator is limited to those sizes and speeds at which a good direct-current generator can be built with the same number of poles as a good alternator, that is, low- frequency machines of large output and relatively high speed; while high-frequency low-speed double-current generators are undesirable. The essential difference between double-current generator and converter is, however, that in the former the direct current and the alternating current are not in opposition as in the latter, but in the same ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-96", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 96, "number": 2, "location": "lines 16912-17026", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "snippets": [ "... rrent ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not much differ from a sine wave, and is the hysteresis energy current: /o = ih - Jim- Under load, the primary current then consists of two com- ponents: the load cu ...", "... in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not much differ from a sine wave, and is the hysteresis energy current: /o = ih - Jim- Under load, the primary current then consists of two com- ponents: the load current 7'2 which is the transformed second- ary current 7'2 = — > and the exciting, current IQ. The total «i primary ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 31: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 31, "location": "lines 35692-36061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... etween star-connected and ring-connected generators, motors, etc., or in three-phase systems Y-connected and A-connected apparatus. 285. Obviously, the polyphase system as a whole does not differ, whether star connection or ring connection is used in the generators or other apparatus; and the transmission line of a symmetrical n-phase system always consists of n wires carrying currents of equal strength, when balanced, differing from each other in phase by — of a period. Since the line wires radiate from the n terminals of the generator, the lines can be considered as being in star connection. T ...", "... measured by a voltmeter connected between adjacent lines, in ring or delta connection. In the same way the star or Y current is the current in a cir- cuit from one line to a neutral point; the ring or delta current, the current in a circuit from one line to the next line. The current in the transmission line is always the star or Y current, and the potential difference between the line wires, the ring or delta voltage. Since the star voltage and the ring voltage differ from each other, apparatus requiring different voltages can be connected into the same polyphase mains, by using either star or r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5334-6956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... This power is a maximum if g = g0, as shown before; hence, substituting g = g0, r = r0, E 2 maximum power at maximum efficiency, Pm = —2— , at a ratio of potentials, am — — -2— , \" ro or the same result as in § 62. .01 .03 • .03 .01 .05 .06 .07 .08 Fig. 60. Load Characteristic of Transmission Line. In Fig. 60 are shown, for the constants — E0 = 1,000 volts, Z0 =2.5 — 6/; r0 = 2.5 ohms, x0 = 6 ohms, z0 = 6.5 ohms, 96 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. and with the variable conductances, g, of the receiver circuit as abscissae, the — Output at maximum efficiency, (Curve I.) ; Volts a ...", "... s 1 GOO 800 700 COO * \"-^ •^ SEC JFF C1EN_ *-. -* fa \"N ^ ^ /^ 5 L •\\ // tV i / ^ \\ 8 /f // 300 200 100 A ^ ' ., /\\v ^ tc)P ^> 4 / ^ — *.ovJS ^\"\\ PUT PUT K.W 0 ' i) i it Fig. 64. Efficiency and Output of Transmission Line. 71. As summary to this chapter, in Fig. 64 are plotted, for a constant generator E.M.F., E0 = 1000 volts, and a line impedance, Z0 = 2.5 — 6/, or, r0 = 2.5 ohms, x0 = 6 ohms, z0 = 6.5 ohms ; and with the receiver output as RESISTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 103 abscissae and the receiver ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 8555-10582", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... arting a single-phase induction motor it is not neces- sary, as in a synchronous motor, to bring it up to full speed, but the motor begins to develop appreciable torque already at low speed, it is quite feasible to start small induction motors by hand, by a pull on the belt, etc.. especially at light-load and if«of high- resistance armature. (b) By converting the motor in starting into a shunt or series motor. This has the great objection of requiring a commutator, and a cwuttutating-machine rotor winding instead of the common iftd«c*iQ«i-n*otor squirrel-cage winding. Also, as series mo ...", "... ency. It is almost exclusively used in very small motors which require little starting torque, such as fan motors, and thus industrially constitutes the most important single- phase induction motor-starting device. 73. Let, all the quantities being reduced to the primary num- ber of turns and frequency, as customary in induction machines: Z0 = r<> + jxo = primary self-inductive impedance, y = g — jb = primary exciting admittance of unshaded poles (assuming total pole unshaded), SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 113 Y' = g' — jb' = primary exciting admittance of shaded poles (assuming total ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Hysteresis Motor", "section_title": "Hysteresis Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 10, "location": "lines 14551-14761", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... nt and energy expenditure of the impressed m.m.f. independent of the speed also. If, now: V = volume of iron of the movable part, (B = magnetic density, and rj = coefficient of hysteresis, the energy expended by hysteresis in the movable disk, 7, is per cycle: Wo = VV®1\\ hence, if / = frequency, the power supplied by the m.m.f. to the rotating iron disk in the hysteretic loop of the m.m.f. is: p0 =/Fi?(B,-e. At the slip, sfj that is, the speed (1 — s) f, the power expended by hysteresis in the rotating disk is, however: Pi = s/FtjCB1-6. 17(1 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS Hence, in the ...", "... in, as shall be more fully investigated under \"Reaction Machine\" in Chapter XVI. 100. In the hysteresis motor, consisting of an iron disk of uniform magnetic reluctance, which revolves in a uniformly rotating magnetic field, below synchronism, the magnetic mix rotates in the armature with the frequency of slip, and the resultant line of magnetic induction in the disk thus lags, in space, behind the synchronously rotating line of resultant m.m.f HYSTERESIS MOTOR 171 of the exciting coils, by the angle of hysteretic lead, or, which is constant, and so gives, at constant magnetic flux, that ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Unipolar Machines", "section_title": "Unipolar Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 22, "location": "lines 31716-32137", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... more correct name is homopolar machine,* signifying uniformity of polarity, or acyclic machine, signifying absence of any cyclic change: in all other electromagnetic machines, the voltage induced in a con- ductor changes cyclically, and the voltage in each turn is alter- nating, thus having a frequency, even if the terminal voltage and current at the corjimutator are continuous. 450 UNIPOLAR MACHINES 451 By bringing the conductor, C, over the end of the magnet close to the shaft, as shown in Fig. 216, the peripheral speed of motion of brush, J32, on its collector ring can be reduced. Ho ...", "... ylindrical con- ductor, revolving in the cylindrical gap be- tween N and 8. B, and B% are the two sets of brushes bearing on the collector rings at the end of the conductor, C, and F is the field exciting winding. The construction, Fig. 219, has the me- chanical disadvantage of a relatively light structure, (\", revolving at high speed between two stationary structures, N and S. As it is immaterial whether the magnet is stationary Of revolving, usually the inner core, iV, is re- volved with the conductor, as shown in Figs. 221 and 222. This shortens the gap between N and S, but introd ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification. 249", "section_title": "Arc Rectification. 249", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 711-744", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... : Arrangement of apparatus. 255 20. Theory and calculation: Differential equations. 256 21. Integral equations. 258 22. Terminal conditions and final equations. 260 23. Calculation of numerical example. 262 24. Performance curves and oscillograms. Transient term. 263 25. Equivalent sine waves: their derivation. 267 26. 25 Continued. 269 27. Equations of the equivalent sine waves of the mercury arc rectifier. Numerical example. 271 SECTION III. TRANSIENTS IN SPACE.", "... 21. Integral equations. 258 22. Terminal conditions and final equations. 260 23. Calculation of numerical example. 262 24. Performance curves and oscillograms. Transient term. 263 25. Equivalent sine waves: their derivation. 267 26. 25 Continued. 269 27. Equations of the equivalent sine waves of the mercury arc rectifier. Numerical example. 271 SECTION III. TRANSIENTS IN SPACE." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Trans Former. 342", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Trans Former. 342", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 4, "location": "lines 875-887", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "distributed capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANS- FORMER. 342 40. The transformer coil as circuit of distributed capacity, and the character of its capacity. 342 41. The differential equations of the transformer coil, and their integral equations. 344 42. Terminal conditions and final approximate equations. 346" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges. 535", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges. 535", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 9, "location": "lines 1286-1316", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. INDUCTIVE DISCHARGES. 535 64. Massed inductance discharging into distributed circuit. Combination of generating station and transmission line. 535 65. Equations of inductance, and change of constants at transition point. 536 66. Line open or grounded at end. Evaluation of frequency constant and resultant decrement. 538 67. The final equations, and their discussion. 540 68. Numerical example. Calculation of the first six har- ...", "CHAPTER IX. INDUCTIVE DISCHARGES. 535 64. Massed inductance discharging into distributed circuit. Combination of generating station and transmission line. 535 65. Equations of inductance, and change of constants at transition point. 536 66. Line open or grounded at end. Evaluation of frequency constant and resultant decrement. 538 67. The final equations, and their discussion. 540 68. Numerical example. Calculation of the first six har- monics. 542 APPENDIX: VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 545 SECTION I TRANSIENTS IN TIME TKANSIENTS IN TIME" ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 7: The Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "The Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3207-3740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "waves", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... ch na- tion made France successful in a limited but very profitable field, and in all those industries in which an artistic sense is necessary France became, and is to-day, predominant in the markets of the world, and has no competition to fear. Thus the waves of the conflict for industrial supremacy between England, Germany, and America left France untouched. France's rising financial power was repeatedly set back — by the extravagance of the Second Fmpire, by the war indemnity to Germany, and remained small compar ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-01-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 2: Recommendations", "section_title": "Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "PDF pages 7-12, lines 145-720", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... ronizing them together again after the trouble is perfectly cleared. 6.) Install in each station section, as permanent busbar instruments, as many suitable synchronoscopes as there are other station sections (three at present) , for the purpose of continually indicating the phase difference and the frequency difference of the station section from all other station sections. If by some trouble a station section has broken out of synchronism with the rest of the system, it appears practically impossible without the assistance of a synchronoscope, to control the steam supply in this station section so as ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "section_title": "Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 7124-8648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... o the power loss divided by the speed, can therefore be assumed as approximately constant : somewhat higher at low and high speeds, as shown by curve F. The net torque then is given by the curve T. As seen, it is approximately a straight line, pass- ing through a point to, which is the \"running light current,\" and its corresponding speed, the \"free running speed\" of the motor. At this current io, the speed is highest; with increase of current it drops first very rapidly, and then more slowly; and the higher the saturation of the motor field is, the slower becomes the drop of speed at high ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-08", "section_label": "Theory Section 8: Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 2718-2864", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "snippets": [ "... he e.m.f. times the cosine of the time-phase angle, or is the power component of the current times the total e.m.f., or the power component of the e.m.f. times the total current. VECTOR DIAGRAMS 41 EXAMPLES 41. (1) What is the power received over the transmission line in Section 7, Example 2, the power lost in the line, the power put into the line, and the efficiency of transmission with non- inductive load, with 45-time-degree lagging load and 45-degree leading load? The power received per line with non-inductive load ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-106", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 106, "number": 9, "location": "lines 18813-18948", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "snippets": [ "... g. 175, the \"volt- 304 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ampere characteristic.\" Then the voltage increases less than proportional to the current, or inversely, the current increases out of proportion to the voltage, that is, the reactance decreases and wave-shape distortion occurs. Reactances thus must be designed so that at the highest currents (or voltages), at which they may be called upon to develop their reactance, their magnetic circuit is still below saturation. Industrially, reactors are often denoted in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-111", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 111, "number": 5, "location": "lines 21589-21646", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "snippets": [ "... ip required for a certain value of apparent resistance, thereby lowering the effi- ciency of the apparatus, but at the same time making it less de- pendent upon minor variations of speed ; that is, requires a lesser constancy of slip, and thus of speed and frequency, to give a steady boosting effect." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "section_label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "section_title": "Impedance and Admittance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 6814-7380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "snippets": [ "... i = 0, e = 15,133, a = 14,700; at e = 0, i = 155.6, d = 3327. P )WER CURRENT REC'D AMP V *OLT8 5000 3000 5000 3000 2000 10 20 JO 40 50 DO 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 FIG. 40. — Reactive load characteristics of a transmission line fed by synchronous generator with constant field excitation. Substituting different values for i gives i ' ei i e ei 0 15,133 14,700 100 10,050 11,100 25 14,488 14,400 125 7,188 8,800 50 13,525 13,800 150 2,325 4,840 75 12,063 1 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_title": "Fields of Force", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 7737-7990", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "snippets": [ "... Here again, at the transition from the electric quantity \"gradient\" to the dielectric quantity \" field intensity,\" a numer- ical factor 4 irv2 enters, the one quantity being based on the volt as unit, the other on unit force action, v is the velocity of light, 3 X 1010, and the factor v2 the result of the convention of assum- ing the permittivity of empty space as unity. It is now easy to remember, where in the electromagnetic system of units the factor 4-Tr enters: it is at the transition from the electric ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-20", "section_label": "Theory Section 20: Nomenclature", "section_title": "Nomenclature", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 7991-8291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "snippets": [ "... effect Watt; kilowatt General W,w.... Energy, work Joule; kilo joule General T,# Temperature Degrees Centigrade General t Time Seconds General $,$,0... Time angle Degrees or radians General <*,T Space angle Degrees or radians General / Frequency Cycles per second General PART II SPECIAL APPARATUS" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-34", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 34, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9821-9878", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "snippets": [ "... th a three-phase machine by synchronizing one phase of the former with one phase of the latter. Since alternators in parallel must be in step with each other and have the same terminal voltage, the condition of satis- factory parallel operation is that the frequency of the machines is identically the same, and the field excitation such as would give the same terminal voltage. If this is not the case, there will be cross currents between the alternators in a local circuit; that is, the alternators are not without cur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-53", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 53: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 53, "number": null, "location": "lines 11132-11213", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "snippets": [ "... the reversal of the current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutation constants of the machines are not abnormally good — high field strength, low armature reaction, low self-in- ductance and frequency of commutation — the machine does not commutate satisfactorily under load, with the brushes midway between the field poles, and the brushes have to be shifted to the edge of the next field poles, as shown in Fig. 95, until the fringe of the magnetic flux ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-56", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 11387-11400", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-56/", "snippets": [ "... e former case. Thus, with the passage of the armature slots across the field pole a local pulsation of the magnetic flux in the pole face is produced, which, while harmless with laminated field pole faces, generates eddy currents in solid pole pieces. The frequency of this pul- sation is extremely high, and thus the energy loss due to eddy currents in the 'pole faces may be considerable, even with pul- sations of small amplitude. If S = peripheral speed of the arma-" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 79, "number": null, "location": "lines 13019-13119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "snippets": [ "... sparking at speed. Also, the excessive con- centration of heat in the commutating leads in the moment of starting tends to destroy them if the motor does not quickly start. 3. Narrow brushes, to reduce the duration of short circuit. 4. Low impressed frequency, so as to give low values to the induced e.m.f. This is the cause of the desire for abnormally low frequencies, as 15 and even 8 cycles, in alternating-current railway electrification. 5. Low magnetic flux per pole. This is the reason why al ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-83", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 83, "number": 4, "location": "lines 13889-15160", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "snippets": [ "... ower com- ponent of the alternating current is a maximum, an armature coil d midway between two adjacent alternating leads ai and a2 is midway between the brushes BI and B2} as in Fig. 127, and is thus in the middle of its rectan- gular continuous-current wave, and consequently in this coil the power component of the alternating current and the rectan- gular direct current are in phase with each other, but opposite, as FIG. 127. — Diagram for study of armature heating in synchronous converters. FIG. 128. — Direct ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-85", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 85, "number": 6, "location": "lines 15476-15585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "snippets": [ "... is the same, the action, however, is different; and the compounding takes place not in the machine as with a direct-current generator, but in the alternating lines leading to the machine, in which self-inductance becomes essential. As the reactance of the transmission line is rarely sufficient to give phase control over a wide range without excessive reac- tive currents, it is customary, especially at 25 cycles, to insert reactive coils into the leads between the converter and its step- down transformers, in those cases in wh ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4674-6992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... m, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of e.m.f., current, impe- dance, and admittance in complex quantities — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous-current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quanti- ties— calculate alternating-current circuits and networks of circuits containing resistance, inductive reactance, and conden- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 34929-35255", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... the maximum m.m.f. of each coil. The phase of the resultant m.m.f. at the time represented by the angle /3 is tan d ^ — cot jS; hence d = ~ ^ o' That is, the m.m.f. produced by a symmetrical ?i-phase system revolves with constant intensity, V2 and constant speed, in synchronism with the frequency of the system; and, if the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is constant, the magnetism revolves with constant intensity and constant speed also, at the point acted upon symmetrically by the n m.m.fs. of the n-phase system. This is a characteristic feature of the symmetrical polyphase syste ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 33: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 33, "location": "lines 36515-37127", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... sion, direct-current system, whether insulated, or with grounded neutral, or with ground return, appears equal in copper efficiency to a single-phase system of the same character (insulated, or with grounded neutral, or with ground return) and of the same effective voltage, that is, with a sine wave of a maxi- mum voltage \\/2 times that of the direct current. Due to the different character of unidirectional electric stress of the direct- current system, from the alternating stress, a general comparison of the system by a numerical factor appears hardly feasible. It is, however, claimed th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Capacity", "section_title": "Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3872-6370", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... _^ ' „_ E -= ZJ^ or, / = \\Ey and S-f = in a closed circuit, 5/ = at a distributing point, where J?, /, Z^ V, are the expressions of E.M.F*., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these laws representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, /, Z, V, are complex quantities — calculate alternating-current cir- cuits and networks of circuits containing resistance, induc- tance, and capacity in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "section_title": "Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25271-25604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... maximum M.M.F. of each coil. The phase of the resultant M.M.F. at the time repre- sented by the angle /3 is : tan a> = cot P ; That is, the M.M.F. produced by a symmetrical «-phase system revolves with constant intensity : F = ,— » V2 and constant speed, in synchronism with the frequency of the system ; and, if the reluctance of the magnetic circuit §238] SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 355 is constant, the magnetism revolves with constant intensity and constant speed also, at the point acted upon symmetri- cally by the ;/ M.M.Fs. of the //-phase system. This is a characte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "section_title": "Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 26028-26427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... lines, as measured by a voltmeter con- nected between adjacent lines, in ring or delta connec- tion. In the same way the star or Y current is the current flowing from one line to a neutral point ; the ring or delta current, the current flowing from one line to the other. The current in the transmission line is always the star or Y current, and the potential difference between the line wires, the ring or delta potential. Since the star potential and the ring potential differ from each other, apparatus requiring different voltages can be connected into the same polyphase mains, by using either st ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3577-5333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of E.M.F., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quantities — calculate alternating-current cir- cuits and networks of circuits containing resistance, induc- tance, and capacity in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 23781-24053", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... esultant M.M.F. at the time repre- sented by the angle ft is : tan w = — cot /8 ; hence w = /? — ^ That is, the M.M.F. produced by a symmetrical «-phase system revolves with constant intensity : SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 439 F= — • V25 and constant speed, in synchronism with the frequency of the system ; and, if the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is constant, the magnetism revolves with constant intensity and constant speed also, at the point acted upon symmetri- cally by the n M.M.Fs. of the w-phase system. This is a characteristic feature of the symmetrical poly- phase ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 24489-24804", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transmission line", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... lines, as measured by a voltmeter con- nected between adjacent lines, in -ring or delta connec- tion. In the same way the star or Y current is the current flowing from one line to a neutral point ; the ring or delta current, the current flowing from one line to the other. The current in the transmission line is always the star or Y current, and the potential difference between the line wires, the ring or delta potential. Since the star potential and the ring potential differ from each other, apparatus requiring different voltages can be connected into the same polyphase mains, by using either st ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Rotary Terminal Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Rotary Terminal Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 11, "location": "lines 14762-14896", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... peed. If the brushes, B, are rotated at oversynchronous speed: /i>/, the motor torque is reversed, and the rotor turns in the same direction as the brushes. In general, it is: /i+/2 + s=/, where /i = brush speed, /2 = motor speed, s = slip required to give the desired torque, / = supply frequency. 102. An application of this type of motor for starting larger motors under power, by means of a small auxiliary motor, is shown diagrammatically, in section, in Fig. 61. Po is the stationary primary or stator, So the revolving squirrel- cage secondary of the power motor. The stator coils of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 5445-6941", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... - / / ; ,.-- '' / ' / / ,/ * ■\" --^ ^' ■^ ' _ -' '^ t^^ -' 1. L •= -- \" or using an alternating current for field excitation, and observing the induced alternating voltage, preferably by oscillograph to eliminate wave-shape error. This \"alternating magnetic characteristic\" is the one which is ■^ consequence in the design of alternating-current apparatus. \" differs from the \"rising magnetic characteristic,\" B\\ by giving lowervalueaof B, forthesame/f,materiallysoat low values of ^, It shows the inward bend a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction. 217", "section_title": "Introduction. 217", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 659-674", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... ER I. INTRODUCTION. 217 1. General character of periodically recurring transient phenomena in time. 217 2. Periodic transient phenomena with single cycle. 218 3. Multi-cycle periodic transient phenomena. 218 4. Industrial importance of periodic transient phenomena: circuit control, high frequency generation, rectification. 220 5. Types of rectifiers. Arc machines. 221" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations. 417", "section_title": "General Equations. 417", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1043-1062", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "propagation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. GENERAL EQUATIONS. 417 1. The constants of the electric circuit, and their constancy. 417 2. The differential equations of the general circuit, and their general integral equations. 419 3. Terminal conditions. Velocity of propagation. 421 4. The group of terms in the general integral equations and the relations between its constants. 422 5. Elimination of the complex exponent in the group equa- tions. 425 6. Final form of the general equations of the electric circuit. 428" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-38", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "section_title": "Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 38, "number": 2, "location": "lines 15626-15962", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "light", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "snippets": [ "... ately constant. The time of contact in each of the two positions, however, varies: when requiring a high field excitation, the regulator remains a longer time in position r0, hence a shorter time in position (r0 + rt), before the rising potential throws it over into the next position; while at light load, requiring low field excitation, the duration of the period of high resistance, 223 224 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (TO _|_ rj} is greater, and that of the period of low resistance, r0, less. 7. 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"source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "occurrence_count": 282, "section_count": 17 }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "occurrence_count": 260, "section_count": 6 }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "occurrence_count": 193, "section_count": 5 }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "occurrence_count": 88, "section_count": 4 } ], "alias_totals": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 4482 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2060 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 719 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 687 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 586 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 276 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 270 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 177 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 169 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 64 }, { "alias": "expenditure of power", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "energy of the field", "count": 1 } ], "section_hits": [ { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 167, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 112 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... urrent in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautions are taken to have the field reverse simul- taneously with the armature. If the reversal of field magnetism should occur later than the reversal of armature current, during the time after the armature current has reversed, but before the field has reversed, the mo ...", "... n the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautions are taken to have the field reverse simul- taneously with the armature. If the reversal of field magnetism should occur later than the reversal of armature current, during the time after the armature current has reversed, but before the field has reversed, the motor torqu ...", "... its general principle of operation the alternating- current commutator motor is identical with the direct-cums! motor, in the relative proportioning of the parts a great differ- ence exists. In the direct-current motor, voltage is consumed by the counter e.m.f. of rotation, which represents the power output of the motor, and by the resistance, which represents the power loss. In addition thereto, in the alternating-cur rent motor voltage is consumed by the inductance, which is wattless or reactive and therefore causes a lag of current behind the vol- tage, that is, a lowering of the power- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 163, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... rs as the starting-point of calculation of the phase of alternating currents. For instance, if a is the phase angle of a vector 98 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. quantity, tan a is given as the ratio of the vertical component over the horizontal component, or of the reactive component over the power component. In this case, if m . ,. . tan ex = a sin a = a and cos « = Va^ + h^ cot a = c \"d' sin a = d and COS a = or, if Vc^+d^' Vc^+d^' (5c) The secant functions, and versed sine functions are so little used in engineering, that they are of interest ...", "... the curves an cos n6 and bn sin n6, which area gives as twice its average height the values Un and bn, as discussed in the preceding. In resolving an empirical periodic function into a trigono- metric series, just as in most engineering calculations, the niost important part is to arrange the work so as to derive the results expeditiously and rapidly, and at the same time accurately. By proceeding, for instance, immediately by the general method, equations (17) and (18), the work becomes so extensive as to be a serious waste of time, while by the system- atic resolution into simpler fun ...", "... trigono- metric series, just as in most engineering calculations, the niost important part is to arrange the work so as to derive the results expeditiously and rapidly, and at the same time accurately. By proceeding, for instance, immediately by the general method, equations (17) and (18), the work becomes so extensive as to be a serious waste of time, while by the system- atic resolution into simpler functions the work can be greatly reduced. 88. In resolving a general periodic function y(6) into a trigonometric series, the most convenient arrangement is: 1- To separate the constant ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 153, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 83 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "... is consumed by the steadying resistance (or steadying reactance with alternating arcs) than high current arcs, or short arcs; and are therefore less economical on constant potential supply. Constant potential arc lamps are necessarily less efficient than constant current arc lamps, due to the power con- sumed in the steadying resistance. A large part of this power is saved in alternating constant potential arc lamps, by using reactance instead of resistance, but the power factor is there- fore greatly lowered ; that is, the constant potential alternating arc lamp rarely has a power facto ...", "... th alternating arcs) than high current arcs, or short arcs; and are therefore less economical on constant potential supply. Constant potential arc lamps are necessarily less efficient than constant current arc lamps, due to the power con- sumed in the steadying resistance. A large part of this power is saved in alternating constant potential arc lamps, by using reactance instead of resistance, but the power factor is there- fore greatly lowered ; that is, the constant potential alternating arc lamp rarely has a power factor of over 70%. Where therefore high potential constant current cir ...", "... tial supply. Constant potential arc lamps are necessarily less efficient than constant current arc lamps, due to the power con- sumed in the steadying resistance. A large part of this power is saved in alternating constant potential arc lamps, by using reactance instead of resistance, but the power factor is there- fore greatly lowered ; that is, the constant potential alternating arc lamp rarely has a power factor of over 70%. Where therefore high potential constant current circuits are permissible, as for outdoor or street lighting, arc lamps are usually operated on a constant current circui ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 153, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 91 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 49 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... ng-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part of the total current is given by the magnetizing current. To secure good power-factor in an induction motor, the magnetizing current, that i«, the current which produces the magnetic field flux, must be kept as small as possible. This means as small an air gap between stator and rotor as mechanic- ally permissible, and as large a number of primary turns per pole, that is, as la ...", "... requirement of an exutMrVV momentary overload capacity has to be met, etc. In such motors of necessity the exciting current or current at no-load — which is practically all magnetizing current — is a very large part of full-load current, and while fair efficiencies may nevertheless be secured, power-factor and apparent efficiency necessarily are very low. As illustration is shown in Fig. 20 the load curve of a typical 100-hp. 60-cycle 80-polar induction motor (90 revolutions per minute) of the constants: Impressed voltage: ea = 500. Primary exciting admittance: Ya = 0.02 — 0.6 j. Primary s ...", "... momentary overload capacity has to be met, etc. In such motors of necessity the exciting current or current at no-load — which is practically all magnetizing current — is a very large part of full-load current, and while fair efficiencies may nevertheless be secured, power-factor and apparent efficiency necessarily are very low. As illustration is shown in Fig. 20 the load curve of a typical 100-hp. 60-cycle 80-polar induction motor (90 revolutions per minute) of the constants: Impressed voltage: ea = 500. Primary exciting admittance: Ya = 0.02 — 0.6 j. Primary self-inductive impedance: ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 13649-16361", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 143, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 71 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... R. 151. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the stationary alternating-current transformer, which is also a specialization of the general transformer, in so far as in the stationary transformer only the transfer of electrical energy from primary to secondary is used, but not the mechanical force acting between the two, and therefore primary and secondary coils are held rigidly in position with regard to each other. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force between primary and secondary is used, but not the transf ...", "... secondary is used, but not the mechanical force acting between the two, and therefore primary and secondary coils are held rigidly in position with regard to each other. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force between primary and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electrical energy, and thus the secondary circuits closed upon themselves. Transformer and induction motor thus are the two limiting cases of the general alternating- current transformer. Hence the induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the pri ...", "... >10-8 maybe considered as the \"Active E.M.F. of the motor,\" or \" Counter E.M.F.\" Since the secondary frequency is s N, the secondary in- duced E.M.F. (reduced to primary system) is El = — se. Let I0 = exciting current, or current passing through the motor, per primary circuit, when doing no work (at synchronism), and K= g -j- j 'b = orimary admittance per circuit = — . We thus have, ge = magnetic energy current, ge* = loss of power oy hysteresis (and eddy currents) per primary coil. Hence = total loss of energy by hysteresis and eddys, as calculated according to Chapter X. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 12, "location": "lines 14897-17124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 132, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 119 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other words, power is transferred through space, by magnetic energy, from primary to secondary circuit. This power finds its mechanical equivalent ...", "... , an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other words, power is transferred through space, by magnetic energy, from primary to secondary circuit. This power finds its mechanical equivalent in a repulsive llirusi acting between primary and secondary conductors. Thus, if the secondary is not held rigidly, with regards ...", "... nafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other words, power is transferred through space, by magnetic energy, from primary to secondary circuit. This power finds its mechanical equivalent in a repulsive llirusi acting between primary and secondary conductors. Thus, if the secondary is not held rigidly, with regards to the primary, it will be repelled a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "section_title": "Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 24023-27995", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 129, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 79 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV CONSTANT-POTENTIAL CONSTANT-CURRENT TRANS- FORMATION 127. The generation of alternating-current electric power prac- tically always takes place at constant voltage. For some pur- poses, however, as for operating series arc circuits, and to a lim- ited extent also for electric furnaces, a constant, or approximately constant alternating current is required. While constant alter- nating-current arcs have ...", "... rd constant-voltage constant-cur- rent transformation are of considerable importance as a poffsiblo source of danger to the system. In a constant-current circuit, the load is taken off by short-circuiting, while opc;n-circuiting causes the voltage to rise to the maximum value pcjnnitted by the power of the generating source. Hence, whrjrrj the circuit constants, with a constant-voltage supply source, are Huch as U) approach constant-voltage constant-current tran.sfonnation, as in for instance the case in very long transmission line«, or>^;n-<:ircuit- ing may lead to dangeroiLs or even dest ...", "... t; Xo = inductive reactance inserted in series with this circuit. The impedance of this circuit then is Z = r + jxof and, absolute, and thus the current, / = ^* = -^ (1) ^ r + jxo and the absolute value is eo Co the phase angle of the supply circuit is given by (2) and the power factor. tan ^0 = - (3) T cos ^0 = -• (4) z ^ ^ If in this case, r is small compared with Xq, it is ,-^£o _-l (5) Xo ' ^* xM¥\" or, expanded by the binomial theorem. V • • • \\xj hence, : (6) 6o I = — Xo 2xo2^8xo* -r . . . that is, for small values of r, the cu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25682-29374", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 127, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 95 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIV SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 212. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given voltage, the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investi- gation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equa ...", "... on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given voltage, the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investi- gation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the sym- bolic method, we may in the following, as an example of the ...", "... leting the parallelogram, OEEqEi, we get, OEi = El, the generated e.m.f. of the motor. < lOEo is the difference of phase between current and impressed e.m.f., or generated e.m.f. of the generator. < lOEi is the difference of phase between current and generated e.m.f. of the motor. And the power is the current, i, times the projection of the e.m.f. upon the current, or the zero line, 01. Hence, dropping perpendiculars, EqEo^ and EiEi^, from Eo and El upon 01, it is — Po = i y. OEo^ = power supplied bj^ generator e.m.f. of gen- erator ; Pi = ? X OEi^ = electric power transformed ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 5279-6124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 119, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 81 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-\"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where -7 ...", "... nd voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-\"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where -7), (2) and the average power flow is Po = avg p, (3) = 0. Hence, in a stationary oscilla ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 4745-5520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 119, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 81 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constant,\" and i0 and eQ the maximu ...", "... e, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constant,\" and i0 and eQ the maximunl current and voltage respectively. The power flow at any point of the circuit, that is, at any dis- tance angle co, and at any time t, that is, time angle <£, then is p = ei, = e0ioe~2ut cos ( T co — 7) sin (0 =F co — 7), = ^|V2« T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constant,\" and i0 and eQ the maximunl current and voltage respectively. The power flow at any point of the circuit, that is, at any dis- tance angle co, and at any time t, that is, time angle <£, then is p = ei, = e0ioe~2ut cos ( T co — 7) sin (0 =F co — 7), = ^|V2«=Fco-7), (2) and the average power flow is Po = avg p, (3) = 0. Hence, in a stationary o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Temperature Radiation", "section_title": "Temperature Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3946-5076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 116, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 58 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. TEMPERATURE RADIATION. 34. The most common method of producing radiation is by impressing heat energy upon a body and thereby raising its tem- perature. Up to a short time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a body by the transformation of chemical energy, that is, by combustion, and in later years by the trans- ...", "... common method of producing radiation is by impressing heat energy upon a body and thereby raising its tem- perature. Up to a short time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a body by the transformation of chemical energy, that is, by combustion, and in later years by the trans- formation of electric energy, as in the arc and incandescent lamp. With increasing temperature of a body the radiation from the body increases. Thus, also, the power which is required to main- tain the body at constant temperature incr ...", "... by raising its tem- perature. Up to a short time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a body by the transformation of chemical energy, that is, by combustion, and in later years by the trans- formation of electric energy, as in the arc and incandescent lamp. With increasing temperature of a body the radiation from the body increases. Thus, also, the power which is required to main- tain the body at constant temperature increases with increase of temperature. In a vacuum (as approximately in the incandes- cen ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1317-1992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 110, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 62 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. THE CONSTANTS OF THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. 1. To transmit electric energy from one place where it is generated to another place where it is used, an electric cir- cuit is required, consisting of conductors which connect the point of generation with the point of utilization. When electric energy flows through a circuit, phenomena take place inside of the conductor a ...", "... ER I. THE CONSTANTS OF THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. 1. To transmit electric energy from one place where it is generated to another place where it is used, an electric cir- cuit is required, consisting of conductors which connect the point of generation with the point of utilization. When electric energy flows through a circuit, phenomena take place inside of the conductor as well as in the space out- side of the conductor. In the conductor, during the flow of electric energy through the circuit, electric energy is consumed continuously by being converted into heat. Along the circuit, from th ...", "... required, consisting of conductors which connect the point of generation with the point of utilization. When electric energy flows through a circuit, phenomena take place inside of the conductor as well as in the space out- side of the conductor. In the conductor, during the flow of electric energy through the circuit, electric energy is consumed continuously by being converted into heat. Along the circuit, from the generator to the receiver circuit, the flow of energy steadily decreases by the amount consumed in the conductor, and a power gradi- ent exists in the circuit along or parall ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 105, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternati ...", "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magneti ...", "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6125-6803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 100, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 69 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1, 2, 3 . . . , of the respective lengths (in velocity measure) Xi, X2, X3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored energy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate Uq throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be Every section, however, has a power-dissipation constant, Ui, U2, U3 . . . , which represents the rate at which the store ...", "... 3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored energy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate Uq throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be Every section, however, has a power-dissipation constant, Ui, U2, U3 . . . , which represents the rate at which the stored energy of the section would be dissipated by the losses of power in the section, t , t , t ... But since as part of the whole circuit each section must die down at the same rate e~\"o', in addition to its ...", "... nergy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate Uq throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be Every section, however, has a power-dissipation constant, Ui, U2, U3 . . . , which represents the rate at which the stored energy of the section would be dissipated by the losses of power in the section, t , t , t ... But since as part of the whole circuit each section must die down at the same rate e~\"o', in addition to its power-dissipation decrement e\"\"'^, e~\"2< , . . ^ each section must still have a second time d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5521-6088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 100, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 69 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1, 2, 3 . . . , of the respective lengths (in velocity measure) Xi, X2, X3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored energy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate u0 throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be 6-**. Every section, however, has a power-dissipation constant, u\\t Uz, u3 . . . , which represents the rate at which t ...", "... , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored energy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate u0 throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be 6-**. Every section, however, has a power-dissipation constant, u\\t Uz, u3 . . . , which represents the rate at which the stored energy of the section would be dissipated by the losses of power in the section, €-\"»', €-«*', €-\"*' . . . But since as part of the whole circuit each section must die down at the same rate e~Uot, in addi ...", "... a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate u0 throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be 6-**. Every section, however, has a power-dissipation constant, u\\t Uz, u3 . . . , which represents the rate at which the stored energy of the section would be dissipated by the losses of power in the section, €-\"»', €-«*', €-\"*' . . . But since as part of the whole circuit each section must die down at the same rate e~Uot, in addition to its power-dissipation decrement e~Ul*, e~\"2' . . . , each section must still have a se ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_title": "Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "kind": "mathematical-appendix", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "PDF pages 27-68, lines 2165-5013", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 99, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 64 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "snippets": [ "... e same frequency f, but are connected together while out of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the voltage phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchronizing energy current due to the phase difference, a reactive magnetizing current due to the voltage difference without materially changing the energy relations. The EMFs of the two alternators then may be represented by: ei = E cos (0 co) 1 e2 = Ecos (0+co) / (1) and the resultant voltage in the circuit between ...", "... e phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchronizing energy current due to the phase difference, a reactive magnetizing current due to the voltage difference without materially changing the energy relations. The EMFs of the two alternators then may be represented by: ei = E cos (0 co) 1 e2 = Ecos (0+co) / (1) and the resultant voltage in the circuit between the alternators then is : e = ei e 2 = E cos \\ ( co) cos (+ co) [ = 2E sin co sin (2) and the interchange currentwbeteen the alter ...", "... ance of the circuit between the two alternators, and the phase angle a is given by: x tan a = - r and: r= resistance x = reactance of the circuit between the alternators (including their internal resistances and reactances). [[END_PDF_PAGE:28]] [[PDF_PAGE:29]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz 23 The power of one of the two alternators then is given by: 2E 2 = sin co sin (d> a) cos ( co) z E 2 f 1 = sin co sin { (20 a co)+sin (co cm Z I J E 2 E 2 E 2 = sin co sin (2 a 0))+^- cos a jr- cos (2co a) (4) ^7 ^7 The phase angle co of the EMF is not constant, but pulsates with approximately constant l ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19166-20427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 99, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 53 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "snippets": [ "... in so far as it differs from the typical polyphase machine. 2. CALCULATION 136. In the polyphase induction motor, Let Y = g — jb = primary exciting admittance, or admit- tance of the primary circuit with open secondary circuit; that is, ge = magnetic power current, be = wattless magnetizing current, where e = counter-generated e.m.f. of the motor; ZQ = r0 + jxQ = primary self -inductive impedance, and Zi = 7*1 + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance, reduced to the primary by the ratio of turns.1 ...", "... pedance, and Zi = 7*1 + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance, reduced to the primary by the ratio of turns.1 All these quantities refer to one primary circuit and one corre- sponding secondary circuit. Thus in a three-phase induction motor the total power, etc., is three times that of one circuit, in the quarter-phase motor with three-phase armature 1J^ of the three secondary circuits are to be considered as corresponding to each of the two primary circuits, etc. Let e = primary counter-generated e.m.f., or ...", "... the e.m.f. je, is jli = e(a2 and die is the component of this current in quadrature in time with the e.m.f. e. Thus the torque is proportional toe X die, or D = ezdi n2 + s*xi* ' (ex2 + c22) (n2 + sV) This value D is in its dimension a power, and it is the power which the torque of the motor would develop at synchronous speed. 137. In induction motors, and in general motors which have a definite limiting speed, it is preferable to give the torque in the form of the power developed at the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 98, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternati ...", "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magneti ...", "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 97, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 86 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the ...", "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy ...", "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 97, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 86 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the ...", "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy ...", "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_title": "Dielectric Losses", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14334-15409", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 90, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective re ...", "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In th ...", "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating magnetic field, power is consumed by mag- netic hysteresis. This ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "section_title": "Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2366-3638", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 86, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 64 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... that the daylight reflected from the sky is about 100,000 times more intense than the light of the full moon. The organ by which we perceive the radiation, the human eye (Fig. 20), contains all the elements of a modern photographic camera — an achromatic lense: the lense L, of high refractive power, enclosed between the two transparent liquids A and B which correct the color dispersion, that is, give the achromatic property; a diaphragm: the iris 7, which allows the increase or decrease of the opening P, the pupil; a shutter: the eyelids and 87 38 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION ...", "... rkness, that is, the nerves of vision are rested and their sensitivity thus increased so as to per- ceive the much lower intensity of illumination. (3). By the logarithmic law of sensation. The impression made on our senses, eye, ear, etc., that is, the sensation, is not propor- tional to the energy which produces the sensation, that is, the PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. 39 intensity of the light, the sound, etc., but is approximately proportional to its logarithm and the sensation, therefore, changes very much less than the intensity of light, etc., which causes the sensation. T ...", "... ctical experience since by-gone ages. It means that the same relative or percent- age change in intensity of light, sound, etc., gives the same change of sensation, or in other words, doubling the intensity gives the same change in sensation, whether it is a change of intensity from one candle power to two candle power, or from 10 to 20, or from 1000 to 2000 candle power. It is obvious that the change of sensation is not proportional to the change of intensity; a change of intensity of light by one candle power gives a very marked change of sensation, if it is a change from one to two ca ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 86, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 60 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "... d themselves, and large currents and high e.m.fs. may be produced by small impulses, that is, low impressed alternating e.m.fs., or inversely, when once started, even with zero impressed e.m.f., such alternating currents traverse the lines for some time, gradually decreasing in intensity by the energy consumption in the conductor, and so fading out. The condition of this phenomenon of electrical resonance thus is that alternating impulses occur at time intervals equal to the time required for the impulse to travel the length of the line and back; that is, the time of one half wave of impre ...", "... he im- pressed frequency. For long-distance telephony the phenomena occurring in the line thus can be investigated only by consider- ing the complete equation of distributed capacity and inductance as so-called \"wave transmission\" and the phenomena thus essentially differ from those in a short energy transmission line. 4. Therefore in very long circuits, as in lines conveying alter- nating currents of high value at high potential over extremely long distances, by overhead conductors or underground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents ...", "... nce, and since at high potentials not only leakage but even direct escape of electricity into the air takes place by \" brush discharge,\" we have to rec- ognize the existence of a current approximately proportional and in phase with the e.m.f. of the line. This current represents consumption of power, and is therefore analogous to the e.m.f. consumed by resistance, while the condenser current and the e.m.f. of inductance are wattless or reactive. Furthermore, the alternating current passing over the line pro- duces in all neighboring conductors secondary currents, which react upon the pri ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Electric Railway", "section_title": "Electric Railway", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 5295-7123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 85, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "... mp- erature, and has a shorter life, than other electrical apparatus. The rating of a railway motor is therefore entirely determined by its heating. That is, the rating of a railway motor is that output which it can carry without its temperature exceeding the danger limit. The highest possible efficiency is therefore aimed at, not so much for the purpose of saving a few percent, of power, but because the power lost produces heat and so reduces the motor output. 3. Very variable demands in speed. That is, the motor must give a wide range of torque and speed at high efficiency. This excludes f ...", "... way motor is therefore entirely determined by its heating. That is, the rating of a railway motor is that output which it can carry without its temperature exceeding the danger limit. The highest possible efficiency is therefore aimed at, not so much for the purpose of saving a few percent, of power, but because the power lost produces heat and so reduces the motor output. 3. Very variable demands in speed. That is, the motor must give a wide range of torque and speed at high efficiency. This excludes from ordinary railway work the shunt motor and the induction motor. The power consume ...", "... entirely determined by its heating. That is, the rating of a railway motor is that output which it can carry without its temperature exceeding the danger limit. The highest possible efficiency is therefore aimed at, not so much for the purpose of saving a few percent, of power, but because the power lost produces heat and so reduces the motor output. 3. Very variable demands in speed. That is, the motor must give a wide range of torque and speed at high efficiency. This excludes from ordinary railway work the shunt motor and the induction motor. The power consumed in acceleration usual ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 82, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a ...", "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e f . ...", "... an motor running at full speed. The question then arises, why the effect of a change in the conditions of an electric circuit does not appear instantaneously, but only after a transition period, requiring a finite, though frequently very short, time. 2. Consider the simplest case: an electric power transmission (Fig. 3). In the generator G electric power is produced from me- chanical power, and supplied to the line A. In the line A some of this power is dissipated, the rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN O ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 82, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a ...", "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e Fig ...", "... an motor running at full speed. The question then arises, why the effect of a change in the conditions of an electric circuit does not appear instantaneously, but only after a transition period, requiring a finite, though frequently very short, time. 2. Consider the simplest case: an electric power transmission (Fig. 3). In the generator G electric power is produced from me- chanical power, and supplied to the line A . In the line A some of this power is dissipated, the rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "section_title": "Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 14, "location": "lines 17125-18412", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 82, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 47 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... ormers, be converted into any other polyphase system, and in such conversion, a balanced polyphase system remains balanced, while an unbalanced system converts into a polyphase system of the same balance factor.1 In the conversion between single-phase system and polyphase system, a storage of energy thus must take place, as the balance factor of the single-phase system is zero or negative, while that of the balanced polyphase system is unity. For such energy storage may be used capacity, or inductance, or momentum or a combination thereof: Energy storage by capacity, that is, in the diel ...", "... to a polyphase system of the same balance factor.1 In the conversion between single-phase system and polyphase system, a storage of energy thus must take place, as the balance factor of the single-phase system is zero or negative, while that of the balanced polyphase system is unity. For such energy storage may be used capacity, or inductance, or momentum or a combination thereof: Energy storage by capacity, that is, in the dielectric fu Id, required per kilovolt-ampere at 60 cycles about 200O <-.•■. ol space, at a cost of about $10. Inductance, that is. energy storage by the magnetic f ...", "... ystem and polyphase system, a storage of energy thus must take place, as the balance factor of the single-phase system is zero or negative, while that of the balanced polyphase system is unity. For such energy storage may be used capacity, or inductance, or momentum or a combination thereof: Energy storage by capacity, that is, in the dielectric fu Id, required per kilovolt-ampere at 60 cycles about 200O <-.•■. ol space, at a cost of about $10. Inductance, that is. energy storage by the magnetic field, requires about 1000 c.e. per kilo- volt-ampere at 60 cycles, at a cost of $1, while ene ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "section_title": "Luminescence", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5077-6608", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 76, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... into radiation of a different wave length. Usually luminescence at ordinary temperature, or at moderate temperatures, that is, temperatures below incandescence, is called fluorescence or phosphorescence. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Fluorescence is the production of radiation from the energy supplied to and absorbed by the fluorescent body, while phos- phorescence is the production of radiation from the energy stored in the phosphorescent body. This energy may be derived from internal changes in the body, as slow combustion, or may have been received by the body at some previous t ...", "... hat is, temperatures below incandescence, is called fluorescence or phosphorescence. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Fluorescence is the production of radiation from the energy supplied to and absorbed by the fluorescent body, while phos- phorescence is the production of radiation from the energy stored in the phosphorescent body. This energy may be derived from internal changes in the body, as slow combustion, or may have been received by the body at some previous time — as by exposure to light a calcium sulphide screen absorbs the energy of incident radiation, stores it in some form, ...", "... led fluorescence or phosphorescence. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Fluorescence is the production of radiation from the energy supplied to and absorbed by the fluorescent body, while phos- phorescence is the production of radiation from the energy stored in the phosphorescent body. This energy may be derived from internal changes in the body, as slow combustion, or may have been received by the body at some previous time — as by exposure to light a calcium sulphide screen absorbs the energy of incident radiation, stores it in some form, and afterwards radiates it. Fluorescence and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 10718-13483", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 76, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 49 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "expenditure of power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... . This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = \\/f^ + x^. 3. By the ratio: Power consumed, (Current) 2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter e.m.fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter e.m.f. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the power coefficient of the ...", "... hmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = \\/f^ + x^. 3. By the ratio: Power consumed, (Current) 2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter e.m.fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter e.m.f. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the power coefficient of the e.m.f.. Power component of e.m.f. Total current ...", "... rcuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = \\/f^ + x^. 3. By the ratio: Power consumed, (Current) 2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter e.m.fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter e.m.f. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the power coefficient of the e.m.f.. Power component of e.m.f. Total current It is called the elective ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 18053-19457", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 75, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIX. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 198. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equa ...", "... on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the ...", "... completing the parallelogram OE EQ E± we get, OE± = E± , the induced E.M.F. of the motor. IOE0 is the difference of phase between current and im- pressed E.M.F., or induced E.M.F. of the generator. IOEi is the difference of phase between current and in- duced E.M.F. of the motor. And the power is the current /times the projection of the E.M.F. upon the current, or the zero line OI. Hence, dropping perpendiculars, E^EJ and E^E^, from EQ and E! upon OI, it is — P0 = iX OE^ = power supplied by induced E.M.F. of gen- erator. PI = / X OE^ = electric power transformed in mechanical ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Il", "section_title": "Il", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19346-21338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 74, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIil. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 177. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equa ...", "... on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the ...", "... ing the parallelogram OEy E^y E^, we get OEy^ = Ely the induced E.M.F. of the motor. ^^ /OEo is the difference of phase between current and im- pressed E.M.F., or induced E.M.F. of the generator. ^y^ lOEx is the difference of phase between current and in- duced E.M.F. of the motor. And the power is the current /times the projection of the E.M.F. upon the current, or the zero line OL Hence, dropping perpendiculars, E^E^ and E^E^y from E^ and E^ upon Oly it is — I\\ = / X OE} = power supplied by induced E.M.F. of gen- erator. I\\ = / X OE^ = electric power transformed in mechanical ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 6942-9061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 74, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not a magnetic effect), but energy is required to produce a magnetic flux, is t ...", "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not a magnetic effect), but energy is required to produce a magnetic flux, is then stored as potential energy in the magnetic flux, and is returned at the decre ...", "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not a magnetic effect), but energy is required to produce a magnetic flux, is then stored as potential energy in the magnetic flux, and is returned at the decrease or disappear- ance ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11051-12221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 74, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these forces. Between the primary and the ...", "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these forces. Between the primary and the secondary coils of the transformer, between conductor and return conductor of an electric circuit, etc., such me ...", "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these forces. Between the primary and the secondary coils of the transformer, between conductor and return conductor of an electric circuit, etc., such mechanical forces appear. The ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 33528-34202", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 74, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 51 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 50. The free oscillation of a complex circuit differs from that of the uniform circuit in that the former contains exponential functions of the distance A which represent the shifting or transfer of power between the sections of the circuit. Thus the genera ...", "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 50. The free oscillation of a complex circuit differs from that of the uniform circuit in that the former contains exponential functions of the distance A which represent the shifting or transfer of power between the sections of the circuit. Thus the general expressio ...", "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 50. The free oscillation of a complex circuit differs from that of the uniform circuit in that the former contains exponential functions of the distance A which represent the shifting or transfer of power between the sections of the circuit. Thus the general expression of one term or frequency of current and voltage in a section of a complex circuit is given by equations (290); - £~SA [C cos q (A + 0 + D sin q (J + t)]} and /7 +SA [A cos q (A — t) -f B sin q (A — £)] where q = nq0, q0 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: General Review", "section_title": "General Review", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 154-565", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 72, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "FIRST LECTURE r t, fVHtrM LABORATORY. \\ GENERAL REVIEW I~\" N ITS economical application, electric power passes through the successive steps : generation, transmission, ■^ conversion, distribution and utilization. The require- ments regarding the character of the electric power imposed by the successive steps, are generally different, frequently contradictory, and the design of an electric system ...", "FIRST LECTURE r t, fVHtrM LABORATORY. \\ GENERAL REVIEW I~\" N ITS economical application, electric power passes through the successive steps : generation, transmission, ■^ conversion, distribution and utilization. The require- ments regarding the character of the electric power imposed by the successive steps, are generally different, frequently contradictory, and the design of an electric system is therefore a compromise. For instance, electric power can for most pur- poses be used only at low voltage, no to 600 volts, while economical transmission requires the use ...", "... transmission, ■^ conversion, distribution and utilization. The require- ments regarding the character of the electric power imposed by the successive steps, are generally different, frequently contradictory, and the design of an electric system is therefore a compromise. For instance, electric power can for most pur- poses be used only at low voltage, no to 600 volts, while economical transmission requires the use of as high voltage as possible. For many purposes, as electrolytic work, direct current is necessary; for others, as railroading, preferable; while for transmission, alternating ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "section_title": "Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 8511-9388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 71, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IX. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such by converting the energy of radiation into some other form of energy, as, for instance, into heat, and measuring the latter. Thus a beam of radiation may be measured by having it impinge on one contact of a thermo-couple, of which the other contact is maintained at ...", "LECTURE IX. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such by converting the energy of radiation into some other form of energy, as, for instance, into heat, and measuring the latter. Thus a beam of radiation may be measured by having it impinge on one contact of a thermo-couple, of which the other contact is maintained at constant temperature. A galvanom- eter in the circui ...", "LECTURE IX. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such by converting the energy of radiation into some other form of energy, as, for instance, into heat, and measuring the latter. Thus a beam of radiation may be measured by having it impinge on one contact of a thermo-couple, of which the other contact is maintained at constant temperature. A galvanom- eter in the circuit of this thermo-couple thus measures the vo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Alternating- Current Motors In General", "section_title": "Alternating- Current Motors In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21713-23905", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 71, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... nd synchronous-induction generator. ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS 301 (II is the synchronous motor of the electrical industry. (2) and (3) are used occasionally to produce synchronous rotation without direct-current excitation, and of very great steadiness of the rate of rotation, where weight efficiency and power- factor are of secondary importance. (4) is used to some extent as frequency converter or alternating-current generator. (2) and (3) are occasionally observed in induction machines, and in the starting of synchronous motors, as a tendency to lock at some intermediate, occasionally l ...", "... induction generator. ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS 301 (II is the synchronous motor of the electrical industry. (2) and (3) are used occasionally to produce synchronous rotation without direct-current excitation, and of very great steadiness of the rate of rotation, where weight efficiency and power- factor are of secondary importance. (4) is used to some extent as frequency converter or alternating-current generator. (2) and (3) are occasionally observed in induction machines, and in the starting of synchronous motors, as a tendency to lock at some intermediate, occasionally low, speed. That is, ...", "... ome intermediate, occasionally low, speed. That is, in starting, the motor does not accelerate up to full speed, hut the acceleration stops at some intermediate speed, frequently half speed, and to carry the motor beyond this speed, the im- pressed voltage may have to be raised or even external power applied. The appearance of such \"dead points\" in the speed curve is due to a mechanical defect — as eccentricity of the rotor — or faulty electrical design: an improper distribution of primary and secondary windings causes a periodic variation of the mutual inductive reactance and so of the ef ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 33: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 33, "location": "lines 36515-37127", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 70, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXXIII EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS 294. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which carry the current are a sufficient^ large item to require consideration, when decid- ing which system and wha ...", "CHAPTER XXXIII EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS 294. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which carry the current are a sufficient^ large item to require consideration, when decid- ing which system and what potential is to be used. In gene ...", "CHAPTER XXXIII EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS 294. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which carry the current are a sufficient^ large item to require consideration, when decid- ing which system and what potential is to be used. In general, in transmitting a given amount of power at a given loss over a given distance, othe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-16", "section_label": "Lecture 16: The Incandescent Lamp", "section_title": "The Incandescent Lamp", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 9687-9919", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 68, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "snippets": [ "... in cases where the arc lamp is too large and too expensive a unit of light for the requirements, incandescent lamps are used on a constant, direct or alternating current cir- cuit; they are then usually built for the standard arc circuits, and thus for low voltage. For general convenience the efficiency of incandescent lamps is given in watts power consumption per horizontal candle power, when operating on such a voltage, that the candle power of the lamp decreases by 20% in 500 hours run- ning; and the time, in which the candle power decreases by 20% — that is, 500 hours with the present eff ...", "... oo expensive a unit of light for the requirements, incandescent lamps are used on a constant, direct or alternating current cir- cuit; they are then usually built for the standard arc circuits, and thus for low voltage. For general convenience the efficiency of incandescent lamps is given in watts power consumption per horizontal candle power, when operating on such a voltage, that the candle power of the lamp decreases by 20% in 500 hours run- ning; and the time, in which the candle power decreases by 20% — that is, 500 hours with the present efficiency rating — is called the useful li ...", "... pensive a unit of light for the requirements, incandescent lamps are used on a constant, direct or alternating current cir- cuit; they are then usually built for the standard arc circuits, and thus for low voltage. For general convenience the efficiency of incandescent lamps is given in watts power consumption per horizontal candle power, when operating on such a voltage, that the candle power of the lamp decreases by 20% in 500 hours run- ning; and the time, in which the candle power decreases by 20% — that is, 500 hours with the present efficiency rating — is called the useful life ; s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7141-8510", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 67, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... the ARC LAMPS AND ARC LIGHTING. 139 magnetite arc, for I = 0.3, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 cm. = 0.125, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 in. Subtracting from the voltage, 6, in Fig. 46, the con- stant part, e0 = 30 volts, which apparently represents the terminal drop of voltage, that is, the voltage which supplies the energy used in producing the conducting vapor stream at the negative, and the heat at the positive terminal, leaves the voltage, el = e — eQJ as the voltage consumed in the arc stream. The curves of arc-stream voltage, ev as function of the cur- rent, ij in Fig. 46, can with approximation be express ...", "... long thin arcs. The equation (2) can be derived from theoretical reasoning as follows: Assuming the amount of arc vapor, that is, the volume of the conducting vapor stream, as proportional to the current, and the heat produced at the positive terminal also as proportional to the current, the power p0 required to produce the vapor stream and the heating of the positive terminal is proportional to the current, i\\ and, as the power is p0 = eQi, it follows that the voltage, e0, consumed at the arc terminals is constant. The power consumed in the arc stream : pl = ej,, is given off, by hea ...", "... e volume of the conducting vapor stream, as proportional to the current, and the heat produced at the positive terminal also as proportional to the current, the power p0 required to produce the vapor stream and the heating of the positive terminal is proportional to the current, i\\ and, as the power is p0 = eQi, it follows that the voltage, e0, consumed at the arc terminals is constant. The power consumed in the arc stream : pl = ej,, is given off, by heat conduction, convection, and by radiation, from the sur- 140 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. face of the arc stream, and thus, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6957-8383", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 66, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... , etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, 3.) By the ratio : r__ Power consumed . (Current)2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of ...", "... rue ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, 3.) By the ratio : r__ Power consumed . (Current)2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., _ Energy component of E.M.F. Total cu ...", "... circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, 3.) By the ratio : r__ Power consumed . (Current)2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., _ Energy component of E.M.F. Total current It is called the ef ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 29302-30428", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 64, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 57 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 163. The total flow of power of a balanced symmetrical poly- phase system is constant. That is, the sum of the instantaneous values of power of all the phases is constant throughout the cycle. In the single-phase system, however, or in a polyphase system with unbalanced load, that is, a system in which the different phases ...", "CHAPTER XVI LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 163. The total flow of power of a balanced symmetrical poly- phase system is constant. That is, the sum of the instantaneous values of power of all the phases is constant throughout the cycle. In the single-phase system, however, or in a polyphase system with unbalanced load, that is, a system in which the different phases are unequally loaded, the total flow of power is pulsating, with double frequency. To balance an unbalanced pol ...", "... stem is constant. That is, the sum of the instantaneous values of power of all the phases is constant throughout the cycle. In the single-phase system, however, or in a polyphase system with unbalanced load, that is, a system in which the different phases are unequally loaded, the total flow of power is pulsating, with double frequency. To balance an unbalanced polyphase system thus requires a storage of energy, hence can not be done by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Polyphase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17717-20445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 63, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary. It therefore is electromagnetically the same structure as the transformer. The difference is, that in the transformer secondary and primary are stationary, and the electromagnetic induction between the circuits utilized to trans- mit electric power to the secondary, while in the induction motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical forces between the primary, and secondary utilized to produce motion. In the general alternating-current trans- former or frequency converter we shall find an apparatus trans- ...", "... motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical forces between the primary, and secondary utilized to produce motion. In the general alternating-current trans- former or frequency converter we shall find an apparatus trans- mitting electric as well as mechanical energy, and comprising both, induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force be- tween primary and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electrical energy, and thus the secondary circuits are closed upon themselves. Hence the inductio ...", "... verter we shall find an apparatus trans- mitting electric as well as mechanical energy, and comprising both, induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force be- tween primary and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electrical energy, and thus the secondary circuits are closed upon themselves. Hence the induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary circuit, which are movable with regard to each other. In general a number of primary an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: F", "section_title": "F", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 8269-10499", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 62, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... is method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' where, however, the \"power*' and the \"E.M.F.\" do not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value ...", "... e ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' where, however, the \"power*' and the \"E.M.F.\" do not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient ...", "... ) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' where, however, the \"power*' and the \"E.M.F.\" do not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., — Energy compon ent of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 25136-25597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 60, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXX. EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 288. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and ...", "CHAPTER XXX. EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 288. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and •what potential is to be used. In ...", "CHAPTER XXX. EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 288. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and •what potential is to be used. In general, in transmitting a given amount of power at a given loss over a given distance, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6804-8485", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 49 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in ...", "LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in the circuit, the oscillating energy of the transient must steadily decline, that is, the transient must die out, at ...", "... 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in the circuit, the oscillating energy of the transient must steadily decline, that is, the transient must die out, at a rate depending on the energy dissipation in the cir- cuit. Thus, the oscillation resulting from a change of circuit condi- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13484-14333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field produces a current therein. The m.m.f. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less; consequently, an alternatin ...", "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field produces a current therein. The m.m.f. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less; consequently, an alternating magnetic ...", "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field produces a current therein. The m.m.f. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 26584-27052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 57, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXVIII. COPPER EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 259. In electric power transmission and distribution^ wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and ...", "CHAPTER XXVIII. COPPER EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 259. In electric power transmission and distribution^ wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and what potential is to be used. In g ...", "CHAPTER XXVIII. COPPER EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 259. In electric power transmission and distribution^ wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and what potential is to be used. In ger^eral, in transmitting a given amount of power at a given loss over a given distance, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "section_title": "Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 16077-16520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI POWER, AND DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL 135. Graphically, alternating currents and voltages are repre- sented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the to ...", "... ty also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, voltage, impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities in the same way as current, voltage, resistance, and conductance are related by Ohm's law in direct-current circuits. In direct-current circuits, power is the product of current into voltage. In alternating-current circuits, if the product, is not the power; that is, multiplication and division, which are correct in the inter-relation of current, voltage, impedance, do not give a correct result in the inter-relation of voltage, current, po ...", "... ion and division of complex quantities in the same way as current, voltage, resistance, and conductance are related by Ohm's law in direct-current circuits. In direct-current circuits, power is the product of current into voltage. In alternating-current circuits, if the product, is not the power; that is, multiplication and division, which are correct in the inter-relation of current, voltage, impedance, do not give a correct result in the inter-relation of voltage, current, power. The reason is, that E and / are vectors of the same fre- quency, and Z a constant numerical factor or \"op ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_title": "Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 736-2388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 54, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 49 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "energy of the field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... entities and have become mere forms of conception. The length of a body and the time on it and the mass have ceased to be fixed properties and have become dependent on the conditions of obser- vation. The law of conservation of matter thus had to be abandoned and mass became a manifestation of energy. The law of gravitation has been recast, and the force of gravitation has become an effect of inertial motion, like centrifugal force. The ether has been abandoned, and the field of force of Faraday and Maxwell has become the fundamental conception of physics. The laws of mechanics ^ have bee ...", "... there should be friction between the mass \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 0 o CONCL USIONS FROM RELA TIVITY THEOR Y 15 of the earth and the ether; in the last case there should be friction between the ether carried along with the earth and the stationary ether. But in either case the frictional energy would come from the earth, would slow down the speed of the earth and show astronomically as a change of the orbit of the earth, and no such evidence of ether friction is observed. g' Which of the two alter- native possibilities- — a sta- tionary ether or an ether moving with the earth — i ...", "... ntensity and its direction, and in Faraday's pictorial representation of the field by the lines of force, the direction of the lines of force represents the direction of the field, and the density of the lines of force represents the intensity of the field. To produce a field of force requires energy, and this energy is stored in the space we call the field. Thus we can go further and define the field as ''a condition of energy storage in space exerting a force on a body susceptible to this energy.'' The space surrounding a magnet is a magnetic field. If we electrify a piece of sealing w ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 53, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... equencies, A = Al cos (<£ — #1) 4- Az cos (3 <£ — #3) + A& cos (5 <£ — #5) -f thus cannot be directly represented by one complex vector quantity. The replacement of the general wave by its equivalent sine wave, as before discussed, that is a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accu- rate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, espe- cially in circuits containing capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction ma- chines, synchronous inductio ...", "... e value of the general alternating wave, REPRESENTATION OF ALTERNATING WAVES. 413 is thus, A which offers an easy means of reduction from symbolic to absolute values. Thus, the absolute value of the E.M.F. s, the absolute value of the current, is, 255. The double frequency power (torque, etc.) equa- tion of the general alternating wave has the same symbolic expression as with the sine wave : = Pl +JPJ 1 where, 41-4 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. The jn enters under the summation sign of the \" watt- less power \" 1$, so that the wattless powers of the differe ...", "... te value of the current, is, 255. The double frequency power (torque, etc.) equa- tion of the general alternating wave has the same symbolic expression as with the sine wave : = Pl +JPJ 1 where, 41-4 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. The jn enters under the summation sign of the \" watt- less power \" 1$, so that the wattless powers of the different harmonics cannot be algebraically added. i Thus, The total \" true power\" of a general alternating current circuit is the algebraic sum of the powers of the individual harmonics. The total \"wattless power\" of a general alternat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1368-3542", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 53, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... n its characteristics, the induction motor is a shunt motor, that is, it runs at approximately constant speed for all loads, and this speed is synchronism at no-load. At speeds below full speed, and at standstill, the torque of the motor is low and the current high, that is, the starting-torque efficiency and especially the apparent starting-torque efficiency are low. Where starting with considerable load, and without excessive current, is necessary, the induction motor thus requires the use of a resistance in the armature or secondary, just as the direct- current shunt motor, and this resista ...", "... tor, that is, it runs at approximately constant speed for all loads, and this speed is synchronism at no-load. At speeds below full speed, and at standstill, the torque of the motor is low and the current high, that is, the starting-torque efficiency and especially the apparent starting-torque efficiency are low. Where starting with considerable load, and without excessive current, is necessary, the induction motor thus requires the use of a resistance in the armature or secondary, just as the direct- current shunt motor, and this resistance must be a rheostat, that is, variable, so as to hav ...", "... or, starting thus is usually done — and always with large motors — by lowering the impressed voltage by autotransformer, often in a number of successive steps. This reduces the starting current, but correspondingly reduces the starting torque, as it does not change the apparent starting-torque efficiency. The higher the rotor resistance, the greater is the starting torque, and the less, therefore, the starting current required for 1 2 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS a given torque when starting by autotransformor. However, high rotor resistance means lower efficiency and poorer speed regulation, a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... y on September 18th, 1919, 3:47 P.M. September 18th, 1919, 5:27 P.M. October 22nd, 1919, 12:20 P.M. May 19th, 1919, 7:25 A.M. The generating system is divided into four sections, connected in tandem, with the A section of Fisk Street, and the Northwest Station as the two ends of the chain, and with power limiting reactors stated to be 1.75 ohms each, between Fisk A and Quarry Street, and between Quarry Street and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to t ...", "... t and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no power limiting reactors between Fisk B and North- west Station, and the six tie cables between these stations are of very low resistance, the Northwest Station was just as seriously affected as Fisk B, and indeed acted like a part of Fisk B. b) All the synchronous machines on Fisk Street B, and on North- ...", "... nors immediately. e) The turbo-alternators in Fisk B and in Northwest Station did not pull into step with each other, but remained out of synchronism; the voltage at the busbars of these two stations remained practically zero, and an excessive current fed into Fisk B from Quarry Street, heating the power limiting reactor B. f ) After 7 minutes, the tie line between Fisk Street B and Quarry Street, that is, the power limiting reactor B, was opened, and Quarry Street and Fisk A, came back to normal. About the same time, the 30,000 KW machine in Northwest Station began to lose its excitation, and was ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 33011-34776", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... dd frequencies, A = Aicos( 0- ^i) + ^3 cos (3 (^ - 63) + As cos (5 <^ - ^5) + thus cannot be directly represented by one complex vector quantity. The replacement of the general wave by its equivalent sine wave, as before discussed, that is, a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction mo ...", "... ^ JnOn is thus. which offers an easy means of reduction from symbolic to absolute values. Thus, the absolute value of the e.m.f., E = S2.-i(e„i+j„e„u)^ 1 is E = ^/22n-i(e/ + e„u2)^ the absolute value of the current, 1 is / = ^/S2.-1(^/ + ZV^'). 261. The double frequency power (torque, etc.) equation of the general alternating wave has the same symbolic expression as with the sine wave, 382 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA P = [EI] = Pi + jP^ = [Ely -{- j[Ei]j 1 1 where Pi = [Ely = i:2n-i(e„ii„i + e^iHV^), 1 1 J The jn enters under the summation sign of ...", "... the general alternating wave has the same symbolic expression as with the sine wave, 382 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA P = [EI] = Pi + jP^ = [Ely -{- j[Ei]j 1 1 where Pi = [Ely = i:2n-i(e„ii„i + e^iHV^), 1 1 J The jn enters under the summation sign of the reactive or \"wattless power,\" P', so that the wattless powers of the different harmonics cannot be algebraically added. Thus, The total \"true power'' of a general alternating-cihrrent circuit is the algebraic sum of the poioers of the individual harmonics. The total \"reactive power\" of a general alternating-curremt c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "section_title": "Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1527-2561", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 50, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 48 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "FOURTH LECTURE LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER The cost of the power supplied at the customer's meter consists of three parts. A. A fixed cost, that is, cost which is independent of the amount of power used, or the same whether the system is fully loaded or carries practically no load. Of this character, for instance, is the interest on ...", "FOURTH LECTURE LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER The cost of the power supplied at the customer's meter consists of three parts. A. A fixed cost, that is, cost which is independent of the amount of power used, or the same whether the system is fully loaded or carries practically no load. Of this character, for instance, is the interest on the investment in the p ...", "FOURTH LECTURE LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER The cost of the power supplied at the customer's meter consists of three parts. A. A fixed cost, that is, cost which is independent of the amount of power used, or the same whether the system is fully loaded or carries practically no load. Of this character, for instance, is the interest on the investment in the plant, the salaries of its officers, etc. B. A cost which is proportional to the amount of power used. Such a proportional cost, for i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 21382-22633", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 48, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... ds the maximum motor torque. Do = 14.3 — ^for instance by starting a line of shafting or other mass of considerable momentimi — then the motor speed continues to drop as long as the excess load exists, and whether the motor will recover when the excess load is taken off, or not, depends on the loss of speed of the motor during the period of overload: if, when the overload is relieved, the motor has dropped to point di in Fig. 102, its speed thus is still above 6, the motor recovers; if, however, its speed has dropped to d2, be- low the speed 6, >S = 0.35, at which the motor torque drops b ...", "... e, thus could momentarily carry overloads which a motor could not carry, in which the maximum torque exceeds the rated torque only by 50 per cent., as was the case with the early motors. However, very high maximum torque means low internal reactance and thus high exciting current, that is, low power-factor at partial loads, and of the two types of motors: (a) High overload torque, but poor power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; (6) Moderate overload torque, but good power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; the type (6) gives far better average operating conditions, except in thos ...", "... e exceeds the rated torque only by 50 per cent., as was the case with the early motors. However, very high maximum torque means low internal reactance and thus high exciting current, that is, low power-factor at partial loads, and of the two types of motors: (a) High overload torque, but poor power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; (6) Moderate overload torque, but good power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; the type (6) gives far better average operating conditions, except in those rare cases of operation at constant full-load, and is there- fore preferable, though a greater car ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Induction Motob", "section_title": "Induction Motob", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 14919-17024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... Active E.M.F. of the motor.\" Since the secondary frequency is s Ny the secondary induced E.M.F. (reduced to primary system) is -^1 = — se. 210 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [ § 142 Let lo = exciting current, or current passing through the motor, per primary circuit, when doing no work (at synchronism), and Y ^=^g -\\-jb = primary admittance per circuit = — . c It is thus ge = magnetic energy current, ge^ = loss of power by hysteresis (and eddy currents) per primary coil. Hence pgt^= total loss of energy by hysteresis and eddys, as calculated according to Chapter X ...", "... mary system) is -^1 = — se. 210 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [ § 142 Let lo = exciting current, or current passing through the motor, per primary circuit, when doing no work (at synchronism), and Y ^=^g -\\-jb = primary admittance per circuit = — . c It is thus ge = magnetic energy current, ge^ = loss of power by hysteresis (and eddy currents) per primary coil. Hence pgt^= total loss of energy by hysteresis and eddys, as calculated according to Chapter X. b^= magnetizing current, and n be = effective M.M.F. per primary circuit ; hence . i- nbe = total effective ...", "... = — se. 210 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [ § 142 Let lo = exciting current, or current passing through the motor, per primary circuit, when doing no work (at synchronism), and Y ^=^g -\\-jb = primary admittance per circuit = — . c It is thus ge = magnetic energy current, ge^ = loss of power by hysteresis (and eddy currents) per primary coil. Hence pgt^= total loss of energy by hysteresis and eddys, as calculated according to Chapter X. b^= magnetizing current, and n be = effective M.M.F. per primary circuit ; hence . i- nbe = total effective M.M.F. ; and -£ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "section_title": "Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9381-9740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII. POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL. 102. Graphically alternating currents and E.M.F's are represented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topo ...", "... plex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, E.M.F., impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities similar as current, E.M.F., resistance, and conductance are related by Ohms law in direct current circuits. In direct current circuits, power is the product of cur- rent into E.M.F. In alternating current circuits, if The product, P0 = EI= (Ml - *\"/\") +j (W POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES. 151 is not the power; that is, multiplication and division, which are correct in the inter-relation of current, E.M.F., impe- danc ...", "... vision of complex quantities similar as current, E.M.F., resistance, and conductance are related by Ohms law in direct current circuits. In direct current circuits, power is the product of cur- rent into E.M.F. In alternating current circuits, if The product, P0 = EI= (Ml - *\"/\") +j (W POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES. 151 is not the power; that is, multiplication and division, which are correct in the inter-relation of current, E.M.F., impe- dance, do not give a correct result in the inter-relation of E.M.F., current, power. The reason is, that El are vec- tors of the same ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 35256-35691", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 15 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXX BALANCED AND UNBALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 273. If an alternating e.m.f., e = E\\/2 sin ^, produces a current, i = /V2 sin (/3 - &), where Q is the angle of lag, the power is p = ei = 2 EI sin (3 sin (/3 - d) = EI (cos 0 - cos (2 /3 - e)), and the average value of power, P = EI cos e. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as cos (2/3 - e)^ _ P A _ cos(2)£J- d)\\ \\ cos 0 / ' Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinar ...", "CHAPTER XXX BALANCED AND UNBALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 273. If an alternating e.m.f., e = E\\/2 sin ^, produces a current, i = /V2 sin (/3 - &), where Q is the angle of lag, the power is p = ei = 2 EI sin (3 sin (/3 - d) = EI (cos 0 - cos (2 /3 - e)), and the average value of power, P = EI cos e. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as cos (2/3 - e)^ _ P A _ cos(2)£J- d)\\ \\ cos 0 / ' Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single- phase, alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of e.m ...", "... f an alternating e.m.f., e = E\\/2 sin ^, produces a current, i = /V2 sin (/3 - &), where Q is the angle of lag, the power is p = ei = 2 EI sin (3 sin (/3 - d) = EI (cos 0 - cos (2 /3 - e)), and the average value of power, P = EI cos e. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as cos (2/3 - e)^ _ P A _ cos(2)£J- d)\\ \\ cos 0 / ' Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single- phase, alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of e.m.f. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, whi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 24054-24488", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXVII. BALANCED AND UNBALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 267. If an alternating E.M.F. : e = E V2 sin (3, produces a current : * = 7V2sin (/? — a), where u> is the angle of lag, the power is : p = ei = 2 £Ssin ft sin (ft — S) = £S(cos a — cos (2 £ — a)), and the average value of power : Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and va ...", "CHAPTER XXVII. BALANCED AND UNBALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 267. If an alternating E.M.F. : e = E V2 sin (3, produces a current : * = 7V2sin (/? — a), where u> is the angle of lag, the power is : p = ei = 2 £Ssin ft sin (ft — S) = £S(cos a — cos (2 £ — a)), and the average value of power : Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, ...", "... EMS. 267. If an alternating E.M.F. : e = E V2 sin (3, produces a current : * = 7V2sin (/? — a), where u> is the angle of lag, the power is : p = ei = 2 £Ssin ft sin (ft — S) = £S(cos a — cos (2 £ — a)), and the average value of power : Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : /-** If the angle of lag £ = 0 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_title": "Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 16485-17445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "... ensity of a light source is measured in candles. The unit of light intensity, or the candle, is a quantity not directly related to the absolute system of units, but reproduced from specifica- tions or by comparison with maintained standards, and for white light is probably between 0.04 and 0.02 watt. Intensity has a meaning only for a point source of light; that is, an illumi- nant in which the flux of light issues from a point or such a small area that, at the distance considered, it can be considered as a point. \" Intensity of light \" thus is a physical quantity of the same nature as \" ...", "... MINATION. flux of light, in lumens, divided by 4 x. In any illuminant which is not a point source, we cannot speak of an intensity, except at such distances at which the source of light can be assumed as a point; and in interior illumination this is rarely the case. Since, however, the candle power, as measure of the intensity of light, has become the most familiar quantity in characterizing illuminants, very commonly even sources of light which are not point sources — as a Moore tube or the diffused daylight — are expressed in \" equivalent candle power\" and when thus speaking of the can ...", "... he case. Since, however, the candle power, as measure of the intensity of light, has become the most familiar quantity in characterizing illuminants, very commonly even sources of light which are not point sources — as a Moore tube or the diffused daylight — are expressed in \" equivalent candle power\" and when thus speaking of the candle power of a mercury lamp, or of the diffused daylight from the windows, we mean the candle power of a point source of light, which would give the same total flux of light as the mercury lamp, or the daylight from the windows, etc. The \" equivalent candle po ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19374-20293", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... e reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circum- stances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter e.m.f., E,, reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter e.m.f., £.',. made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the curr ...", "... oken, or even reversed to a small negative value, in which tatter case the current is against the e.m.f., Ea, of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding (Fig. 120) will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanent magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of eddy currents, because they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and the rema- nent magnetism of the field poles d ...", "... al tern (it in1 is the e.m.f. of self-induction; that is, the e.m.f. induced by the alternating current upon itself. If, however, the synchronous reactance is constant, (he counter e.m.f. of self-induction is in quadrature with the current and wattless; that is, can neither produce nor consume energy. In the synchronous motor running without field excitation, always a large lag of the current behind the impressed e.m.f. exists; and an alternating-current generator will yield an e.m.f. without field excitation only when closed by an external circuit of large negative reactance; that is, a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "section_title": "Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 25605-26027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXV. BAIiANCED AND UNBAXiANCBD POLYPHASE SYSTEMa 239. If an alternating E.M.F. : ^ = ^ V2 sin j8, produces a current : /• = /V2sin()8-^), where w is the angle of lag, the power is : / = ^/ = 2 Elsm )8 sin 03 - u») = -£'/(cos w — sin (2 /3 — w)), and the average value of power : 7^= EI cos w. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : \\^ cos w J Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current c ...", "CHAPTER XXV. BAIiANCED AND UNBAXiANCBD POLYPHASE SYSTEMa 239. If an alternating E.M.F. : ^ = ^ V2 sin j8, produces a current : /• = /V2sin()8-^), where w is the angle of lag, the power is : / = ^/ = 2 Elsm )8 sin 03 - u») = -£'/(cos w — sin (2 /3 — w)), and the average value of power : 7^= EI cos w. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : \\^ cos w J Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of ...", "... an alternating E.M.F. : ^ = ^ V2 sin j8, produces a current : /• = /V2sin()8-^), where w is the angle of lag, the power is : / = ^/ = 2 Elsm )8 sin 03 - u») = -£'/(cos w — sin (2 /3 — w)), and the average value of power : 7^= EI cos w. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : \\^ cos w J Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : p -= €t. If the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "section_title": "The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 12683-13648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... ernating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic- circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspond- ing amount of power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus ...", "... inked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspond- ing amount of power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus, if the secondary coil is not held rigidly as in the stationary transfo ...", "... sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspond- ing amount of power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus, if the secondary coil is not held rigidly as in the stationary transformer, it will be repelled and move ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 959-3894", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I ELECTRIC CONDUCTION. SOLED AND LIQUID CONDUCTORS 1, When electric power flows through a circuit, we find phe- nomena taking place outside of the conductor which directs the flow of power, and also inside thereof. The phenomena outside of the conductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric fiel ...", "CHAPTER I ELECTRIC CONDUCTION. SOLED AND LIQUID CONDUCTORS 1, When electric power flows through a circuit, we find phe- nomena taking place outside of the conductor which directs the flow of power, and also inside thereof. The phenomena outside of the conductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic ...", "... electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into heat; that is, electric power is consumed in the conductor by what may be considered as a kind of resistance of the conductor to the flow of electric power, and so we speak of resistance of the conductor as an electric quantity, representing the power consumption in the conductor. Elect ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 4: The Individualistic Era: The Other Side", "section_title": "The Individualistic Era: The Other Side", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1746-2408", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "work", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... feudalism men were fairly well satisfied within their class as long as they were justly and fairly treated in accordance with their position in society, it was not so in capitalistic society. A change had occurred in man and that change was education. The power which had brought about this change was the steam-engine. Through it man graduated from laborer to machine-tender. Before the days of the steam-engine, man, assisted by animals, supplied the power wliich society demanded in raising and moving things, on farms ...", "... change had occurred in man and that change was education. The power which had brought about this change was the steam-engine. Through it man graduated from laborer to machine-tender. Before the days of the steam-engine, man, assisted by animals, supplied the power wliich society demanded in raising and moving things, on farms, and in industries. The steam-engine relieved man of mechanical power, supplying it a hundred- and a thousand-fold, and man became the operator, 15 AMERICA AND THE NEW ^ EPOCH the director, a ...", "... h it man graduated from laborer to machine-tender. Before the days of the steam-engine, man, assisted by animals, supplied the power wliich society demanded in raising and moving things, on farms, and in industries. The steam-engine relieved man of mechanical power, supplying it a hundred- and a thousand-fold, and man became the operator, 15 AMERICA AND THE NEW ^ EPOCH the director, and the tender of the machine. But a higher inteUigence and higher knowledge is re- quired to direct the mechanical work of the mach ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14089-14918", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... ternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspond- ing amount of power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus ...", "... inked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspond- ing amount of power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus, if the secondary coil is not held rigidly as in the stationary transfo ...", "... sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspond- ing amount of power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus, if the secondary coil is not held rigidly as in the stationary transformer, it will be repelled and move ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Review", "section_title": "Review", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 23, "location": "lines 32138-32819", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... rush Arc Machine. — (Sec1 \"Are Machines.'1} Compound Alternator. — 138. Alternator with rectifying com- mutator, connected in Beriea to the armature, either con- ductive!}-, or inductively through transformer, and exciting a scries field winding by the rectified current. The limitation of l he power, which can be rectified, and the need of readjusting the brushes with a change of the inductivity of the load, hasmade njGfl compounding unsuitahie for the modern high-power altcrnu- ton. Condenser Motor. — 77. Single-phase induction motor with condenser in tertiary circuit on stator, for pr ...", "... or inductively through transformer, and exciting a scries field winding by the rectified current. The limitation of l he power, which can be rectified, and the need of readjusting the brushes with a change of the inductivity of the load, hasmade njGfl compounding unsuitahie for the modern high-power altcrnu- ton. Condenser Motor. — 77. Single-phase induction motor with condenser in tertiary circuit on stator, for producing shirting torque and high power-factor. The space angle between pri- mary and tertiary stator circuit usually is 45° to 60°, and often a three-phase motor is used, wi ...", "... need of readjusting the brushes with a change of the inductivity of the load, hasmade njGfl compounding unsuitahie for the modern high-power altcrnu- ton. Condenser Motor. — 77. Single-phase induction motor with condenser in tertiary circuit on stator, for producing shirting torque and high power-factor. The space angle between pri- mary and tertiary stator circuit usually is 45° to 60°, and often a three-phase motor is used, with single-phase supply on one phase. and condenser on a Becond phase. With the small amount of capacity, sufficient for power-factor compensation, usually the starting ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 42, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "IV. Induction Generator 1. INTRODUCTION 163. In the range of slip from s = 0 to s = 1, that is, from synchronism to standstill, torque, power output, and power input of the induction machine are positive, and the machine thus acts as a motor, as discussed before. Substituting, however, in the equations in paragraph 1 for s values > 1, corresponding to backward rotation of the ma- chine, the pow ...", "IV. Induction Generator 1. INTRODUCTION 163. In the range of slip from s = 0 to s = 1, that is, from synchronism to standstill, torque, power output, and power input of the induction machine are positive, and the machine thus acts as a motor, as discussed before. Substituting, however, in the equations in paragraph 1 for s values > 1, corresponding to backward rotation of the ma- chine, the power input remains p ...", "... wer output, and power input of the induction machine are positive, and the machine thus acts as a motor, as discussed before. Substituting, however, in the equations in paragraph 1 for s values > 1, corresponding to backward rotation of the ma- chine, the power input remains positive, the torque also remains positive, that is, in the same direction as for s < 1 ; but since the speed (I — s) becomes negative or in opposite direction, the power output is negative, that is, the torque in opposite direc- tion to t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 8555-10582", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 42, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... m zero at standstill, to a maximum at synchronism, and approximately proportional to the quadrature component of the armature polarization, P: P sin (1 — s) • 93 ill ELECTRICAL APPARATUS The torque of the single-phase motor then is produced by the action of the quadrature flux on the energy currents induced by the main flux, and thus is proportional to the quadrature flux. At synchronism, the quadrature magnetic flux produced by the armature currents becomes equal to the main magnetic flux produced by the impressed single-phase voltage (approximately, in reality it is less by th ...", "... he quarter-phase motor makes just as good — or poor — a single-phase motor as the three-phase motor. 62. The calculation of the performance curves of the single- phase motor from its constants, then, is the same as that of the polyphase motor, except that : In the expression of torque and of power, the term (1 — *) is added, which results from the decreasing quadrature flux, and it thus is: Torque: T = T(l -*) = (1 - *) a*-. (11) Power: P* =P(1 -*) «(l-*)*aif*. (12) However, these expressions are approximate only, as they assume a variation of the quadrature flux proportional ...", "... of the single- phase motor from its constants, then, is the same as that of the polyphase motor, except that : In the expression of torque and of power, the term (1 — *) is added, which results from the decreasing quadrature flux, and it thus is: Torque: T = T(l -*) = (1 - *) a*-. (11) Power: P* =P(1 -*) «(l-*)*aif*. (12) However, these expressions are approximate only, as they assume a variation of the quadrature flux proportional to the speed. 63. As the single-phase induction motor is not inherently self-starting, starting devices are required. Such are: (a) Mechanical ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 17632-21381", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 42, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... ition of the circuit. For in- u 161 162 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS stance, if a switch is closed, and thereby a load put on the circuit, the ciurent can not instantly increase to the value corresponding to the increased load, but some time elapses, diu-ing which the increase of the stored magnetic energy corresponding to the in- creased current, is brought about. Or, if a motor switch is closed, a period of acceleration intervenes before the flow of current be- comes stationary, etc. The characteristic of transients therefore is, as implied in the term, that they are of limited, usually very ...", "... of acceleration intervenes before the flow of current be- comes stationary, etc. The characteristic of transients therefore is, as implied in the term, that they are of limited, usually very short duration, inter- vening between two periods of stationary conditions. Considerable theoretical work has been done, more or less systematically, on transients, and a great mass of information is thus available in the literature. These transients are more ex- tensively treated in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Elec- tric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" and in \" Electric Discharges, Waves an ...", "... which steadily increase in intensity, and may thus be called permanent and 166 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS cumulative surges, hunting, etc. They may be considered as transients in which the attenuation constant is zero or negative. In the transient resulting from a change of circuit conditions, the energy which represents the difference of stored energy of the circuit before and after the change of circuit condition, is dissi- pated by the energy loss in the circuit. As energy losses always occur, the intensity of a true transient thus must always be a maximum at the beginning, and steadily decr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "section_title": "The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 3, "location": "lines 874-1745", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... rkets of the world, and thereby taking care of the rapidly increasing excess of its producing facilities over its own demand. Thus England became a great ex- porting nation, and by the profits of its foreign trade laid the foundation of its later financial power. But gradually the other nations caught up. So Germany, once — still within the memory of the present generation — an industrial depend- ency of England, became independent, then became England's competitor in the markets of the world, and to-day China is abou ...", "... n failed to bring about that stable balance between production and consumption which was the orthodox idea of the economists of the past, in the early days of the individualis- tic era, and which is still the conception of many of those who, far from the work of the world under the student lamp and in the chairs of our universities, ponder over the problems of the nation. The conception of competition as a benevo- 84 FROM COMPETITION TO CO-OPERATION lent force in the industrial progress was based upon the ...", "... ost of production, stopping just as much above the cost of production as is neces- sary to give a fair profit. The fallacy involved in this reasoning is the neglect of the economic law that it is more economical to operate a business or a factory at a loss than it is to have it stand idle; be- cause to have an industry, a factory, stand idle, involves the continuous loss in fixed charges. The cost of production, whether it be that of a few quarts of milk which a farmer peddles through a country town, or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic ...", "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric ...", "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 883-1530", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic a ...", "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric F ...", "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "section_title": "Beactiox Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 22388-23273", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... riation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circumstances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter E.M.F. E^ reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter E.M.F. E^ made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the current and ...", "... ield is broken, or even reversed to a small negative value, in which latter case the current flows against the E.M.F. E^ of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanant magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of Foucault currents, because 206, 206] REACTION MACHINES, 809 they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and the ...", "... the alternator is the E.M.F. of self-induction; that is, the E.M.F. induced by the alternating current upon itself. If, however, the synchronous reactance is constant, the counter E.M.F. of self-induction is in quadrature with the current and wattless; that is, can neither produce nor consume energy. In the synchronous motor running without field excita- tion, always a large lag of the current behind the impressed E.M.F. exists ; and an alternating generator will yield an E.M.F. without field excitation, only when closed by an external circuit of large negative reactance; that is, a circ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Generation", "section_title": "Generation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3781-4217", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "EIGHTH LECTURE GENERATION For driving electric generators the following methods are available : 1. The hydraulic turbine in a water power station. 2. The steam engine. 3. The steam turbine. 4. The gas engine. COMPARISON OF PRIME MOVERS I. The advantages of water power, compared with steam power, are: a. Very low cost of operation : no fuel, very little attend- ance. The disadvantages are : a. Usually the cost of dev ...", "EIGHTH LECTURE GENERATION For driving electric generators the following methods are available : 1. The hydraulic turbine in a water power station. 2. The steam engine. 3. The steam turbine. 4. The gas engine. COMPARISON OF PRIME MOVERS I. The advantages of water power, compared with steam power, are: a. Very low cost of operation : no fuel, very little attend- ance. The disadvantages are : a. Usually the cost of development and installation is far higher than with steam power. b. The location of the water power cannot be chosen freely, but is fixed b ...", "... CTURE GENERATION For driving electric generators the following methods are available : 1. The hydraulic turbine in a water power station. 2. The steam engine. 3. The steam turbine. 4. The gas engine. COMPARISON OF PRIME MOVERS I. The advantages of water power, compared with steam power, are: a. Very low cost of operation : no fuel, very little attend- ance. The disadvantages are : a. Usually the cost of development and installation is far higher than with steam power. b. The location of the water power cannot be chosen freely, but is fixed by nature; therefore the powe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 20502-21189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... riation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circumstances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter E.M.F. E± reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter E.M.F. E± made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the current and ...", "... ield is broken, or even reversed to a small negative value, in which latter case the current flows against the E.M.F. EQ of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanent magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of Foucault currents, because 372 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and ...", "... the alternator is the E.M.F. of self-induction; that is, the E.M.F. induced by the alternating current upon itself. If, however, the synchronous reactance is constant, the counter E.M.F. of self-induction is in quadrature with the current and wattless; that is, can neither produce nor consume energy. ' In the synchronous motor running without field excita- tion, always a large lag of the current behind the impressed E.M.F. exists; and an alternating generator will yield an E.M.F. without field excitation, only when closed by an external circuit of large negative reactance ; that is, a ci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 37: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 37, "location": "lines 38393-40115", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... 37 Actual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating resistance, 352 volt-ampere characteristic, 354 wave constrtiction, 355 Armature reaction of alternator, 260, 272 Average value of wave, 11 Balance ...", "... ric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating resistance, 352 volt-ampere characteristic, 354 wave constrtiction, 355 Armature reaction of alternator, 260, 272 Average value of wave, 11 Balanced polyphase system, 397 Balance factor of polyphase system, 406 Brush di ...", "... placement current. 152 Disruptive gradient. 165 Distortion by magnetic field, resist- ance and reactance pulsa- tion. a42 of magnetizing current. 117 of wave, see Harmonics by hysteresis, 116 Distributed capacity. 168 Double delta connections of trans- formers to sis-phase. 428 frequency power and torque with distorted wave, 381 quantities, 180 peak wave. 370 T connections of transformers to six -phase, 430 ^ connection of transformers to six-phase, 429 Drop of voltage in line, 25 Dynamic circuit, 159 Eddy currents, 112 admittance, 137 coefficient, 138 conductance, 137 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS. i6o. Engineering work leads to more or less extensive numerical calculations, when applying the general theoretical investigation to the specific cases which are under considera- tion. Of importance in such engineering calculation^ are : (a) The method of calculation. (5) The degree of exactness required in the c ...", "... the results. (d) The reliability of the calculation. a. Method of Calculation. Before beginning a more extensive calculation, it is desirable carefully to scrutinize and to investigate the method, to find the simplest way, since frequently by a suitable method and system of calculation the work can be reduced to a small frac- tion of what it would otherwise be, and what appear to be hopelessly complex calculations may thus be carried out quickly and expeditiously by a proper arrangement of the work. The most convenient way usually is the arrangement in tabular form. As example, con ...", "... the simplest way, since frequently by a suitable method and system of calculation the work can be reduced to a small frac- tion of what it would otherwise be, and what appear to be hopelessly complex calculations may thus be carried out quickly and expeditiously by a proper arrangement of the work. The most convenient way usually is the arrangement in tabular form. As example, consider the problem of calculating the regula- tion of a 6(),000-volt transmission line, of r = 60 ohms resist- ance, a;= 135 ohms inductive reactance, and 6 = 0.0012 conden- sive susceptance, for various values ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-31", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 31, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9651-9718", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "snippets": [ "X. Efficiency and Losses 22. Besides the above described curves the efficiency curves are of interest. The efficiency of alternators and synchronous motors is usually so high that a direct determination by measuring the mechanical power and the electric power is less rel ...", "X. Efficiency and Losses 22. Besides the above described curves the efficiency curves are of interest. The efficiency of alternators and synchronous motors is usually so high that a direct determination by measuring the mechanical power and the electric power is less reliable than ...", "X. Efficiency and Losses 22. Besides the above described curves the efficiency curves are of interest. The efficiency of alternators and synchronous motors is usually so high that a direct determination by measuring the mechanical power and the electric power is less reliable than 10 20 30 4ff 50 60 TO 80 9 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5334-6956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... e and inductance depends upon the phase difference in the receiver circuit, and can be varied and controlled by varying this phase difference ; that is, by varying the admittance, Y = g -f jb, of the receiver circuit. The conductance, gy of the receiver circuit depends upon the consumption of power, — that is, upon the load on the circuit, — and thus cannot be varied for the purpose of reg- ulation. Its susceptance, b, however, can be changed by shunting the circuit with a reactance, and will be increased by a shunted inductance, and decreased by a shunted con- densance. Hence, for the p ...", "... ted con- densance. Hence, for the purpose of investigation, the 84 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. receiver circuit can be assumed to consist of two branches, a conductance, g, — the non-inductive part of the circuit, — shunted by a susceptance, b, which can be varied without expenditure of energy. The two components of current can thus be considered separately, the energy component as determined by the load on the circuit, and the wattless component, which can be varied for the purpose of regu- lation. Obviously, in the same way, the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit may be considered a ...", "... TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. receiver circuit can be assumed to consist of two branches, a conductance, g, — the non-inductive part of the circuit, — shunted by a susceptance, b, which can be varied without expenditure of energy. The two components of current can thus be considered separately, the energy component as determined by the load on the circuit, and the wattless component, which can be varied for the purpose of regu- lation. Obviously, in the same way, the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit may be considered as consisting of two components, the energy component, in phase with the curre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "section_title": "Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3543-5554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ctance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor has a great slip of speed under load, therefore poor efficiency and poor speed regu- lation, but it has a high starting torque and torque at low and intermediate speed. With a low resistance fairly high-reactance secondary, the slip of speed under load is small, therefore effi- ciency and speed regulation good, but the starting torque arid torque at low an ...", "... d the low-resistance secondary. That is, at start- ing and low speed, the frequency of the magnetic flux in the arma- ture, and therefore the voltage induced in the secondary winding is high, and the high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries con- siderable current, gives good torque and torque efficiency, while the low-resistance squirrel cage is ineffective, due to its high reactance at the high armature frequency. At speeds near synchronism, the secondary frequency, being that of slip, is low, and the secondary induced voltage correspondingly low. The high-resistance squirrel cage thus carri ...", "... el -cage induc- tion motor thus gives a torque curve, which to some extent is a superposition of the torque curve of the high-resistance and that of the low-resistance squirrel cage, has two maxima, one at low speed, Mid another near synchronism, therefore gives a fairly good torque and torque efficiency over the entire speed range from standstill to full speed, that is, combines the good features of both types. Where a very high starting torque requires locating the first torque maximum near standstill, and large size and high efficiency brings the second torque maximum very close to synchron ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1659-2484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms ...", "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts ...", "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1531-2161", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms ...", "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts ...", "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6993-9766", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... nce and reactance depends upon the phase difference in the receiver circuit, and can be varied and controlled by varying this phase difference; that is, by varying the admittance, Y = g — jh, of the receiver circuit. The conductance, g, of the receiver circuit depends upon the consumption of power — that is, upon the load on the circuit — and thus cannot be varied for the purpose of regu- lation. Its susceptance, b, however, can be changed bj' shunt- ing the circuit with a reactance, and will be increased by a shunted inductive reactance, and decreased by a shunted con- densive reactanc ...", "... tance, and decreased by a shunted con- densive reactance. Hence, for the purpose of investigation, the receiver circuit can be assumed to consist of two branches, a conductance, g, — the non-inductive part of the circuit — shunted by a susceptance, h, which can be varied without expenditure of energy. The two components of current can thus be considered separately, the energy component as deter- 78 TRANSMISSION LINES 79 mined by the load on the circuit, and the wattless component, which can be varied for the purpose of regulation. Obviously, in the same way, the voltage at the receiv ...", "... ose of investigation, the receiver circuit can be assumed to consist of two branches, a conductance, g, — the non-inductive part of the circuit — shunted by a susceptance, h, which can be varied without expenditure of energy. The two components of current can thus be considered separately, the energy component as deter- 78 TRANSMISSION LINES 79 mined by the load on the circuit, and the wattless component, which can be varied for the purpose of regulation. Obviously, in the same way, the voltage at the receiver circuit may be considered as consisting of two components, the power comp ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 18, "location": "lines 20975-21712", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIII SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 166. In the theory of the synchronous motor the assumption is made that the mechanical output of the motor equals the power developed by it. This is the case only if the motor runs at constant speed. If, however, it accelerates, the power input is greater; if it decelerates, less than the power output, by the power stored in and returned by the momentum. Obviously, the motor can neither constantly accelerate nor de ...", "CHAPTER XVIII SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 166. In the theory of the synchronous motor the assumption is made that the mechanical output of the motor equals the power developed by it. This is the case only if the motor runs at constant speed. If, however, it accelerates, the power input is greater; if it decelerates, less than the power output, by the power stored in and returned by the momentum. Obviously, the motor can neither constantly accelerate nor decelerate, without breaking out of synchronism. If, for instance, at a certain moment the power prod wed by the mo ...", "... ORS 166. In the theory of the synchronous motor the assumption is made that the mechanical output of the motor equals the power developed by it. This is the case only if the motor runs at constant speed. If, however, it accelerates, the power input is greater; if it decelerates, less than the power output, by the power stored in and returned by the momentum. Obviously, the motor can neither constantly accelerate nor decelerate, without breaking out of synchronism. If, for instance, at a certain moment the power prod wed by the motor exceeds the mechanical load (as in the moment of thro ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents,", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5312-6797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... give economically and in units of larger size frequencies from 10 to 125 cycles. Frequencies below 10 cycles are available by commutating machines with low frequency excitation. Above 125 cycles the difficulties rapidly increase, due to the great number of poles, high periph- eral speed, high power required for field excitation, poor regu- lation due to the massing of the conductors, which is required because of the small pitch per pole of the machine, etc., so that 1000 cycles probably is the limit of generation of constant potential alternating currents of appreciable power and at fair ...", "... speed, high power required for field excitation, poor regu- lation due to the massing of the conductors, which is required because of the small pitch per pole of the machine, etc., so that 1000 cycles probably is the limit of generation of constant potential alternating currents of appreciable power and at fair efficiency. For smaller powers, a few kilowatts, by using shunted capacity to assist the excitation, and not attempting to produce constant potential, single-phase alternators have been built and are in commercial service giving 10,000 and even 100,000 cycles, and 200,000-cycle alt ...", "... required for field excitation, poor regu- lation due to the massing of the conductors, which is required because of the small pitch per pole of the machine, etc., so that 1000 cycles probably is the limit of generation of constant potential alternating currents of appreciable power and at fair efficiency. For smaller powers, a few kilowatts, by using shunted capacity to assist the excitation, and not attempting to produce constant potential, single-phase alternators have been built and are in commercial service giving 10,000 and even 100,000 cycles, and 200,000-cycle alternators are being desig ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive co ...", "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive component of ...", "... STRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive component of e.m.f., in quadrature with current, and = current X effective reactance, or x; power component of current, in phase with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective conductance, or g; reactiv ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9741-11604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... TERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. where N '= frequency; hence, at N = 60 cycles, x = 8,900 ohms ; and the charging current of the line, at E = 20,000 volts, becomes, ^ = E / x = 2.25 amperes. The resistance of 100 km of line of 1 cm diameter is 22 ohms ; therefore, at 10 per cent = 2,000 volts loss in the line, the main current transmitted over the line is 2,000 / = -^- = 91 amperes, representing about 1,800 kw. In this case, the condenser current thus amounts to less than 2^ per cent., and hence can still be represented by the approximation of one condenser shunted across the line. ...", "... epresented by the approximation of one condenser shunted across the line. If the length of transmission is 150 km., and the voltage, 30,000, capacity reactance at 60 cycles, x = 2,970 ohms ; charging current, i0 = 10.1 amperes ; line resistance, r = 66 ohms ; main current at 10 per cent loss, 7= 45.5 amperes. The condenser current is thus about 22 per cent of the main current, and the approximate calculation of the effect of line capacity still fairly accurate. At 300 km length of transmission it will, at 10 per cent, loss and with the same size of conductor, rise to nearly 90 ...", "... resistance, r = 66 ohms ; main current at 10 per cent loss, 7= 45.5 amperes. The condenser current is thus about 22 per cent of the main current, and the approximate calculation of the effect of line capacity still fairly accurate. At 300 km length of transmission it will, at 10 per cent, loss and with the same size of conductor, rise to nearly 90 per cent, of the main current, thus making a more explicit investigation of the phenomena in the line necessary. In most cases of practical engineering, however, the ca- pacity effect is small enough to be represented by the approx- imati ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Regulating Pole Converters", "section_title": "Regulating Pole Converters", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 21, "location": "lines 30088-31715", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... close approach to sine shape. Armature Reaction and Commutation 232. With the brushes in quadrature position to the resultant magnetic flux, and at normal voltage ratio, the direct -current generator armature reaction of the converter equals the syn- chronous-motor armature reaction of the power component of the alternating current, and at unity power-faetor the converter thus has no resultant armature reaction, while with a lagging or leading current it has the magnetizing or demagnetizing re- action of the wattless component of the current. If by a sliift of the resultant flux from ...", "... mmutation 232. With the brushes in quadrature position to the resultant magnetic flux, and at normal voltage ratio, the direct -current generator armature reaction of the converter equals the syn- chronous-motor armature reaction of the power component of the alternating current, and at unity power-faetor the converter thus has no resultant armature reaction, while with a lagging or leading current it has the magnetizing or demagnetizing re- action of the wattless component of the current. If by a sliift of the resultant flux from quadrature position with the brushes, by angle, t, the d ...", "... nent of the current. If by a sliift of the resultant flux from quadrature position with the brushes, by angle, t, the direct voltage is reduced by factor cos r, the direct current and therewith the direct-current armature reaction are increased, by factor, -. as by the law of conservation of energy the direct-current output must equal the alternating-current input (neglecting losses). The dueet- current armature reaction, ff, therefore ceases to be equal to the armature reaction of the alternating energy current, 5F», but is greater by factor, '■ The alternating-current armature reacti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Evolution: Inhibitory Power", "section_title": "Evolution: Inhibitory Power", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 14, "location": "lines 6233-6597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "XIV evolution: inhibitory power THE industrial corporation of to-day is or- ganized for effective constructive work; it has developed the characteristics necessary for economic efficiency — continuity of organization and at the same time flexibility to adapt itself in a high degree to the re ...", "XIV evolution: inhibitory power THE industrial corporation of to-day is or- ganized for effective constructive work; it has developed the characteristics necessary for economic efficiency — continuity of organization and at the same time flexibility to adapt itself in a high degree to the requirements of indus- trial production, and to the personality of its members; it has ...", "XIV evolution: inhibitory power THE industrial corporation of to-day is or- ganized for effective constructive work; it has developed the characteristics necessary for economic efficiency — continuity of organization and at the same time flexibility to adapt itself in a high degree to the requirements of indus- trial production, and to the personality of its members; it has within itself the responsibility of the individual toward the whole, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2485-3386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to t ...", "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, ...", "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, corresponding to the conditions after the change, and a transi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Hysteresis Motor", "section_title": "Hysteresis Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 10, "location": "lines 14551-14761", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... e induced magnetism gives with the resultant m.m.f. a mechanical couple: D = mS'b sin a, whore S = resultant m.m.f., 4> = resultant magnetism, « = angle of hysteretic advance of phase, m = a constant. The apparent or volt-ampere input of the motor is: P ■ wiS*. Thus the apparent torque efficiency: Q = volt-ampere input, HYSTERESIS MOTOR 169 and the power of the motor is: P = (1 - s) D = (1 - s) m$$ sin a, where s = slip as fraction of synchronism. The apparent efficiency is: p n = (1 — *) sin a. Since in a magnetic circuit containing an air gap the angle, a, is small, ...", "... : D = mS'b sin a, whore S = resultant m.m.f., 4> = resultant magnetism, « = angle of hysteretic advance of phase, m = a constant. The apparent or volt-ampere input of the motor is: P ■ wiS*. Thus the apparent torque efficiency: Q = volt-ampere input, HYSTERESIS MOTOR 169 and the power of the motor is: P = (1 - s) D = (1 - s) m$$ sin a, where s = slip as fraction of synchronism. The apparent efficiency is: p n = (1 — *) sin a. Since in a magnetic circuit containing an air gap the angle, a, is small, a few degrees only, it follows that the apparent efficiency of the ...", "... m = a constant. The apparent or volt-ampere input of the motor is: P ■ wiS*. Thus the apparent torque efficiency: Q = volt-ampere input, HYSTERESIS MOTOR 169 and the power of the motor is: P = (1 - s) D = (1 - s) m$$ sin a, where s = slip as fraction of synchronism. The apparent efficiency is: p n = (1 — *) sin a. Since in a magnetic circuit containing an air gap the angle, a, is small, a few degrees only, it follows that the apparent efficiency of the hysteresis motor is low, the motor consequently unsuitable for producing large amounts of mechanical power. From the equat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-55", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 55, "number": 6, "location": "lines 32709-33527", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "snippets": [ "... ty of the wave with the time, and as such is the same throughout the entire circuit. In an isolated section, of time constant u, the time decrement, from Chapters III and V, is, however, e~ut; that is, with the decrement e~ut the wave dies out in the isolated sec- tion at the rate at which its stored energy is dissipated by the power lost in resistance and conductance. In a section of the circuit connected to other sections the time decrement e~U(* does not correspond to the power dissipation in the section; that is, the wave does not die out in each section at the rate as given by the power cons ...", "... s such is the same throughout the entire circuit. In an isolated section, of time constant u, the time decrement, from Chapters III and V, is, however, e~ut; that is, with the decrement e~ut the wave dies out in the isolated sec- tion at the rate at which its stored energy is dissipated by the power lost in resistance and conductance. In a section of the circuit connected to other sections the time decrement e~U(* does not correspond to the power dissipation in the section; that is, the wave does not die out in each section at the rate as given by the power consumed in this section, or, in ...", "... , e~ut; that is, with the decrement e~ut the wave dies out in the isolated sec- tion at the rate at which its stored energy is dissipated by the power lost in resistance and conductance. In a section of the circuit connected to other sections the time decrement e~U(* does not correspond to the power dissipation in the section; that is, the wave does not die out in each section at the rate as given by the power consumed in this section, or, in other words, power transfer occurs from section to section during the oscillation of a complex circuit. If s is negative, u0 is less than u, and th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-10", "section_label": "Theory Section 10: Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "section_title": "Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 3234-3585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "snippets": [ "... nce, the current E\" 01 = I = - - lags 90 degrees behind the impressed e.m.f. x This current' is called the exciting or magnetizing current of the magnetic circuit, and is wattless. ' If the magnetic circuit contains iron or other magnetic mate- rial, energy is consumed in the magnetic circuit by a frictional resistance of the material against a change of magnetism, which is called molecular magnetic friction. If the alternating current is the only avail- able source of energy in the magnetic cir- cuit, t ...", "... or other magnetic mate- rial, energy is consumed in the magnetic circuit by a frictional resistance of the material against a change of magnetism, which is called molecular magnetic friction. If the alternating current is the only avail- able source of energy in the magnetic cir- cuit, the expenditure of energy by molec- ular magnetic friction appears as a lag of the magnetism behind the m.m.f. of the Q| r >i current, that is, as magnetic hysteresis, and can be measured thereby. Magnetic hysteresis is, ...", "... he magnetic circuit by a frictional resistance of the material against a change of magnetism, which is called molecular magnetic friction. If the alternating current is the only avail- able source of energy in the magnetic cir- cuit, the expenditure of energy by molec- ular magnetic friction appears as a lag of the magnetism behind the m.m.f. of the Q| r >i current, that is, as magnetic hysteresis, and can be measured thereby. Magnetic hysteresis is, however, a dis- tinctly different phenomenon from molec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Evolution: Political Government", "section_title": "Evolution: Political Government", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 12, "location": "lines 5328-5797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "work", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... pe in competition. In our industrial age the essential require- ments of an efficient national organization com- prise: Continuity, competency, and responsi- bility of the administrative organization. In our complex civilization, it usually takes years before any work undertaken by an admin- istrator is completed, many more years before its results are seen. Thus when the adminis- tration changes frequently, as in our political offices, constructive work is done blindly, started by men who never can follow the work to com ...", "... zation. In our complex civilization, it usually takes years before any work undertaken by an admin- istrator is completed, many more years before its results are seen. Thus when the adminis- tration changes frequently, as in our political offices, constructive work is done blindly, started by men who never can follow the work to completion, see the results appearing and direct or modify the plans to secure the desired results most effectively ; or men are called upon 151 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH to continue a ...", "... re any work undertaken by an admin- istrator is completed, many more years before its results are seen. Thus when the adminis- tration changes frequently, as in our political offices, constructive work is done blindly, started by men who never can follow the work to completion, see the results appearing and direct or modify the plans to secure the desired results most effectively ; or men are called upon 151 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH to continue and complete work which they have not started, which they possibl ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2162-2971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to t ...", "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, ...", "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, corresponding to the conditions after the change, and a transi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: General Distribution", "section_title": "General Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 566-982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... are connected to the mains, but none to the feeders. The mains and feeders are arranged so that no appreciable voltage drop takes place in the mains, but all drop of voltage occurs in the feeders ; and as no customers connect to the feeders, the only limit to the voltage drop in the feeders is efficiency of distribution. The voltage at the feeding points into the mains is kept constant by varying the voltage supply to the feeders with the changes of the load on the mains. This is done by having a number of outside bus bars in the station, as shown diagrammatically in Pig. 3, differing from eac ...", "... only to direct current distribution in a territory of GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 27 very concentrated load, as in the interior of a large city, since the independent voltage regulation of each one of numerous feeders is economically permissible only where each feeder represents a large amount of power; with alternating cur- rent systems, the inductive drop forbids the concentration of such large currents in a single conductor. That is, conductors of one million circular mils cannot be used economically in an alternating current system. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportiona ...", "... led by the customer, since all the lamps may be used occasionally. Usually, however, only a small part of the lamps are in use, and those only for a small part of the day ; so that the average load on the transformer is a very small part of its capacity. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 29 As the core loss in the transformer continues whether the transformer is loaded or not, but is not paid for by the cus- tomer, the economy of the arrangement is very low ; and so it can be understood that in the early days, where this arrange- ment was generally used, the financial results of most alternat- in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "section_title": "Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6371-8268", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... nce and inductance depends upon the phase difference in the receiver circuit, and can be varied and controlled by varying this phase difference; that is, by varying the admittance, Y = g + Jb, of the receiver circuit. The conductance, g, of the receiver circuit depends upon the consumption of power, — that is, upon the load on the circuit, — and thus cannot be varied for the purpose of reg- ulation. Its susceptance, by however, can be changed by shunting the circuit with a reactance, and will be increased by a shunted inductance, and decreased by a shunted con- densance. Hence, for the p ...", "... densance. Hence, for the purpose of investigation, the 84 AL TERN A TIXG-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 68 receiver circuit can be assumed to consist of two branches, a conductance, g^ — the non-inductive part of the circuit, — shunted by a susceptance, by which can be varied without expenditure of energy. The two components of current can thus be considered separately, the energy component as determined by the load on the circuit, and the wattless component, which can be varied for the purpose of regu- lation. Obviously, in the same way, the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit may be considered a ...", "... URRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 68 receiver circuit can be assumed to consist of two branches, a conductance, g^ — the non-inductive part of the circuit, — shunted by a susceptance, by which can be varied without expenditure of energy. The two components of current can thus be considered separately, the energy component as determined by the load on the circuit, and the wattless component, which can be varied for the purpose of regu- lation. Obviously, in the same way, the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit may be considered as consisting of two components, the energy component, in phase with the curre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-83", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 83, "number": 4, "location": "lines 13889-15160", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "snippets": [ "... the alternating-current input and the direct-current output. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 233 In Fig. 127, ai, a2 are two adjacent leads connected with the collector rings DI, D2 in an n-phase converter. The alternating e.m.f. between a\\ and a2, and thus the power component of the alternating current in the armature section between a\\ and a2, will reach a maximum when this section is midway between the brushes BI and Bz, as shown in Fig. 127. The direct current in every armature coil reverses at the mo- ment when ...", "... brushes BI and Bz, as shown in Fig. 127. The direct current in every armature coil reverses at the mo- ment when the coil passes under brush BI or B2, and is thus a rec- tangular alternating current as shown in Fig. 128 as 7. At the moment when the power com- ponent of the alternating current is a maximum, an armature coil d midway between two adjacent alternating leads ai and a2 is midway between the brushes BI and B2} as in Fig. 127, and is thus in the middle of its rectan- gular continuous-current wave ...", "... t is a maximum, an armature coil d midway between two adjacent alternating leads ai and a2 is midway between the brushes BI and B2} as in Fig. 127, and is thus in the middle of its rectan- gular continuous-current wave, and consequently in this coil the power component of the alternating current and the rectan- gular direct current are in phase with each other, but opposite, as FIG. 127. — Diagram for study of armature heating in synchronous converters. FIG. 128. — Direct current and alternating current in armatu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Capacity", "section_title": "Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3872-6370", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "expenditure of power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... ously, this condition cannot be completely reached in practice. It is interesting to note, from Fig. 4T, that the largest part of the drop of potential due to inductance, and rise to condensance — or conversely — takes place between r= 1.0 and r = .9 ; or, in other words, a circuit having a power 1 1 //' ir ■TSf 'n'l m BT( ^3^ , .w 1. F--r — .0 \"t h / Ill, •■'^ ■8 ■— ..» 1 / // / //! J, / ^ — 1 — /JM- / 1 > / ' ki ;i. i - / 1 y. ' 1/ — i — -Tv\"'jl^Ia.- ...", "... ve circuit, and hence must be considered as a highly inductive circuit. 3.) Impcilatue in sirirs with a circuit. 48. Hy the use of reactance for controlling electric circuits, a certain amount of resistance is also introduced, due to the ohmic resistance of the conductor and the hys- teretic loss, which, as will be .seen hcrenftcr, can be repre- sented as an effective resistance. S 40] RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, CAPACITY. 69 Hence the impedance of a reactive coil (choking coil) may be written thus : — where r^ is in general small compared with x^ , From this, if the impressed E.M.F. ...", "... Campettsation for Lagging Currents by Shunted Condensance, 51. We have seen in the latter paragraphs, that in a constant potential alternating-current system, the voltage at the terminals of a receiver circuit can be varied by the use of a variable reactance in series to the circuit, without loss of energy except the unavoidable loss due to the resistance and hysteresis of the reactance ; and that, if the series reactance is very large compared with the resis- tance of the receiver circuit, the current in the receiver circuit becomes more or less independent of the resis- tance, — that ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3577-5333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "expenditure of power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... ously, this condition cannot be completely reached in practice. It is interesting to note, from Fig. 47, that the largest part of the drop of potential due to inductance, and rise to condensance — or conversely — takes place between r = 1.0 and r = .9 ; or, in other words, a circuit having a power Volts E or Amperes I. 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 sfl Fig. 47. Variation of Voltage at Constant Series Reactance with Resistance of Receiver Circuit. factor cos & = .9, gives a drop several times larger than a non-inductive circuit, and hence must be considered as ...", "... nductive circuit, and hence must be considered as an inductive circuit. 3.) Impedance in series witJi a circuit. 48. By the use of reactance for controlling electric circuits, a certain amount of resistance is also introduced, due to the ohmic resistance of the conductor and the hys- teretic loss, which, as will be seen hereafter, can be repre- sented as an effective resistance. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, CAPACITY. 69 Hence the impedance of a reactive coil (choking coil) may be written thus : — &Q = ro JXoi ZQ = V f0 -j- Xo , where r0 is in general small compared with x0. From this ...", "... Compensation for Lagging Currents by Shunted Condensance. 51. We have seen in the latter paragraphs, that in a constant potential alternating-current system, the voltage at the terminals of a receiver circuit can be varied by the use of a variable reactance in series to the circuit, without loss of energy except the unavoidable loss due to the resistance and hysteresis of the reactance; and that, if the series reactance is very large compared with the resis- tance of the receiver circuit, the current in the receiver circuit becomes more or less independent of the resis- tance,— that i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-08", "section_label": "Theory Section 8: Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 2718-2864", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 28, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "snippets": [ "8. POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS of effective value I = —7=-, in a circuit of resistance r and reac- V2 39. The power consumed by alternating current i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is ...", "8. POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS of effective value I = —7=-, in a circuit of resistance r and reac- V2 39. The power consumed by alternating current i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the impressed e.m.f., consisting of the components ei = r/0 sin 0, the e.m.f. consumed by resistance and 62 = x!Q ...", "... the impressed e.m.f., consisting of the components ei = r/0 sin 0, the e.m.f. consumed by resistance and 62 = x!Q cos 0, the e.m.f. consumed by reactance. z = \\/r2 + x2 is the impedance and tan 00 = — the phase angle of the circuit; thus the power is p = z/o2 sin 0 sin (0 + 00) = ^- (€OS 00 - COS (20+ 00)) = zP (cos 00 - cos (20 + 00)). Since the average cos (20 + 00) = zero, the average power is P = zP cos 00 = rP = EJ-, that is, the power in the circuit is that consumed by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-96", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 96, "number": 2, "location": "lines 16912-17026", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 28, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "snippets": [ "II. Excitation 112. The primary current i\\ is not strictly proportional to the secondary current, i2 by the ratio of transformation, TRANSFORMER Excitation and Iron Losses Vo tage fower factor 50 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the ...", "II. Excitation 112. The primary current i\\ is not strictly proportional to the secondary current, i2 by the ratio of transformation, TRANSFORMER Excitation and Iron Losses Vo tage fower factor 50 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" ...", "... 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not much differ from a sine ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-98", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 98, "number": 2, "location": "lines 17030-17323", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "snippets": [ "II. Low t*r loss type, Fig. 155 Exciting current 4 per cent. 4 per cent. Primary resistance loss 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. Secondary resistance loss Core loss 1 per cent. 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current a ...", "II. Low t*r loss type, Fig. 155 Exciting current 4 per cent. 4 per cent. Primary resistance loss 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. Secondary resistance loss Core loss 1 per cent. 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current and losses are frequently given in per cent, of the full-load output of the transformer. ...", "II. Low t*r loss type, Fig. 155 Exciting current 4 per cent. 4 per cent. Primary resistance loss 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. Secondary resistance loss Core loss 1 per cent. 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current and losses are frequently given in per cent, of the full-load output of the transformer. The curves correspond to non-inductive load. The core loss ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 29375-32539", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... tic circuit the magnetism is not propor- tional to the m.m.f., the wave of magnetism and thus the wave of e.m.f. will differ from the wave of current. As far as this distortion is due to the variation of permeability, the distortion is symmetrical and the wave of generated e.m.f. represents no power. The distortion caused by hysteresis, or the lag of the magnetism behind the m.m.f., causes an unsymmetrical distor- tion of the wave which makes the wave of generated e.m.f. differ by more than 90° from the current wave and thereby represents power — the power consumed by hysteresis. In prac ...", "... d the wave of generated e.m.f. represents no power. The distortion caused by hysteresis, or the lag of the magnetism behind the m.m.f., causes an unsymmetrical distor- tion of the wave which makes the wave of generated e.m.f. differ by more than 90° from the current wave and thereby represents power — the power consumed by hysteresis. In practice both effects are always superimposed; that is, in a ferric inductive reactance, a distortion of wave-shape takes place due to the lack of proportionality between magnetism and m.m.f. as expressed by the variation in the hysteretic cycle. This p ...", "... f generated e.m.f. represents no power. The distortion caused by hysteresis, or the lag of the magnetism behind the m.m.f., causes an unsymmetrical distor- tion of the wave which makes the wave of generated e.m.f. differ by more than 90° from the current wave and thereby represents power — the power consumed by hysteresis. In practice both effects are always superimposed; that is, in a ferric inductive reactance, a distortion of wave-shape takes place due to the lack of proportionality between magnetism and m.m.f. as expressed by the variation in the hysteretic cycle. This pulsation of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 31657-33200", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... olic expression, jFx = I — sin {B — a) — j cos (^ — a) } dec a cos a / ^ \\ /I = — xtXa — j) (cos ^ — j sin ^) dec a; that is, jFx = — x7 (a — j) dec a. Hence the apparent reactance of the oscillating-current cir- cuit is, in symbolic expression, X = x{a — j) dec a. Hence it contains a power component, ax, and the impedance is Z = (r—X) dec a= {r—x{a—j)] dec a = {r —ax +jx) dec a. Capacity 186. Let r = resistance, C = capacity, and Xc = o~~7?t = con- ZtJkj densive reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating current, 7, the e.m.f. consumed due to the capacity, C, is ...", "... pt that in the present case all the constants, Va, Xa, Zay g, Zj y, depend upon the decrement, a. It is interesting to note that with oscillating currents, resist- ance as well as conductance have a negative term added, which depends on the decrement a. Such a negative resistance repre- sents energy production, and its meaning in the present case is, that with the decrease of the oscillating current and voltage, their stored magnetic and dielectric energy become available. Circuits of Zero Impedance 190. In an oscillating-current circuit of decrement, a, of resistance, r, inductive reac ...", "... sist- ance as well as conductance have a negative term added, which depends on the decrement a. Such a negative resistance repre- sents energy production, and its meaning in the present case is, that with the decrease of the oscillating current and voltage, their stored magnetic and dielectric energy become available. Circuits of Zero Impedance 190. In an oscillating-current circuit of decrement, a, of resistance, r, inductive reactance, x, and condensive reactance, Xc, the impedance was represented in symbolic expression by or numerically by z = Vr\"7T^ = yj{r-ax- ^-^^x.)* + (x - j^^. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Evolution: Industrial Government", "section_title": "Evolution: Industrial Government", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 13, "location": "lines 5798-6232", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "work", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... at there should be no differences of interest between individual em- ployee and corporation; differences of interest exist and will remain among the office men as well as in the shops. But those hundred thou- sands who only two years ago were thrown out of work by the business depression, were willing to work, but for many months could find no work, and saw their few dollars which they had saved, spent; those who had started paying for a small home and saw all that they had accom- plished gone by the foreclosu ...", "... ween individual em- ployee and corporation; differences of interest exist and will remain among the office men as well as in the shops. But those hundred thou- sands who only two years ago were thrown out of work by the business depression, were willing to work, but for many months could find no work, and saw their few dollars which they had saved, spent; those who had started paying for a small home and saw all that they had accom- plished gone by the foreclosure of the mortgage, saw their families scattered ...", "... differences of interest exist and will remain among the office men as well as in the shops. But those hundred thou- sands who only two years ago were thrown out of work by the business depression, were willing to work, but for many months could find no work, and saw their few dollars which they had saved, spent; those who had started paying for a small home and saw all that they had accom- plished gone by the foreclosure of the mortgage, saw their families scattered and thrown upon charity, and all this wit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-21", "section_label": "Apparatus Introduction 21: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "apparatus-introduction", "sequence": 21, "number": null, "location": "lines 8292-8517", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "snippets": [ "INTRODUCTION 1. By the direction of the energy transmitted, electric machines have been divided into generators and motors. By the character of the electric power they have been distinguished as direct- current and as alternating-current apparatus. With the advance of electrical engineering, however, these ...", "INTRODUCTION 1. By the direction of the energy transmitted, electric machines have been divided into generators and motors. By the character of the electric power they have been distinguished as direct- current and as alternating-current apparatus. With the advance of electrical engineering, however, these subdivisions have become unsatisfactory and insufficient. The division into generators and motors is not based on an ...", "... based on the characteristic features of the apparatus, as adopted by the A. I. E. E. Standard- izing Committee, is used in the following discussion. It refers only to the apparatus transforming between electric and electric and between electric and mechanical power. 1st. Commutating machines, consisting of a magnetic field and a closed-coil armature, connected with a multi-segmental commutator. 121 122 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2d. Synchronous machines, consisting of a undirectional mag- netic field and an a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 13 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is not in phase. Inductive reactance in series with the receiving circuit, e, at constant impressed e.m.f., eo, causes the voltage, e, to drop less with a unity power-factor current, 7, but far more with a lagging current, and causes the voltage, e, to rise with a leading current. While series resistance always causes a drop of voltage, series inductive reactance, x, may cause a drop of voltage or a rise of voltage, depending on whether the current is lagging or ...", "... reasing load, caused by the resistance, r, that is, to maintain constant voltage, or even a voltage, e, which rises with the load on the receiving circuit, at constant voltage, Co, at the generator side of the line. Or the wattless component of the current can be varied so as to maintain unity power-factor at the generator end of the line, eo, etc. This method of controlling a circuit supplied over an induc- tive line, by varying the phase relation of the current in the circuit, has been called \"phase control,\" and is used to a great extent, especially in the transmission of three-phase power fo ...", "... r-factor at the generator end of the line, eo, etc. This method of controlling a circuit supplied over an induc- tive line, by varying the phase relation of the current in the circuit, has been called \"phase control,\" and is used to a great extent, especially in the transmission of three-phase power for conversion to direct current by synchronous converters for 7 97 98 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA railroading, and in the voltage control at the receiving end of very long high voltage transmission lines. It requires a receiving circuit in which, independent of the load, a lagging or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "... s = - (u - u0). (395) 540 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA From equations (394) q is calculated by approximation, and then from (395) u0 and s. As seen, in all these expressions of q, uw s, etc., the integration constants M and N eliminate; that is, the frequency, time atten- uation constant, power transfer, etc., depend on the circuit con- stants only, but not on the distribution of current and voltage in the circuit. 67. At any point X of the circuit, the voltage is given by equa- tion (376), which, transposed, gives e = c£-wo<{£+^ [(42 cos q% + %2 sin qX) cos qt + (A2 sin qX — B2 c ...", "... nding waves 452 opening under load 112, 118 short-circuit oscillation 113, 118 starting 111,117 transient terms and oscillations 98, 102 561 562 INDEX PAGE Capacity, also see Condenser. and inductance, equations 48 and velocity of propagation 400, 401 distributed series 348 energy of complex circuit 517 in mutual inductive circuit 161 of electric circuit 112 range in electric circuit 13 representing electrostatic component of electric field 5 shunting direct-current circuit 133 specific, numerical values 11 suppressing pulsations in direct-current circuit 134 ...", "... x, see Complex circuit. control by periodic transient phenomena 220, 223 electric, speed of propagation in 422 Closed circuit transmission line 306 Col al 392, 394 Commutation and rectification 222 as transient phenomenon 40 Commutator, rectifying 229 Complex circuit, of waves 498 power and energy 513 resultant time decrement 504 traveling wave 468 Compound wave at transition point 532 Condenser, also see Capacity. charge, inductive 18 noninductive 18 circuit of negligible inductance 55 equations 48 oscillation, effective value of voltage, current and power. ... ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. EMPIRICAL CURVES. A. General. 142. The results of observation or tests usually are plotted in a curve. Such curves, for instance, are given by the core loss of an electric generator, as function of the voltage; or, the current in a circuit, as function of the time, etc. When plotting from numerical observations, the curves are empirical, and the first and most important problem which has to be solved to make such curves useful is to find equations ...", "... nction, y=f{x), which represents the curve. As long as the equation of the curve is not known its utihty is very limited. While numerical values can be taken from the plotted curve, no general conclusions can be derived from it, no general investigations based on it regarding the conditions of efficiency, output, etc. An illustration hereof is afforded by the comparison of the electric and the magnetic circuit. In the electric circuit, the relation between e.m.f. and e current is given by Ohm's law, i = -, and calculations are uni- versally and easily made. In the magnetic circuit, however, ...", "... , that is, its differential quotient, and as the exponential function has the characteristic of being proportional to its differential quotient, the exponential function thus rationally represents the dying out of the current in an inductive circuit. On the other hand, the relation between the loss by magnetic hysteresis and the magnetic density: W=-q(^^'^, is an empirical equation since no reason can be seen for this law of the 1.6th power, except that it agrees with the observa- tions. A rational equation, as a deduction from a general law of nature, applies universally, within the ra ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Induction Generators", "section_title": "Induction Generators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 20446-21537", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIX INDUCTION GENERATORS 173. In the foregoing, the range of speed from 5 = 1, stand- still, to s = 0, synchronism, has been discussed. In this range the motor does mechanical work. It consumes mechanical power, that is, acts as generator or as brake outside of this range. For s > 1, backward driving. Pi becomes negative, repre- senting consumption of power, while D remains positive; hence, since the direction of rotation has changed, represents con- sumption of power ...", "CHAPTER XIX INDUCTION GENERATORS 173. In the foregoing, the range of speed from 5 = 1, stand- still, to s = 0, synchronism, has been discussed. In this range the motor does mechanical work. It consumes mechanical power, that is, acts as generator or as brake outside of this range. For s > 1, backward driving. Pi becomes negative, repre- senting consumption of power, while D remains positive; hence, since the direction of rotation has changed, represents con- sumption of power also. All this power is consume ...", "... peed from 5 = 1, stand- still, to s = 0, synchronism, has been discussed. In this range the motor does mechanical work. It consumes mechanical power, that is, acts as generator or as brake outside of this range. For s > 1, backward driving. Pi becomes negative, repre- senting consumption of power, while D remains positive; hence, since the direction of rotation has changed, represents con- sumption of power also. All this power is consumed in the motor, w^hich thus acts as brake. For s < 0, or negative, Pi and D become negative, and the machine becomes an electric generator, convertin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... T PHENOMENA, [$ 104 where N = frequency ; hence, at iV = 60 cycles, X = 8,900 ohms ; and the charging current of the line, at -£* = 20,000 volts, becomes, ^ to = — = 2.25 amperes. X The resistance of 100 km of line of 1 cm diameter is 22 ohms ; therefore, at 10 per cent = 2,000 volts loss in the line, the main current transmitted over the line is , 2,000 Q. I =r. — _ — = 91 amperes, representing about 1,800 kw. In this case, the condenser current thus amounts to less than 2\\ per cent., and hence can still be represented by the approximation of one condenser shunted across ...", "... d by the approximation of one condenser shunted across the line. If, however, the length of transmission is 150 km and the voltage 30,000, capacity reactance at 60 cycles, x = 2,970 ohms ; charging current, /'o = 10.1 amperes ; line resistance, r = (S^ ohms ; main current at 10 per cent loss, / = 45.5 amperes. The condenser current is thus about 22 per cent, of the main current. At 300 km length of transmission it will, at 10 per cent, loss and with the same size of conductor, rise to nearly 90 per cent, of the main current, thus making a more explicit investigation of the phen ...", "... tance at 60 cycles, x = 2,970 ohms ; charging current, /'o = 10.1 amperes ; line resistance, r = (S^ ohms ; main current at 10 per cent loss, / = 45.5 amperes. The condenser current is thus about 22 per cent, of the main current. At 300 km length of transmission it will, at 10 per cent, loss and with the same size of conductor, rise to nearly 90 per cent, of the main current, thus making a more explicit investigation of the phenomena in the line necessary. In most cases of practical engineering, however, the ca- pacity effect is small enough to be represented by the approx- imati ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Light And Power Distribution", "section_title": "Light And Power Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 983-1526", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "THIRD LECTURE LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 1\"^ N A DIRECT current distribution system, the motor load is connected to the outside mains at 220 volts, \"^\"^ and only very small motors, as fan motors, between outside mains and neutral ; since the latter connection, with a large motor, would locally unbalance a system. The e ...", "... ction, with a large motor, would locally unbalance a system. The effect of a motor on the system depends upon its size and starting current, and with the large mains and feeders, which are gener- ally used, even the starting of large elevator motors has no appreciable effect, and the supply of power to electric elevators represents a very important use of direct current distribution. In alternating current distribution systems, the effect on the voltage regulation, when starting a motor, is far more severe; since alternating current motors in starting usually take a larger current than d ...", "... the synchronous motor hardly comes into consideration, since the synchronous type is suitable mainly for large powers, where it is operated on a separate circuit. 38 GENERAL LECTURES The alternating current motor mostly used in small and moderate sizes — such as come into consideration for power distribution from a general supply system — is the induction motor. The single-phase induction motor, however, is so inferior to the polyphase induction motor, that single-phase motors are used only in small sizes; for medium and larger sizes the three-phase or two-phase motor is preferred. Th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission l ...", "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable ...", "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the former ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_title": "Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 608-1548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE I. NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 1. Radiation is a form of energy, and, as such, can be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted into heat. Thus in ...", "LECTURE I. NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 1. Radiation is a form of energy, and, as such, can be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted into heat. Thus in an incandescent lamp, the heat energy produced by the ele ...", "LECTURE I. NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 1. Radiation is a form of energy, and, as such, can be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted into heat. Thus in an incandescent lamp, the heat energy produced by the electric current in the resistance of the fil ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-02-discussion-of-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 3: Discussion of Recommendations", "section_title": "Discussion of Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "PDF pages 12-16, lines 721-1138", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... he result of the momentary short circuit the stations had broken out of synchronism with each other and were not able to pull back into synchronism, but kept drifting past each other indefinitely, short circuiting each other and thus keeping the voltage down to practically zero. In these very large power systems, it is essential for the safety of operation to limit the possible local concentration of power, by divid- ing the system by power limiting reactors. To fulfill their purposes, these reactors must be fairly large, and the value of 1.75 ohms used in the power limiting busbar reactors of the ...", "... were not able to pull back into synchronism, but kept drifting past each other indefinitely, short circuiting each other and thus keeping the voltage down to practically zero. In these very large power systems, it is essential for the safety of operation to limit the possible local concentration of power, by divid- ing the system by power limiting reactors. To fulfill their purposes, these reactors must be fairly large, and the value of 1.75 ohms used in the power limiting busbar reactors of the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago, is by no means too high. Necessarily, however, these power limit ...", "... chronism, but kept drifting past each other indefinitely, short circuiting each other and thus keeping the voltage down to practically zero. In these very large power systems, it is essential for the safety of operation to limit the possible local concentration of power, by divid- ing the system by power limiting reactors. To fulfill their purposes, these reactors must be fairly large, and the value of 1.75 ohms used in the power limiting busbar reactors of the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago, is by no means too high. Necessarily, however, these power limiting reactors also limit the synchro ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "section_title": "Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 7124-8648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... WAY: MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS mHE economy of operation of a railway system, station, lines, etc., decreases, and the amount of apparatus, line copper, etc., which is required, increases with increas- ing fluctuations of load ; the best economy of an electric system therefore requires as small a power fluctuation as possible. The pull required of the railway motor during accelera- tion, on heavy grades, etc., is, however, many times greater than in free running. In a constant speed motor, as a direct current shunt motor or an alternating current induction motor, the power consumption is ap ...", "... quires as small a power fluctuation as possible. The pull required of the railway motor during accelera- tion, on heavy grades, etc., is, however, many times greater than in free running. In a constant speed motor, as a direct current shunt motor or an alternating current induction motor, the power consumption is approximately proportional to the torque of the motor and thus to the draw bar pull that is given by it. With such motors, the fluctuation of power consump- tion would thus be as great as the fluctuation of pull required. In a varying speed motor, as the series motor, the pull in ...", "... ter than in free running. In a constant speed motor, as a direct current shunt motor or an alternating current induction motor, the power consumption is approximately proportional to the torque of the motor and thus to the draw bar pull that is given by it. With such motors, the fluctuation of power consump- tion would thus be as great as the fluctuation of pull required. In a varying speed motor, as the series motor, the pull increases with decreasing speed; and the power consumption, which is approximately proportional to pull times speed, varies less than the pull of the motor. The flu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Light Intensity And Illumination", "section_title": "Light Intensity And Illumination", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 12574-16484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... quired illumi- nation depends on the purpose for which it is used: a general illumination of low and approximately uniform intensity for street lighting; a general illumination of uniform high intensity in meeting rooms, etc.; a local illumination of fairly high intensity at the reading-table, work bench, etc. ; or combinations thereof, as, in domestic lighting, a general illumination of moderate inten- sity, combined with a local illumination of high intensity. Even the local illumination, however, within the illuminated area usually should be as uniform as possible, and the study of the ...", "... urve of the light source is given by cos3 and, to produce uniform vertical illumination iVQ of objects in the plane P beneath the light source L, 7- /0 (13) cos\"

that is, by the ratio of the actual terminal voltage to the full-load terminal voltage, and the torque and power by multiplying with 126 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS the square of this ratio, while the power-factors and the efficien- cies obviously remain unchanged. In this manner, in the three cases assumed in the preceding, the load curves are calculated, and are plotted in Figs, 43, 44, and 45. 80. It ...", "... those at constant supply voltage, e<,, by multiplying all voltages and currents by the factor \"> that is, by the ratio of the actual terminal voltage to the full-load terminal voltage, and the torque and power by multiplying with 126 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS the square of this ratio, while the power-factors and the efficien- cies obviously remain unchanged. In this manner, in the three cases assumed in the preceding, the load curves are calculated, and are plotted in Figs, 43, 44, and 45. 80. It is seen that, even with transformers of good regulation, Fig. 43, the maximum torque and th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Public and Private Corporations", "section_title": "Public and Private Corporations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 10, "location": "lines 4716-5059", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CORPORATIONS OUR governments, as now constituted, are not adapted for eflScient constructive work. The smaller the governmental organi- zation and the more, therefore, there is an op- portunity for constructive work, in a democratic nation, the more this is evident. Much efficient constructive work has been done by the Federal Government; the Panama Canal, ...", "PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CORPORATIONS OUR governments, as now constituted, are not adapted for eflScient constructive work. The smaller the governmental organi- zation and the more, therefore, there is an op- portunity for constructive work, in a democratic nation, the more this is evident. Much efficient constructive work has been done by the Federal Government; the Panama Canal, the reclama- tion work, our Army and Navy, as far as they have been left free from civilian — that is, politi- ca ...", "... now constituted, are not adapted for eflScient constructive work. The smaller the governmental organi- zation and the more, therefore, there is an op- portunity for constructive work, in a democratic nation, the more this is evident. Much efficient constructive work has been done by the Federal Government; the Panama Canal, the reclama- tion work, our Army and Navy, as far as they have been left free from civilian — that is, politi- cal— interference. Some constructive work also has been done by States, but it rarely ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Long Distance Transmission", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2562-3132", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... g been used abroad in a few cases : but due to the difficulty of generation and utilization, it is not probable that it will find any extended use, so that it does not need to be considered. FREQUENCY The frequency depends to a great extent on the character of the load, that is, whether the power is used for alternating current distribution — 60 cycles^-or for conversion to direct current — 25 cycles. For the transmission line, 25 cycles has the advantage that the charging current is less and the inductive drop is less, because charging current and inductance voltage are proportional t ...", "... st for this voltage, and as step-up transformers 64 GENERAL LECTURES have to be used, it is not worth while to consider any lower voltage than 33,000 volts. This voltage transmits economically up to distances of 50 to 60 miles. 40,000 to 44,000 volts is the next step ; it is used for high power transmission lines of greater distance, where reliability of operation is of importance and the use of a conservative voltage therefore preferable to the attempt at economizing by the use of extra high voltages. A number of 60,000 volt systems are in more or less successful operation, and sys ...", "... ive voltage therefore preferable to the attempt at economizing by the use of extra high voltages. A number of 60,000 volt systems are in more or less successful operation, and systems of 80,000 to 110,000 volts are in construction and a few in operation. Where the dis- tances are very great, power valuable, and continuity of ser- vice not of such foremost importance, such voltages are justi- fied in the present state of the art. In such very high voltage systems, the transformers are occasionally wound so that they can be connected for half voltage, for operating the line at half volta ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 32540-33010", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... GHER HARMONICS 373 difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pro- nounced— intensifies the harmonics. Self-induction and capacity in series may cause an increase of voltage due to complete or partial resonance with higher har- monics, and a discrepancy between volt-amperes and watts, without corresponding phase displacement, as will be shown hereafter. 253. In long-distance transmission over lines of noticeable inductive and condensive reactance, rise of voltage due to reso- nance may occur with higher harmonics, as waves of higher fre- quency, while the fundamental wav ...", "... ollows that the danger of resonance in high-potential lines is frequently overestimated, since the conditions assumed in this example are rather more severe than found in hnes of moderate length, the capacity current of such line very seldom reaching 20 per cent, of the main current, 254. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-inductive circuit is the sum of the powers of the individual harmonics. Thus if upon a sine wave of alternating e.m.f. higher harmonic waves are superposed, the effective e.m.f. and the power produced by this wave in a given circuit or with a given ...", "... dom reaching 20 per cent, of the main current, 254. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-inductive circuit is the sum of the powers of the individual harmonics. Thus if upon a sine wave of alternating e.m.f. higher harmonic waves are superposed, the effective e.m.f. and the power produced by this wave in a given circuit or with a given effective current are increased. In consequence hereof alterna- tors and synchronous motors of iron-clad unitooth construction — that is, machines giving waves with pronounced higher harmonics — may give with the same number of turns on t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 49, "number": 9, "location": "lines 27003-27760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "snippets": [ "... vey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and the voltage drop, may be of an entirely different magnitude from the values which would be found by using the usual values of resistance and induc- tance. In conductors such as are used in the connections and the discharge path of lightning arresters and surge pro ...", "... magnitude from the values which would be found by using the usual values of resistance and induc- tance. In conductors such as are used in the connections and the discharge path of lightning arresters and surge protectors, the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII) and the power and voltage consumed by electric radiation, due to the finite velocity of the electric field (Chapter VIII), require con- sideration. The true ohmic resistance in high frequency conductors is usually entirely negligible compared with the effective resistance resulting from the unequal current ...", "... require con- sideration. The true ohmic resistance in high frequency conductors is usually entirely negligible compared with the effective resistance resulting from the unequal current distribution, and still greater may be, at very high frequency, the effective resistance repre- senting the power radiated into space by the conductor. The total effective resistance, or resistance representing the power consumed by the current in the conductor, thus comprises the true ohmic resistance, the effective resistance of unequal current distribution, and the effective resistance of radiation. T ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 21538-22301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... it of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other to the primary exciting circuit. In the single-phase motor the one flux is produced by the primary circuit, the other by the currents produced in the secondary or armature, which are carried into quadrature posi- tion by the rotation of the armature. In consequence thereof, ...", "... e motor an essentially wattless e.m.f. is produced in quadrature ' with the main e.m.f. and impressed upon the motor, either directly or after com- bination with the single-phase main e.m.f. Such wattless quadrature e.m.f. can be produced by the common connection of two impedances of different power-factor, as an inductive reactance and a resistance, or an inductive and a condensive reactance connected in series across the mains. The investigation of these starting-devices offers a very instructive application of the symbolic method of investiga- tion of alternating-current phenomena, and a stu ...", "... r running single-phase is reduced to one-half, in a three-phase motor running single- phase reduced to one-third. In consequence thereof the slip of speed in a single-phase induction motor is usually less than in a polyphase motor; but the exciting current is considerably greater, and thus the power-factor and the efficiency are lower. The preceding considerations obviously apply only when running so near synchronism that the magnetic field of the single-phase motor can be assumed as uniform, that is, the cross-magnetizing flux produced by the armature as equal to the main magnetic flux. When ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25135-25681", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 20 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... ING ALTERNATORS 203. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this generator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running, ...", "... he reversibility of the alternating-current machine; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this generator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running, 204. The principal and foremost condition of parallel opera- tion of alternators is equality of frequency; that is, the trans- mission of power from t ...", "... bility to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this generator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running, 204. The principal and foremost condition of parallel opera- tion of alternators is equality of frequency; that is, the trans- mission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "section_title": "Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 18829-19345", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... EBKATOBS. 168. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running ...", "... rsibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 169. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the pr ...", "... y to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 169. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17597-18052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... ERNATORS. 189. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running ...", "... rsibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 190. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the pr ...", "... y to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 190. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 21983-22448", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... and of poten- tial difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pronounced — intensifies the harmonics. Self-induction and capacity in series may cause an in- crease of voltage due to complete or partial resonance with higher harmonics, and a discrepancy between volt-amperes and watts, without corresponding phase displacement, as will be shown hereafter. 246. In long-distance transmission over lines of notice- able inductance and capacity, rise of voltage due to reso- nance may occur with higher harmonics, as waves of higher frequency, while the fundamental wave is usually ...", "... erefrom it follows that the danger of resonance in high potential lines is in general greatly over-estimated, since the conditions assumed in this instance are rather more severe than found in prac- tice, the capacity current of the line very seldom reaching 20% of the main current. 247. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-inductive circuit is the sum of the powers of the individual harmonics. Thus if upon a sine wave of alter- nating E.M.F. higher harmonic waves are superposed, the effective E.M.F., and the power produced by this wave in a given circuit or with a gi ...", "... y seldom reaching 20% of the main current. 247. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-inductive circuit is the sum of the powers of the individual harmonics. Thus if upon a sine wave of alter- nating E.M.F. higher harmonic waves are superposed, the effective E.M.F., and the power produced by this wave in a given circuit or with a given effective current, are increased. In consequence hereof alternators and synchronous motors of ironclad unitooth construction — that is, machines giving waves with pronounced higher harmonics — give with the same number of turns on the ar ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_title": "Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 22634-23465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, however small the latter may be in the so-called \"non-ind ...", "... r the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, however small the latter may be in the so-called \"non-inductive\" circuit. With continuous current in stationary conditions, the inductance, L, has no effect on the energy flow; with alternating current of frequency, /, the inductance, L, consumes a voltage 2 x/Li, and is, therefore, represented by the reactance, x = 2x/L, which is measured in ohms, and differs from the ohmic resistance, r, merely by being wattless or reactive, that is, representing not dissipati ...", "... with alternating current of frequency, /, the inductance, L, consumes a voltage 2 x/Li, and is, therefore, represented by the reactance, x = 2x/L, which is measured in ohms, and differs from the ohmic resistance, r, merely by being wattless or reactive, that is, representing not dissipation of energy, but surging of energy. Every alternating-current circuit thus has a resistance and a reactance, the latter representing the effect of the magnetic field of the current in the conductor. When dealing with alternating-current apparatus, especially those having several circuits, it must be rea ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "number": 3, "location": "lines 21721-23178", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "snippets": [ "... 17) of Chapter II become / = (AA - A2) cos pi - j (Aj + A,) sin pi and E = V ^ (A, + A2)cos fl - / (4i - 42) sin pi or writing 4i ~ 42 = <7i and 4i + 42 = Q» and substituting c we have and • • l * • 2 (3) 322 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA A free oscillation of a circuit implies that energy is neither supplied to the circuit nor abstracted from it. This means that at both ends of the circuit, I = 0 and I = 1Q, the power equals zero. If this is the case, the following conditions may exist: (1) The current is zero at one end, the voltage zero at the other end. (2) Either the cu ...", "... 4i ~ 42 = <7i and 4i + 42 = Q» and substituting c we have and • • l * • 2 (3) 322 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA A free oscillation of a circuit implies that energy is neither supplied to the circuit nor abstracted from it. This means that at both ends of the circuit, I = 0 and I = 1Q, the power equals zero. If this is the case, the following conditions may exist: (1) The current is zero at one end, the voltage zero at the other end. (2) Either the current is zero at both ends or the voltage is zero at both ends. (3) The circuit has no end but is closed upon itself. (4) The cur ...", "... L0 = Z0L = total inductance, and C0 = 10C = total capacity of the circuit, equation (9) assumes the form (12) The fundamental frequency of oscillation of a transmission line open at one end and grounded at the other, and having a total inductance L0 and a total capacity (70, is, neglecting energy losses, fl = ~ rr-TT ' 324 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA while the frequency of oscillation of a localized inductance L0 and localized capacity (70, that is, the frequency of discharge of a condenser CQ through an inductance L0, is / = ^= • d3) The difference is due to the distributed chara ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16521-17716", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... est alternating-current apparatus is the trans- former. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the e.m.f. generated per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit; hence, the primary generated e.m.f. being appr ...", "... of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the e.m.f. generated per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit; hence, the primary generated e.m.f. being approximately equal to the impressed e.m.f., the e.m.fs. at primary and ...", "... the e.m.f. generated per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit; hence, the primary generated e.m.f. being approximately equal to the impressed e.m.f., the e.m.fs. at primary and at secondary terminals have approximately the ratio of their respective turns. Since the power produced in the secondary is approximately the same as that consumed in the primary, the primary and secondary currents are approximately in inverse ratio to the turns. 142. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both electric circuits — which flux, in a closed magnetic circuit transformer ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "section_title": "Ri", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 20, "location": "lines 24560-25119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... wice the normal, even at a frequency of complete resonance with the higher har- monic, if none of the higher harmonics amounts to more than 7 per cent, of the fundamental. Herefrom it follows that the danger of resonance in high potential lines is in general greatly over-estimated. 226. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-inductive circuit is the sum of the powers of the individual harmonics. Thus if upon a sine wave of alter- nating E.M.F. higher harmonic waves are superposed, the effective E.M.F., and the power produced by this wave in a given circuit or with a gi ...", "... lines is in general greatly over-estimated. 226. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-inductive circuit is the sum of the powers of the individual harmonics. Thus if upon a sine wave of alter- nating E.M.F. higher harmonic waves are superposed, the effective E.M.F., and the power produced by this wave in a given circuit or with a given effective current, are increased. In consequence hereof alternators and synchronous motors of ironclad unitooth construction — that is, machines giving waves with pronounced higher harmonics — give with the same number of turns on the ar ...", "... we get the E.M.F^ 2 e or 15.4 per cent higher E.M.F\\, that is, larger output. §§228,^29] EFFECTS OF JUG HER HARMONICS. 343 It follo\\vs herefrom that the distorted E.M.F. wave of a unitooth alternator is produced by lesser magnetic flux per pole — that is, in general, at a lesser hysteretic loss in the armature or at higher efficiency — than the same effective E.M.F. would be produced with the same number of arma- ture turns if the magnetic disposition were such as to pro- duce a sine wave. 228. Inversely, if such a distorted wave 'of E.M.F. is impressed upon a magnetic circuit, as, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-01-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 2: Recommendations", "section_title": "Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "PDF pages 7-12, lines 145-720", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 18 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... bles from the generating stations by the in- stallation of feeder reactances. By far the largest majority of troubles leading to short circuit occur in the feeder cables and beyond them, in the substations, but very few only in the generators, and extremely few on the busbars. The gen- erators have power limiting reactors, but no power limiting reactors are used in the feeders, and as the result, any short circuit in a feeder cable, near the generating station, is practically a short circuit on the busbars, that is, pulls the voltage of the station section down to nothing, drops out the synchronous ...", "... s by the in- stallation of feeder reactances. By far the largest majority of troubles leading to short circuit occur in the feeder cables and beyond them, in the substations, but very few only in the generators, and extremely few on the busbars. The gen- erators have power limiting reactors, but no power limiting reactors are used in the feeders, and as the result, any short circuit in a feeder cable, near the generating station, is practically a short circuit on the busbars, that is, pulls the voltage of the station section down to nothing, drops out the synchronous apparatus and thus gives seriou ...", "... by permitting to set the circuit breakers for a materially shorter time limit, it also greatly reduces the duration of such short circuit and thereby correspondingly reduces the liability of dropping synchronous apparatus and spreading the trouble beyond the feeder directly involved. 4.) Install a power limiting busbar reactance between the two sec- tions of Fisk Street Station, so as to tie the three station sections : Fisk Street A, Quarry Street and Fisk B, together into a ring. This should increase the synchronizing power between these stations. It should also guard against the system being cu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-106", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 106, "number": 9, "location": "lines 18813-18948", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "snippets": [ "IX. Reactors (Reactive Coils, Reactances) 129. The reactor consists of one electric circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what amounts to the same, leading voltage. While therefore theoretically we cannot speak of an ''efficiency\" of a reactor, since there is no power output, nevertheless in the in- dustr ...", "IX. Reactors (Reactive Coils, Reactances) 129. The reactor consists of one electric circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what amounts to the same, leading voltage. While therefore theoretically we cannot speak of an ''efficiency\" of a reactor, since there is no power output, nevertheless in the in- dustry the expression \" efficiency of a reactive ...", "... circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what amounts to the same, leading voltage. While therefore theoretically we cannot speak of an ''efficiency\" of a reactor, since there is no power output, nevertheless in the in- dustry the expression \" efficiency of a reactive coil\" is gener- ally used, and generally understood, in the conventional definition : T^C • 1°SS Efficiency = 1 — -. — input and th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-81", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Converters: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 81, "number": 1, "location": "lines 13189-13795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "snippets": [ "I. General 82. For long-distance transmission, and to a certain extent also for distribution, alternating currents, either polyphase or single-phase, are extensively used. For many applications, however, as especially for electrolytic work, direct currents are required, and are usually preferred also for electrical railroading and for low-tension distribution on the Edison three- wire system. Thus, where power is derived from an alternating system, transforming devices are required to convert from ...", "... hase, are extensively used. For many applications, however, as especially for electrolytic work, direct currents are required, and are usually preferred also for electrical railroading and for low-tension distribution on the Edison three- wire system. Thus, where power is derived from an alternating system, transforming devices are required to convert from alternating to direct current. This can be done either by a direct-current generator driven by an alternating synchronous or induction motor, or by a single machine consu ...", "... s with or sometimes without stationarytransformers, on the other side a single machine with transformers. Regarding the reliability of operation and first cost, obviously a single machine is preferable. 223 224 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Regarding efficiency, it is sufficient to compare the converter with the synchronous-motor-direct-current-generator set, since the induction motor is usually less efficient than the syn- chronous motor. The efficiency of stationary transformers of large size varies from 97 per cent, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-90", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 90, "number": 12, "location": "lines 15983-16064", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 18 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "snippets": [ "... verter, and double-current generator, sundry combinations can be de- devised with each other and with synchronous motors, alternators, direct-current motors and generators. Thus, for instance, a converter can be used to supply a certain amount of mechanical power as synchronous motor. In this case the alternating current is increased beyond the value corresponding to the direct current by the amount of current giving the mechanical power, and the armature reactions do not neutralize each other, but the react ...", "... nce, a converter can be used to supply a certain amount of mechanical power as synchronous motor. In this case the alternating current is increased beyond the value corresponding to the direct current by the amount of current giving the mechanical power, and the armature reactions do not neutralize each other, but the reaction of the alternating current exceeds that of the direct current by the amount corresponding to the mechanical load. In the same way the current heating of the armature is in- creased. ...", "... eaction of the alternating current exceeds that of the direct current by the amount corresponding to the mechanical load. In the same way the current heating of the armature is in- creased. An inverted converter can also be used to supply some mechanical power. Either arrangement, however, while quite feasible, has the disadvantage of interfering with auto- matic control of voltage by compounding. Double-current generators can be used to supply more power into the alternating circuit than is given by their prime ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 36062-36514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXXII TRANSFORMATION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 289. In transforming one polyphase system into another poly- phase system, it is obvious that the primary system must have the same flow of energy as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and ther ...", "CHAPTER XXXII TRANSFORMATION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 289. In transforming one polyphase system into another poly- phase system, it is obvious that the primary system must have the same flow of energy as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of ener ...", "... me flow of energy as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of energy. The energy stored as magnetism amounts in a well-designed trans- former only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalance ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1224-1727", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "expenditure of power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. In the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respec- tively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where ...", "... alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a constant of the circuit. 2.) Joule's law : P= i^r, where P is the rate at which energy is expended by the current, /, in the resistance, r. 3.) The power equation : P^ = ei, where P^ is the power expended in the circuit of E.M.F., 7. Siimli'v iti'iiirdir iiltt'Tiinlrtr. alternator, and thereby ia at a disadvantage where the limit of magnetic density in the armature is set only by magnetic saturation. As regards to the hysteresis loss in the armature of the in- ductor alternator, the magnetic cycle is an unsyrametrieal cycle, between two values of the same direction, Bx and B%, and the loss therefore is materially greater than it would be with a symmetrical cycle of the same amplitude. It is given by: /B, -Ba1'6 ' = *°( ...", "... t a disadvantage where the limit of magnetic density in the armature is set only by magnetic saturation. As regards to the hysteresis loss in the armature of the in- ductor alternator, the magnetic cycle is an unsyrametrieal cycle, between two values of the same direction, Bx and B%, and the loss therefore is materially greater than it would be with a symmetrical cycle of the same amplitude. It is given by: /B, -Ba1'6 ' = *°( 2 ) n-»P +eB\"]. INDUCTOR MACHINES 279 Regarding hereto see \"Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits,\" under \"Magnetic Constants.\" However, as ...", "... DUCTOR MACHINES 279 Regarding hereto see \"Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits,\" under \"Magnetic Constants.\" However, as by the saturation limit, the amplitude of the magnetic pulsation in the inductor machine may have to be kept very much lower than in the standard type, the core loss of the machine may be no larger, or may even be smaller than that of the standard type, in spite of the higher hysteresis coefficient, 170. 169. The inductor-machine type, Fig. 136, must have an £—21 \\f\\j\\j\\/\\r\\/\\j\\r ^ :f-A J fttfMtai«4**Aft« ! I >U Fig. 138. — Alexanderson ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 7, "location": "lines 1228-1261", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy sto ...", "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the ...", "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "section_title": "Standing Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 52, "number": 3, "location": "lines 29316-30243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "snippets": [ "... ponential or gradual. Since k is the wave length constant, the wave length, at which the phenomenon ceases to be oscillatory in time and becomes a gradual dying out, is given by (63) as 27T 2, (122) m Vie In an undamped wave, that is, in a circuit of zero r and zero g, in which no energy losses occur, the speed of propagation is and if the medium has unit permeability and unit inductivity, it is the speed of light, S0 = 3 X 1010. (124) In an undamped circuit, this wave length lWo would correspond to the frequency, STANDING WAVES 447 hence, from (62), '•-,Vr.- <125> ...", "... al or gradual. Since k is the wave length constant, the wave length, at which the phenomenon ceases to be oscillatory in time and becomes a gradual dying out, is given by (63) as 27T 2, (122) m Vie In an undamped wave, that is, in a circuit of zero r and zero g, in which no energy losses occur, the speed of propagation is and if the medium has unit permeability and unit inductivity, it is the speed of light, S0 = 3 X 1010. (124) In an undamped circuit, this wave length lWo would correspond to the frequency, STANDING WAVES 447 hence, from (62), '•-,Vr.- <125> The f ...", "... 0 = 3 X 1010. (124) In an undamped circuit, this wave length lWo would correspond to the frequency, STANDING WAVES 447 hence, from (62), '•-,Vr.- <125> The frequency at the wave length lWo is zero, since at this wave length the phenomenon ceases to be oscillatory ; that is, due to the energy losses in the circuit, by the effective resistance r and effective conductance g, the frequency / of the wave is reduced below the value corresponding to the wave length lw, the more, the greater the wave length, until at the wave length lWo the frequency becomes zero and the phenomenon thereby ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "section_title": "Lightning Protection", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 4931-5294", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 14 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... RE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W\"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits made their appearance, this protection against lightning by a simple small spark gap to ground became insufficient, and this addi- tional problem arose : to open the short circuit of the machine current, which resulted from and followed the lightning dis- charge. This problem of ope ...", "... ext half wave, due to the property of these \"non-arcing\" metals (usually zinc-copper alloys), to carry an arc in one direction, but requir- ing an extremely high voltage to start a reverse arc. These lightning arresters operated satisfactorily with the smaller machines and circuits of limited power used in the earlier days, but when large machines of close regulation, and therefore of very large momentary overload capacity were in- 138 GENERAL LECTURES troduced, and a number of such machines operated in multiple, these lightning arresters became insufificient : the machine cur- rent ...", "... se spark gaps which are shunted by the resistance, open after the discharge; the machine current, after the first discharge, therefore is deflected over the resistances, limited thereby ; and the circuit so finally opened by the unshunted spark gaps. With the change in the character, size and power of electric circuits, the problem of their protection against light- ning thus also changed and became far more serious and difficult. Other forms of lightning, which did not exist in the small electric circuits of early days, also made their appear- ance, and protection now is required not on ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Flames As Illuminants", "section_title": "Flames As Illuminants", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6609-7140", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. FLAMES AS ILLUMINANTS. 56. Two main classes of illuminants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combustion, almost exclusively hydrocarbon flam ...", "LECTURE VII. FLAMES AS ILLUMINANTS. 56. Two main classes of illuminants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combustion, almost exclusively hydrocarbon flames are used, as the gas flame, the candle, the oil lamp, the ...", "LECTURE VII. FLAMES AS ILLUMINANTS. 56. Two main classes of illuminants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combustion, almost exclusively hydrocarbon flames are used, as the gas flame, the candle, the oil lamp, the gasolene and kerosene lamp, etc.; t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-04", "section_label": "Theory Section 4: Power and Effective Values", "section_title": "Power and Effective Values", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1244-1572", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "snippets": [ "4. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 20. The power of the continuous e.m.f. E producing con- tinuous current / is P = El. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is EI = 7r, thus the power consumed by resistance r is P = 72r. Either EI = E, then, the total power i ...", "4. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 20. The power of the continuous e.m.f. E producing con- tinuous current / is P = El. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is EI = 7r, thus the power consumed by resistance r is P = 72r. Either EI = E, then, the total power in the circuit is con- sumed by the re ...", "4. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 20. The power of the continuous e.m.f. E producing con- tinuous current / is P = El. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is EI = 7r, thus the power consumed by resistance r is P = 72r. Either EI = E, then, the total power in the circuit is con- sumed by the resistance, or EI < E} then only a part of the power is consumed by the resistance, the remainder by some counter e.m.f., E — EI. If an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-113", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Induction Machines: Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 113, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21813-21922", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-113/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-113/", "snippets": [ "... requency, while the ratio of secondary current and primary load current (that is, total primary current minus primary exciting current) is the inverse ratio of turns. The ratio of the products of generated e.m.f. and current, that is, the ratio of electric power generated in the secondary to electric power consumed in the primary (less excitation), is thus not unity but is the ratio of secondary to primary frequency. Hence, when lowering the frequency with the secondary re- volving at a speed between standstill and ...", "... and primary load current (that is, total primary current minus primary exciting current) is the inverse ratio of turns. The ratio of the products of generated e.m.f. and current, that is, the ratio of electric power generated in the secondary to electric power consumed in the primary (less excitation), is thus not unity but is the ratio of secondary to primary frequency. Hence, when lowering the frequency with the secondary re- volving at a speed between standstill and synchronism, the secondary output is less th ...", "... ratio of secondary to primary frequency. Hence, when lowering the frequency with the secondary re- volving at a speed between standstill and synchronism, the secondary output is less than- the primary input, and the differ- ence is transformed into mechanical work; that is, the machine acts at the same time as induction motor, and when used in this manner is usually connected to a synchronous or induction gen- erator feeding preferably into the secondary circuit (to avoid double transformation of its output) or to a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4674-6992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "expenditure of power", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... 0.6, x -{- Xo = 0, and tan do = 0; that 4 Eo Ex / E ^^ r Er 0 Fig. 55. Fig. 56. Fig. 57. is, the current and e.m.f. in the supply circuit are in phase with each other, or the circuit is in electrical resonance. Since a synchronous motor in the condition of efficient work- ing acts as a condensive reactance, we get the remarkable result that, in synchronous motor circuits, choking coils, or reactive coils, can be used for raising |he voltage. In Figs. 55 to 57, the vector diagrams are shown for the conditions Eo = 100, Xo = 0.6, X = 0 a; = + 0.8 a; = - 0 ...", "... tion cannot be completely reached in practice. It is interesting to note, from Fig. 60, that the largest part of the drop of potential due to inductive reactance, and rise to condensive reactance — or conversely — takes place between r = 1.0 and r = 0.9; or, in other words, a circuit having a power-factor cos 6 = 0.9 gives a drop several times larger than a non-inductive circuit, and hence must be considered as an inductive circuit. 3. Impedance in Series with a Circuit 58. By the use of reactance for controlling electric circuits, a certain amount of resistance is also introduced, due to the ...", "... non-inductive circuit, and hence must be considered as an inductive circuit. 3. Impedance in Series with a Circuit 58. By the use of reactance for controlling electric circuits, a certain amount of resistance is also introduced, due to the ohmic resistance of the conductor and the hysteretic loss, which, as will be seen hereafter, can be represented as an effective resistance. Hence the impedance of a reactive coil (choking coil) may be written thus: Zo = ro -i- jxo, Zo = -y/ro^ + Xo^, where ro is in general small compared with .ro. From this, if the impressed e.ra.f. is Eo ^ e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 34: Metering Of Polyphase Circuit", "section_title": "Metering Of Polyphase Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 34, "location": "lines 37128-37452", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 14 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXXIV METERING OF POLYPHASE CIRCUIT 299. The power of a polyphase system or circuit is the sum of the powers of all the individual branch circuits, and the sum of the wattmeter readings of all the branch circuits thus gives the total power. Let, then, in a general polyphase system, ei, e^, e^ . . . e„ = potentials at the n terminals or supply ...", "CHAPTER XXXIV METERING OF POLYPHASE CIRCUIT 299. The power of a polyphase system or circuit is the sum of the powers of all the individual branch circuits, and the sum of the wattmeter readings of all the branch circuits thus gives the total power. Let, then, in a general polyphase system, ei, e^, e^ . . . e„ = potentials at the n terminals or supply wires of the /?-phase system. These may be represented topographically by points in a plane, as shown in Fig. 218. ,^-'-' ^^ Fig. 218. The voltage between any two terminals e^ and ...", "... ent circuits, or rather sets 442 METERING OF POLYPHASE CIRCUIT 443 of circuits — since a number of circuits may and usually are con- nected between the n terminals. Consider one of these numerous circuits of the general w-phase system, that of the current /»<.• passing from ei to ek. The power of this circuit is: Pik = [ei - Ck, iik] (2) where the brackets denote the effective power, as discussed in Chapter XVI. Choosing any point ex, which may be one of the terminals, or the neutral point of the system, if such exists, or any other point. Then the voltage e^ — ek can be resolv ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 35: Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 35, "location": "lines 37453-37957", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... e system) Y quantities, it usually is more convenient to reduce all quantities to Y connection, and use one of the F-cir- cuits as the equivalent single-phase circuit. 304. As an example may be considered the calculation of a long-distance transmission line, delivering 10,000 kw., three-phase power at 60 cycles, 80,000 volts and 90 per cent, power-factor at 100 miles from the generating station, with approximately 10 per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. distant from each other. 29 450 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA ...", "... ent to reduce all quantities to Y connection, and use one of the F-cir- cuits as the equivalent single-phase circuit. 304. As an example may be considered the calculation of a long-distance transmission line, delivering 10,000 kw., three-phase power at 60 cycles, 80,000 volts and 90 per cent, power-factor at 100 miles from the generating station, with approximately 10 per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. distant from each other. 29 450 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 10,000 kw. total power delivered gives 3,333 kw. per li ...", "... uivalent single-phase circuit. 304. As an example may be considered the calculation of a long-distance transmission line, delivering 10,000 kw., three-phase power at 60 cycles, 80,000 volts and 90 per cent, power-factor at 100 miles from the generating station, with approximately 10 per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. distant from each other. 29 450 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 10,000 kw. total power delivered gives 3,333 kw. per line or single-phase branch (F power). 3,333 kw. at 90 per cent, power-factor gi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "section_title": "Commutatob Motobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21339-22387", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... rent, 298 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [ § 198 hence, total primary current, Primary impressed E.M.F., or Neglecting in -C© ^^e last term, as of higher order, xSq — ^ ■^ -*- \"1 _- : ( » or, eliminating imaginary quantities, ^ ^ ^ V(^ + nV^ + kxf + (x + x^V2 - krf ^ 198. The power consumed by the primary counter E.M.F., r, that is, transferred into the secondary circuit, is or, eliminating the imaginary quantities. 7^' = n + '^-''^i V2 n' + -^'i The power consumed by the secondary resistance is 2 n^ + ^/^ ' Hence, the difference, or the mechanical power at ...", "... \"1 _- : ( » or, eliminating imaginary quantities, ^ ^ ^ V(^ + nV^ + kxf + (x + x^V2 - krf ^ 198. The power consumed by the primary counter E.M.F., r, that is, transferred into the secondary circuit, is or, eliminating the imaginary quantities. 7^' = n + '^-''^i V2 n' + -^'i The power consumed by the secondary resistance is 2 n^ + ^/^ ' Hence, the difference, or the mechanical power at the motor shaft — §1981 COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 299 and, substituting for e, J, ..■(>-|(y5-1) + .i»,V3-yr,} (r + r, V2 + *»■)' + (■\"■ + ■-|(y5-1) + .i»,V3-yr,} (r + r, V2 + *»■)' + (■\"■ + ■2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = ...", "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient voltage. This gives the relation between eQ and io, e0 V/L_ 1 i-0 = \\C-ZQ-yQ' ...", "... pacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient voltage. This gives the relation between eQ and io, e0 V/L_ 1 i-0 = \\C-ZQ-yQ' where ZQ is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, y0 the natural or surg ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "section_title": "The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3595-6820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 13 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... rter-line distance appear infinitely distant. Hyperbolic space is infinite in extent, but appears finite visually and is unbounded. L. THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALOGUE OF THE UNI- VERSE, AND THE MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTION OF IT The relativity theory has reconfirmed the law of con- servation of energy, but has denied the law of con- servation of matter by showing matter as kinetic energy, moc^, where c = velocity of light and mo is a constant. Mass then is represented by: moC^ + E m _ v^ where v is the relative velocity and E the non-kinetic energy of the body. The constancy of ...", "... but appears finite visually and is unbounded. L. THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALOGUE OF THE UNI- VERSE, AND THE MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTION OF IT The relativity theory has reconfirmed the law of con- servation of energy, but has denied the law of con- servation of matter by showing matter as kinetic energy, moc^, where c = velocity of light and mo is a constant. Mass then is represented by: moC^ + E m _ v^ where v is the relative velocity and E the non-kinetic energy of the body. The constancy of the mass then is approximate only as long as V is small compared with c and E small comp ...", "... med the law of con- servation of energy, but has denied the law of con- servation of matter by showing matter as kinetic energy, moc^, where c = velocity of light and mo is a constant. Mass then is represented by: moC^ + E m _ v^ where v is the relative velocity and E the non-kinetic energy of the body. The constancy of the mass then is approximate only as long as V is small compared with c and E small compared with WqC^. This is the case at all but ionic velocities and energies. The gravitational field of matter, then, is of the character of an accelerated system, and in the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "section_title": "Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 12673-14088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... mplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the E.M.F. induced per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit ; hence, the primary induced E.M.F. being approxim ...", "... ts of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the E.M.F. induced per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit ; hence, the primary induced E.M.F. being approximately equal to the impressed E.M.F., the E.M.Fs. at primary and at ...", "... , the E.M.F. induced per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit ; hence, the primary induced E.M.F. being approximately equal to the impressed E.M.F., the E.M.Fs. at primary and at sec- ondary terminals have approximately the ratio of their respective turns. Since the power produced in the second- ary is approximately the same as that consumed in the primary, the primary and secondary currents are approxi- mately in inverse ratio to the turns. 117. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both electric circuits — which flux, in a closed magnetic circuit trans ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3895-5444", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... 18. As further, and last class may be considered vapor, gas and vacuum conduction. Typical of this is, that the volt-ampere characteristic is dropping, that is, the voltage decreases with in- crease of current, and that luminescence accompanies the con- duction, that is, conversion of electric energy into light. Thus, gas and vapor conductors are unstable on constant- potential supply, but stable on constant current. On constant potential they require a series resistance or reactance, to produce stability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conduction, arc c ...", "... discharge. Spark conduction is dis- continuous, that is, up to a certain voltage, the \"disruptive voltage,\" no conduction exists, except perhaps the extremely small true electronic conduction. At this voltage conduction begins and continues as long as the voltage persists, or, if the source of power is capable of maintaining considerable current, the spark conduction changes to arc conduction, by the heat de- veloped at the negative terminal supplying the conducting arc vapor stream. The current usually is small and the voltage high. Especially at atmospheric pressure, the drop of the volt ...", "... and the voltage high. Especially at atmospheric pressure, the drop of the volt- ampere characteristic is extremely steep, so that it is practically impossible to secure stability by series resistance, but the con- duction changes to arc conduction, if sufficient current is avail- able, as from power generators, or the conduction ceases by the voltage drop of the supply source, and then starts again by the recovery of voltage, as with an electrostatic machine. Thus spark conduction also is called disruptive conduction and discon- tinuous conduction. Apparently continuous — though still in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Germany in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "Germany in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2776-3206", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... rchy and industrial capitalism. Special laws were passed against socialism, and succes- sively made more rigorous; labor unions were 7G GERMANY IN THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA dissolved and their funds confiscated; indus- trial strikes suppressed by the military power of the Government; the Social Democratic party outlawed, its leaders expatriated and driven as homeless wanderers from place to place; all socialistic publications in Germany suppressed; the introduction into Germany of socialistic lit- erature punished by heavy ...", "... lists had to be abandoned, the special laws against socialism dropped, and the Social Democrac}^ — now swollen to a party of over a million votes — recognized as a legiti- mate political party, and Bismarck, defeated and discredited, had soon to relinquish his power and retire into private life. Then began the reorganization of the Ger- man nation, the change from individualism toward co-operation, which has made the in- dustrial Germany of to-day. In the mean time a new emperor, the present Kaiser, had ascended the t ...", "... trusts assisted by the Government and even enforced — as in the potash syndicate — but at the same time an effective supervision and close control of the corporations and trusts estabhshed to safe- guard the people against any possible abuse of the corporate power. The result was that the antagonism of the masses against the corporations, which here in America paralyzes our rapid industrial progress and threatens to destroy our prosperity by in- terfering with the industries' most effective tool, the corporation, has n ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 9: America in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "America in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4268-4715", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... middle West and the West. Thus, when in the East the corporate organization ap- proached the co-operative stage there was still a large class of small, individual producers in the West who felt their existence threatened by the rise of corporate industrial power, and were ready to fight the corporation by all means, po- litical and otherwise, in the vain attempt to avoid the inevitable, the extinction of the small producer before the higher efficiency of organ- ized corporate production. Add thereto the 123 ...", "... o felt their existence threatened by the rise of corporate industrial power, and were ready to fight the corporation by all means, po- litical and otherwise, in the vain attempt to avoid the inevitable, the extinction of the small producer before the higher efficiency of organ- ized corporate production. Add thereto the 123 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH not negligible independent middle class, which still exists in the East, and all those who have tried and failed, and therefore naturally hate those who have succeede ...", "... MERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH not negligible independent middle class, which still exists in the East, and all those who have tried and failed, and therefore naturally hate those who have succeeded in organizing big production, and we §et a formidable political power; but, however much we may sympathize with the individual who desires to preserve his industrial independence, it is a reactionary movement, however progressive some of its leaders may call themselves, and either the re- actionary forces must be overcome by ed ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 4370-5278", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = ma ...", "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient current, 60 = maximum value of transient voltage. This gives the relation between ...", "... ng inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient current, 60 = maximum value of transient voltage. This gives the relation between Bq and Iq, ^^ = Jl ,^ = 1, (2) where Zq is called the natural impedance or surge impeda ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The General Number", "section_title": "The General Number", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 915-3491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... ing h+n equal factors a. For instance, 43X42 = (4X4X4)X(4X4)=45. The question now arises, whether by multiple involution we can reach any further mathematical operation. For instance, (43)2 = ?, may be written, (43)2^43x43 = (4X4X4)X(4X4X4); = 46; and in the same manner, that is, a power a^ is raised to the n*^ power, by multiplying its exponent. Thus also, that is, the order of involution is immaterial. Therefore, multiple involution leads to no further algebraic operations. 8. 43 = 64; that is, the product of 3 equal factors 4, gives 64. Inversely, the problem may be, ...", "... nstance, 43X42 = (4X4X4)X(4X4)=45. The question now arises, whether by multiple involution we can reach any further mathematical operation. For instance, (43)2 = ?, may be written, (43)2^43x43 = (4X4X4)X(4X4X4); = 46; and in the same manner, that is, a power a^ is raised to the n*^ power, by multiplying its exponent. Thus also, that is, the order of involution is immaterial. Therefore, multiple involution leads to no further algebraic operations. 8. 43 = 64; that is, the product of 3 equal factors 4, gives 64. Inversely, the problem may be, to resolve 64 into a product ...", "... ay be, to resolve 64 into a product of 3 equal factors. Each of the factors then will be 4. This reverse operation of involution is called evolution, and is written thus, ^^^ = 4; or, more general, ^/c==a. THE GENERAL NUMBER. 11 ^c thus is defined as that number a, which, raised to the power h, gives c; or, in other words, Involution thus far was defined only for integer positive and negative exponents, and the question arises, whether powers with fractional exponents, as ct> ov. c^, have any meaning. Writing, ii;V ^4 1 1 it is seen that c^ is that number, which raised to t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-101", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 101, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17538-18397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "snippets": [ "... er. Or in other words, two paths exist for magnetic flux in the transformer: the path surrounding primary and secondary coils, through which flows the mutual magnetic flux of the transformer, which is the useful flux, that is, the flux which transfers the power from primary to secondary circuit; and the space between pri- mary and secondary winding through which the self-inductive or leakage flux passes, that is, the flux interlinked with one wind- ing only, but not the other one. The latter flux thus does not tra ...", "... primary to secondary circuit; and the space between pri- mary and secondary winding through which the self-inductive or leakage flux passes, that is, the flux interlinked with one wind- ing only, but not the other one. The latter flux thus does not transmit power, but consumes reactive voltage and thereby pro- duces a voltage drop and a lag of the current behind the voltage, that is, is in general objectionable. The mutual magnetic flux passes through a closed magnetic circuit, with the (vector) difference between p ...", "... of test give only the sum of the primary and the secondary re- actance, the latter reduced to the primary by the ratio of trans- formation : Xi + a2x2. 116. The total reactance of primary and secondary, and also TRANSFORMER I mpedance and Short Circuit Losses 7 .1 .2 .3 .1 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 l.i 1.5 FIG. 156. — Impedance and short circuit losses of transformer. the total (effective) resistance of primary and secondary winding are measur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-15", "section_label": "Theory Section 15: Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "section_title": "Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 5832-6221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "snippets": [ "15. LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 70. The load characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + ...", "... is E! = ZI = (r + jx) i = ri+jxi. (1) Thus the impressed voltage, ' Eo = E + Ei = e + ri + ja». (2) or, reduced, #o = V(e + n)2 + z2*2, (3) and _ 6 = ^o2 - z2*2 - n, the e.m.f. (4) p = d = i V-Eo2 - x2i2 - ri2, (5) the power received at end of the line. The curve of e.m.f. e is an arc of an ellipse. With open circuit i = 0, e = E0 and P = 0, as is to be expected. At short circuit, e = 0, 0 = \\/#o2 — xzi2 — ri, and ° ; (6) X' that is, the maximu ...", "... is to be expected. At short circuit, e = 0, 0 = \\/#o2 — xzi2 — ri, and ° ; (6) X' that is, the maximum line current which can be established with a non-inductive receiver circuit and negligible line capacity. 71. The condition of maximum 'power delivered over the line '• i| f-* on that is, substituting (3): '! V#o2 - x*i* = e + ri, and expanding, gives e* = (r2 + x2) i2 (8) = z2i2; hence, e — zi, and - = z. (9) -T- = 7*1 is the resistance or effective resistance o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "section_title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 15, "location": "lines 18413-19373", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... reciable inductance in the circuit. The intensity of the sparking current depends on the inductance of the rectified circuit , its duration on that of the alternating supply circuit. By providing a byepath for this differential current, /, ilie sparking is mitigated, and thereby the amount of power, which BSD Ik1 rectified, increased. This is done by shunting a non-indaotivc resistance across the rectified circuit, r„, or across the alternating circuit, r, or both, as shown in Fig. 78. If this resistance is low . i considerable power and finally increases sparking SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER ...", "... ilie sparking is mitigated, and thereby the amount of power, which BSD Ik1 rectified, increased. This is done by shunting a non-indaotivc resistance across the rectified circuit, r„, or across the alternating circuit, r, or both, as shown in Fig. 78. If this resistance is low . i considerable power and finally increases sparking SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER 237 by the increase of rectified current; if it is high, it has little effect. Furthermore, this resistance should vary with the current. The belt-driven alternators of former days frequently had a compounding series field excited by suc ...", "... current; if it is high, it has little effect. Furthermore, this resistance should vary with the current. The belt-driven alternators of former days frequently had a compounding series field excited by such a rectifying commutator on the machine shaft, and by shunting 40 to 50 per cent, of the power through the two resistance shunts, with careful setting of brushes as much as 2000 watts have been rectified from single- phase 125-cycle supply. Single-phase synchronous motors were started by such recti- fying commutators through which the field current passed, in series with the armature, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... used ap- paratus, we can see and anticipate the industrial condition which will make their use economical or even necessary, and so lead to their general introduction. Thus, for instance, the induction generator is hardly used at all today. However, we are only in the beginning of the water- power development, and thus far have considered only the largest and most concentrated powers, and for these, as best adapted, has been developed a certain type of generating station, compris- ing synchronous generators, with direct-current exciting circuits, switches, circuit-breakers, transformers ...", "... tion is feasible only with large water powers. As soon, however, as the large water powers will be developed, the industry will be forced to proceed to the development of the numerous scattered small powers. That is, the problem will be, to collect from a large number of small water powers the power into one large electric system, similar as now we distribute the power of one large system into numer- ous small consumption places. The new condition, of collecting numerous small powers — from a few kilowatts to a few hundred kilowatts — into one sys- tem, will require the development of an ...", "... large water powers will be developed, the industry will be forced to proceed to the development of the numerous scattered small powers. That is, the problem will be, to collect from a large number of small water powers the power into one large electric system, similar as now we distribute the power of one large system into numer- ous small consumption places. The new condition, of collecting numerous small powers — from a few kilowatts to a few hundred kilowatts — into one sys- tem, will require the development of an entirely different type of generating station: induction generators dr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 8: America in the Past", "section_title": "America in the Past", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3741-4267", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... Empire, decayed and fell from their height. When the plunder ended these nations had ceased to be self-supporting; poverty thus overtook them, and only to-day, after centuries, are they beginning to recover. The new continent was despoiled, no construc- tive work was done, no new nations were created, and when finally the period of exploitation came to an end, and the Spanish-American countries rose and gained their liberty in the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was to exchange exploitation for anarchy; ther ...", "... th, an agri- cultural community raising tobacco, cotton, etc., on large plantations operated by slave labor. Thus arose a civilization based on slave labor; a small master class in control of all 106 AMERICA IN THE PAST political, industrial, and social power, free to devote their time to administration, literature, art, and science, highly civilized and superior intellectually to the uncouth farmers and sailors of the Northern States, thereby for generations in control of the political government of the entire nat ...", "... r existence, against the barren soil, unfriendly nature, hostile Indi- ans. Little help was to be expected from a Government which was practically non-existing; locally the loosest kind of government, essen- tially a voluntary co-operation with little man- datory power, and far away across the ocean a central government in the English king, which essentially limited itself to foreign relations, but took little part in the local issues of the community, and where the British colonial governor attempted to govern the intern ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "section_label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "section_title": "Impedance and Admittance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 6814-7380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "snippets": [ "... in phase with the current. Reactance and resistance combined give the impedance, + x2; or, in symbolic or vector representation, Z = r + jx. In general in an alternating-current circuit of current i, the e.m.f. e can be resolved in two components, a power component ei in phase with the current, and a wattless or reactive com- ponent e2 in quadrature with the current. The quantity e_i _ power e.m.f., or e.m.f. in phase with the current _ i current is called the effective resistance. The quantity 62 _ r ...", "... jx. In general in an alternating-current circuit of current i, the e.m.f. e can be resolved in two components, a power component ei in phase with the current, and a wattless or reactive com- ponent e2 in quadrature with the current. The quantity e_i _ power e.m.f., or e.m.f. in phase with the current _ i current is called the effective resistance. The quantity 62 _ reactive e.m.f., or e.m.f. in quadrature with the current _ i current is called the effective reactance of the circuit. And the quantity 21 ...", "... antity 62 _ reactive e.m.f., or e.m.f. in quadrature with the current _ i current is called the effective reactance of the circuit. And the quantity 21 = Vr!2 + x2 or, in symbolic representation, Zi = ri + jxi is the impedance of the circuit. If power is consumed in the circuit only by the ohmic resist- ance r, and counter e.m.f. produced only by self-inductance, the effective resistance TI is the true or ohmic resistance r, and the effective reactance Xi is the true or inductive reactance x. 100 E ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-91", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 91, "number": 13, "location": "lines 16065-16540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "snippets": [ "... is- tant in potential from the two sets of commutator brushes, and such a machine can be used as continuous current converter, to SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 263 transform in the ratio of potentials 1 :2 or 2 : 1 or 1 : 1, in the latter case transforming power from one side of a three- wire system to the other side. Obviously either the n autotransformers can be stationary and connected to the armature by 2 n collector rings, or the auto- transformers rotated with the armature and their common neutral connected ...", "... ctors of the FIG. 140. — Diagram of direct-current converter. system, the voltage between the neutral and outside conductor is ± e, that on each of the 2 n autotransformer sections is e sin(0 — 00 — — J, k = 0, 1, 2 . . . 2 n — 1. Neglecting losses in the converter and the autotransformer, the currents in the two sets of commutator brushes are equal and of the same direction, that is, both outgoing or both incoming, and opposite to the current in the neutral ; that is, two equal currents i enter th ...", "... the same direction, that is, both outgoing or both incoming, and opposite to the current in the neutral ; that is, two equal currents i enter the commutator brushes and issue as current 2 i from the neutral, or inversely. From the law of conservation of energy it follows that the cur- rent 2 i entering from the neutral divides in 2 n equal and constant branches of direct current, — , in the 2 n autotransformer sections, ' n1 and hence enters the armature, to issue as current i from each of the commutator ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 22302-23970", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... the armature by the resultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this generated e.m.f. and the e.m.f. of self-inductive reactance and the e.m.f. representing the power loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field m.m.f. in creating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second magnetic flux in a local circuit through the armature, which flux does not pass through the field ...", "... rmature by the resultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this generated e.m.f. and the e.m.f. of self-inductive reactance and the e.m.f. representing the power loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field m.m.f. in creating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second magnetic flux in a local circuit through the armature, which flux does not pass through the field-spoo ...", "... full line, and the kilowatts output, = Pr, in dotted lines, the kilovolt-amperes output, = IE, in dash-dotted lines, for the following conditions of external circuit: '0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 AMPS. Fig. 133. — Field characteristic of alternator at 60 per cent, power-factor on inductive load. In Fig. 132, non-inductive external circuit, x = 0. T In Fig. 133, inductive external circuit, of the condition, — = + 0.75, or a power-factor, O.G. In Fig. 134, inductive external circuit, of the condition, r = 0, or a power-factor, 0. In Fig. 135, external circui ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "section_title": "General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "number": 1, "location": "lines 27761-28694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. GENERAL EQUATIONS. 1. The energy relations of an electric circuit can be charac- terized, as discussed in Section III, by the four constants, namely : r = effective resistance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the current, tfr; or the power component of the e.m.f. consumed in the circuit, t ...", "CHAPTER I. GENERAL EQUATIONS. 1. The energy relations of an electric circuit can be charac- terized, as discussed in Section III, by the four constants, namely : r = effective resistance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the current, tfr; or the power component of the e.m.f. consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating current, the voltage, ir, in phase with the current. L = effective inductance, representing the energy storage i2L depending upon the c ...", "CHAPTER I. GENERAL EQUATIONS. 1. The energy relations of an electric circuit can be charac- terized, as discussed in Section III, by the four constants, namely : r = effective resistance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the current, tfr; or the power component of the e.m.f. consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating current, the voltage, ir, in phase with the current. L = effective inductance, representing the energy storage i2L depending upon the current, - — , as el ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 5: England in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "England in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2409-2775", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... finally became her competitors on the markets of the world. For over half a century, however, England Leld the markets of the world without any competition. Then and thus, from the vast profits of this time, was the foundation laid of the vast financial power of England, which still to-day holds the world in bondage. With the development of America and Ger- many as industrial nations began the decadence of England's industries. Developed at an earlier time and under conditions when there was no serious competitio ...", "... With the development of America and Ger- many as industrial nations began the decadence of England's industries. Developed at an earlier time and under conditions when there was no serious competition, England's industrial sys- tem did not show the productive efficiency of its later competitors. America and Germany both organized their industries on a larger scale with more modern conceptions, and especially they utilized to the fullest extent all the intel- lectual abilities of the nation, while England failed in this respe ...", "... ng up from the ranks, but the G6 ENGLAND IN THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA country's higher educational institutions had little part in the industrial development. Thus deprived of many of the country's best intelli- gences, unable to secure the higher industrial efficiency which comes from the broad and systematic training of the industrial leaders in technical educational institutions, England's industries found themselves at an increasingly serious disadvantage against their later com- petitors, and when, in the last decades, the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 17, "location": "lines 7568-8027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... and all civilized na- tions of Europe have abandoned the individual- is lie principle of industrial organization, and have organized or are organizing as rapidly as possible a co-operative system of industrial l)roduction. Against the vastly higher pro- ductive efficiency of industrial co-operation of the European nations after the war, our coun- try's individualistic industrial organization, with everybody fighting against everybody else, industrially, politically, and socially, is hope- less, and America thus will either fail, cea ...", "... rchical temperament, their methods of organization thus decentral, from a strong central government — political or finan- cial— toward the individual. Thus we cannot copy, nor even benefit to any extent, from the experience of Europe's re- organization, but must work out our own sal- vation, on new democratic lines, a problem far greater and more difficult. The most promising structural element of the future co-operative industrial organization, in our present nation, is the industrial corporation, and on this probably th ...", "... dustrial society will be built in our democratic nation. A positive, administrative, and executive in- dustrial government, i)rofessionally comi)etent, continuous and permanent, by an industrial senate. A negative tribuniciate, with no ex- ecutive or administrative power, but with superior inhibitory and supervisory power, re- 218 CONCLUSION sponsible and rapidly responsive to all the citizens of the nation. Such a co-operative democratic common- wealth would be superior in efficiency to the monarchical co-operative industri ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "section_title": "Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6089-7274", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE X. INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITY OF ROUND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS. A. Inductance and capacity. 43. As inductance and capacity are the two circuit constants which represent the energy storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The inductance is the ratio of the interlinkages of the mag- netic flux to the current, £ = ?- (i) i/ where = magnetic flux or number of lines of ...", "... h per cm., and multiplying this with (38) gives or CL> = £' (39) that is, the capacity equals the reciprocal of the external inductance LI times the velocity square of light. The external inductance LI would be the inductance of a conductor which had perfect con- ductivity, or zero losses of power. It is VLC = velocity of propagation of the electric field, and this velocity is less than the velocity of light, due to the retardation by the power dissipation in the conductor, and becomes equal to the velocity of light v if there is no power dissipation, and, in the latter case ...", "... , and multiplying this with (38) gives or CL> = £' (39) that is, the capacity equals the reciprocal of the external inductance LI times the velocity square of light. The external inductance LI would be the inductance of a conductor which had perfect con- ductivity, or zero losses of power. It is VLC = velocity of propagation of the electric field, and this velocity is less than the velocity of light, due to the retardation by the power dissipation in the conductor, and becomes equal to the velocity of light v if there is no power dissipation, and, in the latter case, L woul ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4218-4594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... RE HUNTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES C\"^ROSS currents can flow between alternators due to dif- ferences in voltage, that is, differences in excitation; ■—^ and due to differences in phase, that is, differences in position of their rotors. Cross currents due to differences in excitation are watt- less currents, magnetizing the under-excited and demagnetiz- ing the over-excited machine. Cross currents due to differences in position are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, ...", "... tion; ■—^ and due to differences in phase, that is, differences in position of their rotors. Cross currents due to differences in excitation are watt- less currents, magnetizing the under-excited and demagnetiz- ing the over-excited machine. Cross currents due to differences in position are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought ...", "... from each other, magnetic attraction opposes their separation. When they pull together again, magnetic attraction pushes them together with the same force, so that they would move over the position of coincidence in phase and separate again in the opposite direc- tion just as much as before. Energy losses as friction, etc., retard the separation and so make them separate less than before, every time they do so, that is, cause them gradually to stop see-sawing. If, however, there is a lag in the magnetic attraction, then they come together with greater force than they separated, so separ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-114", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 114, "number": 8, "location": "lines 21923-22191", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "snippets": [ "... the e.m.f. impressed upon the second motor decrease proportionally to each other, and thus the magnetic flux and the magnetic density in the second motor, and its ex- citing current, remain constant and equal to those of the first motor, neglecting internal losses; that is, when connected in con- catenation the magnetic density, current input, etc., and thus the torque developed by the second motor, are approximately equal to those of the first motor, being less because of the internal losses in the first motor. Hen ...", "... motor, neglecting internal losses; that is, when connected in con- catenation the magnetic density, current input, etc., and thus the torque developed by the second motor, are approximately equal to those of the first motor, being less because of the internal losses in the first motor. Hence, the motors in concatenation share the work in approxi- mately equal portions, and the second motor utilizes the power which without the use of a second motor at less than one-half synchronous speed would have to be wasted in th ...", "... on the magnetic density, current input, etc., and thus the torque developed by the second motor, are approximately equal to those of the first motor, being less because of the internal losses in the first motor. Hence, the motors in concatenation share the work in approxi- mately equal portions, and the second motor utilizes the power which without the use of a second motor at less than one-half synchronous speed would have to be wasted in the secondary resistance; that is, theoretically concatenation doubles the t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16362-17596", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... duced in the armature by the re- sultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant M.M.F. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine ; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this induced E.M.F. and the E.M.F. of self-inductance and the E.M.F. representing the energy loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field M.M.F. in cre- ating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second mag- netic flux in a local circuit through the armature, which flux does not pass through the ...", "... n the armature by the re- sultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant M.M.F. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine ; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this induced E.M.F. and the E.M.F. of self-inductance and the E.M.F. representing the energy loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field M.M.F. in cre- ating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second mag- netic flux in a local circuit through the armature, which flux does not pass through the field ...", "... lovolt-amperes output, = / £, in dash- 304 AL TEKNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. dotted lines, we have, for the following conditions of external circuit : In Fig. 129, non-inductive external circuit, x = 0. In Fig. 130, inductive external circuit, of the condition, r / x = -f .75, with a power factor, .6. In Fig. 131, inductive external circuit, of the condition, r= <>, with a power factor, 0. In Fig. 132, external circuit with leading current, of the condi- tion, r/x = — .75, with a power factor, .6. In Fig. 133, external circuit with leading current, of the condi- tion, r = 0, with a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Unipolar Machines", "section_title": "Unipolar Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 22, "location": "lines 31716-32137", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... f theslow-spe connected steam engine, but when the high-speed steam turbttM arrived, the study of the design of high-powered steam-turbine- driven unipolars was undertaken, and a number of such machines built and installed. In the huge turbo-alternators of today, the largest lo— i- the core loss: hysteresis and eddies in the iron, which often is K than all the other losses together. Theoretically, the Uni point machine has no core loss, as the magnetic flux does not change anywhere, and solid steel thus is used throughout — and has to be used, due to the shape of the magnetic circuit. ...", "... rrived, the study of the design of high-powered steam-turbine- driven unipolars was undertaken, and a number of such machines built and installed. In the huge turbo-alternators of today, the largest lo— i- the core loss: hysteresis and eddies in the iron, which often is K than all the other losses together. Theoretically, the Uni point machine has no core loss, as the magnetic flux does not change anywhere, and solid steel thus is used throughout — and has to be used, due to the shape of the magnetic circuit. However. with the enormous magnetic fluxes of these maclunes, in suinl iron, t ...", "... ven unipolars was undertaken, and a number of such machines built and installed. In the huge turbo-alternators of today, the largest lo— i- the core loss: hysteresis and eddies in the iron, which often is K than all the other losses together. Theoretically, the Uni point machine has no core loss, as the magnetic flux does not change anywhere, and solid steel thus is used throughout — and has to be used, due to the shape of the magnetic circuit. However. with the enormous magnetic fluxes of these maclunes, in suinl iron, the least variation of the magnetic circuit, such as caused by sm ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... d by the transient term, and there- with serious results occur. The investigation of transient terms therefore is largely an investigation of the effects of electro- static capacity. 16. No transient terms result from the resistance, but only those circuit constants which represent storage of energy, mag- netically by the inductance L, electrostatically by the capacity C, give rise to transient phenomena, and the more the resist- 22 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA ance predominates, the less is therefore the severity and dura- tion of the transient term. When closing a circuit containing inducta ...", "... tance L, electrostatically by the capacity C, give rise to transient phenomena, and the more the resist- 22 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA ance predominates, the less is therefore the severity and dura- tion of the transient term. When closing a circuit containing inductance or capacity or both, the energy stored in the inductance and the capacity has first to be supplied by the impressed e.m.f. before the circuit conditions can become stationary. That is, in the first moment after closing an electric circuit, or in general changing the circuit conditions, tne impressed e.m.f., or rather the sour ...", "... supplied by the impressed e.m.f. before the circuit conditions can become stationary. That is, in the first moment after closing an electric circuit, or in general changing the circuit conditions, tne impressed e.m.f., or rather the source producing the impressed e.m.f., has, in addition to the power consumed in maintaining the circuit, to supply the power which stores energy in inductance and capacity, and so a transient term appears immediately after any change of circuit condi- tion. If the circuit contains only one energy-storing constant, as either inductance or capacity, the transien ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "section_title": "Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1549-2365", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... indices against a third medium, as, for instance, against air. 24 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. 11. Incidentally, it is interesting to consider the corresponding relations in electric waves. In an electric circuit, the speed of propagation of an electric wave is, when neglecting the energy losses in and by the con- ductor: S = -L= , (5) VLC where L is the inductance, C the capacity of the conductor per unit length (the length measured in the same measure as the speed S). The inductance L is proportional to the permeability /*, and the capacity C proportional to the dielec ...", "... s against a third medium, as, for instance, against air. 24 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. 11. Incidentally, it is interesting to consider the corresponding relations in electric waves. In an electric circuit, the speed of propagation of an electric wave is, when neglecting the energy losses in and by the con- ductor: S = -L= , (5) VLC where L is the inductance, C the capacity of the conductor per unit length (the length measured in the same measure as the speed S). The inductance L is proportional to the permeability /*, and the capacity C proportional to the dielectric co ...", "... which three are indicated dotted in Fig. 17. (26). The spectrum of an arc between titanium carbide elec- trodes. This also is a line spectrum, but unlike the mercury spectrum, which has only six bright lines, the titanium spectrum contains many thousands of bright lines, so that with the low power of the spectroscope which you have, the lines blurr into each other and we see only the most prominent or brightest lines on a uniformly luminous background, which latter requires a more powerful spectroscope to resolve into lines. (3) . The band spectrum. This shows a number of bright bands, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-06", "section_label": "Theory Section 6: Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "section_title": "Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1785-2249", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "snippets": [ "... days of telegraphy, where it was applied to the ratio : — , that is, the reciprocal of the attenuation con- stant. This quantity which had gradually come into disuse, again became of importance when investigating transient electric phenomena, and in this work it was found more convenient to denote the value Y as attenuation constant, since this value appears as one term of the more gen- eral constant of the electric circuit ( Y + ~r< ) • (Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations, ...", "... nt of withdrawal of the e.m.f. E the terminal voltage is E. 28 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The effect at the time t of the e.m.f. of inductance in stop- ping the current is _ 2r + rif iei = io2 (r + n) c L ; thus the total energy of the generated e.m.f. >*» W = | z' Jo that is, the energy stored as magnetism in a circuit of current iQ and inductance L is 2 ' which is independent both of the resistance r of the circuit and the resistance n inserted in breaking the ...", "... ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The effect at the time t of the e.m.f. of inductance in stop- ping the current is _ 2r + rif iei = io2 (r + n) c L ; thus the total energy of the generated e.m.f. >*» W = | z' Jo that is, the energy stored as magnetism in a circuit of current iQ and inductance L is 2 ' which is independent both of the resistance r of the circuit and the resistance n inserted in breaking the circuit. This energy has to be expended in stopping the current. EXAMPL ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-95", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Alternating-current Transformer: General", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 95, "number": 1, "location": "lines 16804-16911", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "snippets": [ "I. General 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary, which receives power, and the secondary, which gives out power. Since the same magnetic flux interlinks primary and second- ary turns, the same voltage is induced in every turn of the electric circuits, and the e.m.fs. induced in the primary and in the secondary winding theref ...", "I. General 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary, which receives power, and the secondary, which gives out power. Since the same magnetic flux interlinks primary and second- ary turns, the same voltage is induced in every turn of the electric circuits, and the e.m.fs. induced in the primary and in the secondary winding therefore have the ratio of turns: «'i ni ...", "... transformer is the ratio of turns of primary and secondary windings. In addition to the induced e.m.fs. e'i and e\\, resistance r and reactance x consume voltage in primary and secondary wind- ings. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents waste of power; the voltage consumed by reactance is wattless, but causes lag of current, that is, lowers the power factor; while the in- duced voltages give the power transfer from primary to sec- ondary. Efficiency therefore requires to make the former vol- tages as small ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 4088-4673", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... . In alternating-current circuits, instead of the term resist- ance we have the term impedance, Z = r -\\- jx, with its two components, the resistance, r, and the reactance, x, in the formula of Ohm's law, E = IZ. The resistance, r, gives the component of e.m.f. in phase with the current, or the power component of the e.m.f., Ir; the reactance, x, gives the component of the e.m.f. in quadrature with the current, or the wattless component of e.m.f., Ix; both combined give the total e.m.f., Iz = iVr^ + x^. Since e.m.fs. are combined by adding their complex expressions, we have: The joint ...", "... dance, which may be called the admittance of the circuit, or Z As the reciprocal of the complex quantity, Z = r -{- jx, the admittance is a complex quantity also, or Y = g — jh; it con- sists of the component, g, which respresents the coefficient of current in phase with the e.m.f., or the power or active com- ponent, gE, of the current, in the equation of Ohm's law, I =YE ={g- jh)E, and the component, h, which represents the coefficient of current in quadrature with the e.m.f., or wattless or reactive component, hE, of the current. g is called the conductance, and h the susceptan ...", "... tion of Ohm's law, I =YE ={g- jh)E, and the component, h, which represents the coefficient of current in quadrature with the e.m.f., or wattless or reactive component, hE, of the current. g is called the conductance, and h the susceptance, of the cir- cuit. Hence the conductance, g, is the power component, and 56 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the susceptance, h, the wattless component, of the admittance, Y = g ~ jb, while the numerical value of admittance is y = Vg' + h^; the resistance, r, is the power component, and the reactance, X, the wattless component, of the impedance, Z ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 7: The Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "The Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3207-3740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... s necessary France became, and is to-day, predominant in the markets of the world, and has no competition to fear. Thus the waves of the conflict for industrial supremacy between England, Germany, and America left France untouched. France's rising financial power was repeatedly set back — by the extravagance of the Second Fmpire, by the war indemnity to Germany, and remained small compared with that of England, and in any case did not threaten England's supremacy; as, due to the French national tem- perament, French ...", "... world stood by, scoffing; but when it proved a success, England appropriated it. The attempt to build the Panama Canal proved an impossible task, and tropical disease conquered; it was only after medical science had conquered tropical disease, largely by the work of the American Medical Staff in Cuba and in the Philippines, that the construction of the Panama Canal became possible and was accomplished by our country. The disastrous financial failure of the French Panama companies discouraged French in- vestors, and s ...", "... y deprived of the means of communication be- yond their immediate surroundings, hence barred from any intelligent political activity. The attenuated parliamentarism, represented by the Duma, thus can be a shadow only; but if it were real and the Duma had the power of the British Parliament, it would probably plunge the nation in still greater misery by sub- stituting an irresponsible oligarchy for the auto- cratic monarchy. It is significant that the con- ditions of the Russian masses have been best when a strong autoc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Democracy and Monarchy", "section_title": "Democracy and Monarchy", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 11, "location": "lines 5060-5327", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... l society into which the Euro- pean war is forcing the nations. We will have to stop our muddling, our interference of every- body with everybody, and prepare to meet Europe by a still more efficient co-operative industrial system. How can we organize such efficiency of in- dustrial co-operation? What forms or shapes must such organization assume in our nation? It is a matter of evolution, of which we cannot foresee the end, but one thing we can see with certainty, and that is, how not to proceed; we cannot copy Eur ...", "... ith certainty, and that is, how not to proceed; we cannot copy European organizations and hope to be successful. It would, indeed, be an easy 142 DEMOCRACY AND MONARCHY task if we could. We all realize that Germany had reached the highest industrial efficiency before the war, and thus it would appear nat- ural to copy the German methods, the German organization, and thereby expect to get the same efficiency. But the industrial organiza- tion which has been so successful in Germany, if attempted in our country, wo ...", "... DEMOCRACY AND MONARCHY task if we could. We all realize that Germany had reached the highest industrial efficiency before the war, and thus it would appear nat- ural to copy the German methods, the German organization, and thereby expect to get the same efficiency. But the industrial organiza- tion which has been so successful in Germany, if attempted in our country, would, in all prob- ability, be a disastrous failure. We may just as well realize this, as there is a strong sentiment in our country to copy European ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 16: The Future Corporation", "section_title": "The Future Corporation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6975-7567", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... ations and grown to an activity equal in importance and scope, and directed by equally big men, as the technical, administrative, and financial activities of the corporation. It would hardly be safe, even with the control exerted by an inhibitory tribunicial power, to intrust the entire constructive gov- ernment of our nation to the industrial cor- porations of to-day, with their very different stages of social development. For the small individual producer of bygone days there was no social responsibility or duty, but ...", "... n the extent to which co- operation can be developed within the industrial corporation, and between public and corpora- tion. This is realized more and more, and in- creasing efforts are made to bring about co- operation. Thus, in most modern corporations some work is done to establish co-operation, in some much time and attention are devoted hereto by the highest officials. Unfortunately, due to the strong individual- istic temperament of most corporation leaders, many of these activities are paternalism rather 20.'} ' ...", "... ieves that he knows best what is good for him. Thus there are instances of corporations, still essentially controlled by one man, who created and originated the business, and who was deeply interested in the welfare of his employees, where extensive social work was done for the employees, often under the immediate personal supervision of the owner of the corporation. Excellent sanitary facilities, recreation-rooms, li- braries and reading-rooms, lectures and lecture- rooms, gynmasium and athletic fields, social centers a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3387-3720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRA.NSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. ...", "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRA.NSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc.; and the proportionality between current ...", "... agnetic circuit is closed entirely by iron, the magnetic flux is not proportional to the current, and the inductance thus not constant, but varies over the entire range of currents, following the permeability curve of the iron. Furthermore, the transient due to a decrease of the stored magnetic energy differs in shape and in value from that due to an increase of magnetic energy, since the rising and decreasing magnetization curves differ, as shown by the hysteresis cycle. Since no satisfactory mathematical expression has yet been found for the cyclic curve of hysteresis, a mathematical cal ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2972-3286", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. T ...", "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc. ; and the proportionality between curren ...", "... agnetic circuit is closed entirely by iron, the magnetic flux is not proportional to the current, and the inductance thus not constant, but varies over the entire range of currents, following the permeability curve of the iron. Furthermore, the transient due to a decrease of the stored magnetic energy differs in shape and in value from that due to an increase of magnetic energy, since the rising and decreasing magnetization curves differ, as shown by the hysteresis cycle. Since no satisfactory mathematical expression has yet been found for the cyclic curve of hysteresis, a mathematical cal ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_title": "Potential Series And Exponential Function", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3492-6063", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "work", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... eries (2) and (4) are still convergent, as seen in (5) and (7), but are useless for most engineering purposes, as the successive terms decrease so slowly that a large number of terms have to be calculated to get accurate results, and for such lengthy calculations there is no time in engineering work. If,\\ however, (the successive terms of a series decrease at such a rapid rate that all but the first few terms can be neglected, the series is certain to be convergent.) In a series therefore, in which there is a question whether it is convergent or divergent, as for instance the series .1 ...", "... jT -f . . . (convergent), the matter of convergeney is of little imjx)rtancc for engineer- ing calculation, as the scri(»H is useh^ss in any case; that is, does not give accurate numerical results with a reasonably moderat/C amount of calculation. ^ ' <^A series, to be usable for engineering work, must have the successive terms decreasing at a very rapid rat(% and if this is the case, the series is convergent, and the mathematical investigations of convergtmcy thus usually becomes unnecessary in engineering work^ 45. It would rarely be advantageous to develop such simple expressions ...", "... rat/C amount of calculation. ^ ' <^A series, to be usable for engineering work, must have the successive terms decreasing at a very rapid rat(% and if this is the case, the series is convergent, and the mathematical investigations of convergtmcy thus usually becomes unnecessary in engineering work^ 45. It would rarely be advantageous to develop such simple expressions as (1) and (3) into infinite series, such as (2) and (4), since the calculation of numerical values from (1) and (3) is simpler than from the series (2) and (4), even though very few terms of the s(»ries ncuul to Ixi used ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-112", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 112, "number": 6, "location": "lines 21647-21812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "snippets": [ "... i+jsxi and the primary current is ?•'-&> !', where /' = eY = exciting current of main magnetic flux. INDUCTION MACHINES 353 From these currents the e.m.fs. are derived in a similar manner as in the induction motor or generator. Due to the internal losses in the phase converter, the e.m.fs. of the two circuits, the motor and generator circuits, are prac- tically in quadrature with each other and equal only at no load, but shift out of phase and become more unequal with increase of load, the unbalancing dep ...", "... e is used as phase con- verter only to change single-phase to polyphase, since a change from one polyphase system to another polyphase system can be effected by stationary transformers. A change from single- phase to polyphase, however, requires a storage of energy, since the power arrives as single-phase pulsating, and leaves as steady polyphase flow, and the momentum of the revolving phase con- verter secondary stores and returns the energy. With increasing load on the generator circuit of the phase converter its sli ...", "... e con- verter only to change single-phase to polyphase, since a change from one polyphase system to another polyphase system can be effected by stationary transformers. A change from single- phase to polyphase, however, requires a storage of energy, since the power arrives as single-phase pulsating, and leaves as steady polyphase flow, and the momentum of the revolving phase con- verter secondary stores and returns the energy. With increasing load on the generator circuit of the phase converter its slip increases, but ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-13", "section_label": "Theory Section 13: Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 4465-5263", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "snippets": [ "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si r ...", "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si refer to that magnetic flux which is interlinked ...", "... rimary counter-generated e.m.f., El = ^ - -1 0 a a Primary e.m.f. consumed thereby, E' = - E,, + ^ 0 Primary load current, /' = — a/i,+ al\\ cos 6 — al\\ sin 0 Magnetic flux, $>, 0 — <£ Primary exciting current, /Oo, con- sisting of core loss current, /oo sin a magnetizing current, — /oo cos a. hence, total primary current, J0, Horizontal component Vertical component all cos 0i + /oo sin a — (all sin 0i + /oo cos a) E.m.f. consumed by primary resistance r0, E'Q = Ior0 in phase with /o, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-26", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 26, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9035-9169", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "snippets": [ "... Figs. 56, 57, 58, are shown the diagrams for 6 = 0 or non- inductive load, 6 = 60 degrees lag or inductive load, and & — — 60 degrees or anti-inductive load. Resolving all e.m.fs. into components in phase and in quad- rature with the current, or into power and reactive components, in symbolic expression we have: 138 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the terminal voltage E = E cos 6 + jE sin 6 ; the e.m.f. consumed by resistance, E\\ = ir; the e.m.f. consumed by synchronous reactance, E'0 = + jixQ, and ...", "... in 6 ; the e.m.f. consumed by resistance, E\\ = ir; the e.m.f. consumed by synchronous reactance, E'0 = + jixQ, and the nominal generated e.m.f., E0 = E + E\\ + E'Q = (E cos 0 + ir) + j (E sin 19 + ix0) ; or, since . „ » , , , / power current \\ cos 6 = p = power-factor of the load ( = -. —. — ) \\ total current / and q = \\/l — p2 = sin 0 = inductance factor of the load (wattless current\\ total current' / ' it is Eo = (Ep +» + j (Eq + ix0), or, in absolute valu ...", "... esistance, E\\ = ir; the e.m.f. consumed by synchronous reactance, E'0 = + jixQ, and the nominal generated e.m.f., E0 = E + E\\ + E'Q = (E cos 0 + ir) + j (E sin 19 + ix0) ; or, since . „ » , , , / power current \\ cos 6 = p = power-factor of the load ( = -. —. — ) \\ total current / and q = \\/l — p2 = sin 0 = inductance factor of the load (wattless current\\ total current' / ' it is Eo = (Ep +» + j (Eq + ix0), or, in absolute values, Eo = V(Ep + ir)2 + (Eq + ^0)2 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-28", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 28, "number": 7, "location": "lines 9292-9398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "snippets": [ "... nous motor. FIG. 63. — Vector diagram of synchronous motor. 0=0 ing and lower with lagging current in a synchronous motor, while the opposite is the case in an alternating-current generator. In symbolic representation, by resolving all e.m.fs. into power components in phase with the current and wattless components in quadrature with the current i, we have: the terminal voltage, E = E cos 6 + jE sin 6 = Ep + jEq; the e.m.f. consumed by resistance, E/i = ir, and the e.m.f. consumed by synchronous react ...", "... = E - E'i - E'Q = (E cos 0 - ir) + j (E sin 6 - ixQ) = (Ep - ir) + j(Eq - ixQ); SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 143 or, in absolute values, V(Ecos e - ir)2 + (Esin 6 - ix0)* = V(Ep- ij hence, E = i (rp + xQq) ± \\/EQ2 — i2 (x0p — rq)z. The power consumed by the synchronous motor is P = iEp; that is, the current times the power component of the impressed e.m.f. /\" Eo FIG. 64. — Vector diagram of syn- FIG. 65. — Vector\" diagram of synchronous chronous motor. 6 = 60 deg. motor. 0 = — 60 degre ...", "... ixQ); SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 143 or, in absolute values, V(Ecos e - ir)2 + (Esin 6 - ix0)* = V(Ep- ij hence, E = i (rp + xQq) ± \\/EQ2 — i2 (x0p — rq)z. The power consumed by the synchronous motor is P = iEp; that is, the current times the power component of the impressed e.m.f. /\" Eo FIG. 64. — Vector diagram of syn- FIG. 65. — Vector\" diagram of synchronous chronous motor. 6 = 60 deg. motor. 0 = — 60 degrees. The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor armature is Po = i(Ep-ir); ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15161-15475", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "snippets": [ "... utator brushes are set at right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature reaction due to the power component of the alternating current in a synchro- nous motor consists of a polarization in quadrature ahead of the field magnetism, which is opposite to the armature reaction as direct-current generator. Let m = total number of turns on the bipolar armatur ...", "... ~^~ thus revolves in space with uniform velocity and constant in- tensity, in synchronism with the frequency of the alternating current. 248 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Since in the converter, Fl = ^M, TTU we have the resultant m.m.f. of the power component of the alternating current in the n-phase converter. This m.m.f. revolves synchronously in the armature of the converter; and since the armature rotates at synchronism, the resultant m.m.f. stands still in space, or, with regard to the field poles, ...", "... sm, the resultant m.m.f. stands still in space, or, with regard to the field poles, in opposition to the direct-current polarization. Since it is equal thereto, it follows that the resultant armature reac- tions of the direct current and of the corresponding power component of the alternating current in the synchronous con- verter are equal and opposite, thus neutralize each other, and the resultant armature polarization equals zero. The same is obviously the case in an inverted converter, that is, a machine changing f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Admittance, Conductance, Susceftance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceftance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3546-3871", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... 39. In alternating-current circuits, instead of the term resistance we have the term impedance , Z = r —jx, with its two components, the resistance^ r, and the reactance^ x, in the formula of Ohm's law, E = IZ, The resistance, r, gives the component of E.M.F. in phase with the current, or the energy component of the E.M.F., Ir\\ the reactance, Xy gives the component of the E.M.F. in quadrature with the current, or the wattless component of E.M.F., Ix\\ both combined give the total E.M.F., — Iz = lWr' + x\\ Since E.M.Fs. are combined by adding their complex ex- pressions, we have : The ...", "... e admittance of the circuit, or Z As the reciprocal of the complex quantity, Z =^ r — jxy the admittance is a complex quantity also, or 64 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA . [ § 40 it consists of the component g^ which represents the co- efficient of current in phase with the E.M.F., or energy current, gE, in the equation of Ohm's law, — and the component ^, which represents the coefficient of current in quadrature with the K.M.F., or wattless com- ponent of current, bE, g may be called the conductance^ and b the susceptanccy of the circuit. Hence the conductance, g^ is the energ ...", "... nergy current, gE, in the equation of Ohm's law, — and the component ^, which represents the coefficient of current in quadrature with the K.M.F., or wattless com- ponent of current, bE, g may be called the conductance^ and b the susceptanccy of the circuit. Hence the conductance, g^ is the energy component, and the susceptance, by the wattless component, of the admittance, Y = g -\\-jby while the numerical value of admittance is — the resistance, r, is the energy component, and the reactance^ Xy the wattless component, of the impedance, Z = r — jx\\ the numerical value of impedance bei ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3132-3576", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... 39. In alternating-current circuits, instead of the term resistance we have the term impedance, Z = r —Jx, with its two components, the resistance, r, and the reactance, x, in the formula of Ohm's law, E = IZ. The resistance, r, gives the component of E.M.F. in phase with the current, or the energy component of the E.M.F., Ir; the reactance, x, gives the component of the E.M.F. in quadrature with the current, or the wattless component of E.M.F., Ix ; both combined give the total E.M.F., — Since E.M.Fs. are combined by adding their complex ex- pressions, we have : The joint impedance ...", "... e admittance of the circuit, or >-*• As the reciprocal of the complex quantity, Z = r —jx, the admittance is a complex quantity also, or Y = g+jb; 54 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. it consists of the component g, which represents the co- efficient of current in phase with the E.M.F., or energy current, gEt in the equation of Ohm's law, — and the component b, which represents the coefficient of current in quadrature with the E.M.F., or wattless com- ponent of current, bE. g is called the conductance, and b the susceptance, of the circuit. Hence the conductance, g, is the energy c ...", "... r energy current, gEt in the equation of Ohm's law, — and the component b, which represents the coefficient of current in quadrature with the E.M.F., or wattless com- ponent of current, bE. g is called the conductance, and b the susceptance, of the circuit. Hence the conductance, g, is the energy com- ponent, and the susceptance, b, the wattless component, of the admittance, Y = g -f jb, while the numerical value of admittance is — y = Vr1 + P ; the resistance, r, is the energy component, and the reactance, x, the wattless component, of the impedance, Z — r — jx, the numerical val ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Rotary Terminal Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Rotary Terminal Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 11, "location": "lines 14762-14896", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... ntermediate speed, by means of leading the supply current into the primary motor winding through brushes moving on a segmental commutator connected to the primary Diagram of rotary terminal aingle-plia-w induction motor. winding, was devised and built by II. Eickemeyer in 1891, and further work thereon done later in Germany, but never was brought into commercial use. Let, in Fig. 60, P denote the primary stator winding of a single- phase induction motor, S the revolving squirrel -cage secondary winding. The primary winding is arranged as a ring (or drum) Winding and connected to a s ...", "... s reversed, and the rotor turns in the same direction as the brushes. In general, it is: /i+/2 + s=/, where /i = brush speed, /2 = motor speed, s = slip required to give the desired torque, / = supply frequency. 102. An application of this type of motor for starting larger motors under power, by means of a small auxiliary motor, is shown diagrammatically, in section, in Fig. 61. Po is the stationary primary or stator, So the revolving squirrel- cage secondary of the power motor. The stator coils of P0 connect to the segments of the stationary commutator, Co, which receives the si ...", "... ed torque, / = supply frequency. 102. An application of this type of motor for starting larger motors under power, by means of a small auxiliary motor, is shown diagrammatically, in section, in Fig. 61. Po is the stationary primary or stator, So the revolving squirrel- cage secondary of the power motor. The stator coils of P0 connect to the segments of the stationary commutator, Co, which receives the single-phase power current through the brushes, B0. 171 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS These brushes, Bv, are carried by the rotating squirrel -cage secondary, Si, of a small auxiliary moto ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Regulation And Control", "section_title": "Regulation And Control", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 4595-4930", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... for boosters, inverted con- verters in the generating station are used to change from direct current to alternating current; the alternating current is sent by step-up and step-down transformers to the substation and changed to direct current by rotary converters. If a considerable amount of power is required at a dis- tance, it is more convenient at the generating station to use, instead of inverted converters, double current generators, that is, generators having commutator and collector rings. If most of the power is used at a distance, alternating current generators are used with r ...", "... to direct current by rotary converters. If a considerable amount of power is required at a dis- tance, it is more convenient at the generating station to use, instead of inverted converters, double current generators, that is, generators having commutator and collector rings. If most of the power is used at a distance, alternating current generators are used with rotary converters and fre- quently one converter substation is located in the generating station. Inverted converters and double current generators are now used less, since usually the systems are now so large as to REGULA ...", "... t generators are used with rotary converters and fre- quently one converter substation is located in the generating station. Inverted converters and double current generators are now used less, since usually the systems are now so large as to REGULATION AND CONTROL 129 require most of the power at a distance, and therefore alter- nating current generators are used. Many big systems have advanced from direct current gen- erators, through inverted converters and double current gen- erators, to the present alternators feeding converter substa- tions. B. A1.TERNAT1NG Current Systems. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "section_title": "Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 17446-17956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... wrong cause. Any change in the arrangement usually involves other changes: as in the above instance, the change from high to low brilliancy commonly causes a change from directed to diffused light; by attributing the results to a wrong cause, serious mistakes thus may be made in basing further work on the results. 125. In discussing diffused light, we must realize that the meaning of \" diffused light\" is to some extent indefinite. To 280 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. define diffused light as light which traverses the space in all direc- tions and thus casts no shadow, is no ...", "... om a very satisfactory illumination at one place, to a quite unsatisfactory illumination at another place. Thus, in this instance, while the solution of the illuminating problem, given in Fig. 117, is physically perfect, that is, the illumination very uniform throughout the entire room, and the efficiency high, physiologically the illumination is satisfactory only in the middle of the room, but becomes more and more unsatisfac- tory the further we go outside of the square formed by the four light sources. Physiologically the illumination would probably be improved by locating the light sources ...", "... by the four light sources. Physiologically the illumination would probably be improved by locating the light sources in the four corners of the ceiling, or in the centers of the four sides of the ceiling. Physically, this arrangement of lamps in the corners of the room would greatly reduce the efficiency, thus require either more power, or lower the average illumination; the arrangement of the lamps at the sides would decrease the efficiency less, but would considerably impair the uniformity of illumination, giving a lower illumination near the corners of the room. Furthermore, in illuminatin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-09", "section_label": "Theory Section 9: Vector Diagrams", "section_title": "Vector Diagrams", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 2865-3233", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "snippets": [ "... the e.m.f., if a number of currents are produced by the same e.m.f., or for the generated e.m.f. in apparatus such as transform- ers and induction motors, synchronous apparatus, etc. With the current as zero vector, all horizontal components of e.m.f. are power components, all vertical components are reac- tive components. With the e.m.f. as zero vector, all horizontal components of current are power components, all vertical components of current are reactive components. By measurement from the vector diagram numerica ...", "... induction motors, synchronous apparatus, etc. With the current as zero vector, all horizontal components of e.m.f. are power components, all vertical components are reac- tive components. With the e.m.f. as zero vector, all horizontal components of current are power components, all vertical components of current are reactive components. By measurement from the vector diagram numerical values can hardly ever be derived with sufficient accuracy, since the magnitudes of the different quantities used in the same diagram are ...", "... by the counter e.m.f., as explained before. 46 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EXAMPLES 45. In a three-phase long-distance transmission line, the vol- tage between lines at the receiving end shall be 5000 at no load, 5500 at full load of 44 amp. power component, and propor- tional at intermediary values of the power component of the current; that is, the voltage at the receiving end shall increase proportional to the load. At three-quarters load the current shall be in phase with the e.m.f. at the receiv ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_title": "Induction Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "number": 1, "location": "lines 18949-19165", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "snippets": [ "... ors are used to a considerable extent, but, like the shunt motor, have the dis- advantage of a commutator carrying alternating currents. • The shunt motor on an alternating-current circuit has the objection that in the armature winding the current should be power current, thus in phas£ with the e.m.f., while in the field winding the current is lagging nearly 90 deg., as magnetizing current. Thus field and armature would be out of phase with each other. To overcome this objection either there is inserted in series ...", "... other phase of a quarter-phase sys- tem, and thus the current in the armature brought approximately into phase with the magnetic flux of the field. Such an arrangement obviously loads the two phases of the system unsymmetrically, the one with the armature power current, the other with the lagging field current. To balance the system two such motors may be used simultaneously and 306 INDUCTION MACHINES 307 combined in one structure, the one receiving power current from the first, magnetizing current from the sec ...", "... of the system unsymmetrically, the one with the armature power current, the other with the lagging field current. To balance the system two such motors may be used simultaneously and 306 INDUCTION MACHINES 307 combined in one structure, the one receiving power current from the first, magnetizing current from the second phase, the second motor receiving magnetizing current from the first and power current from the second phase. The objection that the use of the commutator is complicated and greatly limits the desi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-29", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 29, "number": 8, "location": "lines 9399-9553", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "snippets": [ "... For 0 = - 60, or 60 deg. lead: p = 0.5, q = - 0.866, with the current I as abscissas, the constants being r = 0.1, z0 = 5, and E = 1000. These curves are called the compounding curves of the syn- chronous motors. In Fig. 67 are shown, with the power output PI = i (Ep — ir) — (iron loss and friction) as abscissas, and the same constants 1= E = =0.1, 000 XQ= 1100 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 FIG. 66. — Synchronous motor compounding curves. r = 0.1, XQ = 5, E = 1000, ...", "... 5, q = - 0.866, with the current I as abscissas, the constants being r = 0.1, z0 = 5, and E = 1000. These curves are called the compounding curves of the syn- chronous motors. In Fig. 67 are shown, with the power output PI = i (Ep — ir) — (iron loss and friction) as abscissas, and the same constants 1= E = =0.1, 000 XQ= 1100 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 FIG. 66. — Synchronous motor compounding curves. r = 0.1, XQ = 5, E = 1000, and constant field excitation F0' that ...", "... 0 200 FIG. 66. — Synchronous motor compounding curves. r = 0.1, XQ = 5, E = 1000, and constant field excitation F0' that is, constant nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ = 1109 (corresponding to p = 1, # = 0 at 7 = 100), the values of current I and power-factor p. As iron loss is assumed 3000 watts, as friction 2000 watts. Such curves are called load characteristics of the synchronous motor. 18. In Fig. 68 are shown, with constant power output = PO, SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 145 i (Ep — ir), and the same cons ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-99", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 99: Alternating-current Transformer: Lighting and Power Time", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Lighting and Power Time", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 99, "number": null, "location": "lines 17324-17427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "losses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-99/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-99/", "snippets": [ "A. LIGHTING AND POWER Time Load = Per cent. TimeX load I II Losses Time X losses Losses Time X losses 2hr. IH 125 250 4.10 8.20 3.54 7.08 2hr. % 75 150 2.11 4.22 2.55 5.10 6hr. H 50 300 1.50 9.00 2.25 13.50 14 hr. Y20 5 S = 70 1.00 ...", "A. LIGHTING AND POWER Time Load = Per cent. TimeX load I II Losses Time X losses Losses Time X losses 2hr. IH 125 250 4.10 8.20 3.54 7.08 2hr. % 75 150 2.11 4.22 2.55 5.10 6hr. H 50 300 1.50 9.00 2.25 13.50 14 hr. Y20 5 S = 70 1.00 14.00 2.00 28.00 770 35.42 53.68 Input ...", "A. LIGHTING AND POWER Time Load = Per cent. TimeX load I II Losses Time X losses Losses Time X losses 2hr. IH 125 250 4.10 8.20 3.54 7.08 2hr. % 75 150 2.11 4.22 2.55 5.10 6hr. H 50 300 1.50 9.00 2.25 13.50 14 hr. Y20 5 S = 70 1.00 14.00 2.00 28.00 770 35.42 53.68 Input 805 . 4 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "section_title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 17025-18828", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... nduced in the armature by the re- sultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant M.M.F. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this induced E.M.F. and the E.M.F. of self-inductance and the E.M.F. representing the energy loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field M.M.F. in cre- ating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second mag- netic flux in a local circuit through the armature, which flux does not pass through the ...", "... in the armature by the re- sultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant M.M.F. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this induced E.M.F. and the E.M.F. of self-inductance and the E.M.F. representing the energy loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field M.M.F. in cre- ating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second mag- netic flux in a local circuit through the armature, which flux does not pass through the field ...", "... 't\\ ■lOj. / \\ A,. \\ fiq. Its. Fitu m HoH-liKluctliv loaA dotted lines, we have, for the following conditions of external circuit : In Fig. 113, non-inductive external circuit, j: = 0. In Fig. 114, inductive external circuit, of the condition, r/.r = + .75, with a power factor, .6. In Fig. 115, inductive external circuit, of the condition, r = 0, with a power factor, 0, S1641 ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 241 In Fig. 116, external circuit with leading current, of the condi- tion, r jx = — .75, with a power factor, .6. In Fig. 117, external circuit with lea ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... us condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rotation through the ma ...", "... on of a synchronous reactance^ a;©, and correspond- ing thereto of a nominal induced e,m,f,y cq, is most convenient in electrical calculations, but it must be kept in mind, that neither Co nor Xq have any actual existence, correspond to actual magnetic fluxes, and for instance, when calculating efficiency and losses, the core loss of the machine does not correspond to eo, but corresponds to the actual or resultant magnetic flux. Fig. 112. Also, in deal- ing with transients involving the dissipation of the magnetic energy stored in the machine, the magnetic energy of the result- ant field, Fig. ...", "... nous reactance^ a;©, and correspond- ing thereto of a nominal induced e,m,f,y cq, is most convenient in electrical calculations, but it must be kept in mind, that neither Co nor Xq have any actual existence, correspond to actual magnetic fluxes, and for instance, when calculating efficiency and losses, the core loss of the machine does not correspond to eo, but corresponds to the actual or resultant magnetic flux. Fig. 112. Also, in deal- ing with transients involving the dissipation of the magnetic energy stored in the machine, the magnetic energy of the result- ant field, Fig. 112, comes ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2659-3514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... 22. Excitation of a motor field. Let, in a continuous-current shunt motor, e0 = 250 volts = impressed e.m.f., and the number of poles = 8. Assume the magnetic flux per pole, 0 = 12.5 megalines, and the ampere-turns per pole required to produce this magnetic flux as $ = 9000. Assume 1000 watts used for the excitation of the motor field gives an exciting current 1000 h =- = 4 amperes, and herefrom the resistance of the total motor field circuit is r = e-? = 62.5 ohms. 28 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA To produce JF = 9000 ampere-turns, with il = 4 amperes, cjr requires — = 2250 turn ...", "... decrease at the same rate as it increased in (7) and (8), provided the armature instantly comes to a stand- still, that is, its e.m.f. of rotation disappears. This, however, is usually not the case, but the motor armature slows down gradually, its momentum being consumed by friction and other losses, and while still revolving an e.m.f. of gradually decreas- ing intensity is generated in the armature winding; this e.m.f. is impressed upon the field. The discharge of a motor field winding through the armature winding, after shutting off the power, therefore leads to the case of an inductiv ...", "... entum being consumed by friction and other losses, and while still revolving an e.m.f. of gradually decreas- ing intensity is generated in the armature winding; this e.m.f. is impressed upon the field. The discharge of a motor field winding through the armature winding, after shutting off the power, therefore leads to the case of an inductive circuit with a varying impressed e.m.f. 23. Discharge of a motor field winding. Assume that in the continuous-current shunt motor dis- cussed under 22, the armature comes to rest tl = 40 seconds after the energy supply has been shut off by disconn ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-18", "section_label": "Theory Section 18: Equivalent Sine Waves", "section_title": "Equivalent Sine Waves", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 7381-7736", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "snippets": [ "... relation, that which gives the same effect as the general wave, that is, the same mean (ei). Hence if e = e.m.f. and i = current of a general alternating wave, their equivalent sine waves are defined by e0 = -\\Anean (e2), io = A/mean (i2); and the power is Po = eQiQ cos eoiQ = mean (ei)', thus, mean (ei) COS €QIQ = — / - Vmean (e2) v mean (i2) Since by definition the equivalent sine waves of the general alternating waves have the same effective value or intensity and the same power or effect, ...", "... ); and the power is Po = eQiQ cos eoiQ = mean (ei)', thus, mean (ei) COS €QIQ = — / - Vmean (e2) v mean (i2) Since by definition the equivalent sine waves of the general alternating waves have the same effective value or intensity and the same power or effect, it follows that in regard to inten- sity and effect the general alternating waves can be represented by their equivalent sine waves. Considering in the preceding the alternating currents as equiva- lent sine waves representing general alternating wa ...", "... olumn (11) gives the squares of the exciting current, i2. 25 85 Their sum is 25.85; thus the mean square, ' = 1.436, and lo the effective value of exciting current, i' = Vl.436 = 1.198 amp. Column (12) gives the instantaneous values of power, p = ieo. Their sum is 4766; thus the mean power, p' = 4766 18 = 264.8. FIG. 43. — Waves of exciting current. Power and flux density corresponding to e.m.f . in Fig. 41 and hysteretic cycle in Fig. 42. FIG. 44. — Corresponding sine waves for e.m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-39", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Direct-current Commutating Machines: General", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 39, "number": 1, "location": "lines 10430-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-39/", "snippets": [ "... tating machines are characterized by the combina- tion of a continuously excited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric power into mechanical power, and direct-current con- verters which transform electric power into a different form of electric power. Since the most important class of the latter are the synch ...", "... characterized by the combina- tion of a continuously excited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric power into mechanical power, and direct-current con- verters which transform electric power into a different form of electric power. Since the most important class of the latter are the synchronous converters, wh ...", "... cited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric power into mechanical power, and direct-current con- verters which transform electric power into a different form of electric power. Since the most important class of the latter are the synchronous converters, which combine features of the synchronous machines with ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 79, "number": null, "location": "lines 13019-13119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "snippets": [ "... the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor ...", "... .m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the fie ...", "... In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the field causes the main current to lag behind the impr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-80", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 80: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 80, "number": null, "location": "lines 13120-13188", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "snippets": [ "... secondary. As, however, the e.m.f. induced in the induction motor secondary is of the frequency of slip, the speed controlling e.m.f. must either be supplied through the commutator or de- rived from a low frequency commutating machine as source. 4. For power-factor compensation. In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage or, what is the same, the voltage leads the current, and the power-factor thus can be raised by compensation either by introducing a leading current, as from condenser or overexci ...", "... supplied through the commutator or de- rived from a low frequency commutating machine as source. 4. For power-factor compensation. In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage or, what is the same, the voltage leads the current, and the power-factor thus can be raised by compensation either by introducing a leading current, as from condenser or overexcited synchronous motor, or by in- troducing a lagging voltage. In the commutating machines, the voltage induced in the armature by its rotation is in p ...", "... n the armature by its rotation is in phase with the field magnetism, and by lagging the field exciting current, 222 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the commutating machines thus can be made to give a lagging voltage, that is, to compensate for low power-factor due to lagging current. Thus, by inserting such a commutating machine into the secondary of an induction machine, the latter can be made to give unity power-factor or even leading current. Such phase compensation is frequently used in alternating- current c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-85", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 85, "number": 6, "location": "lines 15476-15585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "snippets": [ "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating curren ...", "... potential regulator or compensator, that is, transformers of variable ratio of transformation, or by a synchronous machine of the same number of poles as the converter, on the same shaft and con- nected in series (\"synchronous booster\") or by the effect of watt- less currents on self-inductance. The latter method is especially suited for converters, due to their ability of producing wattless currents by change of .field excitation. The e.m.f. of self -inductance lags 90 deg. behind the current; thus, if the current ...", "... nt is 90 deg. ahead of the e.m.f., the e.m.f. of self-inductance is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., thus adds itself thereto and raises it. Therefore, if self-inductance is inserted into the lines between converter and constant-potential generator, and a watt- I 252 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING less lagging current is produced by the converter by a decrease of its field excitation, the e.m.f. of self-inductance of this lagging current in the line lowers the alternating impressed voltage at the convert ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-93", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 93: Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Direct-current Generator", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Direct-current Generator", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 93, "number": null, "location": "lines 16618-16726", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-93/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-93/", "snippets": [ "... only one compensator or auto- transformer is used for deriving the neutral, as shown diagram- matically in Fig. 146, or two autotransformers in quadrature, as shown in Fig. 148, but rarely more. FIG. 148. — Three-wire machine with two compensators. As the efficiency of conversion of a direct-current converter with two autotransformers in quadrature (Fig. 148) is higher than that of a direct-current converter with single autotransformer (Fig. 146), it is preferable to use two (or even more) autotrans- formers where a large ...", "... on of a direct-current converter with two autotransformers in quadrature (Fig. 148) is higher than that of a direct-current converter with single autotransformer (Fig. 146), it is preferable to use two (or even more) autotrans- formers where a large amount of power is to be converted, that is, where a very great unbalancing between the two sides of the three-wire system may occur, or one side may be practically unloaded while the other is overloaded. Where, however, the load is fairly distributed between the two sid ...", "... overloaded. Where, however, the load is fairly distributed between the two sides of the system, that is, the neutral current (which is the difference between the currents on the two sides of the system) is small and so only a small part of the generator power is converted from one side to the other, and the efficiency of this conversion thus of negligible SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 273 influence on the heating and the output of the machine, a single autotransformer is preferable because of its simplicity. In ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9062-11050", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... , but the coefficient of hardness of chilled tool steel, a = 8 X 10~^, is 200 times that of the special silicon steel, a = 0.04 X 10\"^, and the coefficient of hysteresis of the chilled tool steel, 17 = 75 X 10\"', is 125 times that of the sili- con steel, 77 = 0.6 X 10\"'. Hardness and hysteresis loss seem to depend in general on the physical characteristics of the material, and on the chemical constitution only as far as it affects the phys- ical characteristics. Chemical compounds of magnetic metals are in general not ferromagnetic, except a few compounds as magnetite, which are ferroma ...", "... very gtesirtly changes the magnetic constants, especially a and 17— more or less in correspondence with the change of the physical constants brought about by the heat treatment. MAGNETISM 79 Very extended exposure to moderate temperature — 100 to 200°C. — increases hardness and hysteresis loss with some mate- rials, by what is called ageing, while other materials are almost free of ageing. 48. The most important, and therefore most completely in- vestigated magnetic metal is iron. Its saturation value is probably between S = 21.0 X 10^ and S = 21.5 X 10^, the saturation coefficie ...", "... on alloys seem to exist: 1. Those in which the alloying material does not directly afifect the magnetic qualities, but only indirectly, by reducing the vol- ume of the iron and thereby the saturation value, and by chang- ing the physical characteristics and thereby the hardness and hysteresis loss. Such apparently are the alloys with carbon, silicon, titanium, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten, etc., as oast iron, silicon steel, magnet steel, etc. 2. Those in which the alloying material changes the magnetic, characteristics. Such apparently are the alloys with nickel, manganese, mer ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "section_title": "Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 27996-29301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV CONSTANT-VOLTAGE SERIES OPERATION 166. Where a considerable number of devices, distributed over a large area, and each consuming a small amount of power, are to be operated in the same circuit, low- voltage supply — 110 or 220 volts — usually is not feasible, due to the distances, and high- voltage distribution — ^2300 volts — with individual step-down transformers at the consuming devices, usually is uneconomical, due to the small power consu ...", "... nt of power, are to be operated in the same circuit, low- voltage supply — 110 or 220 volts — usually is not feasible, due to the distances, and high- voltage distribution — ^2300 volts — with individual step-down transformers at the consuming devices, usually is uneconomical, due to the small power consumption of each device. In such a case, series connection of the devices is the most eco- nomical arrangement, and therefore conmionly used. Such for instance is the case in lighting the streets of a city, etc. Most of the street lighting has been done by arc lamps operated on constant- ...", "... eries connection of the devices is the most eco- nomical arrangement, and therefore conmionly used. Such for instance is the case in lighting the streets of a city, etc. Most of the street lighting has been done by arc lamps operated on constant-current circuits, and as the imiversal electric power supply today is at constant voltage, transformation from constant voltage to constant current thus is of importance, and has been discussed in Chapter XIV. The constant-current system thus is used in this case: (o) Because by series connection of the consuming devices, as the arc lamps in s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6798-7825", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... very large non-inductive resistance (of such size as to cut the starting current down to less than — of full-load current). Even in this case, however, oscillations would appear by a change of load, etc., after the start of the circuit. (6) When using electrostatic condensers for producing watt- less leading currents, the resistance in series with the condensers is made as low as possible, for reasons of efficiency. Even with the extreme value of 10 per cent resistance, or r 4- xc = I -f- 10, the non-oscillating condition is x < — r, or 0.23 per cent, which is not feasible. In ge ...", "... urrent). Even in this case, however, oscillations would appear by a change of load, etc., after the start of the circuit. (6) When using electrostatic condensers for producing watt- less leading currents, the resistance in series with the condensers is made as low as possible, for reasons of efficiency. Even with the extreme value of 10 per cent resistance, or r 4- xc = I -f- 10, the non-oscillating condition is x < — r, or 0.23 per cent, which is not feasible. In general, if x consumes 12 4 9 16 per cent of the con- denser potential difference, r must consume > 20 28.3 40 60 80 per ...", "... istributed capacity and inductance, the oscillation does not consist of one definite frequency but an infinite series of frequencies, and the preceding discussion thus approximates only the fundamental frequency of the system. This, however, is the frequency which usually predominates in a high power low frequency surge of the system. In an underground cable system the preceding discussion applies more closely, since in such a system capacity and induc- tance are more nearly localized : the capacity is in the under- ground cables, which are of low inductance, and the inductance is in the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-53", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 53, "number": 4, "location": "lines 30244-31450", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping constant on the frequency and the wave length is negligible. The same obviously ...", "... mmonly only a small part of the length of the circuit. Usually, therefore, in the discussion of traveling waves, the effect of the damping constants on the fre- quency constant q and the wave length constant k can be neglected, that is, frequency and wave length assumed as inde- pendent of the energy loss in the circuit. Usually, therefore, the equations (74) and (75) can be applied in dealing with the traveling wave. In these equations the distance traveled by the wave per second is used as unit length by the substitution /I = < = s\"\"* e~st, that is, faster than the first wave. If the amplitude of the wave remained constant throughout the circuit — as would be the case in a free oscillation of the circuit, in which the stored energy of the circuit is dissipated, but no power supplied one way or the other — that is, if h = 0, from equation (56) s = 0; that is, both waves coincide and form one, which dies out with the time by the decrement e~ut. It thus follows: In general, two waves, with their reflected waves, traverse t ...", "... dies out with the increasing time t by £-(tt+s>< = s\"\"* e~st, that is, faster than the first wave. If the amplitude of the wave remained constant throughout the circuit — as would be the case in a free oscillation of the circuit, in which the stored energy of the circuit is dissipated, but no power supplied one way or the other — that is, if h = 0, from equation (56) s = 0; that is, both waves coincide and form one, which dies out with the time by the decrement e~ut. It thus follows: In general, two waves, with their reflected waves, traverse the circuit, of which the one, i\", e\", increa ...", "... ring its propagation, or, in i\", e\" duration in time is sacrificed to duration in distance, and inversely in i', e'. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS 433 It is interesting to note that in a circuit having resistance, inductance, and capacity, the mathematical expressions of the two cases of energy flow; that is, the gradual or exponential and the oscillatory or trigonometric, are both special cases of the equations (60) and (61), corresponding respectively to q = o, k = 0 and to h = 0, s = 0. 8. In the equations (50) and (51) qt = 2x gives the time of a complete cycle, that is, the p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Eras in the World's History", "section_title": "Eras in the World's History", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 1, "location": "lines 234-626", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ots, la- boring for the conqueror-citizens as masters, and so all ancient civilization, Egypt and Baby- lon, Hellas and the Macedonian empires, and finally their culmination in the Roman Empire, were based on slavery — a rightless class of slaves doing all the work, a citizen class sup- ported by slave labor and thus having its time AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH free for war, administration, or art, whatever the national character and inclination, and a class of free men without rights and power, de- spised alike by s ...", "... f slaves doing all the work, a citizen class sup- ported by slave labor and thus having its time AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH free for war, administration, or art, whatever the national character and inclination, and a class of free men without rights and power, de- spised alike by slave and slave-owner, but con- sidering themselves vastly above the slaves, and serving the masters as slave-drivers, managers, etc.{perioikoi — libertini — the \"poor white trash\" of our own classic civilization of the South). In the classic ...", "... nobility to the court by sharing the spoils with them, all this meant continu- ously increasing exploitation of the people, and for the masses it was no more, as in the early 'days of feudalism, exchange of protection for a part of the product of their work, but it was exploitation by everybody, ceaseless toil and no hope, and to the masses the feudal society of the \"grand monarch\" offered nothing. There- fore they had no interest in the maintenance of this society, their lot could not become worse by any ov ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 2: The Epoch of the French Revolution", "section_title": "The Epoch of the French Revolution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 2, "location": "lines 627-873", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... rogress, all the powers of darkness and reaction, sprang to arms against France, the pron>ulgator and defender of the new idea. Internal enemies arose everywhere in France, even the royal court conspired with the coun- try's enemies. Europe's greatest military power, the Prussian army, invaded France in the north; the Austrian and German army in the south; rebellions flared up; never was a nation in so desperate condition. Even England, though already on the path toward the new era, joined the enemies of progress, an ...", "... thout parliament. The controversy was finally compromised after the victorious war of Prussia against Aus- tria, and the formation of the North German Customs Union in 1866. The entrance of the other German states, in which capitalism was further advanced in power than in Prussia, in- duced Bismarck to make concessions, while on the other side the beginning danger of the social democracy made capitalism more inclined tow- ard compromise with the monarchical govern- ment. It is important to realize this historical de- ...", "... ERA: FROM COMPETITION TO CO-OPERATION THE epoch of the French Revolution, ush- ered in by the declaration of the rights of man — liherte, egalite, fraternite — struck the fet- ters of feudalism from the human race, and gave free play to the intelligence, energy, and initia- tive of all the millions of human beings. The development of the steam-engine, of steamship and locomotive, and later of telegraph, tel- ephone, and electric power, forged the tools; the free and unrestrained competition, which is the industrial e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-20", "section_label": "Theory Section 20: Nomenclature", "section_title": "Nomenclature", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 7991-8291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "snippets": [ "... ic capacity 120 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TABLE OF SYMBOLS. Continued Symbol Name Unit Character 9 Dielectric gradient Volts per centimeter Electrical Voltage gradient Electrifying force C Capacity Farad; microfarad Dielectric P,P Power, effect Watt; kilowatt General W,w.... Energy, work Joule; kilo joule General T,# Temperature Degrees Centigrade General t Time Seconds General $,$,0... Time angle Degrees or radians General <*,T Space angle Degrees or radians General / ...", "... 0 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TABLE OF SYMBOLS. Continued Symbol Name Unit Character 9 Dielectric gradient Volts per centimeter Electrical Voltage gradient Electrifying force C Capacity Farad; microfarad Dielectric P,P Power, effect Watt; kilowatt General W,w.... Energy, work Joule; kilo joule General T,# Temperature Degrees Centigrade General t Time Seconds General $,$,0... Time angle Degrees or radians General <*,T Space angle Degrees or radians General / Frequency Cy ...", "... ERING TABLE OF SYMBOLS. Continued Symbol Name Unit Character 9 Dielectric gradient Volts per centimeter Electrical Voltage gradient Electrifying force C Capacity Farad; microfarad Dielectric P,P Power, effect Watt; kilowatt General W,w.... Energy, work Joule; kilo joule General T,# Temperature Degrees Centigrade General t Time Seconds General $,$,0... Time angle Degrees or radians General <*,T Space angle Degrees or radians General / Frequency Cycles per second General PART II ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-25", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 25, "number": 4, "location": "lines 8907-9034", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "snippets": [ "... s other side; or, the m.m.f. consumed by armature reaction is represented by OF'a = Fa in opposition to 01. Combining OF'a and OF gives OFQ = FQ, the field excitation. F, FIG. 53. — Diagram of generator, e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for lagging reac- tive load. Power-factor 0 . 50. FIG. 54. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for leading reac- tive load. Power-factor 0.50. 136 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING In Figs. 52, 53, 54 are drawn the diagrams for 0 = zero or non-inductive load, 0 = 60 degrees, or 60 d ...", "... to 01. Combining OF'a and OF gives OFQ = FQ, the field excitation. F, FIG. 53. — Diagram of generator, e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for lagging reac- tive load. Power-factor 0 . 50. FIG. 54. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for leading reac- tive load. Power-factor 0.50. 136 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING In Figs. 52, 53, 54 are drawn the diagrams for 0 = zero or non-inductive load, 0 = 60 degrees, or 60 degrees lag (inductive load of power-factor 0.50), and 0 = — 60 deg., or 60 deg. lead (anti-inductive ...", "... f generator e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for leading reac- tive load. Power-factor 0.50. 136 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING In Figs. 52, 53, 54 are drawn the diagrams for 0 = zero or non-inductive load, 0 = 60 degrees, or 60 degrees lag (inductive load of power-factor 0.50), and 0 = — 60 deg., or 60 deg. lead (anti-inductive load of power-factor 0.50). Thus it is seen that with the same terminal voltage E a much higher field excitation, FQ, is required with inductive load than with non-inductive load, while with anti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-35", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 14: Synchronous Machines: Division of Load in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Division of Load in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 35, "number": 14, "location": "lines 9879-9917", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-35/", "snippets": [ "... ty of terminal voltage before synchronizing is equality of frequency. Inequality of frequency, or rather a tendency to inequality of frequency (since by necessity the machines hold each other in step or at equal frequency), causes cross currents which transfer'energy from the machine whose driving power tends to accelerate to the machine whose driving power tends to slow down, and thus relieves the latter by increasing the load on the former. Thus these cross currents are power currents, and cause at no load or light ...", "... zing is equality of frequency. Inequality of frequency, or rather a tendency to inequality of frequency (since by necessity the machines hold each other in step or at equal frequency), causes cross currents which transfer'energy from the machine whose driving power tends to accelerate to the machine whose driving power tends to slow down, and thus relieves the latter by increasing the load on the former. Thus these cross currents are power currents, and cause at no load or light load the one machine to drive the ...", "... or rather a tendency to inequality of frequency (since by necessity the machines hold each other in step or at equal frequency), causes cross currents which transfer'energy from the machine whose driving power tends to accelerate to the machine whose driving power tends to slow down, and thus relieves the latter by increasing the load on the former. Thus these cross currents are power currents, and cause at no load or light load the one machine to drive the other as synchronous motor, while under load the result ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... ented by vector OE's, 90° ahead of 01', and £\"'3 is represented by vector 0E\"3, 90° ahead of 01\". The resultant e.m.f. of self-induction then is given by the combination of OE'3 and OE\"^, as OEz. It is not 90° ahead of 01, but either more or less. In the former case, the self-induction consumes power, in the latter case, it produces power. That is, in such an arma- ture revolving in the structure of non-uniform reluctance, the e.m.f. of self-induction is not wattless, but may represent con- sumption, or production of power, as \"reaction machine.\" (See \"Calculation of Electrical Apparatus.\" ...", "... and £\"'3 is represented by vector 0E\"3, 90° ahead of 01\". The resultant e.m.f. of self-induction then is given by the combination of OE'3 and OE\"^, as OEz. It is not 90° ahead of 01, but either more or less. In the former case, the self-induction consumes power, in the latter case, it produces power. That is, in such an arma- ture revolving in the structure of non-uniform reluctance, the e.m.f. of self-induction is not wattless, but may represent con- sumption, or production of power, as \"reaction machine.\" (See \"Calculation of Electrical Apparatus.\") Subtracting vectorially OE3 from the ...", "... ither more or less. In the former case, the self-induction consumes power, in the latter case, it produces power. That is, in such an arma- ture revolving in the structure of non-uniform reluctance, the e.m.f. of self-induction is not wattless, but may represent con- sumption, or production of power, as \"reaction machine.\" (See \"Calculation of Electrical Apparatus.\") Subtracting vectorially OE3 from the virtual generated e.m.f. OEi, gives the actual generated e.m.f., 0E\\, and subtracting therefrom the e.m.f. consumed by the armature resistance, OEi, in phase with the current, 01, gives t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "section_title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 27501-29124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... s, in symbolic expression, ^x = — {— sin (w — a) +ycos (w — a)} dec a COS a = — xi {a -\\- J) (cos « + y sin w) dec a ; that is, E^ = — X I{a +j) dec a. Hence the apparent reactance of the oscillating current circuit is, in symbolic expression, X == X (a +y) dec a. Hence it contains an energy component ax, and the impedance is Z ={r — X) dec a = {r — x (a +j)) dec a = {r—ax —jx) dec a. Capacity, 285. Let r = resistance, C= capacity, and x^ = 1/ 2 «• C = capacity reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating §286] OSCILLATING CURRENTS. 415 current /, the electromotive f ...", "... tive reactance Xy and capacity reactance x^^ the impedance was represented in symbolic expression by or numerically by ■ Thus the inductive reactance Xy as well as the capacity reactance x^y do not represent wattless electromotive forces as in an alternating-current circuit, but introduce energy components of negative sign a ^ax- r— — ,^c; 1 + rt\"* that means, \" In an oscillating-current circuit, the counter electro- motive force of self-induction is not in quadrature behind the current, but lags less than 90°, or a quarter period ; and the charging current of a condenser is l ...", "... g, we have 1 a = v^ '^ -1 That is, \" If in an oscillating-current circuit, the decrement 1 rt = — v/ 1A_1 and the frequency N =. rj^iiiraLy the total impedance of the circuit is zero ; that is, the oscillating current, when started once, will continue without external energy being impressed upon the circuit.\" 291. The physical meaning of this is: \"If upon an electric circuit a certain amount of energy is impressed and then the circuit left to itself, the current in the circuit will become oscillating, and the oscillations assume the fre- quency ^V = r/4 7r^Z, an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 25904-27405", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... olic expression, £x = - °^—{— sin (w — a) +/ cos (w — a)} dec a COS a = — x i (a -f y ) (cos w + 7 sin a>) dec a ; that is, Ex = — x I (a +/') dec a . Hence the apparent reactance of the oscillating current circuit is, in symbolic expression, X = x (a +y') dec a. Hence it contains an energy component ax, and the impedance is Z = (r — X) dec a = {r — x (a +/')} dec a = (r — ax —jx) dec a. Capacity. 314. Let r = resistance, C = capacity, and xc = 1 /2-n-JVC = capacity reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating OSCILLATING CURRENTS. 503 current /, the electromotive f ...", "... , and capacity reactance xc, the impedance was represented in symbolic expression by -jxa = ! + «» or numerically by Thus the inductive reactance x, as well as the capacity reactance xc, do not represent wattless electromotive forces as in an alternating-current circuit, but introduce energy components of negative sign a — ax — - - x : 1 + a2 that means, \" In an oscillating-current circuit, the counter electro- motive force of self-induction is not in quadrature behind the current, but lags less than 90°, or a quarter period; and the charging current of a condenser is less ...", "... n this equation x = 2 TT NL • xc = and expanding, we have a That is, \" If in an oscillating-current circuit, the decrement 1 and the frequency N = r/4iraL, the total impedance of the circuit is zero ; that is, the oscillating current, when started once, will continue without external energy being impressed upon the circuit.\" 320. The physical meaning of this is : \" If upon an electric circuit a certain amount of energy is impressed and then the circuit left to itself, the current in the circuit will become oscillating, and the oscillations assume the fre- quency N = r/4:7raL, a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 5445-6941", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III MAGNETISM Reluctivity 29. Considering magnetism as the phenomena of a \"magnetic circuit,\" the foremost differences between the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, while the maintenance of a magnetic circuit does not require the expenditure of energy, though the starting of a magnetic circuit requires energy. A magnetic circuit, there- fore, can remain \"remanent\" or \"permanent.\" (6) All materials are fairly good carriers of magnetic flux, and the range ...", "... of a \"magnetic circuit,\" the foremost differences between the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, while the maintenance of a magnetic circuit does not require the expenditure of energy, though the starting of a magnetic circuit requires energy. A magnetic circuit, there- fore, can remain \"remanent\" or \"permanent.\" (6) All materials are fairly good carriers of magnetic flux, and the range of magnetic permeabilities is, therefore, narrow, from 1 to a few thousands, while the ...", "... the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, while the maintenance of a magnetic circuit does not require the expenditure of energy, though the starting of a magnetic circuit requires energy. A magnetic circuit, there- fore, can remain \"remanent\" or \"permanent.\" (6) All materials are fairly good carriers of magnetic flux, and the range of magnetic permeabilities is, therefore, narrow, from 1 to a few thousands, while the range of electric conductivi- ties covers a range of 1 to 1 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-14", "section_label": "Theory Section 14: Rectangular Coordinates", "section_title": "Rectangular Coordinates", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 5264-5831", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "snippets": [ "... currents at will (synchronous machine) ; 12,000 volts are impressed upon the line. How much lagging and leading currents respectively must be produced at the receiving end of the line to get 10,000 volts (a) at no load, (6) at 50 amp. power current as load, (c) at 100 amp. power current as load? Let e = 10,000 = e.m.f. received at end of line, ii = power current, and i% = reactive lagging current; then total line current. LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 85 The ...", "... are impressed upon the line. How much lagging and leading currents respectively must be produced at the receiving end of the line to get 10,000 volts (a) at no load, (6) at 50 amp. power current as load, (c) at 100 amp. power current as load? Let e = 10,000 = e.m.f. received at end of line, ii = power current, and i% = reactive lagging current; then total line current. LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 85 The voltage at the generator end of the line is then E ...", "... spectively must be produced at the receiving end of the line to get 10,000 volts (a) at no load, (6) at 50 amp. power current as load, (c) at 100 amp. power current as load? Let e = 10,000 = e.m.f. received at end of line, ii = power current, and i% = reactive lagging current; then total line current. LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 85 The voltage at the generator end of the line is then E0 = e + ZI = e + (r + jx) (ii — jiz) = (e + rii + xi2) — j (n'2 — xii) = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-23", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 23, "number": 2, "location": "lines 8658-8740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "snippets": [ "... XQ is thus a quantity combining armature reaction and self-inductance of the alternator. It is the only quantity which can easily be determined by experiment by running the alternator on short circuit with excited field. If in this case IQ = current, PQ = loss of power in the armature coils, EQ = e.m.f. corresponding to the field excitation at open w p circuit, 7— = ZQ is the synchronous impedance, y^ = r0 is the -to J-o effective resistance (ohmic resistance plus load losses), and XQ = A/202 — ro2 the s ...", "... us a quantity combining armature reaction and self-inductance of the alternator. It is the only quantity which can easily be determined by experiment by running the alternator on short circuit with excited field. If in this case IQ = current, PQ = loss of power in the armature coils, EQ = e.m.f. corresponding to the field excitation at open w p circuit, 7— = ZQ is the synchronous impedance, y^ = r0 is the -to J-o effective resistance (ohmic resistance plus load losses), and XQ = A/202 — ro2 the synchronous ...", "... n this case IQ = current, PQ = loss of power in the armature coils, EQ = e.m.f. corresponding to the field excitation at open w p circuit, 7— = ZQ is the synchronous impedance, y^ = r0 is the -to J-o effective resistance (ohmic resistance plus load losses), and XQ = A/202 — ro2 the synchronous reactance. In this feature lies the importance of the term \" nominal generated e.m.f.\" EQ, E0 = Ei + J!XQ, = E + (r + jx) I 130 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the terms being combined in their proper ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-55", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 55: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 189", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 189", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 55, "number": null, "location": "lines 11301-11386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "losses", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-55/", "snippets": [ "... ept locally. Thus in machines having very low field excitation, and relatively high armature reaction, as alternating-current commutating machines, adjustable speed motors of wide speed range at the high-speed position, boosters near zero voltage, etc., the load losses resulting from excessive field distortion, the tendency to instability of speed, and the liability of flashing at the commutator at sudden changes of load are not eliminated by the commutating pole, but a more complete neutralization of the armature reaction ...", "... in Fig. 102. It is connected in series but opposition to the armature winding, and of the same number of effective turns as the armature. By such a compensating winding, the armature reaction is completely eliminated, and with it magnetic distortion, load losses, etc. By giving the compensating winding some more ampere-turns than the armature, over-compensation is produced, giving a mag- netic cross flux under load, opposite to that of armature reaction, that is, a commutating flux. Very commonly in such com- pensate ...", "... ng wind- ing all around the armature ex- actly neutralizes the armature reaction, except at the commu- tating zone, where it over-com- pensates and thus gives a local commutating flux. Such ma- chines, when properly designed, are characterized by absence of load losses, stability at all speeds, instant recovery at sudden load changes, and absence of sparking at commutator even at mo- mentary overloads of several hundred per cent. FIG. 102. — Compensated com- mutating machine with fractional pitch armature winding." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-57", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 57: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 57, "number": null, "location": "lines 11401-11540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "snippets": [ "... = 1 is the length of air gap). They give the effective values: BQ BQ.S BI BI.Z BZ Bz.s B3 718 373 184 119 91 69 57 That is, the pulsation of magnetic flux rapidly disappears toward the interior of the magnet pole, and still more rapidly the energy loss by eddy currents, which is proportional to the square of the magnetic density. 54. In calculating the effect of eddy currents, the magnetizing effect of eddy currents may be neglected (which tends to reduce the pulsation of magnetism); this gives the ...", "... the length of air gap). They give the effective values: BQ BQ.S BI BI.Z BZ Bz.s B3 718 373 184 119 91 69 57 That is, the pulsation of magnetic flux rapidly disappears toward the interior of the magnet pole, and still more rapidly the energy loss by eddy currents, which is proportional to the square of the magnetic density. 54. In calculating the effect of eddy currents, the magnetizing effect of eddy currents may be neglected (which tends to reduce the pulsation of magnetism); this gives the upper ...", "... urrents, which is proportional to the square of the magnetic density. 54. In calculating the effect of eddy currents, the magnetizing effect of eddy currents may be neglected (which tends to reduce the pulsation of magnetism); this gives the upper limit of loss Let B = effective density of the alternating magnetic flux, S = peripheral speed of armature in centimeters per second, and I = length of pole face along armature. The e.m.f. generated in the pole face is then e = SIB X 10-8, and the curr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-87", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 87, "number": 9, "location": "lines 15735-15810", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "snippets": [ "... an in- verted converter running in parallel with alternators the speed is not changed by the field excitation, but a change of the latter merely changes the phase relation of the alternating current supplied by the converter; that is, the converter receives power from the direct-current system, and supplies power into the alter- nating-current system but at the same time receives wattless current from the alternating system, lagging at under-excitation, leading at over-excitation, and can in the same way as an ordinary ...", "... lternators the speed is not changed by the field excitation, but a change of the latter merely changes the phase relation of the alternating current supplied by the converter; that is, the converter receives power from the direct-current system, and supplies power into the alter- nating-current system but at the same time receives wattless current from the alternating system, lagging at under-excitation, leading at over-excitation, and can in the same way as an ordinary converter or synchronous motor be used to compensa ...", "... he alter- nating-current system but at the same time receives wattless current from the alternating system, lagging at under-excitation, leading at over-excitation, and can in the same way as an ordinary converter or synchronous motor be used to compensate for watt- less currents in other parts of the alternating system, or to regu- late the voltage by phase control." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-88", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 88, "number": 10, "location": "lines 15811-15892", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "snippets": [ "... or the commutator pitch, during one-half cycle, that is, 3^50 second with a 25-cycle, J^20 second with a 60-cycle converter. The peripheral speed of the commutator, however, is limited by mechanical, electrical, and thermal considera- tions— centrifugal forces, loss of power by brush friction, and heating caused thereby. The limitation of peripheral speed limits the commutator pitch. Within this pitch must be in- cluded as many commutator segments as necessary to take care of the voltage from brush to brush, and these ...", "... commutator pitch, during one-half cycle, that is, 3^50 second with a 25-cycle, J^20 second with a 60-cycle converter. The peripheral speed of the commutator, however, is limited by mechanical, electrical, and thermal considera- tions— centrifugal forces, loss of power by brush friction, and heating caused thereby. The limitation of peripheral speed limits the commutator pitch. Within this pitch must be in- cluded as many commutator segments as necessary to take care of the voltage from brush to brush, and these segments ...", "... ing variations of load, variations of supply voltage, and overload 60-cycle con- verters give excellent service. It is this inherent inferiority of the 60-cycle converter which has largely been instrumental in introducing 25 cycles as the frequency of electric power generation and distribution. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 259 At 25 cycles, converters are used on railway load — the most fluctuating and therefore most severe service — built for 1200 volts, and even still much higher voltages are available." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "section_title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1684-2011", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... , that is, 1 -^ -, and since the variations of a sine function are sinusoidal also, we have Mean value of sine wave -r- maximum value = — ^ 1 = 0.63663. TT The quantities, \"current,\" \"e.m.f.,\" \"magnetism,\" etc., are in reality mathematical fictions only, as the components of the entities, \"energy,\" \"power,\" etc.; that is, they have no inde- pendent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the me- chanical system of units, is that value which represents the ...", "... , 1 -^ -, and since the variations of a sine function are sinusoidal also, we have Mean value of sine wave -r- maximum value = — ^ 1 = 0.63663. TT The quantities, \"current,\" \"e.m.f.,\" \"magnetism,\" etc., are in reality mathematical fictions only, as the components of the entities, \"energy,\" \"power,\" etc.; that is, they have no inde- pendent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the me- chanical system of units, is that value which represents the same po ...", "... er,\" etc.; that is, they have no inde- pendent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the me- chanical system of units, is that value which represents the same power or effect as the periodical wave. This is called the effective 14 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA value. Its square is equal to the mean square of the periodic function, that is: The effective value of an alternating wave, or the value repre- senting the same effect an the periodically v ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Chapter II", "section_title": "Chapter II", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1728-1972", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... function are sinusoidal also, we have. Mean value of sine wave -5- maximum value = — -j- 1 IF = .63663. The quantities, \"current,\" \"E.M.F.,\" \"magnetism,\" etc., are in reality mathematical fictions only, as the components 14 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§9 of the entities, \" energy,\" \" power,\" etc. ; that is, they have no independent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the mechanical system of units, is that value which represents the ...", "... e sinusoidal also, we have. Mean value of sine wave -5- maximum value = — -j- 1 IF = .63663. The quantities, \"current,\" \"E.M.F.,\" \"magnetism,\" etc., are in reality mathematical fictions only, as the components 14 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§9 of the entities, \" energy,\" \" power,\" etc. ; that is, they have no independent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the mechanical system of units, is that value which represents the same powe ...", "... ower,\" etc. ; that is, they have no independent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the mechanical system of units, is that value which represents the same power or effect as the periodical wave. This is cdled the effective value. Its square is equal to the mean square of the periodic function, that is : — The effective value of an alternating wave, or the value representing the same effect as tlie periodically varying -wave, is the square mot of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "section_title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1367-1605", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... e-function are sinusoidal also, we have, o Mean value of sine wave -r- maximum value = • — • -f- 1 7T = .63663. The quantities, \"current,\" \"E.M.F.,\" \"magnetism,\" etc., are in reality mathematical fictions only, as the components 14 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. of the entities, \"energy,\" \"power,\" etc. ; that is, they have no independent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the mechanical system of units, is that value which represents the ...", "... are sinusoidal also, we have, o Mean value of sine wave -r- maximum value = • — • -f- 1 7T = .63663. The quantities, \"current,\" \"E.M.F.,\" \"magnetism,\" etc., are in reality mathematical fictions only, as the components 14 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. of the entities, \"energy,\" \"power,\" etc. ; that is, they have no independent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the mechanical system of units, is that value which represents the same powe ...", "... ower,\" etc. ; that is, they have no independent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the mechanical system of units, is that value which represents the same power or effect as the periodical wave. This is called the effective value. Its square is equal to the mean square of the periodic function, that is : — TJie effective value of an alternating wave, or tJie value representing the same effect as the periodically varying wave, is the square root of th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Synchronous Induction Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 9, "location": "lines 14466-14550", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... as motor or as alternating-current generator according to the relative position of the armature circuit with respect to the primary circuit. Thus it can be called a syn- chronous induction motor or synchronous induction generator, since it is an induction machine giving torque at synchronism. Power-factor and apparent efficiency of the synchronous in- duction motor as reaction machine are very low. Hence it is of practical application only in cases where a small amount of power is required at synchronous rotation, and continuous current for field excitation is not available. The current produc ...", "... -current generator according to the relative position of the armature circuit with respect to the primary circuit. Thus it can be called a syn- chronous induction motor or synchronous induction generator, since it is an induction machine giving torque at synchronism. Power-factor and apparent efficiency of the synchronous in- duction motor as reaction machine are very low. Hence it is of practical application only in cases where a small amount of power is required at synchronous rotation, and continuous current for field excitation is not available. The current produced in the armature of th ...", "... ction motor or synchronous induction generator, since it is an induction machine giving torque at synchronism. Power-factor and apparent efficiency of the synchronous in- duction motor as reaction machine are very low. Hence it is of practical application only in cases where a small amount of power is required at synchronous rotation, and continuous current for field excitation is not available. The current produced in the armature of the synchronous induction motor is of double the frequency impressed upon the primary. Below and above synchronism the ordinary induction motor, or indu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-46", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 46, "number": 6, "location": "lines 23948-24980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "snippets": [ "... UX DISTRIBUTION. 48. As carrier of magnetic flux iron is used, as far as possible, since it has the highest permeability or magnetic conductivity. If the magnetic flux is alternating or otherwise changing rapidly, an e.m.f. is generated by the change of magnetic flux in the iron, and to avoid energy losses and demagnetization by the currents produced by these e.m.fs. the iron has to be subdivided in the direction in which the currents would exist, that is, at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. Hence, alternating magnetic fields and magnetic structures desired to respond very qui ...", "... RIBUTION. 48. As carrier of magnetic flux iron is used, as far as possible, since it has the highest permeability or magnetic conductivity. If the magnetic flux is alternating or otherwise changing rapidly, an e.m.f. is generated by the change of magnetic flux in the iron, and to avoid energy losses and demagnetization by the currents produced by these e.m.fs. the iron has to be subdivided in the direction in which the currents would exist, that is, at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. Hence, alternating magnetic fields and magnetic structures desired to respond very quickly to ...", "... its outer shell of thickness lp when dealing with rapidly alternating magnetic fluxes. At very high frequencies, when dealing with alternating magnetic circuits, the outer surface and not the section is, there- fore, the dominating feature. The lag of the apparent permeability represents an energy component of the e.m.f. of self-induction due to the magnetic flux, which increases with increasing frequency, and ultimately becomes equal to the reactive component." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The American Nation", "section_title": "The American Nation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 15, "location": "lines 6598-6974", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... t the complete racial unity of the two English-speaking nations has not been preserved, that America has not remained completely of Anglo-Saxon race. On the other hand, however, it must be real- ized that it was the mixed races which have done the world's work, which have led in all human advance, and it was the vitality given by the mixture of races which has created all great nations. Thus England as a nation was lyo THE AMERICAN NATION formed by the mix Lure oi\" the Norman and the Anglo-Saxon; Fr ...", "... tributed to the American union. The characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is his great initiative. He is the empire-builder. We only need to think of names like Hastings, Washington, Nelson, Gordon, Rhodes, Kitch- ener, etc. To him thus is due the push and the energy which have opened up and conquered the New World. We see it in the rapid growth of the English colonies, compared with the slow growth of other nations' colonies. But charac- teristic of the Anglo-Saxon also is the excessive; individualism which handicaps h ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-105", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 105, "number": 8, "location": "lines 18666-18812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "efficiency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "snippets": [ "... at is, is as small as a transformer of one-tenth the out- put. If the ratio a = 10, as transforming between 2300 and 230, 7 = 0.9, that is, the autotransformer is only 10 per cent, smaller than the transformer. The saving in size — and therewith in efficiency and cost — by the use of the autotransformer thus is the greater, the lower the transformation ratio a, but becomes negligible at high trans- formation ratios. Thus autotransf ormers are very economical for use in moderate voltage transformation, as a voltag ...", "... ith sufficiently high internal reactance, to make them safe under momentary short circuit as autotransformers, while they may be . perfectly safe as transformers, where the reactance is higher. This is a serious objection to the use of autotransformers in high-power systems." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-11", "section_label": "Theory Section 11: Capacity and Condensers", "section_title": "Capacity and Condensers", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 3586-3760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "snippets": [ "... s the terminal voltage by 90 degrees or a quarter period. Transposing, the e.m.f. of the condenser is 106/ 106 The value z0 = fn is called the condensive reactance of the ^ 7T/C condenser. 56 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Due to the energy loss in the condenser by dielectric hysteresis, the current leads the e.m.f. by somewhat less than 90 time de- grees, and can be resolved into a wattless charging current and a dielectric hysteresis current, which latter, however, is generally so small as t ...", "... terminal voltage by 90 degrees or a quarter period. Transposing, the e.m.f. of the condenser is 106/ 106 The value z0 = fn is called the condensive reactance of the ^ 7T/C condenser. 56 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Due to the energy loss in the condenser by dielectric hysteresis, the current leads the e.m.f. by somewhat less than 90 time de- grees, and can be resolved into a wattless charging current and a dielectric hysteresis current, which latter, however, is generally so small as to be ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-111", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 111, "number": 5, "location": "lines 21589-21646", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "snippets": [ "... nce decreases to zero and then increases again in negative direction as shown in Fig. 191, which gives the apparent impe- dance, resistance, and reactance of the machine shown in Figs, 176 and 177, etc., with the speed as abscissas. The cause is that the power current is in opposition to the ter- minal voltage above synchronism, and thereby the induction INDUCTION MACHINES 351 machine behaves as an impedance of negative resistance, that is, adding a power e.m.f. into the circuit proportional to the current. As ...", "... tc., with the speed as abscissas. The cause is that the power current is in opposition to the ter- minal voltage above synchronism, and thereby the induction INDUCTION MACHINES 351 machine behaves as an impedance of negative resistance, that is, adding a power e.m.f. into the circuit proportional to the current. As may be seen herefrom, the induction machine when inserted in series in an alternating-current circuit can be used as a booster, that is, as an apparatus to generate and insert in the circuit an e.m. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_title": "Fields of Force", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 7737-7990", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "snippets": [ "19. FIELDS OF FORCE 89. When an electric current flows through a conductor, power is consumed and heat produced inside of the conductor. In the space outside and surrounding the conductor, a change has taken place also, and this space is not neutral and inert any more, but if we try to move a solid mass of metal rapidly through it, ...", "... ylinders. B. — A photograph of an iron-filing map of the magnetic lines of force about. two cylinders. C. — A photographic superposition of A and B representing the magnetic- and dielectric fields of the space surrounding two conductors which are; carrying energy. FIG. 45. FIELDS OF FORCE 115 dielectric forces on dielectrics in a dielectric field, etc. The field of force then is characterized by having, at any point, a definite direction — the direction in which the force acts — and a definite intensity, to wh ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-24", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 24, "number": 3, "location": "lines 8741-8906", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "snippets": [ "... der load, of double frequency, which generates a third harmonic of e.m.f. in the armature conductors. In machines of high armature reaction, as steam-turbine-driven single-phase alternators, the pulsation of the magnetic field may be sufficient to cause serious energy losses and heating by eddy currents, and thus has to be checked. This is usually done by a squirrel- cage induction machine winding in the field pole faces, or by short-circuited conductors laid in the pole faces in electrical space quadrature to the fiel ...", "... d, of double frequency, which generates a third harmonic of e.m.f. in the armature conductors. In machines of high armature reaction, as steam-turbine-driven single-phase alternators, the pulsation of the magnetic field may be sufficient to cause serious energy losses and heating by eddy currents, and thus has to be checked. This is usually done by a squirrel- cage induction machine winding in the field pole faces, or by short-circuited conductors laid in the pole faces in electrical space quadrature to the field coils ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-27", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 27, "number": 6, "location": "lines 9170-9291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watts", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "snippets": [ "... eristics of the syn- chronous generator. In Fig. 61 are shown the load curves of the machine, with the 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 AMP. FIG. 60. — Synchronous generator regulation curves. current I as abscissas and the watts output as ordinates corre- sponding to the same three conditions as Fig. 60. From the field characteristics of the alternator are derived the open-cir- cuit voltage of 1127 at full non-inductive load excitation, which is 1.127 times full-load voltage; the shor ...", "... ted output, at 775 volts and 160 amp. It depends upon the point on the field SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 141 characteristic at which the alternator works, whether it tends to regulate for, that is, maintains, constant voltage, or constant current, or constant power, approximately. z L 7 \\ H 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 AMP. FIG. 61. — Synchronous generator load curves." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-34", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 34, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9821-9878", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "snippets": [ "... hat is, the alternators are not without current at no load, and their currents under load are not of the same phase and proportional to their respective capacities. The cross currents between alternators when operated in parallel can be wattless currents or power currents. If the frequencies of two alternators are identically the same, but the field excitation not such as would give equal terminal voltage when operated in parallel, there is a local current between the two machines which is wattless and leading or ...", "... al voltage when operated in parallel, there is a local current between the two machines which is wattless and leading or magnetizing in the machine of lower field excitation, lagging or demagnetiz- ing in the machine of higher field excitation. At load this watt- less current is superimposed upon the currents from the machines into the external circuit. In consequence thereof the current in the machine of higher field excitation is lagging behind the cur- rent in the external circuit, the current in the machine of l ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-37", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 16: Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 37, "number": 16, "location": "lines 10124-10189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "snippets": [ "... in a synchronous motor or converter, at no load, the minimum current, reached by adjusting the field, while small compared with full-load current, may be several times larger than the minimum point of the \" V\" curve in Fig. 68, that is, the value of the energy current supplying the losses in the machine. It is only in the parallel operation of very large high-speed machines (steam turbine driven alternators) of high armature reaction and very low armature self-induction that such high- frequency cross currents may ...", "... nverter, at no load, the minimum current, reached by adjusting the field, while small compared with full-load current, may be several times larger than the minimum point of the \" V\" curve in Fig. 68, that is, the value of the energy current supplying the losses in the machine. It is only in the parallel operation of very large high-speed machines (steam turbine driven alternators) of high armature reaction and very low armature self-induction that such high- frequency cross currents may require consideration, and ev ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-56", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 11387-11400", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-56/", "snippets": [ "... cross the field pole a local pulsation of the magnetic flux in the pole face is produced, which, while harmless with laminated field pole faces, generates eddy currents in solid pole pieces. The frequency of this pul- sation is extremely high, and thus the energy loss due to eddy currents in the 'pole faces may be considerable, even with pul- sations of small amplitude. If S = peripheral speed of the arma-", "... he field pole a local pulsation of the magnetic flux in the pole face is produced, which, while harmless with laminated field pole faces, generates eddy currents in solid pole pieces. The frequency of this pul- sation is extremely high, and thus the energy loss due to eddy currents in the 'pole faces may be considerable, even with pul- sations of small amplitude. If S = peripheral speed of the arma-" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-89", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 89, "number": 11, "location": "lines 15893-15982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "snippets": [ "... enerators 102. Similar in appearance to the converter, which changes from alternating to direct current, and to the inverted converter, which changes from direct to alternating current, is the double- current generator; that is, a machine driven by mechanical power and producing direct current as well as alternating current from the same armature, which is connected to commutator and col- lector rings in the same way as in the converter. Obviously the use of the double-current generator is limited to those sizes and ...", "... nts on the alternating side, and may cause the machine to lose its excitation altogether. For this reason it is frequently preferable to excite double-current generators separately. With the general adoption of large three-phase steam-turbine units for electric power generation, the use of inverted converter and double-current generator has greatly decreased. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 261" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "section_title": "Vector Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2149-2759", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ltant of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating-current circuit is represented in vector representation by the product of the current, I, into the projection of the e.m.f., E, upon the current, or by the e.m.f., E, into the projection of the current, I, £3 Eo upo ...", "... the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating-current circuit is represented in vector representation by the product of the current, I, into the projection of the e.m.f., E, upon the current, or by the e.m.f., E, into the projection of the current, I, £3 Eo upon the e.m.f., or by IE cos d, where A ^,--^^'' ^ ~ angle ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2760-3266", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... a) The sum of the components, in any direction, of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit equals zero, if the resistance and reactance are represented as counter e.m.fs. (6) The sum of the components, in any direction, of all the currents at a distributing point equals zero. Joule's law and the power equation do not give a simple expression in complex quantities, since the effect or power is SYMBOLIC METHOD 37 a quantity of double the frequency of the current or e.m.f. wave, and therefore requires for its representation as a vector a transition from single to double frequency, as will b ...", "... als zero, if the resistance and reactance are represented as counter e.m.fs. (6) The sum of the components, in any direction, of all the currents at a distributing point equals zero. Joule's law and the power equation do not give a simple expression in complex quantities, since the effect or power is SYMBOLIC METHOD 37 a quantity of double the frequency of the current or e.m.f. wave, and therefore requires for its representation as a vector a transition from single to double frequency, as will be shown in Chapter XVI. In what follows, complex vector quantities will always be denot ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "section_title": "Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3619-4087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... nt of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelo- gram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating- current circuit is represented in polar coordinates by the product of the current, I, into the projec- tion of the e.m.f., E, upon the current, or by the e.m.f., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the e. ...", "... parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelo- gram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating- current circuit is represented in polar coordinates by the product of the current, I, into the projec- tion of the e.m.f., E, upon the current, or by the e.m.f., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the e.m.f., or by IE cos d, where 9 = angle of time- phase displ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "section_title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2122-2743", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... as found by thq parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.) The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a §17] GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-current circuit is repre- sented in polar coordinates by the product of the current ; /, into the projection of the E.M.F., Ey upon the current, or by the E.M.F., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the E.M.F ...", "... he counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.) The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a §17] GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-current circuit is repre- sented in polar coordinates by the product of the current ; /, into the projection of the E.M.F., Ey upon the current, or by the E.M.F., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the E.M.F., or IE cos (/j^). 17. Suppose, as an instance, that ov ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbouc Mbthod", "section_title": "Symbouc Mbthod", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2744-3229", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... components, in any direction, of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit, equals zero, if the resis- tance and reactance are considered as counter E.M.Fs. b.) The sum of the components, in any direction, of all the currents flowing towards a distributing point, equals zero. Joule's Law and the energy equation do not give a simple expression in complex quantities, since the effect or power is a quantity of double the frequency of the current or E.M.F. wave, and therefore cannot be represented as a vector in the diagram. In what follows, complex quantities will always be de- noted by capit ...", "... esis- tance and reactance are considered as counter E.M.Fs. b.) The sum of the components, in any direction, of all the currents flowing towards a distributing point, equals zero. Joule's Law and the energy equation do not give a simple expression in complex quantities, since the effect or power is a quantity of double the frequency of the current or E.M.F. wave, and therefore cannot be represented as a vector in the diagram. In what follows, complex quantities will always be de- noted by capitals, absolute quantities and real quantities by small letters. 32. Referring to the insta ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "section_title": "Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 26028-26427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... , and the potential difference between the line wires, the ring or delta potential. Since the star potential and the ring potential differ from each other, apparatus requiring different voltages can be connected into the same polyphase mains, by using either star or ring connection. The total power of the polyphase system is equal to the sum of all the star or Y powers, or to the sum of all the ring or delta powers. 253. If in a generator with star-connected circuits, the E.M.F. per circuit = E, and the common connection or neutral point is denoted by zero, the potentials of the n term ...", "... all other neu-» tral points are grounded, the system is called a grounded system. If the neutral points are not grounded, the sys- tem is an insulated polyphase system, and an insulated polyphase system with equalizing return, if all the neutral points are connected with each other. 8.) The power of the polyphase system is — n -P = ^' €* Eli cos if>i at the generator 1 n n -^ = ^1 ^k Eik lijt cos if>ik in the receiving circuits. I 876 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [SS 255, 256" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Representation", "section_title": "Graphic Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1743-2321", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.} The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-current circuit is repre- sented in polar coordinates by the product of the current , /, into the projection of the E.M.F., E, upon the current, or by the E.M.F., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the E.M.F ...", "... the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.} The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-current circuit is repre- sented in polar coordinates by the product of the current , /, into the projection of the E.M.F., E, upon the current, or by the E.M.F., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the E.M.F., or by IE cos 17. Suppose, as an instance, that over ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2322-2773", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... f the components, in any direction, of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit, equals zero, 'if the resis- tance and reactance are considered as counter E.M.Fs. b.} The sum of the components, in any direction, of all the currents flowing to a distributing point, equals zero. Joule's Law and the energy equation do not give a simple expression in complex quantities, since the effect or power is a quantity of double the frequency of the current or E.M.F. wave, and therefore requires for its representa- tion as a vector, a transition from single to double fre- quency, as will be shown in chapte ...", "... the resis- tance and reactance are considered as counter E.M.Fs. b.} The sum of the components, in any direction, of all the currents flowing to a distributing point, equals zero. Joule's Law and the energy equation do not give a simple expression in complex quantities, since the effect or power is a quantity of double the frequency of the current or E.M.F. wave, and therefore requires for its representa- tion as a vector, a transition from single to double fre- quency, as will be shown in chapter XII. In what follows, complex vector quantities will always be denoted by dotted capita ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2774-3131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... hase with the current n^ proportional thereto, and an E.M.F. E^, Ef con- sumed by the reactance of the line element, 90° ahead of the current OIV and proportional thereto. In the same line element we have a current IJ^ in phase with the E.M.F. OEV and proportional thereto, representing the loss of energy current by leakage, dielectric hysteresis, etc., and a current ^V/', 90° ahead of the E.M.F. OEV and proportional thereto, the charging current of the line ele- ment as condenser, and in this manner passing along the line, element by element, we ultimately reach the generator termina ...", "... h the current n^ proportional thereto, and an E.M.F. E^, Ef con- sumed by the reactance of the line element, 90° ahead of the current OIV and proportional thereto. In the same line element we have a current IJ^ in phase with the E.M.F. OEV and proportional thereto, representing the loss of energy current by leakage, dielectric hysteresis, etc., and a current ^V/', 90° ahead of the E.M.F. OEV and proportional thereto, the charging current of the line ele- ment as condenser, and in this manner passing along the line, element by element, we ultimately reach the generator terminal voltages ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12398-13955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... icicntly the ease, it is not always so, and especially the space or air-gap distribution of the magnetic flux may sufficiently differ from sine shape, to exert an appreciable effect on the torque at lower speeds, and require consideration where motor action and braking action with considerable power is required throughout the entire range of speed. Let then: r — iji cos * + e» cos (3 * — a,) + es cos (5 * — at) 4- e? cos (7* - a-) + e, cos (9 * - a„) + . . . (1) be the voltage impressed u|hjn one phase of the induction motor. If the motor is a quarter-pha.se motor, the voltage of the ...", "... rotation .... \" HIGHER HARMONICS 155 • 92. The space harmonics usually are more important than the time harmonics, as the space distribution of the winding in the motor usually materially differs from sinusoidal, while the devia- tion of the voltage wave from sine shape in modern electric power- supply systems is small, and the time harmonics thus usually negligible. The space harmonics can easily be calculated from the dis- tribution of the winding around the periphery of the motor air gap. (See \"Engineering Mathematics,\" the chapter on the trigonometric series.) A number of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 12962-16963", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... j 1 / / / '11 . 1 n, 1 / / / / 1 / 7 / / / / hi . V ■'/ y / / ^ -^ ' _- - l^ riG. 71. rigidity or structure and, therefore, absence of noise, and reduced magnetic stray fields and eddy-current losses resulting therefrom. Assuming that one-tenth of the gap is bridged, and that the length of the gap is one one-hundredth that of the entire mag- netic circuit, as shown diagrammatically in F^. 71. With audi a bridged gap, with all but the lowest m.m.f8. the narrow iron bridges of the gap are s ...", "... raph and Fig. 67, the SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 151 peaked wave of Fig, 72 contains very pronounced harmonics up to about the 701th, which at 60 cycles of fundamental frequency, gives frequencies up to 42,000, or well within the range of the danger frequencies of high- voltage power transformers, that is, -- , / ^ N V B/ \\ ^ // \\t ^^=?rT\" / 1 a^ ^ \\ 5= \" 1 i / r*° U- ^ s // ^ ) // ^ V y ! frequencies with which the high-voltage coils of transformers, as circuits of distributed capacit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves. 442", "section_title": "Standing Waves. 442", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1087-1111", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 442 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential underground power cable. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 452 18. Submarine telegraph cable. Existence of logarithmic waves. 454 19. Long ...", "... 2 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential underground power cable. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 452 18. Submarine telegraph cable. Existence of logarithmic waves. 454 19. Long distance telephone circuit. Numerical example. Effect of leakage. Effect of inductance or \"loading.\" 454" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit. 498", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit. 498", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1187-1227", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... distance. 499 42. Discussion. 501 43. Relations between constants, at transition point. 502 xxiv CONTENTS. PAGE 44. The general equations of the complex circuit, and the resultant time decrement % 503 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of ...", "... at transition point. 502 xxiv CONTENTS. PAGE 44. The general equations of the complex circuit, and the resultant time decrement % 503 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir- cuit. 510" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 5, "location": "lines 4072-5311", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... urrent and the potential differ- ence at the condenser at the moment t = 0. Inversely, since in a circuit containing inductance and capac- ity two electric quantities must be given at the moment of start of the phenomenon, the current and the condenser poten- tial — representing the values of energy stored at the moment t = 0 as electromagnetic and as electrostatic energy, respec- tively — the equations must lead to two integration constants, that is, to a differential equation of second order. Let i = i0 = current and et = e0 = potential difference at condenser terminals at the moment t ...", "... . Inversely, since in a circuit containing inductance and capac- ity two electric quantities must be given at the moment of start of the phenomenon, the current and the condenser poten- tial — representing the values of energy stored at the moment t = 0 as electromagnetic and as electrostatic energy, respec- tively — the equations must lead to two integration constants, that is, to a differential equation of second order. Let i = i0 = current and et = e0 = potential difference at condenser terminals at the moment t = 0; substituting in (11) and (12), t0 = A, + A2 and e0 - hence, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "section_title": "Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7826-9227", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... al frequency and those very high harmonics which represent local oscillations of sections of cables can be pronounced, and the first higher harmonics of the fundamental frequency must be practically absent. That is, oscillations of an underground cable system are either (a) Low frequency high power surges of the whole system, of a frequency of a few hundred cycles, frequently of destructive character, or, (6) Very high frequency low power oscillations, local in character, so called \"static,\" probably of frequencies of hundred 105 106 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA thousands of cycles, rarely ...", "... nics of the fundamental frequency must be practically absent. That is, oscillations of an underground cable system are either (a) Low frequency high power surges of the whole system, of a frequency of a few hundred cycles, frequently of destructive character, or, (6) Very high frequency low power oscillations, local in character, so called \"static,\" probably of frequencies of hundred 105 106 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA thousands of cycles, rarely directly destructive, but indirectly harmful in their weakening action on the insulation and the possibility of their starting a low frequency s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "number": 1, "location": "lines 19260-19338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "snippets": [ "... treatment and the general form of the equations are the same as with transient functions of time. 2. Some of the cases in which transient phenomena in space are of importance in electrical engineering are : (a) Circuits containing distributed capacity and self-induc- tance, as long-distance energy transmission lines, long-distance telephone circuits, multiple spark-gaps, as used in some forms of high potential lightning arresters (multi-gap arrester), etc. (b) The distribution of alternating current in solid conductors and the increase of effective resistance and decrease of effective ...", "... nductors and the increase of effective resistance and decrease of effective inductance resulting therefrom. (c) The distribution of alternating magnetic flux in solid iron, or the screening effect of eddy currents produced in the iron, and the apparent decrease of permeability and increase of power consumption resulting therefrom. (d) The distribution of the electric field of a conductor through space, resulting from the finite velocity of propagation of the electric field, and the variation of self-inductance and mutual inductance and of capacity of a conductor without return, as func ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-front-letter-01", "section_label": "Front Matter 1: Cover Letter to Samuel Insull", "section_title": "Cover Letter to Samuel Insull", "kind": "front-matter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "PDF pages 1-7, lines 1-144", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/front-letter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/front-letter-01/", "snippets": [ "... e able to keep in closer touch with it. Some of my recommendations therefore are more general, and re- quire further study by the operating engineers, and I shall be glad to co-operate therein, and expect to be in Chicago again in January. More particularly this applies to : 1.) The installation of power limiting reactors between the North- west Station and Fisk Street, which appears to me extremely desirable to eliminate the excessive interference between these stations in case of trouble in one of them. As, however, the tie cables between these sta- tions are also used as feeder cables for interm ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3133-3507", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... s, may give insulation strains in the generator by resonance rise; in the circuit from generator neutral over triple frequency voltage, generator inductance, capacity from line to ground and capac- ity from ground to generator winding in series. In this case the capacity is much lower and the power therefore much less, that is, less danger exists. When running two or more three-phase generators in parallel, with grounded neutrals : HARMONICS OF GENERATOR WAVE 87 a. If the generators have different third harmonics, these harmonics are short circuited from neutral over generator to t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-02", "section_label": "Theory Section 2: Magnetism and E.m.f.", "section_title": "Magnetism and E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 910-1032", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "snippets": [ "... rrent produced in a circuit moving out of a magnetic field is in the same direction, in a circuit moving into a magnetic field in opposite direction to the magnetic field. Essentially, this law is nothing but a conclusion from the law of conservation of energy. EXAMPLES 13. (1) An electromagnet is placed so that one pole sur- rounds the other pole cylindrically as shown in section in Fig. 4, and a copper cylinder revolves between these poles at 3000 rev. per min. What is the e.m.f. generated between the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-03", "section_label": "Theory Section 3: Generation of E.m.f.", "section_title": "Generation of E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1033-1243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "snippets": [ "... le shall be divisible by 3, so as to use the machine as three-phase converter. What is the magnetic flux per field pole? 550 volts at 11 volts per commutator segment gives 50, or as next integer divisible by 3, n = 51 segments or turns per pole. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 15 8 poles give 4 cycles per revolution, 500 rev. per min. gives 50%Q = 8.33 rev. per sec. Thus the frequency is/ = 4 X 8.33 = 33.3 cycles per second. The generated e.m.f. is E = 550 volts, thus by the formula of direct-current ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-07", "section_label": "Theory Section 7: Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 2250-2717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "snippets": [ "... ting = tan ^o, it is e0 = 4670 sin (0 - 00). Thus 00, the time angle of lead at the generator, is 39 degrees, and 4654 the maximum voltage; hence 3290 the effective vol- tage per line and 5710 the effective voltage between lines at the generator. POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 39" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-103", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 103, "number": 6, "location": "lines 18461-18520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "losses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "snippets": [ "VI. Heating and Ventilation 122. As the transformer is a stationary apparatus, it does not have the advantage of dissipating the heat produced by the internal losses, by the natural ventilation of the air currents pro- duced by the centrifugal forces in rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-104", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 104, "number": 7, "location": "lines 18521-18665", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "snippets": [ "... the fluxes. If the middle phase were not reversed, 1, 2 and 2, 3 would carry the difference of II II FIG. 171. — Core type three-phase transformer. two fluxes 120 deg. apart, and this difference is V3 times each flux, thus would give a much higher loss. In Fig. 171 usually the exciting current of the middle phase is somewhat less than that of the outside phase, since the magnetic reluctance of the middle phase is slightly lower." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-38", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 17: Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 38, "number": 17, "location": "lines 10190-10429", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "snippets": [ "... higher the inductance, that is, the greater the magnetic flux of the machine. Thus, the momentary short-circuit current of the machine can be made to decrease somewhat more rapidly by increasing the resistance of the field circuit, that is, wasting exciting power in the field rheostat. In the very first moment the short-circuit current waves are unsymmetrical, as they must simultaneously start from zero in all phases and gradually approach their symmetrical appear- ance, i.e., in a three-phase machine three currents d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-65", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 65, "number": 13, "location": "lines 11905-11980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "snippets": [ "... alf period, and thus /0 = ^-7- = ;ry- is 4 »o z iw the frequency of commutation; hence, if L = inductance of the armature coil A, the e.m.f. generated in the armature coil during commutation is eo = 2irfoLiot where io = current reversed, and the energy which has to be dissipated during commutation is iit in the receiving circuits. 4GO ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 2, "location": "lines 755-835", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... line. 292 12. Comparison of result with different approximate calcula- tions. 294 13. Wave length and phase angle. 295 14. Zero phase angle and 45-degree phase angle. Cable of negligible inductance. 296 15. Examples of non-inductive, lagging and leading load, and discussion of flow of energy. 297 16. Special case: Open circuit at end of line. 299 17. Special case: Line grounded at end. 304 18. Special case : Infinitely long conductor. 305 19. Special case: Generator feeding into closed circuit. 306 20. Special case: Line of quarter-wave length, of negligible resistance. 306 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 3, "location": "lines 836-874", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... grounded at both ends : Half-wave oscillation. 333 35. The even harmonics of the half-wave oscillation. 334 36. Circuit open at both ends. 335 37. Circuit closed upon itself: Full-wave oscillation. 336 38. Wave shape and frequency of oscillation. 338 39. Time decrement of oscillation, and energy transfer be- tween sections of complex oscillating circuit. 339 xx CONTENTS. PAGE" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 8, "location": "lines 972-1013", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... h- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia- tion, inductance and impedance. 391 72. Evaluation of functions sil al and col al. 394 73. Self-inductive impedance, and numerical example. 395 74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as function of frequency. 396 75. Mutual inductance of two distant conductors of finite length. 398 76. Example. 399 77. Capacity of a sphere in space. 400 78. Example. 401 79. Sphere at a distance from ground. 402" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations. 478", "section_title": "Free Oscillations. 478", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 5, "location": "lines 1148-1186", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... rent waves. 478 29. Conditions and types of free oscillations. 478 30. Terminal conditions. 480 31. Free oscillation as standing wave. 481 32. Quarter-wave and half-wave oscillation, and their equa- tions. 482 33. Conditions under which a standing wave is a free oscilla- tion, and the power nodes of the free oscillation. 485 34. Wave length, and angular measure of distance. 487 35. Equations of quarter-wave and half-wave oscillation. 489 36. Terminal conditions. Distribution of current and voltage at start, and evaluation of the coefficients of the trigo- nometric series. 491 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Divided Circuit", "section_title": "Divided Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9228-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "watt", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... ance in alternating-current cir- cuits, a reactor having an inductive reactance of x ohms and i amperes conveys to the engineer a more definite meaning as regards size: it has a volt-ampere capacity of tfx, that is, the approximate size of a transformer of half this capacity, or of a ^2x — -watt transformer. A reactor having an inductance of L henrys and i amperes, however, conveys very little meaning to DIVIDED CIRCUIT 123 the engineer who is mainly familiar with the effect of inductance in alternating-current circuits. Substituting therefore (5) and (6) in equations (2), (3), ( ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "section_title": "General System Of Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 40, "location": "lines 12217-12884", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "work", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... the solution of the problem of n independent circuits leads to n transient terms, each of which may be either an oscillation or a pair of exponential functions. 98. The preceding discussion gives the general method of the determination of the transient phenomena occurring in any system or net work of circuits containing resistances, self-indue- 178 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA tances and mutual inductances and capacities, and impressed and counter e.m.fs. of any frequency or wave shape, alternating or con- tinuous. It presupposes, however, (1) That the solution of the system for the perman ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-44", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 44, "number": 4, "location": "lines 23179-23585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "snippets": [ "... ctor element dl. This approximation is permissible in investigating the general effect of the distributed capacity, but omits the effect of the irregular distribution of C2 and C3, which leads to local oscilla- tions of higher frequencies, extending over sections of the circuit, and of lesser power. 41. Let then, in the high-potential coil of a high- voltage trans- former, e = the e.m.f. generated per unit length of conductor, as, for instance, per turn; Z = r — ' jx = the impedance per unit length; Y = g — jb = the capacity admittance against ground per unit length of conductor, and Y' ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-47", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "section_title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 47, "number": 7, "location": "lines 24981-26094", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "snippets": [ "... tive resistance over the ohmic resistance may be expected in the following cases : (1) In the low-tension distribution of heavy alternating cur- rents by large conductors. (2) When using iron as conductor, as for instance iron wires in high potential transmissions for branch lines of smaller power, or steel cables for long spans in transmission lines. (3) In the rail return of single-phase railways. (4) When carrying very high frequencies, such as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations. In the last two cases, which probably are of the greatest impor- tance, the unequal cu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-57", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "section_title": "Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 57, "number": 8, "location": "lines 34203-34896", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-57/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-57/", "snippets": [ "... equations (290), is - £-sA [C cos q 0* + 0 + D sin q (A + 0]} e = C£-Uot {e+8* [A cos g (J - 0 + # sin g (A - 0] where A = ^;n-<:ircuit- ing may lead to dangeroiLs or even destructive voltage rh¥% 128. With an inductive reactance inserted in series to an alt^^r- 245 246 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS nating-current non-inductive circuit, at constant-supply voltage, the current in this circuit is approximately constant, as long as the resistance of the circuit is small compared with the series inductive reactance. Let ^0 = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 195, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 61 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... ossessed by the direct-current motor. While in its general principle of operation the alternating- current commutator motor is identical with the direct-cums! motor, in the relative proportioning of the parts a great differ- ence exists. In the direct-current motor, voltage is consumed by the counter e.m.f. of rotation, which represents the power output of the motor, and by the resistance, which represents the power loss. In addition thereto, in the alternating-cur rent motor voltage is consumed by the inductance, which is wattless or reactive and therefore causes a lag of current behind the vol- ...", "... alternating- current commutator motor is identical with the direct-cums! motor, in the relative proportioning of the parts a great differ- ence exists. In the direct-current motor, voltage is consumed by the counter e.m.f. of rotation, which represents the power output of the motor, and by the resistance, which represents the power loss. In addition thereto, in the alternating-cur rent motor voltage is consumed by the inductance, which is wattless or reactive and therefore causes a lag of current behind the vol- tage, that is, a lowering of the power-factor. While in the direct- current motor ...", "... sts. In the direct-current motor, voltage is consumed by the counter e.m.f. of rotation, which represents the power output of the motor, and by the resistance, which represents the power loss. In addition thereto, in the alternating-cur rent motor voltage is consumed by the inductance, which is wattless or reactive and therefore causes a lag of current behind the vol- tage, that is, a lowering of the power-factor. While in the direct- current motor good design requires the combination of a strong field and a relatively weak armature, so as to reduce the armature reaction on the field to a min ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 13649-16361", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 160, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 47 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... the ratio of transformation, a ; thus INDUCTION MOTOR. 239 if E{ = secondary E.M.F. per circuit, El = aE{ = secondary E.M.F. per circuit reduced to primary system; if // = secondary current per circuit, fl= — = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r^ = secondary resistance per circuit, rt = a2 r{ = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to primary system ; if x± = secondary reactance per circuit, xt = a2 x\\ = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to primary system ; if £/ = secondary impedance per circuit, z1 = azz\\ = secondary impedance per circuit reduc ...", "... ON MOTOR. 239 if E{ = secondary E.M.F. per circuit, El = aE{ = secondary E.M.F. per circuit reduced to primary system; if // = secondary current per circuit, fl= — = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r^ = secondary resistance per circuit, rt = a2 r{ = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to primary system ; if x± = secondary reactance per circuit, xt = a2 x\\ = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to primary system ; if £/ = secondary impedance per circuit, z1 = azz\\ = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to primary system ; that is, the number of s ...", "... ondary E.M.F. per circuit reduced to primary system; if // = secondary current per circuit, fl= — = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r^ = secondary resistance per circuit, rt = a2 r{ = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to primary system ; if x± = secondary reactance per circuit, xt = a2 x\\ = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to primary system ; if £/ = secondary impedance per circuit, z1 = azz\\ = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to primary system ; that is, the number of secondary circuits and of turns per secondary circuit is assumed the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 8555-10582", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 126, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... h their maxi- mum in the position (1 — s) ~ = 90 (1 — s) electrical degrees behind the direction of the main magnetic flux. A component of the armature currents then magnetizes in the direction at right angles (electrically) to the main magnetic flux, and the armature currents thus produce a quadrature magnetic flux, increasing from zero at standstill, to a maximum at synchronism, and approximately proportional to the quadrature component of the armature polarization, P: P sin (1 — s) • 93 ill ELECTRICAL APPARATUS The torque of the single-phase motor then is produced by the action ...", "... omponent of the armature currents then magnetizes in the direction at right angles (electrically) to the main magnetic flux, and the armature currents thus produce a quadrature magnetic flux, increasing from zero at standstill, to a maximum at synchronism, and approximately proportional to the quadrature component of the armature polarization, P: P sin (1 — s) • 93 ill ELECTRICAL APPARATUS The torque of the single-phase motor then is produced by the action of the quadrature flux on the energy currents induced by the main flux, and thus is proportional to the quadrature flux. At syn ...", "... c flux, increasing from zero at standstill, to a maximum at synchronism, and approximately proportional to the quadrature component of the armature polarization, P: P sin (1 — s) • 93 ill ELECTRICAL APPARATUS The torque of the single-phase motor then is produced by the action of the quadrature flux on the energy currents induced by the main flux, and thus is proportional to the quadrature flux. At synchronism, the quadrature magnetic flux produced by the armature currents becomes equal to the main magnetic flux produced by the impressed single-phase voltage (approximately, in reali ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4674-6992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 117, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 57 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTIVE REACTANCE, AND CONDENSIVE REACTANCE 53. Having, in the foregoing, re-established Ohm's law and Kirchhoff 's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ ...", "CHAPTER IX CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTIVE REACTANCE, AND CONDENSIVE REACTANCE 53. Having, in the foregoing, re-established Ohm's law and Kirchhoff 's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing ...", "CHAPTER IX CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTIVE REACTANCE, AND CONDENSIVE REACTANCE 53. Having, in the foregoing, re-established Ohm's law and Kirchhoff 's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 10718-13483", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 112, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE 89. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : 1. By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Ampere ...", "CHAPTER XII EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE 89. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : 1. By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit ...", "CHAPTER XII EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE 89. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : 1. By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-cur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6957-8383", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 110, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit A ...", "CHAPTER X. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circ ...", "CHAPTER X. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternatin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 4088-4673", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 109, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 48. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, Ti, r2, ?'3, . . ., are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances, K = ri + r2 + ra + . . . If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple ...", "CHAPTER VIII ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 48. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, Ti, r2, ?'3, . . ., are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances, K = ri + r2 + ra + . . . If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parall ...", "CHAPTER VIII ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 48. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, Ti, r2, ?'3, . . ., are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances, K = ri + r2 + ra + . . . If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their joi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6993-9766", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 107, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 65. In alternating-current circuits, voltage is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long- distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The voltage consumed by the resistance ...", "CHAPTER X RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 65. In alternating-current circuits, voltage is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long- distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The voltage consumed by the resistance is in phase, w ...", "CHAPTER X RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 65. In alternating-current circuits, voltage is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long- distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The voltage consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the voltage consumed by the react- ance is in quadrature, with the current. Hence their in- fluence upon the voltage at the receiver circuit depends upon the difference of phase between the curre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 105, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... he magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part of the total current is given by the magnetizing current. To secure good power-factor in an induction motor, the magnetizing current, that i«, the curr ...", "... may nevertheless be secured, power-factor and apparent efficiency necessarily are very low. As illustration is shown in Fig. 20 the load curve of a typical 100-hp. 60-cycle 80-polar induction motor (90 revolutions per minute) of the constants: Impressed voltage: ea = 500. Primary exciting admittance: Ya = 0.02 — 0.6 j. Primary self-inductive impedance: Zu = 0.1 + 0.3j. Secondary self-inductive impedance: Zi = 0.1 + 0.3 j. INDUCTION MOTOR 53 As seen, at full-load of 75 kw. output, the efficiency is 80 per cent., which is fair for a slow-speed motor. But the power-factor is 55 pe ...", "... efficiency necessarily are very low. As illustration is shown in Fig. 20 the load curve of a typical 100-hp. 60-cycle 80-polar induction motor (90 revolutions per minute) of the constants: Impressed voltage: ea = 500. Primary exciting admittance: Ya = 0.02 — 0.6 j. Primary self-inductive impedance: Zu = 0.1 + 0.3j. Secondary self-inductive impedance: Zi = 0.1 + 0.3 j. INDUCTION MOTOR 53 As seen, at full-load of 75 kw. output, the efficiency is 80 per cent., which is fair for a slow-speed motor. But the power-factor is 55 per cent., the apparent efficiency only 44 per cent., an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: F", "section_title": "F", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 8269-10499", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 103, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X. f EFFECnVH BSSISTANCi: Ain> BJEACTANOB. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternatin ...", "CHAPTER X. f EFFECnVH BSSISTANCi: Ain> BJEACTANOB. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, ...", "CHAPTER X. f EFFECnVH BSSISTANCi: Ain> BJEACTANOB. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3132-3576", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 103, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, ?\\, r%, r3, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their join ...", "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, ?\\, r%, r3, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their joint resistance, ...", "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, ?\\, r%, r3, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their joint resistance, R, cannot b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1368-3542", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 103, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 74 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... till, the torque of the motor is low and the current high, that is, the starting-torque efficiency and especially the apparent starting-torque efficiency are low. Where starting with considerable load, and without excessive current, is necessary, the induction motor thus requires the use of a resistance in the armature or secondary, just as the direct- current shunt motor, and this resistance must be a rheostat, that is, variable, so as to have maximum resistance in starting, and gradually, or at least in a number of successive steps, cut out the resistance during acceleration. This, however ...", "... iciency and especially the apparent starting-torque efficiency are low. Where starting with considerable load, and without excessive current, is necessary, the induction motor thus requires the use of a resistance in the armature or secondary, just as the direct- current shunt motor, and this resistance must be a rheostat, that is, variable, so as to have maximum resistance in starting, and gradually, or at least in a number of successive steps, cut out the resistance during acceleration. This, however, requires a wound secondary, and the squirrel- cage type of rotor, which is the simplest, ...", "... Where starting with considerable load, and without excessive current, is necessary, the induction motor thus requires the use of a resistance in the armature or secondary, just as the direct- current shunt motor, and this resistance must be a rheostat, that is, variable, so as to have maximum resistance in starting, and gradually, or at least in a number of successive steps, cut out the resistance during acceleration. This, however, requires a wound secondary, and the squirrel- cage type of rotor, which is the simplest, most reliable and there- fore most generally used, is not adapted for th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Admittance, Conductance, Susceftance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceftance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3546-3871", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 101, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEFTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, rj, rj, rg, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, Ry is the sum of the individual resistances ^ = ^1 + ^2 + 'a + • • • If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multip ...", "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEFTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, rj, rj, rg, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, Ry is the sum of the individual resistances ^ = ^1 + ^2 + 'a + • • • If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in para ...", "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEFTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, rj, rj, rg, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, Ry is the sum of the individual resistances ^ = ^1 + ^2 + 'a + • • • If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their joint resistance, R^ cannot be expressed in a simple form, but is represented by the expression : — rx n r^ Hence, in the latter c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5334-6956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 99, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is i ...", "CHAPTER IX. RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while ...", "CHAPTER IX. RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is in quadrature, with the current. Hence their influence upon the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit depends upon the difference of phase between the current and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 17632-21381", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 97, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 96 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... he oscillograms. Figs. 80 and 81. Somewhat similar effects of instability are produced by pyro- electric conductors. Induction motors and synchronous motors may show instability of speed: dropping out of step, etc. III. Permanent instability 86. If the constants of an electric circuit, as resistance, in- ductance, capacity, disruptive strength, voltage, speed, etc., have values, which can not coexist, the circuit is unstable, and remains so as long as these constants remain unchanged. Case (3) of II, imstable equilibrium, to some extent may be considered as belonging in this class. The ...", "... tt \\ Q ^ U- ■?>- ^ k^ / _ , / ^ / F -^ — — i_ ^ 5 2. 3. G L i. G EL G chapter on \"Electric Conductors.\" As shown there, the arc is always unstable on constant voltage impressed upon it. Series 168 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS resistance or reactance produces stability for currents above a certain critical value of current, io. Such curves, giving the vol- tage consumed by the arc and its series resistance as function of the current, thus may be termed stability curves of the arc. Their minimum values, that is, the stability li ...", "... Q ^ U- ■?>- ^ k^ / _ , / ^ / F -^ — — i_ ^ 5 2. 3. G L i. G EL G chapter on \"Electric Conductors.\" As shown there, the arc is always unstable on constant voltage impressed upon it. Series 168 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS resistance or reactance produces stability for currents above a certain critical value of current, io. Such curves, giving the vol- tage consumed by the arc and its series resistance as function of the current, thus may be termed stability curves of the arc. Their minimum values, that is, the stability limits correspo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16521-17716", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 96, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... oil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux is proportional to the current in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere-turns or m.m.f., and so increases with the increasing load on the transformer, and constitutes what is called the self-inductive or leakage reactance of the trans- former; while the flux surrounding both coils may be con- sidered as mutual inductive reactance. This cross-flux of self-induction does not generate e.m.f. in the secondary circuit, 187 188 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and is thus, in general, objectionable, by causing a dr ...", "... current in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere-turns or m.m.f., and so increases with the increasing load on the transformer, and constitutes what is called the self-inductive or leakage reactance of the trans- former; while the flux surrounding both coils may be con- sidered as mutual inductive reactance. This cross-flux of self-induction does not generate e.m.f. in the secondary circuit, 187 188 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and is thus, in general, objectionable, by causing a drop of voltage and a decrease of output. It is this cross-flux, how- ever, or flux of self-inductive reactance, ...", "... inductive reactance. This cross-flux of self-induction does not generate e.m.f. in the secondary circuit, 187 188 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and is thus, in general, objectionable, by causing a drop of voltage and a decrease of output. It is this cross-flux, how- ever, or flux of self-inductive reactance, which is utilized in special transformers, to secure automatic regulation, for con- stant power, or for constant current, and in this case is exagger- ated by separating primary and secondary coils. In the con- stant potential transformer, however, the primary and secondary coils are brought ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-109", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 109, "number": 3, "location": "lines 20428-21157", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 95, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "snippets": [ "... no work whatever, the secondary becomes current- less, and the primary current is the exciting current of the motor only. In the single-phase induction motor, even when running light, the secondary still carries the exciting current of the mag- netic flux in quadrature with the axis of the primary exciting coil. Since, this flux has essentially the same intensity as the flux in the direction of the axis of the primary exciting coil, the current in the armature of the single-phase induction motor run- ning light, and the ...", "... it is the exciting current of the main magnetic flux plus the current producing in the secondary the exciting current of the cross magnetic flux. In reality it is slightly less, especially in small motors, due to the drop of voltage in the self-inductive impedance and the drop of quadrature mag- netic flux below the impressed primary magnetic flux caused thereby. In the secondary at synchronism this secondary exciting current is a current of twice the primary frequency; at any other speed it is of a frequency equal ...", "... of the main magnetic flux plus the current producing in the secondary the exciting current of the cross magnetic flux. In reality it is slightly less, especially in small motors, due to the drop of voltage in the self-inductive impedance and the drop of quadrature mag- netic flux below the impressed primary magnetic flux caused thereby. In the secondary at synchronism this secondary exciting current is a current of twice the primary frequency; at any other speed it is of a frequency equal to speed (in cycles) plus s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3577-5333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 95, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY. 42. Having, in the foregoing, reestablished Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing ...", "... ished Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of E.M.F., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are compl ...", "... and Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of E.M.F., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quantities — ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_title": "Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "kind": "mathematical-appendix", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "PDF pages 27-68, lines 2165-5013", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 94, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "snippets": [ "... by: ei = E cos (0 co) 1 e2 = Ecos (0+co) / (1) and the resultant voltage in the circuit between the alternators then is : e = ei e 2 = E cos \\ ( co) cos (+ co) [ = 2E sin co sin (2) and the interchange currentwbeteen the alternators is: 2E . i = sin co sin ( a) (3) where: z = r2+x 2 is the impedance of the circuit between the two alternators, and the phase angle a is given by: x tan a = - r and: r= resistance x = reactance of the circuit between the alternators (including their internal resistances and reactances). [[END_PDF_PAGE:28]] [[PDF_PAGE:29]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz 23 The powe ...", "... then is : e = ei e 2 = E cos \\ ( co) cos (+ co) [ = 2E sin co sin (2) and the interchange currentwbeteen the alternators is: 2E . i = sin co sin ( a) (3) where: z = r2+x 2 is the impedance of the circuit between the two alternators, and the phase angle a is given by: x tan a = - r and: r= resistance x = reactance of the circuit between the alternators (including their internal resistances and reactances). [[END_PDF_PAGE:28]] [[PDF_PAGE:29]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz 23 The power of one of the two alternators then is given by: 2E 2 = sin co sin (d> a) cos ( co) z E 2 f 1 = sin co sin { ...", "... ei e 2 = E cos \\ ( co) cos (+ co) [ = 2E sin co sin (2) and the interchange currentwbeteen the alternators is: 2E . i = sin co sin ( a) (3) where: z = r2+x 2 is the impedance of the circuit between the two alternators, and the phase angle a is given by: x tan a = - r and: r= resistance x = reactance of the circuit between the alternators (including their internal resistances and reactances). [[END_PDF_PAGE:28]] [[PDF_PAGE:29]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz 23 The power of one of the two alternators then is given by: 2E 2 = sin co sin (d> a) cos ( co) z E 2 f 1 = sin co sin { (20 a co)+sin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "section_title": "Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6371-8268", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 90, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. KBSISTANCi: AND KBACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION IINE8. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is in quadrature, with the current. Hence their influence upon the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit depends upon the difference of phase between the current and ...", "CHAPTER IX. KBSISTANCi: AND KBACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION IINE8. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is in quadrature, with the current. Hence their influence upon the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit depends upon the difference of phase between the current and the E.M.F. in that circuit. ...", "... . KBSISTANCi: AND KBACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION IINE8. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is in quadrature, with the current. Hence their influence upon the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit depends upon the difference of phase between the current and the E.M.F. in that circuit. As discussed before, the drop of potential due to t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25682-29374", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 89, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... e made use mostly of the sym- bolic method, we may in the following, as an example of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor graphically. Let an alternator of the e.m.f., Ei, be connected as synchron- ous motor with a supply circuit of e.m.f., Eo, by a circuit of the impedance, Z. If £\"0 is the e.m.f. impressed upon the motor terminals, Z is the impedance of the motor of generated e.m.f., Ei. If Eq is the e.m.f. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If Eq is the generated e.m.f. of ...", "... of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor graphically. Let an alternator of the e.m.f., Ei, be connected as synchron- ous motor with a supply circuit of e.m.f., Eo, by a circuit of the impedance, Z. If £\"0 is the e.m.f. impressed upon the motor terminals, Z is the impedance of the motor of generated e.m.f., Ei. If Eq is the e.m.f. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If Eq is the generated e.m.f. of the generator, Z is the sum of the impedances of motor, line, and generator, and ...", "... the e.m.f., Ei, be connected as synchron- ous motor with a supply circuit of e.m.f., Eo, by a circuit of the impedance, Z. If £\"0 is the e.m.f. impressed upon the motor terminals, Z is the impedance of the motor of generated e.m.f., Ei. If Eq is the e.m.f. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If Eq is the generated e.m.f. of the generator, Z is the sum of the impedances of motor, line, and generator, and thus we have the problem, generator of generated e.m.f., Eo, and motor of generated e.m.f., El] or, more ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_title": "Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 22634-23465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 89, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 61 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by t ...", "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, however small the latter may be in the so-called \"non-inductive\" circuit. With continu ...", "... ctor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, however small the latter may be in the so-called \"non-inductive\" circuit. With continuous current in stationary conditions, the inductance, L, has no effect on the energy flow; with alternating current of frequency, /, the inductance, L, consumes a voltage 2 x/Li, and is, t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 49, "number": 9, "location": "lines 27003-27760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 88, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 53 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "snippets": [ "... receding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and the voltage drop, may be of an entirely different magnitude from the values which would be found by using the usual values of resistance and induc- tance. In conductors such as are used in the connections and the discharge ...", "... annot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and the voltage drop, may be of an entirely different magnitude from the values which would be found by using the usual values of resistance and induc- tance. In conductors such as are used in the connections and the discharge path of lightning arresters and surge protectors, the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII) and the power and voltage consumed by electric radiation, due to the finite velocity of the el ...", "... d the discharge path of lightning arresters and surge protectors, the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII) and the power and voltage consumed by electric radiation, due to the finite velocity of the electric field (Chapter VIII), require con- sideration. The true ohmic resistance in high frequency conductors is usually entirely negligible compared with the effective resistance resulting from the unequal current distribution, and still greater may be, at very high frequency, the effective resistance repre- senting the power radiated into space by the conductor. The tota ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 21538-22301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 87, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other to the primary exciting circuit. In the single-phase motor the one flux is produced by the primary ...", "... in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other to the primary exciting circuit. In the single-phase motor the one flux is produced by the primary circuit, the other by the currents produced in the secondary or armature, which are carried into quadrature posi- tion by the rotation of the armature. In consequence thereof, while in all these motors the magnetic distribution is the same at or near synchronism, and can be represented by a rotating field of uniform intensity and uniform velocity, it remains such in polyphase and monocyclic motors; ...", "... e motors the magnetic distribution is the same at or near synchronism, and can be represented by a rotating field of uniform intensity and uniform velocity, it remains such in polyphase and monocyclic motors; but in the single-phase motor, with increasing slip — that is, decreasing speed — the quadrature field decreases, since the secondary armature cur- rents are not carried to complete quadrature position; and thus only a component is available for producing the quadrature flux. Hence, approximately, the quadrature flux of a single-phase motor can be considered as proportional to its speed; t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 86, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 52 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... bines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which produces the resultant magnetic field in the field poles and generates in the armature an e.m.f. called the \"virtual generated e.m.f.,\" since it has no actual existence, but is merely a mathematical fiction. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction of the armature current, that is, e.m.f. generated by the armature current by a local magnetic flux, combines with the virtual generated e.m.f. to the actual generated e.m.f. of the armature, which corresponds to the magnetic flux in the armature core. This combined with the ...", "... ntracted in one constant; for purposes of design, frequently the self-induction is represented by an increase of the armature reaction, that is, an effective armature reaction used which com- bines the effect of the true armature reaction and the armature self-induction. That is, instead of the counter e.m.f. of self- induction, a counter m.m.f. is used, which would produce the magnetic flux which would generate the e.m.f. of self-induction. For theoretical investigations usually the armature reaction is represented by an effective self-induction, that is, instead of the counter m.m.f. of the arma ...", "... ature reaction is represented by an effective self-induction, that is, instead of the counter m.m.f. of the armature reaction, the e.m.f. considered, which would be generated by the magnetic flux, which the arma- ture reaction would produce. That is, both effects are com- bined in an effective reactance, the \"synchronous reactance.\" While armature reaction and self-inductance are similar in ARMATURE REACTIONS OF ALTERNATORS 273 effect, in some cases they differ in their action; the e.m.f. of self-inductance is instantaneous, that is, appears and disappears with the current to which it is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Polyphase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17717-20445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 83, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 50 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... ation, a; thus if E'l = secondary e.m.f, per circuit. El = aE'i = secondary e.m.f. per circuit reduced to primary system ; 210 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA if I' I = secondary current per circuit, Ii = -J- = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r'l = secondary resistance per circuit, Vi = a-hr'i = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if x'l = secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a^bx'i = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if z'l = secondary impedance per circuit, 2i = a^hz'i = secondary impedance per cir ...", "... cuit. El = aE'i = secondary e.m.f. per circuit reduced to primary system ; 210 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA if I' I = secondary current per circuit, Ii = -J- = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r'l = secondary resistance per circuit, Vi = a-hr'i = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if x'l = secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a^bx'i = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if z'l = secondary impedance per circuit, 2i = a^hz'i = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; that is, the ...", "... em ; 210 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA if I' I = secondary current per circuit, Ii = -J- = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r'l = secondary resistance per circuit, Vi = a-hr'i = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if x'l = secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a^bx'i = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if z'l = secondary impedance per circuit, 2i = a^hz'i = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; that is, the number of secondary circuits and of turns per sec- ondary circuit is as ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 11605-12682", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 81, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... sine wave, but is, at least in the closed magnetic circuit transformer, greatly distorted by hysteresis, though less so in the open magnetic circuit transformer. It can, however, be represented by an equiv- alent sine wave, f00, of equal intensity and equal power with the distorted wave, and a wattless higher harmonic, mainly of triple frequency. Since the higher harmonic is small compared with the 196 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. total exciting current, and the exciting current is only a small part of the total primary current, the higher harmonic .can, for most practical cases, be n ...", "... most practical cases, be neglected, and the exciting current represented by the equivalent sine wave. This equivalent sine wave, 7^, leads the wave of mag- netism, 3>, by an angle, a, the angle of hysteretic advance of phase, and consists of two components, — the hysteretic energy current, in quadrature with the magnetic flux, and therefore in phase with the induced E.M.F. = I00 sin a; and the magnetizing current, in phase with the magnetic fluXj and therefore in quadrature with the induced E.M.F., and so wattless, = I00 cos a. The exciting current, 700, is determined from the shape and mag ...", "... angle, a, the angle of hysteretic advance of phase, and consists of two components, — the hysteretic energy current, in quadrature with the magnetic flux, and therefore in phase with the induced E.M.F. = I00 sin a; and the magnetizing current, in phase with the magnetic fluXj and therefore in quadrature with the induced E.M.F., and so wattless, = I00 cos a. The exciting current, 700, is determined from the shape and magnetic characteristic of the iron, and number of turns ; the hysteretic energy current is — Power consumed in the iron I00 sin a Induced E.M.F. 130. Graphically, the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 959-3894", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 80, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 69 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... ed by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into heat; that is, electric power is consumed in the conductor by what may be considered as a kind of resistance of the conductor to the flow of electric power, and so we speak of resistance of the conductor as an electric quantity, representing the power consumption in the conductor. Electric conductors have been classified and divided into dis- tinct groups. We must realize, however, that there are no ...", "... characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into heat; that is, electric power is consumed in the conductor by what may be considered as a kind of resistance of the conductor to the flow of electric power, and so we speak of resistance of the conductor as an electric quantity, representing the power consumption in the conductor. Electric conductors have been classified and divided into dis- tinct groups. We must realize, however, that there are no dis- tinct classes in nature, but a gradual transition from type to type. M ...", "... ced from heat, and directly the conversion of electric energy takes place into beat. Most of the metaUic conductors cover, as regards their specific resist- ance, a rather narrow range, between about 1.6 microhm-cm. {1.6 X 10~*) for copper, to about 100 microhm-cm. for cast iron, mercury, high-resistance alloys, etc. They, therefore, cover a range of less than 1 to 100. RESISTANCE-TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC | \\ I PURE METALS II ALLOYS III ELECT BOUrTE III \\ -II A B K -^ \" ' ■-' 11 A _ -J II \" \\ y S X -^ 1 n\\ s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "section_title": "Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 27996-29301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 79, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... unting film cutout punctures and puts the second lamp in circuit. However, in general such arrange- ment is too complicated for use. As practically all such circuits would be alternating-current circuits, and thus alternating currents only need to be considered, the question arises, whether a reactance shunting each lamp would not give the desired effect. Suppose each lamp, of resist- ance, r, is shunted by a reactance, x, which is sufficiently large not to withdraw too much current from the lamp: assuming the cur- rent shunted by x is 20 per cent, of the current in the lamp, or x = 5 r. Wit ...", "... ated for use. As practically all such circuits would be alternating-current circuits, and thus alternating currents only need to be considered, the question arises, whether a reactance shunting each lamp would not give the desired effect. Suppose each lamp, of resist- ance, r, is shunted by a reactance, x, which is sufficiently large not to withdraw too much current from the lamp: assuming the cur- rent shunted by x is 20 per cent, of the current in the lamp, or x = 5 r. With 6.6 amp. in r, x thus would take 1.32 amp., and the total, or line current would be: i = V6.6^ + 1.322 = 6.73 amp., t ...", "... ., thus only 2 per cent, more than the lamp current. If now a lamp CONSTANT-VOLTAGE SERIES OPERATION 299 burns out, the total current flows through re, instead of 20 per cent, only, and the voltage consumed by x is increased fivefold — assum- ing X as constant — this voltage, however, is in quadrature with the current, thus combines vectorially with the voltages of the other consuming devices, which are practically in phase with the cur- rent, and the question then arises, whether, and under what con- ditions such a reactance shunt would maintain constant voltage on the other consuming devi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "section_label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "section_title": "Impedance and Admittance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 6814-7380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 78, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "snippets": [ "17. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 82. In direct-current circuits the most important law is Ohm's law, e -i or e r ir, or r = -.> where e is the e.m.f. impressed upon resistance r to produce current i therein. Since in alternating-current circuits a ...", "17. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 82. In direct-current circuits the most important law is Ohm's law, e -i or e r ir, or r = -.> where e is the e.m.f. impressed upon resistance r to produce current i therein. Since in alternating-current circuits a current i throu ...", "17. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 82. In direct-current circuits the most important law is Ohm's law, e -i or e r ir, or r = -.> where e is the e.m.f. impressed upon resistance r to produce current i therein. Since in alternating-current circuits a current i through a resistance r may produce additional e.m.fs. therein, when apply- a ing Ohm's law, i — - to alternating-current circuits, e is the IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE ' 9 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Capacity", "section_title": "Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3872-6370", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 73, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... w and Kirchhoff' s laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, or, as expressed in their com- plexform. ^ _^ ' „_ E -= ZJ^ or, / = \\Ey and S-f = in a closed circuit, 5/ = at a distributing point, where J?, /, Z^ V, are the expressions of E.M.F*., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these laws representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, /, Z, V, are complex ...", "... ff' s laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, or, as expressed in their com- plexform. ^ _^ ' „_ E -= ZJ^ or, / = \\Ey and S-f = in a closed circuit, 5/ = at a distributing point, where J?, /, Z^ V, are the expressions of E.M.F*., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these laws representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, /, Z, V, are complex quantities — ca ...", "... ut also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, /, Z, V, are complex quantities — calculate alternating-current cir- cuits and networks of circuits containing resistance, induc- tance, and capacity in any combination, without meeting with greater difficulties than when dealing with continuous- current circuits. It is obviously not possible to discuss with any com- pleteness all the infinite varieties of combinations of resis- tance, inductance, and capacity ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "section_title": "Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3543-5554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 73, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II MULTIPLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor has a great slip of speed under load, therefo ...", "CHAPTER II MULTIPLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor has a great slip of speed under load, therefore poor effici ...", "CHAPTER II MULTIPLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor has a great slip of speed under load, therefore poor efficiency and poor speed regu- lation, but it has a high starting torque and to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Alternating- Current Motors In General", "section_title": "Alternating- Current Motors In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21713-23905", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 73, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... to be raised or even external power applied. The appearance of such \"dead points\" in the speed curve is due to a mechanical defect — as eccentricity of the rotor — or faulty electrical design: an improper distribution of primary and secondary windings causes a periodic variation of the mutual inductive reactance and so of the effective primary inductive reactance, (2) or the use of sharply defined and im- properly arranged teeth in both elements causes a periodic magnetic lock (opening and closing of the magnetic circuit, (3) and so a tendency to synchronize at the speed corresponding to this cycle. ...", "... pearance of such \"dead points\" in the speed curve is due to a mechanical defect — as eccentricity of the rotor — or faulty electrical design: an improper distribution of primary and secondary windings causes a periodic variation of the mutual inductive reactance and so of the effective primary inductive reactance, (2) or the use of sharply defined and im- properly arranged teeth in both elements causes a periodic magnetic lock (opening and closing of the magnetic circuit, (3) and so a tendency to synchronize at the speed corresponding to this cycle. Synchronous machines have been discussed elsewhere. ...", "... component: E = 2x/ft* eos a = 2 t/LI = xl, the o.m.f, con- sumed by self-induction, and power component: E\" = 2r/n* sin a = 2irfHI = r\"I = e.m.f. consumed by hysteresis (eddj currents, etc.), and is, therefore, in vector representation denoted by: E' = jxf and E\" = f>% where: x = 2 irfL — reactance, and L = inductance, r\" = effective hysteretic resistance. The ohmic resistance of the circuit, r', consumes an e.n r'(, in phase with the current, and the total or effective resistance of the circuit is, therefore, r = r' + r\", and the total e.m.f. consumed by the circuit, or the impresse ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "section_title": "Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 12673-14088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 72, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... sine wave, but is, at least in the closed magnetic circuit transformer, greatly distorted by hysteresis, though less so in the open magnetic circuit transformer. It can, however, be represented by an equiv- alent sine wave, /^o, of equal intensity and equal power with the distorted wave, and a wattless higher harmonic, mainly of triple frequency. Since the higher harmonic is small compared with the 170 AL TERN A TIKG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 1 20 total exciting current, and the exciting current is only a small part of the total primary current, the higher harmonic can, for most practic ...", "... most practical cases, be neglected, and the exciting current represented by the equivalent sine wave. This equivalent sine wave, /^, leads the wave of mag- netism, *, by an angle, a, the angle of hysteretic advance of phase, and consists of two components, — the hysteretic energy current, in quadrature* with the magnetic flux, and therefore in phase with the induced E.M.F. = /^ sin a; and the magnetizing current, in phase with the magnetic flux, and therefore in quadrature with the induced E.M.F., and so wattless, = /^ cos a. The exciting current, /^, is determined from the shape and magne ...", "... angle, a, the angle of hysteretic advance of phase, and consists of two components, — the hysteretic energy current, in quadrature* with the magnetic flux, and therefore in phase with the induced E.M.F. = /^ sin a; and the magnetizing current, in phase with the magnetic flux, and therefore in quadrature with the induced E.M.F., and so wattless, = /^ cos a. The exciting current, /^, is determined from the shape and magnetic characteristic of the iron, and number of turns ; the hysteretic energy current is — Power consumed in the iron A, sin a = '00 Induced E.M.F. 120. Graphically ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 71, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... sr. ah sin y (26) Area = 2 c^ sin a sin ^ sin 7- (27) B. TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES. 76. Engineering phenomena usually are either constant, transient, or periodic. Constant, for instance, is the terminal voltage of a storage-battery and the current taken from it through a constant resistance. Transient phenomena occur during a change in the condition of an electric circuit, as a change of load; or, disturbances entering the circuit from the outside or originating in it, etc. Periodic phenomena are the alternating currents and voltages, pulsating currents as those produced by recti ...", "... neutral, or the Y voltage of the three-phase system, the equa- tion : e = eo{sin ^-0.12 sin (3<9- 2. 3°) -0.23 sin (5^-1.5°) +0.13 sin (7^-6. 2°)1. . (1) In first approximation, the line capacity may be considered as a condenser shunted across the middle of the line; that is, half the line resistance and half the line reactance is in series with the line capacity. As the receiving apparatus do not utilize the higher har- monics of the generator wave, when using the old generators, their voltage has to be transformed up so as to give the first harmonic or fundamental of 44,000 volts. 44, ...", "... the three-phase system, the equa- tion : e = eo{sin ^-0.12 sin (3<9- 2. 3°) -0.23 sin (5^-1.5°) +0.13 sin (7^-6. 2°)1. . (1) In first approximation, the line capacity may be considered as a condenser shunted across the middle of the line; that is, half the line resistance and half the line reactance is in series with the line capacity. As the receiving apparatus do not utilize the higher har- monics of the generator wave, when using the old generators, their voltage has to be transformed up so as to give the first harmonic or fundamental of 44,000 volts. 44,000 volts between the lines ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9741-11604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 71, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE. 107. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole l ...", "CHAPTER XIII. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE. 107. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi nitely near together, as diagrammatically ...", "... as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi nitely near together, as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 83. iiiimiiiiumiiiT TTTTTTTTTT.TTTTTTTTTT i Fig. 83. Distributed Capacity. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current, and consequently of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1120-1683", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 70, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... , we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respectively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : c 1. Ohm's law: i = -, where r, the resistance, is a constant r of the circuit. 2. Joule's law: P = ^^r, where P is the power, or the rate at which energy is expended by the current, i, in the resistance, r. 3. The power equation: Po = ei, where Po is the power expended in the circuit of e.m.f., e, and current, i. 4. Kirchhoff's law ...", "... ave been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : c 1. Ohm's law: i = -, where r, the resistance, is a constant r of the circuit. 2. Joule's law: P = ^^r, where P is the power, or the rate at which energy is expended by the current, i, in the resistance, r. 3. The power equation: Po = ei, where Po is the power expended in the circuit of e.m.f., e, and current, i. 4. Kirchhoff's laws: (a) The sum of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance, ir, is also considered as a counter e.m.f., and all the e.m ...", "... e rate at which energy is expended by the current, i, in the resistance, r. 3. The power equation: Po = ei, where Po is the power expended in the circuit of e.m.f., e, and current, i. 4. Kirchhoff's laws: (a) The sum of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance, ir, is also considered as a counter e.m.f., and all the e.m.fs. are taken in their proper direction. (b) The sum of all the currents directed toward a distributing point = 0. In alternating-current circuits, that is, in circuits in which the currents rapidly and periodically change their d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Induction Motob", "section_title": "Induction Motob", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 14919-17024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 68, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... ry system, by the ratio of transformation, a ; thus if Ex = secondary E.M.F. per circuit, Ey = a E^ = secondary E.M.F. per circuit reduced to primary system ; if Ii = secondary current per circuit, /^ = _L a = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r/ = secondary resistance per circuit, r, = a^ r^ = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; if Xx =- secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a^ Xi^ = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; I 142] INDUCTION MOTOR. 209 if 0/ = secondary impedance per circuit, z^ = a^ z^ ...", "... us if Ex = secondary E.M.F. per circuit, Ey = a E^ = secondary E.M.F. per circuit reduced to primary system ; if Ii = secondary current per circuit, /^ = _L a = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r/ = secondary resistance per circuit, r, = a^ r^ = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; if Xx =- secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a^ Xi^ = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; I 142] INDUCTION MOTOR. 209 if 0/ = secondary impedance per circuit, z^ = a^ z^ = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to p ...", "... er circuit reduced to primary system ; if Ii = secondary current per circuit, /^ = _L a = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r/ = secondary resistance per circuit, r, = a^ r^ = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; if Xx =- secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a^ Xi^ = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; I 142] INDUCTION MOTOR. 209 if 0/ = secondary impedance per circuit, z^ = a^ z^ = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; that is, the number of secondary circuits and of turn ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 67, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI PHASE CONTROL 80. At constant voltage, eo, impressed upon a circuit, as a transmission line, resistance, r, inserted in series with the receiv- ing circuit, causes the voltage, e, at the receiver circuit to decrease with increasing current, /, through the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is not in phas ...", "CHAPTER XI PHASE CONTROL 80. At constant voltage, eo, impressed upon a circuit, as a transmission line, resistance, r, inserted in series with the receiv- ing circuit, causes the voltage, e, at the receiver circuit to decrease with increasing current, /, through the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is not in phase. Inductive reactance in series with the receiving circuit, e, at constant impressed e.m.f., eo, causes the voltage, e, to drop less with a unity power-factor cu ...", "... , inserted in series with the receiv- ing circuit, causes the voltage, e, at the receiver circuit to decrease with increasing current, /, through the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is not in phase. Inductive reactance in series with the receiving circuit, e, at constant impressed e.m.f., eo, causes the voltage, e, to drop less with a unity power-factor current, 7, but far more with a lagging current, and causes the voltage, e, to rise with a leading current. While series resistance always causes a drop of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 12, "location": "lines 14897-17124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 67, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... ter and induction motor must contain an air gap in the magnetic circuit, to permit movability between primary and secondary, and thus they require a higher magnetizing current than the closed magnetic circuit stationary transformer, and this again results in general in a higher self- inductive impedance. Thus, the frequency converter and in- duction motor magnetically represent transformers of high ex- citing admittance and high self-inductive impedance. 104. The mutual magnetic flux of the transformer is pro- duced by the resultant m.m.f. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the c ...", "... ndary, and thus they require a higher magnetizing current than the closed magnetic circuit stationary transformer, and this again results in general in a higher self- inductive impedance. Thus, the frequency converter and in- duction motor magnetically represent transformers of high ex- citing admittance and high self-inductive impedance. 104. The mutual magnetic flux of the transformer is pro- duced by the resultant m.m.f. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the counter e.m.f., the number of turns, and the frequency of the electric circuit, by the equation : E = V2 rfnQ 10\"8, w ...", "... er magnetizing current than the closed magnetic circuit stationary transformer, and this again results in general in a higher self- inductive impedance. Thus, the frequency converter and in- duction motor magnetically represent transformers of high ex- citing admittance and high self-inductive impedance. 104. The mutual magnetic flux of the transformer is pro- duced by the resultant m.m.f. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the counter e.m.f., the number of turns, and the frequency of the electric circuit, by the equation : E = V2 rfnQ 10\"8, where E = effective e.m.f., / = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 31657-33200", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 66, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... cillating wave, a the exponential decrement of the oscillating wave, a the angu- lar decrement of the oscillating wave. The oscillating wave can be represented by the equation, E = e€\"***'^«cos(« - 6). In the example represented by Figs. 130 and 131, we have A = 0.4, a = 0.1435, a = 8.2°. Impedance and Admittance 184. In complex imaginary quantities, the alternating wave, z = e cos (0 — 6)^ is represented by the symbol, fl = e(cos d — j sin ^) = ei — je2» By an extension of the meaning of this symbolic expression, the oscillating wave, JS? = tt\"*** cos { — 6), can be expressed b ...", "... , a the exponential decrement of the oscillating wave, a the angu- lar decrement of the oscillating wave. The oscillating wave can be represented by the equation, E = e€\"***'^«cos(« - 6). In the example represented by Figs. 130 and 131, we have A = 0.4, a = 0.1435, a = 8.2°. Impedance and Admittance 184. In complex imaginary quantities, the alternating wave, z = e cos (0 — 6)^ is represented by the symbol, fl = e(cos d — j sin ^) = ei — je2» By an extension of the meaning of this symbolic expression, the oscillating wave, JS? = tt\"*** cos { — 6), can be expressed by the symbol, ...", "... the oscillating wave, JS? = tt\"*** cos { — 6), can be expressed by the symbol, JjJ = e(cos 6 — j sin 0) dec a = (ei — je2) dec a, where a = tan a is the exponential decrement, a the angular decrement, e\"^'** the numerical decrement. OSCILLATING CURRENTS 347 Inductance 186. Let r = resistance, L = inductance, and x = 27r/L = reactance, in a circuit excited by the oscillating current, I = fc\"\"** cos (0 — ^) = i{cos d + j sin 6) dec a = (ii + jii) dec a, where ii = i cos ^, 12 = i sin 6j a = tan a. We have then, the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance, r, of the circuit, Er = r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19166-20427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 64, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "snippets": [ "... second- ary, while in the single-phase induction motor at the same time a phase transformation occurs, the second or magnetizing phase being produced from the impressed phase of e.m.f. by the rota- tion of the motor, which carries the secondary currents into quadrature position with the primary current. INDUCTION MACHINES 311 The polyphase induction motor of the three-phase or quarter- phase type is the one most commonly used, while single-phase motors have found a more limited application only, and especially for smaller ...", "... particularly the polyphase induc- tion machine shall be treated, and the single-phase type discussed only in so far as it differs from the typical polyphase machine. 2. CALCULATION 136. In the polyphase induction motor, Let Y = g — jb = primary exciting admittance, or admit- tance of the primary circuit with open secondary circuit; that is, ge = magnetic power current, be = wattless magnetizing current, where e = counter-generated e.m.f. of the motor; ZQ = r0 + jxQ = primary self -inductive impedance, and Zi = 7 ...", "... fers from the typical polyphase machine. 2. CALCULATION 136. In the polyphase induction motor, Let Y = g — jb = primary exciting admittance, or admit- tance of the primary circuit with open secondary circuit; that is, ge = magnetic power current, be = wattless magnetizing current, where e = counter-generated e.m.f. of the motor; ZQ = r0 + jxQ = primary self -inductive impedance, and Zi = 7*1 + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance, reduced to the primary by the ratio of turns.1 All these quantities refe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 64, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with c ...", "... ng, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive component of e.m.f., in quadrature with current, and = current X effective reactance, or x; power component of current, in phase with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective conductance, or g; reactive component of current, in quadrature with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective susce ...", "... rnating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive component of e.m.f., in quadrature with current, and = current X effective reactance, or x; power component of current, in phase with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective conductance, or g; reactive component of current, in quadrature with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective susceptance, or b. In many cases the exact calculation ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 29375-32539", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 60, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... nt wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a dis- torting effect will cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. 233. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of e.m.f. is generated. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of e.m.f. produces a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher har- monics may be due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field; pulsation of the resista ...", "... ne wave of current passing through the circuit, a dis- torting effect will cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. 233. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of e.m.f. is generated. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of e.m.f. produces a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher har- monics may be due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field; pulsation of the resistance or pulsation of the ...", "... istance and constant reactance, this sine wave of e.m.f. produces a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher har- monics may be due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field; pulsation of the resistance or pulsation of the reactance. 341 342 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reactance, causes higher har- monics only when th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_title": "Dielectric Losses", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14334-15409", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating magnetic field, power i ...", "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating magnetic field, power is consumed by mag- netic h ...", "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating magnetic field, power is consumed by mag- netic hysteresis. This is proportional to the frequency, and to the 1.6*'' power of the magnetic densi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... 87 or, since, (S>N is proportional to the induced E.M.F., E, in the equation it follows that, The loss of power by eddy currents is propor- tional to the square of the E.M.F., and proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron ; or, H^=aJS^y. Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents, is that is. The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit ; it is indepen- dent of 1£.M.,Y ,y frequency y etCy but proportiotml to the electric conductivity of the iropi, y. 87. Eddy currents, like magnetic h ...", "... uation it follows that, The loss of power by eddy currents is propor- tional to the square of the E.M.F., and proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron ; or, H^=aJS^y. Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents, is that is. The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit ; it is indepen- dent of 1£.M.,Y ,y frequency y etCy but proportiotml to the electric conductivity of the iropi, y. 87. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an a?tgle of adva ...", "... the iropi, y. 87. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an a?tgle of advanccy p ; but, unlike hysteresis, eddy currents in general do not dis- tort the current wave. The angle of advance of phase due to eddy currents is, y where y = absolute admittance of the circuit, g = eddy current conductance. While the equivalent conductance, gy due to eddy cur- rents, is a constant of the circuit, and independent of E.M.F., frequency, etc., the loss of power by eddy currents is proportional to the square of the E.M.F. of self-induction, and therefore ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... . or, since, ($>N is proportional to the induced E.M.F., E, in the equation it follows that, TJie loss of power by eddy currents is propor- tional to the square of the E.M.F., and proportional to tlie electric conductivity of the iron ; or, W=aE*y. Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents, is that is, The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit ; it is indepen- dent of ^M..^., frequency, etc., but proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron, y. 87. Eddy currents, like magnetic hyst ...", "... tion it follows that, TJie loss of power by eddy currents is propor- tional to the square of the E.M.F., and proportional to tlie electric conductivity of the iron ; or, W=aE*y. Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents, is that is, The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit ; it is indepen- dent of ^M..^., frequency, etc., but proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron, y. 87. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an angle of advance, ...", "... , y. 87. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an angle of advance, ft ; but, unlike hysteresis, eddy currents in general do not dis- tort the current wave. The angle of advance of phase due to eddy currents is, sin/3 = £, where y = absolute admittance of the circuit, g = eddy current conductance. While the equivalent conductance, g, due to eddy cur- rents, is a constant of the circuit, and independent of E.M.F., frequency, etc., the loss of power by eddy currents is proportional to the square of the E.M.F. of self-induction, and therefore ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "section_title": "Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 14, "location": "lines 17125-18412", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... Fig. 67, we connect, between single-phase mains, AB, two pairs of non-in- ductive resistances, r, and inductive reactances, x (or in general, two pairs of impedances of different inductance factors), such that t = x, consuming the voltages E\\ and Et respectively, then the voltage e» = CD is in quadrature with, and equal to, the voltage e = AB, and the two voltages, e and eo, constitute a monocyclic system of quarter-phase voltages: e gives the energy PHASE CONVERSION 215 axis of the monocyclic system, and e0 the quadrature or wattless axis. That is, from the axis, e, power can be drawn, wit ...", "... the voltages E\\ and Et respectively, then the voltage e» = CD is in quadrature with, and equal to, the voltage e = AB, and the two voltages, e and eo, constitute a monocyclic system of quarter-phase voltages: e gives the energy PHASE CONVERSION 215 axis of the monocyclic system, and e0 the quadrature or wattless axis. That is, from the axis, e, power can be drawn, within the limits of the power-generating system back of the supply voltage. If, however, an attempt is made to draw power from the monocyclic quadrature voltage, e0> this voltage collapses. If then the two voltages, e and eo, a ...", "... E\\ and Et respectively, then the voltage e» = CD is in quadrature with, and equal to, the voltage e = AB, and the two voltages, e and eo, constitute a monocyclic system of quarter-phase voltages: e gives the energy PHASE CONVERSION 215 axis of the monocyclic system, and e0 the quadrature or wattless axis. That is, from the axis, e, power can be drawn, within the limits of the power-generating system back of the supply voltage. If, however, an attempt is made to draw power from the monocyclic quadrature voltage, e0> this voltage collapses. If then the two voltages, e and eo, are impressed ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19374-20293", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI REACTION MACHINES 147. In the usual treatment of synchronous machines and induction machines, the assumption is made that the reactance, x, of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large armature reaction, the reactance, x, is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This ...", "... INES 147. In the usual treatment of synchronous machines and induction machines, the assumption is made that the reactance, x, of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large armature reaction, the reactance, x, is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that s ...", "... ine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large armature reaction, the reactance, x, is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... , as before discussed, that is a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accu- rate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, espe- cially in circuits containing capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction ma- chines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated mag- netic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alternating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, each ter ...", "... scussed, that is a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accu- rate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, espe- cially in circuits containing capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction ma- chines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated mag- netic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alternating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, each term can be rep ...", "... where, and the index of the/M merely denotes that the/s of differ- entindices n, while algebraically identical, physically rep- resent different frequencies, and thus cannot be combined. The general wave of E.M.F. is thus represented by, the general wave of current by, if, is the impedance of the fundamental harmonic, where xm is that part of the reactance which is proportional to the frequency (inductance, etc.). x0 is that part of the reactance which is independent of the frequency (mutual induction, synchronous motion, etc.). xc is that part of the reactance which is inve ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 57, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "counter electromotive force", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "counter-electromotive force", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "... increase of current, as shown by curve I in Fig. 47. If, there- fore, an attempt is made to operate such an arc on constant potential, for instance on 80 volts — which would correspond to 3.9 amperes on curve I — then any tendency of the current to increase — as by a momentary drop of the arc resistance — would lower the required arc voltage, and so increase the cur- rent, at constant supply voltage, hence still further lower the arc voltage, etc., and a short circuit would result. Vice versa, a momentary decrease of arc current, by requiring more volt- age than is available, would still furt ...", "... tential, in which an increase of current requires an increase of voltage, and vice versa; and so limits itself. While therefore arcs can be operated on a constant cur- rent system, to run arc lamps on constant potential, some cur- rent limiting device is necessary in series with the arc, as a resistance; or, in an alternating current circuit, a reactance. The voltage consumed by the resistance is proportional to the current, and a resistance of 8 ohms inserted in series to the arc would thus consume the voltage shown in straight line II in Fig. 47. The voltage consumed by the arc plus the resi ...", "... increase of voltage, and vice versa; and so limits itself. While therefore arcs can be operated on a constant cur- rent system, to run arc lamps on constant potential, some cur- rent limiting device is necessary in series with the arc, as a resistance; or, in an alternating current circuit, a reactance. The voltage consumed by the resistance is proportional to the current, and a resistance of 8 ohms inserted in series to the arc would thus consume the voltage shown in straight line II in Fig. 47. The voltage consumed by the arc plus the resistance then is given by the curve III, derived by a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7141-8510", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 18 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... e arc goes out. On constant voltage supply only such apparatus can operate under stable conditions in which an increase of current requires an increase, and a decrease of current a decrease of voltage, and thus checks itself. Inserting in series with the arc, curve I, in Fig. 48, a constant resistance of 10 ohms, the voltage consumed by this resistance, e = ir, is proportional to the current, and given by the straight line II. Adding this voltage to the arc voltage curve I, gives the total voltage consumed by the arc and its series resistance, as curve III. In curve III, the voltage decrease ...", "... ch apparatus can operate under stable conditions in which an increase of current requires an increase, and a decrease of current a decrease of voltage, and thus checks itself. Inserting in series with the arc, curve I, in Fig. 48, a constant resistance of 10 ohms, the voltage consumed by this resistance, e = ir, is proportional to the current, and given by the straight line II. Adding this voltage to the arc voltage curve I, gives the total voltage consumed by the arc and its series resistance, as curve III. In curve III, the voltage decreases with increase of current, for values of current b ...", "... ies with the arc, curve I, in Fig. 48, a constant resistance of 10 ohms, the voltage consumed by this resistance, e = ir, is proportional to the current, and given by the straight line II. Adding this voltage to the arc voltage curve I, gives the total voltage consumed by the arc and its series resistance, as curve III. In curve III, the voltage decreases with increase of current, for values of current below i0 = 2.9 amperes, and the arc thus is unstable for these low currents, while for values of current larger than i0 = 2.9 amperes, the voltage increases with increase of current. The point i0 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 33011-34776", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... ve, as before discussed, that is, a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated magnetic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alter- nating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, each term ...", "... discussed, that is, a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated magnetic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alter- nating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, each term can be repres ...", "... s of differ- ent indices, n, while algebraically identical, physically represent different frequencies, and thus cannot be combined. The general wave of e.m.f. is thus represented by E = 2:2n-i(e„i4-j„e„ii), 1 the general wave of current by 1 If Zi = r -^ j (x„, -{- xo -\\- Xc) is the impedance of the fundamental harmonic, where Xm is that part of the reactance which is proportional to the frequency (inductance, etc.), ^ Xo is that part of the reactance which is independent of the frequency (mutual inductance, synchronous motion, etc.). Xc is that part of the reactance which is in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 25904-27405", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... res be denoted by 1 and 2> the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : EI = E = E.M.F. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ez=jE = E.M.F. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let: ./i and 72 = currents in 1 and in 2, 70 = current in 0, Z-L and Zz = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Z0 = impedance of line 0. Yl and Y2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, // and //= currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, Eia.-ndE2'= potential differences at circuit 0 to 1, and 0 to 2. it is then, 7, -f 78 + 70 = 0 ) «v or, I0 =-(/; + 72) j that is, 70 is common return of 7: and 72. Fur ...", "... NG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Substituting (3) in (2) ; and expanding : *•/ - *• _ l + F2Z2 + F2Z0(l-y) _ '. (4) • 2 • /1_l_VX_l_V7'W'l_l_V7_l_V5^ V V '7 2 \\*- i * 1^0 \"T\" *\\**\\)\\~ i * i **• T * i^ij — *i *J ^o Hence, the two E.M.Fs. at the end of the line are un- equal in magnitude, and not in quadrature any more. 295. SPECIAL CASES : A. Balanced System. Z0 = Z / V2 ; F, = F2 = F Substituting these values in (4), gives : i + 1 + V2-yrz ' 1 + V2 (1 + V2) FZ + (1 + V2) F2Z; _ E 1 + (1.707 - .707/) FZ • 1 + 3.414 FZ + 2.414 F2Z2 (5) V2 ~J • 1 + V2 (1 + V2) FZ + (1 + V2) F2Z2 ...", "... - tion, or in other words, even if in a quarter-phase system with common return both branches or phases are loaded equally, with a load of the same phase displacement, nevertheless the system becomes unbalanced, and the two E.M.Fs. at the end of the line are neither equal in magnitude, nor in quadrature with each other. QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM. B. One branch loaded, one unloaded. 485 a.) b.) Substituting these values in (4), gives : i + V2 — y b.} l + FZ a.) £1 = E V2 1 + V2 V2 j 2.414 + 1.414 YZ *+'*f = /^l4-1.707FZ 1+^1^ • 1 + 1.707 FZ -t I ^/O ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "section_title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 27501-29124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... s be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : £^ = E = E.M.F. between and 1 in the generator. E2 =^ J E = E.M.F. between and 2 in the generator. • Let : Ii and I2 = currents in 1 and in 2, Iq = current in 0, Z, and Za == impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zq = impedance of line 0. K, and Y^ = admittances of circuits to 1, and to 2, // and 73'= currents in circuits to 1, and to 2, ^/and ^2'= potential differences at circuit to 1, and to 2. it is then, 7, + /a + /« = ) ^ or, /o = - (A + ^2) i ^ ^ that is, lo is common return of /i and /]. Further, let : ...", "... Ei \\ (3) 396 AL TERNA ■/lAC-CURKENT PHENOMENA. [8 26© Substituting (3) in (2) ; and expanding : E( = E 1 + ^ » z^ + Ya^{\\-j ) (1 + \\\\ z„ + \\\\z^) (1 + v,Zo + r, z.) - F, r, z,^ -nni^o'J w Hence, the two E.M.Fs. at the end of the line are un- equal in magnitude, and not in quadrature any more. 266. Special Cases : A. Balatued System. ^j = '■'% ^^ ^ ) Zo = Z / V2 ; F. = \\\\ = Y. Substituting these values in (4), gives : V2 ^/= ^ 1 + V2 (1 + V2) YZ + (1 + V2) Y^Z Ei ^jE = E 1 + n.707 - .7 7/) rz ' 1 + ;^.414 YZ + 2.414 K-^Z^ l + LtV2HK/-j.^ V2 1 ...", "... tion, or in other words, even if in a quarter-phase system with common return both branches or phases are loaded equally, with a load of the same phase displacement, nevertheless, the system becomes unbalanced, and the two E.M.Fs. at the end of the line are neither equal in magnitude, nor in quadrature with each other. »2ee] QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM. 397 B. One branch loaded^ one unloaded, /^\\ ^= ^2 ^= ^ \\ K, = 0, i; = K r, = K, Kj = 0. Substituting these values in (4), gives : a.) i.) 1 + YZ E( = E 1 + V2 -j V2 i + rifUi:^ 7 rz = ^ Ei =jE fl i 1 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-47", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "section_title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 47, "number": 7, "location": "lines 24981-26094", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 50 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "snippets": [ "... density in the interior of the conductor is very much lower than on the surface, or even negligible, due to this \"screening effect/' as it has been called, the current can be 'assumed to exist only in a thin surface layer of the conductor, of thickness lp ; that is, in this case the effective resistance of the conductor for alternating currents equals the ohmic resistance of a conductor section equal to the periphery of the conductor times the \" thickness of penetration.\" Where this unequal current distribution throughout the con- ductor section is considerable, the conductor section is not f ...", "... he surface, or even negligible, due to this \"screening effect/' as it has been called, the current can be 'assumed to exist only in a thin surface layer of the conductor, of thickness lp ; that is, in this case the effective resistance of the conductor for alternating currents equals the ohmic resistance of a conductor section equal to the periphery of the conductor times the \" thickness of penetration.\" Where this unequal current distribution throughout the con- ductor section is considerable, the conductor section is not fully utilized, but the material in the interior of the conductor is mo ...", "... h very large currents, or with high frequency, or materials of very high permeability, as iron, to investigate this phenomenon. An approximate determination of this effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to be negligible in its effect on the resistance of the conductor, 369 370 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA or whether it is sufficiently large to require calculation and methods of avoiding it, is given in \" Alternating-Current Phe- nomena,\" Chapter XIV, paragraph 133. An appreciable increase of the effective resistance over the ohmic resistance ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-07", "section_label": "Theory Section 7: Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 2250-2717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 54, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "snippets": [ "... (6 — 8'), where tf and 6' are respectively the time and the corresponding angle at which the current reaches its zero value in the ascendant. If such a sine wave of alternating current i = IQ sin 2 irft or i = IQ sin 6 passes through a circuit of resistance r and induc- tance L, the magnetic flux produced by the current and thus its interlinkages with the current, iL = IoL sin 0, vary in a wave 32 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING line similar also to that of the current, as shown in Fig. 11 as $ ...", "... following the wave of current by the time t = -,> where tQ is time of one 1 complete period, = -v or by the time angle 6 = 90°. FIG. 11. — Self-induction effects produced by an alternating sine wave of current. This e.m.f. is called the counter e.m.f. of inductance. It is .'•'• '•••• e'*=-Ljt = - 2 TT/L/O cos 2 irft. It is shown in dotted line in Fig. 11 as e'2. The quantity 2 irfL is called the inductive reactance of the circuit, and denoted by x. It is of the nature of a resistance ...", "... uced by an alternating sine wave of current. This e.m.f. is called the counter e.m.f. of inductance. It is .'•'• '•••• e'*=-Ljt = - 2 TT/L/O cos 2 irft. It is shown in dotted line in Fig. 11 as e'2. The quantity 2 irfL is called the inductive reactance of the circuit, and denoted by x. It is of the nature of a resistance, and expressed in ohms. If L is given in 109 absolute units or henrys, x appears in ohms. The counter e.m.f. of inductance of the current, i = /o sin 2 irft = /o sin 0) of eff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 37: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 37, "location": "lines 38393-40115", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 54, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... res be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then, El = E = e.m.f. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ei = jE = e.m.f. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let 1 1 and 1 2 = currents in 1 and in 2, 7o = current in 0, Z] and Z2 = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zo = impedance of line 0, Yi and F2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, /'i and /'2 = currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, E\\ and E'2 = potential differences at circuit 0 to 1, and 0 to 2. it is then, Ii -\\- h -\\- h = 0, or, lo = — {Ii + ^2); that is, 7o is common return of Ii and /j. ...", "... Y2Z0 (1 - j) .' . (H- FiZo -f FiZi) (1 -f F2Z0 -t- F2Z2) - F1F2Z02 J,, _,j, l-fFxZx-fFxZo(l-f-i) . ' ~ ^\"rn + Y,Z, -f FiZi) (1 + F2Z0 -h F2Z2) - FiF2Zo-^ 462 (2) (3) (4) QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM 463 Hence, the two e.m.fs. at the end of the Hne are unequal in magnitude, and not in quadrature any more. 311. Special Cases: A. Balanced System Zi = Z2 = Z Fi = F2 = Y. Substituting these values in (4) , gives : 1 + \\/2 - i 1 + V - yz ^/^ ^ ^ V2 • ' • 1 + v^ (1 + V2) FZ + (1 + V2) F2Z2 ^ 1 + (1.707 + 0.707 i) YZ 1 + 3.414 YZ + 2.414 F^Z^ 1 + \\/2 + 7 1 + ^ ^ ZJ YZ E', ...", "... relation, or in other words, even if in a quarter-phase system with common return both branches or phases are loaded equally, with a load of the same phase displacement, nevertheless the system becomes unbalanced, and the two e.m.fs. at the end of the hne are neither equal in magnitude, nor in quadrature with each other. B. One Branch Loaded, One Unloaded Zi = Z2 = Z, Z -^• (a) Fi = 0, F2 = F, {b) Fi = Y, Y, = 0. 464 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA Substituting these values in (4), gives: (a) (b) 1 + YZ E\\ = E 1 + V2 - i V2 i + rz^ + ^\"2 V2 = ^ 1 = ^ I 1 1 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 963-1366", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 53, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... eet with two different classes of phenomena, due respec- tively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a constant of the circuit. 2.) Joule's law: P= izr, where P is the rate at which energy is expended by the current, i, in the resistance, r. 3.) The power equation : P0 = ei, where P0 is the power expended in the circuit of E.M.F., e, and current, /. 4.) Kirchhoff's laws : a.} The su ...", "... ent phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a constant of the circuit. 2.) Joule's law: P= izr, where P is the rate at which energy is expended by the current, i, in the resistance, r. 3.) The power equation : P0 = ei, where P0 is the power expended in the circuit of E.M.F., e, and current, /. 4.) Kirchhoff's laws : a.} The sum of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the E.M.F. consumed by the resistance, ir, is also con- sidered as a counter E.M.F., and all t ...", "... te at which energy is expended by the current, i, in the resistance, r. 3.) The power equation : P0 = ei, where P0 is the power expended in the circuit of E.M.F., e, and current, /. 4.) Kirchhoff's laws : a.} The sum of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the E.M.F. consumed by the resistance, ir, is also con- sidered as a counter E.M.F., and all the E.M.Fs. are taken in their proper direction. b.) The sum of all the currents flowing towards a dis- tributing point = 0. In alternating-current circuits, that is, in circuits con- veying curr'ents which rapidly and periodically chan ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1224-1727", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 51, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... eet with two different classes of phenomena, due respec- tively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a constant of the circuit. 2.) Joule's law : P= i^r, where P is the rate at which energy is expended by the current, /, in the resistance, r. 3.) The power equation : P^ = ei, where P^ is the power expended in the circuit of E.M.F., 2 7T/C J where/ = frequency and 6 = 2 nft. (3) Then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance is ri\\ the e.m.f. consumed by inductance, is di di Ldt = xJe' and the e.m ...", "CHAPTER VII. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT. 65. Let, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the condensive reactance is xc = > 2 7T/C J where/ = frequency and 6 = 2 nft. (3) Then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance is ri\\ the e.m.f. consumed by inductance, is di di Ldt = xJe' and the e.m.f. consumed by capacity is , (4) where i = instantaneous value of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-10", "section_label": "Theory Section 10: Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "section_title": "Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 3234-3585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 50, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "snippets": [ "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in phase with the current, ...", "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. generated by this flux, or counter e.m.f. of self-inductance, OE'\" = E' ...", "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. generated by this flux, or counter e.m.f. of self-inductance, OE'\" = E'\" = xl, lags 90 degrees be- hind the cur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Divided Circuit", "section_title": "Divided Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9228-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 50, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. DIVIDED CIRCUIT. 72. A circuit consisting of two branches or multiple circuits 1 and 2 may be supplied, over a line or circuit 3, with an impressed e.m.f., e0. Let, in such a circuit, shown diagrammatically in Fig 31, rv Lv Cl and r2, L2, Cz — resistance, inductance, and capacity, respectively, of the two branch circuits 1 and 2; r0, L0, C0 = Co Fig. 31. Divided circuit. resistance, inductance, and capacity of the undivided part of the circuit, 3. Furthermore let e = potential difference at terminals of branch circuits 1 and 2, it and i2 ...", "... may be supplied, over a line or circuit 3, with an impressed e.m.f., e0. Let, in such a circuit, shown diagrammatically in Fig 31, rv Lv Cl and r2, L2, Cz — resistance, inductance, and capacity, respectively, of the two branch circuits 1 and 2; r0, L0, C0 = Co Fig. 31. Divided circuit. resistance, inductance, and capacity of the undivided part of the circuit, 3. Furthermore let e = potential difference at terminals of branch circuits 1 and 2, it and i2 respectively = currents in branch circuits 1 and 2, and i3 = current in undivided part of circuit, 3. Then ia = il + i2 and e.m.f. a ...", "... .f. at the terminals of circuit 1 is of circuit 2 is e = di 121 (2) (3) 122 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and of circuit 3 is (4) Instead of the inductances, L, and capacities, C, it is usually preferable, even in direct-current circuits, to introduce the reactances, x = 2 nfL = inductive reactance, xc = = con- 2 7T/G densive reactance, referred to a standard frequency, such as / = 60 cycles per second. Instead of the time t, then, an angle 0 = 2 nft (5) is introduced, and then we have di x di dd di ^ * (6) i/iift - 2 Kfo f Id0 - Xc/i dd, t since Hereby resistance, indu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "section_title": "Vector Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2149-2759", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 49, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... vector representation, by the law of the parallelogram or the polygon of sine waves. Kirchhofif's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : (a) The resultant of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating-current circuit is represented in vector representati ...", "... tion, by the law of the parallelogram or the polygon of sine waves. Kirchhofif's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : (a) The resultant of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating-current circuit is represented in vector representation by the product ...", "... rrent, I, into the projection of the e.m.f., E, upon the current, or by the e.m.f., E, into the projection of the current, I, £3 Eo upon the e.m.f., or by IE cos d, where A ^,--^^'' ^ ~ angle of phase displacement. ^J,.^--^ / 19. Suppose, as an example, that in ^^ *E ^' a line having the resistance, r, and the reactance, x = 2 irfL — where / = fre- quency and L = inductance — there p, ,r> exists a current of / amp., the line being connected to a non-inductive circuit operating at a voltage of E volts. What will be the voltage required at the generator end of the line? In the vector ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 49, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "... re in very long circuits, as in lines conveying alter- nating currents of high value at high potential over extremely long distances, by overhead conductors or underground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance, which consumes e.m.fs. in phase with the current, and of the line reactance, which consumes e.m.fs. in quadrature with the current, is not sufficient for the explanation of the phenomena taking place in the line, but several other factors have to be taken into account. In long lines, especi ...", "... value at high potential over extremely long distances, by overhead conductors or underground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance, which consumes e.m.fs. in phase with the current, and of the line reactance, which consumes e.m.fs. in quadrature with the current, is not sufficient for the explanation of the phenomena taking place in the line, but several other factors have to be taken into account. In long lines, especially at high potentials, the electrostatic capacity of the line is sufficient ...", "... y long distances, by overhead conductors or underground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance, which consumes e.m.fs. in phase with the current, and of the line reactance, which consumes e.m.fs. in quadrature with the current, is not sufficient for the explanation of the phenomena taking place in the line, but several other factors have to be taken into account. In long lines, especially at high potentials, the electrostatic capacity of the line is sufficient to consume noticeable currents. The c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 22302-23970", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 48, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... ange of the total flux, and thereby of the resultant e.m.f., will take place in this case only when the magnetic densities are so near to saturation that the rise of density at the leading pole corner will be less than the decrease of density at the trailing pole corner. Since the internal self-inductive reactance of the alternator itself causes a certain lag of the current behind the generated e.m.f., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external negative reactance, as capacity, etc. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 2G1 If the armature current lags, it reaches the maximum ...", "... orner will be less than the decrease of density at the trailing pole corner. Since the internal self-inductive reactance of the alternator itself causes a certain lag of the current behind the generated e.m.f., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external negative reactance, as capacity, etc. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 2G1 If the armature current lags, it reaches the maximum later than the e.m.f.; that is, in a position where the armature-coil partly faces the field-pole which it approaches, as shown in dia- gram in Fig. 130. Since the armature current is i ...", "... magnetize, the field. 186. The e.m.f. generated in the armature by the resultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this generated e.m.f. and the e.m.f. of self-inductive reactance and the e.m.f. representing the power loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field m.m.f. in creating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second magnetic flux in a local circuit through the armature, whi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 18053-19457", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 48, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... made use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E±, be connected as synchronous motor with a supply circuit of E.M.F., EQ, by a circuit of the impedance Z. If E0 is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the motor of induced E.M.F., E±. If E0 is the E.M.F. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If EQ is the induced E.M.F. of th ...", "... f the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E±, be connected as synchronous motor with a supply circuit of E.M.F., EQ, by a circuit of the impedance Z. If E0 is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the motor of induced E.M.F., E±. If E0 is the E.M.F. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If EQ is the induced E.M.F. of the generator, Z is the sum of the impedances of motor, line, and generator, and thu ...", "... of the E.M.F., E±, be connected as synchronous motor with a supply circuit of E.M.F., EQ, by a circuit of the impedance Z. If E0 is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the motor of induced E.M.F., E±. If E0 is the E.M.F. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If EQ is the induced E.M.F. of the generator, Z is the sum of the impedances of motor, line, and generator, and thus we have the prob- lem, generator of induced E.M.F. EQ, and motor of induced' E.M.F. El; or, more gene ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 20502-21189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 48, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI. REACTION MACHINES. 225. In the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This va ...", "... n the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that sy ...", "... ne is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry und ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 48, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magn ...", "... ronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rot ...", "... ircuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rotation through the magnetic field — or, as now more usually the case, the rotation of the magneti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Mutual Inductance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 10, "location": "lines 10475-12216", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 48, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE. 82. In the preceding chapters, circuits have been considered containing resistance, self-inductance, and capacity, but no mutual inductance; that is, the phenomena which take place in the circuit have been assumed as depending upon the impressed e.m.f. and the constants of the circuit, but not upon the phenomena taking place in any other circuit. Of the magnetic flux produc ...", "... agnetic flux produced by the current in the second circuit, then generates an e.m.f. in the first circuit. Diagrammatically the mutual inductance between two circuits can be sketched as shown by M in Fig. 38, by two coaxial coils, while the self-inductance is shown by a single coil L, and the resistance by a zigzag line. 141 142 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA The presence of mutual inductance, with a second circuit, introduces into the equation of the circuit a term depending upon the current in the second circuit. If i^ = the current in the circuit and r1 = the resistance of the circuit, then r^ ...", "... single coil L, and the resistance by a zigzag line. 141 142 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA The presence of mutual inductance, with a second circuit, introduces into the equation of the circuit a term depending upon the current in the second circuit. If i^ = the current in the circuit and r1 = the resistance of the circuit, then r^\\ = the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the circuit. If L1 = the inductance of the circuit, that is, total number of interlinkages between the circuit and the number of lines of magnetic force produced by unit current in the circuit, we have di L{j± = e.m.f. con ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII. DIBTBISnTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, BESISTANCE, AND liEAKAGE. 102. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi. nitely near together, as diagrammatically ...", "... at the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi. nitely near together, as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 83. 8 3 S Fig, 83. Distributed Capacity. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current,, and consequently of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, especially concentric cables, and to a certain degree ...", "... s shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi. nitely near together, as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 83. 8 3 S Fig, 83. Distributed Capacity. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current,, and consequently of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, especially concentric cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Il", "section_title": "Il", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19346-21338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... ade use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E^, be connected as synchronous motor w^ith a supply circuit of E.M.F., E^y by a circuit of the impedance Z, If E^ is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the motor of induced E.M.F., E^. If E^ is the E.M.F. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If E^ is the induced E.M.F. of J: ...", "... the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E^, be connected as synchronous motor w^ith a supply circuit of E.M.F., E^y by a circuit of the impedance Z, If E^ is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the motor of induced E.M.F., E^. If E^ is the E.M.F. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If E^ is the induced E.M.F. of J:he generator, Z is the sum of the impedances of motor, line, and generator, and th ...", "... f the E.M.F., E^, be connected as synchronous motor w^ith a supply circuit of E.M.F., E^y by a circuit of the impedance Z, If E^ is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the motor of induced E.M.F., E^. If E^ is the E.M.F. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If E^ is the induced E.M.F. of J:he generator, Z is the sum of the impedances of motor, line, and generator, and thus we have the prob- lem, generator of induced E.M.F. E^y and motor of induced E.M.F. E^\\ or, more gene ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "section_title": "Beactiox Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 22388-23273", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XX. BEACTIOX MACHINES. 204. In the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately thd case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This va ...", "... n the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately thd case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that sy ...", "... ne is a constant. While this is more or less approximately thd case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry und ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Methods Of Approximation", "section_title": "Methods Of Approximation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15156-16482", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ciable effect on the accuracy of the result; that is, leaves the result correct within the limits of accuracy required in engineer- ing, which usually, depending on the nature of the problem, is not greater than from 0.1 per cent to 1 per cent^;^ Thus, for instance, the voltage consumed by the resistance of an alternating-current transformer is at full load current only a small fraction of the supply voltage, and the exciting current of the transformer is only a small fraction of the full load current, and, therefore, the voltage consumed by the exciting current in the resistance of the transf ...", "... nsumed by the resistance of an alternating-current transformer is at full load current only a small fraction of the supply voltage, and the exciting current of the transformer is only a small fraction of the full load current, and, therefore, the voltage consumed by the exciting current in the resistance of the transformer is only a small fraction of a small fraction of the supply voltage, hence, it is negligible in most cases, and the transformer equations are greatly simplified by omitting it. The power loss in a large generator or motor is a small fraction of the input or output, the drop o ...", "... . Also in the effect of a lightning stroke on a primary distribution circuit, the normal line voltage of 2200 may be neglected as small compared with the voltage impressed by lightning, etc. 126. Example. In a direct-current shunt motor, the im- pressed voltage is eo = 125 volts; the armature resistance is ro = 0.02 ohm; the field resistance is ri = 50 ohms; the power consumed by friction is pf=^300 watts, and the power consumed by iron loss is pi= iOO watts. What is the power output of the motor at ^o = 50, 100 and 150 amperes input? The power produced at the armature conductors is the pro ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "section_title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2122-2743", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... in polar coordifiatcs, by the laiv of parallelogram or the polygon of sine waves. Kirchhoff' s laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : — a.) The resultant of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit, as found by thq parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.) The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a §17] GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-current ...", "... atcs, by the laiv of parallelogram or the polygon of sine waves. Kirchhoff' s laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : — a.) The resultant of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit, as found by thq parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.) The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a §17] GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-current circuit is repre- ...", "... rent circuit is repre- sented in polar coordinates by the product of the current ; /, into the projection of the E.M.F., Ey upon the current, or by the E.M.F., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the E.M.F., or IE cos (/j^). 17. Suppose, as an instance, that over a line having the resistance, r, and the reactance, x = 2irNLy — where A^ = frequency and L = inductance, — a current of / amperes be sent into a non-inductive circuit at an E.M.F. of E ,Er E • ^^ J • \\ 1 Vi \\ E. \"e. — ~^^E. Fig. 12. volts. What will be the E.M.F. required at the generato ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Representation", "section_title": "Graphic Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1743-2321", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... y, in polar coordinates, by the law of parallelogram or tJie polygon of sine waves. Kirchhoff's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : — a.) The resultant of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.} The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-current c ...", "... inates, by the law of parallelogram or tJie polygon of sine waves. Kirchhoff's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : — a.) The resultant of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.} The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-current circuit is repre- ...", "... current circuit is repre- sented in polar coordinates by the product of the current , /, into the projection of the E.M.F., E, upon the current, or by the E.M.F., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the E.M.F., or by IE cos 17. Suppose, as an instance, that over a line having the resistance, r, and the reactance, x = ZirNL, — where N = frequency and L = inductance, — a current of / amperes be sent into a non-inductive circuit at an E.M.F. of E Fig. 12. volts. What will be the E.M.F. required at the generator end of the line ? In the polar diagram, Fig. 12, let the phase of t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-101", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 101, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17538-18397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "snippets": [ "... s due to the full m.m.f. of primary or secondary current and, therefore, in spite of the high reluctance of the leakage flux path due to the high m.m.f. (20 times as great as that of the mutual flux at 5 per cent, exciting current), this flux and the reactance voltages caused by it are appreci- 286 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING able, usually between 2 per cent, and 8 per cent, in modern transformers. The distribution of the leakage flux between primary and secondary winding, that is, between primary re ...", "... ce voltages caused by it are appreci- 286 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING able, usually between 2 per cent, and 8 per cent, in modern transformers. The distribution of the leakage flux between primary and secondary winding, that is, between primary reactance x\\ and secondary Xz, is to some extent arbitrary (see discussion in \"Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits'')) and the methods of test give only the sum of the primary and the secondary re- actance, the latter reduced to the primary by the ratio of ...", "... ary (see discussion in \"Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits'')) and the methods of test give only the sum of the primary and the secondary re- actance, the latter reduced to the primary by the ratio of trans- formation : Xi + a2x2. 116. The total reactance of primary and secondary, and also TRANSFORMER I mpedance and Short Circuit Losses 7 .1 .2 .3 .1 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 l.i 1.5 FIG. 156. — Impedance and short circuit losses of tra ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 35: Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 35, "location": "lines 37453-37957", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... ment against their e.m.fs. In such systems, each e.m.f. and its current can be considered separately as constituting a single-phase system, that is, the polyphase system can be resolved into n equal single-phase systems, each of which consists of one conductor of the polyphase system, with zero impedance as return circuit. Hereby the investigation of the polyphase system resolves itself into that of its constituent single-phase system. So, for instance, the polyphase system shown in Fig. 208, at balanced load, can be considered as consisting of the equal single- phase systems :0— 1;0 — 2;0 — ...", "... — 3; . . . 0 — n, each of which consists of one conductor, 1, 2, 3, . . . n, and the return conductor, 0. Since the sum of all the currents equals 0, there is no current in conductor 0, that is, no voltage is consumed in this conductor; this is equivalent to assuming this conductor as of zero impedance. This common return conductor, 0, since it carries no current, can be omitted, as is usually the case. With star connection of an apparatus into a polyphase system, as in Fig. 200, the impedance of the equivalent single-phase system is the impedance of one conductor or circuit; if, however, the ...", "... no voltage is consumed in this conductor; this is equivalent to assuming this conductor as of zero impedance. This common return conductor, 0, since it carries no current, can be omitted, as is usually the case. With star connection of an apparatus into a polyphase system, as in Fig. 200, the impedance of the equivalent single-phase system is the impedance of one conductor or circuit; if, however, the appa- ratus is ring connected, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 201, the impedance of the ring-connected part of the circuit has to be reduced to star connection, in the usual manner of reducin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "section_title": "Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 30429-31656", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 172. If an uninsulated electric circuit is immersed in a high- resistance conducting medium, such as water, the current does not remain entirely in the \"circuit,*' but more or less leaks through the surrounding medium. The current, then^ is not the same throughout the entire circuit, but varies from point to point: the currents at two points of the circuit differ fro ...", "... hey pick up stray railway return currents, etc. When dealing with direct-current circuits, the induetance and the capacity of the conductor do not come into consideration except in the transients of current change, and in stationary con- ditions such a circuit thus is one of distributed series resistance and shunted conductance. Inductance also is absent with the current induced in the cable armor by an alternating current traversing the cable conductor, 330 CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 331 and with all low- and medium-voltage conductors, with the com- mercial frequencies of altern ...", "... y return currents, etc. When dealing with direct-current circuits, the induetance and the capacity of the conductor do not come into consideration except in the transients of current change, and in stationary con- ditions such a circuit thus is one of distributed series resistance and shunted conductance. Inductance also is absent with the current induced in the cable armor by an alternating current traversing the cable conductor, 330 CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 331 and with all low- and medium-voltage conductors, with the com- mercial frequencies of alternating currents, the capac ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "section_title": "Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 10583-12397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... s more or less with increase of load. Thus, if the voltage at the primary terminals of the motor transformer is constant, and such as to give the rated motor voltage at full-load, at no- load the voltage at the motor terminals is higher, but at overload lower by the voltage drop in the internal impedance of the trans- formers. If the voltage is kept constant in the center of distri- bution, the drop of voltage in the line adds itself to the imped- ance drop in the transformers, and the motor supply voltage thus varies still more between no-load and overload. With a drop of voltage in the supp ...", "... nt of constant potential and the motor terminals, assuming the cir- cuit such as to give the rated motor voltage at full-load, the voltage at no-load and thus the exciting current is higher, the voltage at overload and thus the maximum output and maximum torque of the motor, and also the motor impedance current, that is, current consumed by the motor at standstill, and thereby the starting torque of the motor, are lower than on a constant-poten- tial supply. Hereby then the margin of overload capacity of the motor is reduced, and the characteristic constant of the motor, or the ratio of excit ...", "... iting current to short-circuit current, is in- creased, that is, the motor characteristic made inferior to that given at constant voltage supply, the more so the higher the voltage drop in the supply circuit. Assuming then a three-phase motor having the following con- stants: primary exciting admittance, Y = 0.01 — 0.1 j; primary self-inductive impedance, Z0 = 0.1 + 0.3 j; secondary self -induc- 123 124 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS tive impedance, Z, = 0.1 + 0.3 j; supply voltage, e0 = 110 volts, and rated output, 5000 waits per phase. Assuming this motor to be operated: 1. By transformers ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Long Distance Transmission", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2562-3132", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... he voltage used. The cost of line conductors decreases with the square of the voltage. At twice the voltage, twice the line drop can be allowed with the same loss; at twice the voltage the current is only half for the same power, and twice the drop with half the current gives four times the resistance, that is, one-quarter the conductor section and cost. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION 65 The cost of line insulators increases with increase of voltage. The cost of pole line increases with increase of voltage, since greater distance bet'.veen the conductors is necessary and so longer poles, lo ...", "... erator frequency. C. Of frequencies entirely independent of the generator, or of a frequency which originates in the circuit, that is, high frequency oscillations as arcing grounds, etc. If a capacity is in series with an inductance, as the line capacity and the line inductance, the capacity reactance and the inductive reactance are opposed to each other ; if they hap- pened to be equal they would neutralize each other, the current would depend on the resistance only and therefore be very large, and with this very large current passing through the inductance and capacity, the voltage at the ...", "... C. Of frequencies entirely independent of the generator, or of a frequency which originates in the circuit, that is, high frequency oscillations as arcing grounds, etc. If a capacity is in series with an inductance, as the line capacity and the line inductance, the capacity reactance and the inductive reactance are opposed to each other ; if they hap- pened to be equal they would neutralize each other, the current would depend on the resistance only and therefore be very large, and with this very large current passing through the inductance and capacity, the voltage at the inductance and at the capac ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16362-17596", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... AL TERN A TING-CURRENT GENERA TOR. 299 density at the trailing-pole corner. Since the internal self- inductance of the alternator itself causes a certain lag of the current behind the induced E.M.F., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external nega- tive reactance, as capacity, etc. If the armature current lags, it reaches the maximum later than the E.M.F. ; that is, in a position where the armature coil partly faces the following-field pole, as shown in diagram in Fig. 127. Since the armature current flows Fig. 127. in opposite direction to the c ...", "... mature by the re- sultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant M.M.F. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine ; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this induced E.M.F. and the E.M.F. of self-inductance and the E.M.F. representing the energy loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field M.M.F. in cre- ating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second mag- netic flux in a local circuit through the armature, which flux does not pass through the field spools, and i ...", "... n alternator between armature reaction, or the magnetizing action of the arma- ture upon the field, and armature self-inductance, or the E.M.F. induced in the armature conductors by the current flowing therein. This E.M.F. of self-inductance is (if the magnetic reluctance, and consequently the reactance, of the armature circuit is assumed as constant) in quadrature behind the armature current, and will thus combine with the induced E.M.F. in the proper phase relation. Obvi- ously the E.M.F. of self-inductance and the induced E.M.F. do not in reality combine, but their respective magnetic flu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "section_title": "The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 12683-13648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... e magnetizing current within reasonable limits. An iron- clad construction again greatly increases the self-induction of primary and secondary circuit. Thus the induction motor is a transformer of large magnetizing current and large self-induction; that is, comparatively large primary exciting susceptance and large reactance. The general alternating-current transformer transforms between electrical and mechanical power, and changes not only E.M.Fs. and currents, but frequencies also, and may therefore be called a \"frequency converter.\" Obviously, it also may change the number of phases. 142. ...", "... within reasonable limits. An iron- clad construction again greatly increases the self-induction of primary and secondary circuit. Thus the induction motor is a transformer of large magnetizing current and large self-induction; that is, comparatively large primary exciting susceptance and large reactance. The general alternating-current transformer transforms between electrical and mechanical power, and changes not only E.M.Fs. and currents, but frequencies also, and may therefore be called a \"frequency converter.\" Obviously, it also may change the number of phases. 142. Besides the magneti ...", "... TING-CURRENT TRA NSFORMER. 221 which surrounds the one circuit without interlinking with the other, and is thus produced by the M.M.F. of one circuit only. 143. The mutual magnetic flux of the transformer is produced by the resultant M.M.F. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the counter E.M.F., the number of turns, and the frequency of the electric circuit, by the. equation: Where E = effective E.M.F. JV= frequency. n = number of turns. <£ == maximum magnetic flux. The M.M.F. producing this flux, or the resultant M.M.F. of primary and secondary circuit, is determined by shap ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The General Number", "section_title": "The General Number", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 915-3491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... number, and can, due to their periodic nature, be converted into a finite common fraction. For instance, 2.1387387. ... Let x= 2.1387387....; then, subtracting, Hence, 1000a: = 2138.7387387.. 999^ = 2136.6 2136.6 21366 1187 77 ^~ 999 ~ 9990 ~ 555 \"555* THE GENERAL NUMBER. 13 Quadrature Numbers. lo. The following equation, ^\"+4 = (+2), may be written, since, (+2)X(+2)==(+4); but also the equation, ^\"4 = (-2), may be written, since (-2)>^-2) = (+4). Therefore, -V + 4 has two values, (+2) and (-2), and in evolution we thus first strike the interesting feature, that on ...", "... ~l= -2; that is, multiplying a number +2, twice by V-1, gives a rotation of 180 deg., and multipHcation by V~^ thus means rotation by half of 180 deg.; or, by 90 deg., and +2\\/^ thus is the dis- fT- OD -^ .90° ■e- FiG. 5. tance in the direction rotated 90 deg. from +2, or in quadrature direction AD in Fig. 5, and such numbers as +2\\/-l thus are quadrature numbers, that is, represent direction not toward the right, as the positive, nor toward the left, as the negative numbers, but upward or downward. For convenience of writing, V— 1 is usually denoted by the letter j. II. ...", "... of 180 deg., and multipHcation by V~^ thus means rotation by half of 180 deg.; or, by 90 deg., and +2\\/^ thus is the dis- fT- OD -^ .90° ■e- FiG. 5. tance in the direction rotated 90 deg. from +2, or in quadrature direction AD in Fig. 5, and such numbers as +2\\/-l thus are quadrature numbers, that is, represent direction not toward the right, as the positive, nor toward the left, as the negative numbers, but upward or downward. For convenience of writing, V— 1 is usually denoted by the letter j. II. Just as the operation of subtraction introduced in the negative numbers ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-12", "section_label": "Theory Section 12: Impedance of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Impedance of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 3761-4464", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "snippets": [ "12. IMPEDANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 54. Let r = resistance; x = 2 irfL = the reactance of a trans- mission line; E0 = the alternating e.m.f. impressed upon the line; I = the line current; E = the e.m.f. at receiving end of the line, and 6 = the angle of lag of ...", "12. IMPEDANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 54. Let r = resistance; x = 2 irfL = the reactance of a trans- mission line; E0 = the alternating e.m.f. impressed upon the line; I = the line current; E = the e.m.f. at receiving end of the line, and 6 = the angle of lag of current 7 behind e.m.f. E. B < 0 thus denot ...", "12. IMPEDANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 54. Let r = resistance; x = 2 irfL = the reactance of a trans- mission line; E0 = the alternating e.m.f. impressed upon the line; I = the line current; E = the e.m.f. at receiving end of the line, and 6 = the angle of lag of current 7 behind e.m.f. E. B < 0 thus denotes leading, 0 > 0 lagging cur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "section_title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 17025-18828", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... 36 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 160 density at the trailing-pole corner. Since the internal self- inductance of the alternator alone causes a certain lag of the current behind the induced E.M.F., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external nega- tive reactance, as capacity, etc. If the armature current lags, it reaches the maximum later than the E.M.F. ; that is, in a position where the armature coil partly faces the following-field pole, as shown in diagram in Fig. 111. Since the armature current flows Fiq. Ill, in opposite direction to the c ...", "... rmature by the re- sultant magnetic flux, produced by the resultant M.M.F. of the field and of the armature, is not the terminal voltage of the machine; the terminal voltage is the resultant of this induced E.M.F. and the E.M.F. of self-inductance and the E.M.F. representing the energy loss by resistance in the alternator armature. That is, in other words, the armature current not only opposes or assists the field M.M.F. in cre- ating the resultant magnetic flux, but sends a second mag- netic flux in a local circuit through the armature, which flux does not pass through the field spools, and i ...", "... alternator between: armature reaction, or the magnetizing action of. the arma- ture upon the field, and armature self-inductance, or the E.M.F. induced in the armature conductors by the current flowing therein. This E.M.F. of self-inductance is (if the magnetic reluctance, and consequently the reactance, of the armature circuit is assumed as constant) in quadrature behind the armature current, and will thus combine with the induced E.M.F. in the proper phase relation. This means that, if the armature current lags, the E.M.F. of self-inductance will be more than 90° behind the induced E.M.F., ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 21190-21982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... urrent wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 234. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 384 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the ...", "... sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 234. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 384 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsati ...", "... ERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsation of the resis- tance ; or pulsation of the reactance. The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reac- tance, causes higher harmonics only with a current flowing in the circuit, that is, under load. Lack of uniformity ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_title": "Alternating Current Railway Motor", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 8649-9342", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "snippets": [ "... eld magnetism and the armature current are necessarily in phase with each other, or nearly so. Only the series or varying speed type of alternating current commutator motor has so far become of industrial importance. In the alternating current motor in addition to the voltage consumed by the resistance of the motor circuit and that con- sumed by the armature rotation, voltage is also consumed by self-induction; that is, by the alternation of the magnetism. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents loss of power, and heating, and is made as small as possible in any 178 GENERAL LECTU ...", "... ndustrial importance. In the alternating current motor in addition to the voltage consumed by the resistance of the motor circuit and that con- sumed by the armature rotation, voltage is also consumed by self-induction; that is, by the alternation of the magnetism. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents loss of power, and heating, and is made as small as possible in any 178 GENERAL LECTURES motor. The voltage consumed by the rotation of the arma- ture, or \"e. m. f . of rotation,\" is that doing the useful work of the motor, and so is an energy voltage, or voltage in phase with t ...", "... g the useful work of the motor, and so is an energy voltage, or voltage in phase with the current; just as the voltage consumed by the resist- ance is in phase with the current. The voltage consumed by self-induction, due to the alternation of the magnetism, or \"e. m. f. of alternation\", is in quadrature with the current, or wattless ; that is, it consumes no power, but causes the current to lag, and so lowers the power factor of the motor; that is, causes the motor to take more volt-amperes than corresponds to its output, and so is objectionable. The useful voltage, or e. m. f. of rotation o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "section_title": "Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 23274-24559", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... urrent wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 213. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the ...", "... sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 213. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsat ...", "... STORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsation of the resis- tance ; or pulsation of the reactance. The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reac- tance, causes higher harmonics only with a current flowing in the circuit, that is, under load. Lack of uniformity ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 5, "location": "lines 4072-5311", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES. CONDENSER CHARGE AND DISCHARGE. 29. If a continuous e.m.f . e is impressed upon a circuit contain- ing resistance, inductance, and capacity in series, the stationary condition of the circuit is zero current, i = o, and the poten- tial difference at the con ...", "CHAPTER V. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES. CONDENSER CHARGE AND DISCHARGE. 29. If a continuous e.m.f . e is impressed upon a circuit contain- ing resistance, inductance, and capacity in series, the stationary condition of the circuit is zero current, i = o, and the poten- tial difference at the condenser equals the impressed e.m.f., et =• e, no permanent current exists, but only the transient current of charge or discharge of the condenser. The c ...", "... rrent into a condenser is proportional to the rate of increase of its e.m.f. and to the capacity. It is therefore and e-^-lidt (1) is the potential difference at the terminals of a condenser of capacity C with current i in the circuit to the condenser. Let then, in a circuit containing resistance, inductance, and capacity in series, e = impressed e.m.f., whether continuous, alternating, pulsating, etc.; i = current in the circuit at time t; r = resistance; L = inductance, and C = capacity; then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is n; the e.m.f. consumed by inductance L is di ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 12962-16963", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... times as high as it would be with a sine wave of the same effective value, ei, that is, more than five times as high, as would be expected from the voltmeter reading, and it is 18.6 times as high as it would be with a sine wave of magnetic flux. Thus, an oversaturated closed magnetic circuit reactance, which consumes e© = 50 volts with a sine wave of voltage, e©, and thus of magnetic density, B, would, at the same maximum mag- netic density, that is, the same saturation, with a sine wave of current — as would be the case if the reactance is connected in ser- ies in a constant-current circui ...", "... flux. Thus, an oversaturated closed magnetic circuit reactance, which consumes e© = 50 volts with a sine wave of voltage, e©, and thus of magnetic density, B, would, at the same maximum mag- netic density, that is, the same saturation, with a sine wave of current — as would be the case if the reactance is connected in ser- ies in a constant-current circuit — give an effective value of ter- minal voltage of ei = 3.5 X 50 = 175 volts, and a maximmn peak voltage of 6 = 18.8 X 50 X y/2 = 1330 volts. Thus, while supposed to be a low-voltage reactance, eo = 50 volts, and even the voltmeter shows ...", "... wave of current — as would be the case if the reactance is connected in ser- ies in a constant-current circuit — give an effective value of ter- minal voltage of ei = 3.5 X 50 = 175 volts, and a maximmn peak voltage of 6 = 18.8 X 50 X y/2 = 1330 volts. Thus, while supposed to be a low-voltage reactance, eo = 50 volts, and even the voltmeter shows a voltage of only Ci = 175, which, while much higher, is still within the limit that does not endanger life, the actual peak voltage e = 1330 is beyond the danger limit. Thus, magnetic saturation may in supposedly low-voltage cir- cuits produce da ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Review", "section_title": "Review", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 23, "location": "lines 32138-32819", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... and tertiary stator circuit usually is 45° to 60°, and often a three-phase motor is used, with single-phase supply on one phase. and condenser on a Becond phase. With the small amount of capacity, sufficient for power-factor compensation, usually the starting torque is small, unless a starting resistance is used, Imi the torque efficiency is high. Concatenation. — III, 28. Chain connection, tandem connec- tion, cascade connection. Is the connection o the secondary nl an induction machine with a second machine. The Bttt&d machine may be: 1. An Induction Machine. — The couple then is asynchro ...", "... has peculiar regulation characteristics, as the armature reaction of non-inductive load is absent. 3. A Synchronous Commutating Machine. — 112. The couple is synchronous, and called motor converter. It has the advantage of lower frequency commutation, and permits phase control by the internal reactance of the induction machine. It has higher efficiency and smaller size than a motor-generator set, but is larger and less efficient than the synchronous converter, and therefore has not been able to compete with the latter. 4. A direct-current commutating machine, as exciter, 41. This converts t ...", "... tor converted to a synchronous motor by direct-current excitation. (8ee \"COB- catenation (4).\") Deep-bar Induction Motor. — 7. Induction motor with deep and narrow rotor bars. At the low frequency near synchronism, the secondary current traverses the entire rotor conductor, and the secondary resistance thus is low. At high slips, u ing, unequal current distribution in the rotor bars concentrates the current in the top of the bars, thus gives a greatly increased effective resistance, and thereby higher torque. However, the high reactance of the deep bar somewhat impairs the power- factor. The ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. INDUCTIVE DISCHARGES. 64. The discharge of an inductance into a transmission line may be considered as an illustration of the phenomena in a complex circuit comprising sections of very different constants; that is, a combination of a circuit section of high inductance and small resistance and negligible capacity and conductance, as a generating station, with a circuit of distributed capacity and inductance, as a transmission line. The extreme case of such a discharge would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is conn ...", "... 64. The discharge of an inductance into a transmission line may be considered as an illustration of the phenomena in a complex circuit comprising sections of very different constants; that is, a combination of a circuit section of high inductance and small resistance and negligible capacity and conductance, as a generating station, with a circuit of distributed capacity and inductance, as a transmission line. The extreme case of such a discharge would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is connected to the generating station. Let ...", "... ting station, with a circuit of distributed capacity and inductance, as a transmission line. The extreme case of such a discharge would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is connected to the generating station. Let r = the total resistance and L = the total inductance of the inductive section of the circuit; also let g = 0, C= 0, and L0 = inductance, <70 = capacity, r0 = resistance, g0 = conduc- tance of the total transmission line connected to the inductive circuit. In either of the two circuit sections the total length of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2760-3266", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... gram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (c/. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes have numerical values in practice somewhat like the following: Ei = 100 volts, and 7i = 75 amp. For a non-inductive second- ary load, as of incandescent lamps, the only reactance of the secondaiy circuit thus is that of the secondary coil, or Xi = 0.08 ohms, giving a lag of ^i = 3.6°. We have also, rii = 30 turns. rio = 300 turns. Fi = 2250 ampere-turns. F =100 ampere-turns. Er = 10 volts. E:, = 60 volts. Ei = 1000 volts. Fig. 21. — Vector diagram of tran ...", "... nstance, the sine waves, a + jb and a' + jb', combined give the sine wave, I = {a + a') +j(6 + 6'). It will thus be seen that the combination of sine waves is reduced to the elementary algebra of complex quantities. 31. If / = I + ji' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the voltage consumed by the resistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the product of the current and resistance. Or rl = ri -\\- jri'. If L is the inductance, and x = 2x/L the inductive react- ance, the e.m.f. produced by the reactance, or the counter e.m.f. 1 In this represent ...", "... a' + jb', combined give the sine wave, I = {a + a') +j(6 + 6'). It will thus be seen that the combination of sine waves is reduced to the elementary algebra of complex quantities. 31. If / = I + ji' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the voltage consumed by the resistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the product of the current and resistance. Or rl = ri -\\- jri'. If L is the inductance, and x = 2x/L the inductive react- ance, the e.m.f. produced by the reactance, or the counter e.m.f. 1 In this representation of the sine wave by the exponentia ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14089-14918", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... keep the magnetizing current within reasonable limits. An iron- clad construction again greatly increases the self-induction of primary and secondary circuit. Thus the induction motor is a transformer of large magnetizing current and large self-induction ; that is, comparatively large primary susceptance and large reactance. The general alternating-current transformer transforms between electrical and mechanical power, and changes not only E.M.Fs. and currents, but frequencies also. 132. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both primary and secondary electric circuit, a magnetic cross- ...", "... current within reasonable limits. An iron- clad construction again greatly increases the self-induction of primary and secondary circuit. Thus the induction motor is a transformer of large magnetizing current and large self-induction ; that is, comparatively large primary susceptance and large reactance. The general alternating-current transformer transforms between electrical and mechanical power, and changes not only E.M.Fs. and currents, but frequencies also. 132. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both primary and secondary electric circuit, a magnetic cross- flux passes in the ...", "... ATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 195 which surrounds the one circuit without interlinking with the other, and is thus produced by the M.M.F. of one circuit only. 133. The common magnetic flux of the transformer is produced by the resultant M.M.F. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the counter E.M.F., the number of turns, and the frequency of the electric circuit, by the equation : ^ Where E = effective E.M.F. iV= frequency. n = number of turns. * = maximum magnetic flux. The M.M.F. producing this flux, or the resultant M.M.F. of primary and secondary circuit, is determined by shape ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1317-1992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... NSIENT PHENOMENA It is found that the voltage consumed in the conductor, eh is proportional to the factor i of the power P, that is, et = ri, (4) where r is the proportionality factor of the voltage consumed by the loss of power in the conductor, or by the power gradient, and is called the resistance of the circuit. Any electric circuit therefore must have three constants, r, L, and (7, where r = circuit constant representing the power gradient, or the loss of power in the conductor, called resistance. L = circuit constant representing the intensity of the electro- magnetic component o ...", "... med by the loss of power in the conductor, or by the power gradient, and is called the resistance of the circuit. Any electric circuit therefore must have three constants, r, L, and (7, where r = circuit constant representing the power gradient, or the loss of power in the conductor, called resistance. L = circuit constant representing the intensity of the electro- magnetic component of the electric field of the circuit, called inductance. C = circuit constant representing the intensity of the electro- static component of the electric field of the circuit, called capacity. 3. A change ...", "... o the change of the dielectric field : and absorbs the power or, by equation (3), P»=ei'=e—, (11) (12) and the total energy absorbed by the dielectric field during a rise of voltage from 0 to 6 is WK ==p\"dt (13) = cfede, that is *n The power consumed in the conductor by its resistance r is Pr = ieh (15) and thus, by equation (4), Pr = tV. (16) That is, when the electric power P = ei (1) exists in a circuit, it is pr = tfr = power lost in the conductor, (16) WM = l— = energy stored in the magnetic field of the circuit, (9) l Ll W K = — = energy stored in the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents,", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5312-6797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... by electrodynamic generation. It becomes of importance, therefore, to investigate whether by the use of the condenser discharge the range of frequencies can be extended. Since the oscillating current approaches the effect of an alternating current only if the damping is small, that is, the resistance low, the condenser discharge can be used as high frequency generator only by making the circuit of as low resist- ance as possible. 67 68 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This, however, means limited power. When generating oscillat- ing currents by condenser discharge, the load put on the circuit, th ...", "... he circuit of as low resist- ance as possible. 67 68 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This, however, means limited power. When generating oscillat- ing currents by condenser discharge, the load put on the circuit, that is, the power consumed in the oscillating-current circuit, represents an effective resistance, which increases the rapidity of the decay of the oscillation, and thus limits the power, and, when approaching the critical value, also lowers the frequency. This is obvious, since the oscillating current is the dissipation of the energy stored electrostatically in the condenser, and the high ...", "... increases the rapidity of the decay of the oscillation, and thus limits the power, and, when approaching the critical value, also lowers the frequency. This is obvious, since the oscillating current is the dissipation of the energy stored electrostatically in the condenser, and the higher the resistance of the circuit, the more rapidly is this energy dissipated, that is, the faster the oscillation dies out. With a resistance of the circuit sufficiently low to give a fairly well sustained oscillation, the frequency is, with sufficient approximation, 45. The constants, capacity, C, inductanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "section_title": "Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14549-15353", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 28, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "... ted e.m.f. from the nominal generated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- faces which does not interlink with the field coils, but is a true self-inductive flux, and therefore is represented by a reactance xr Combined with the effective resistance, rv of the armature winding, this gives the self-inductive impedance Zl = rl — or zt = Vr* + x*. Vectorially subtracted from the virtual generated e.m.f., ev the voltage consumed by the armature current in the self-inductive impedance Zl then gives t ...", "... f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- faces which does not interlink with the field coils, but is a true self-inductive flux, and therefore is represented by a reactance xr Combined with the effective resistance, rv of the armature winding, this gives the self-inductive impedance Zl = rl — or zt = Vr* + x*. Vectorially subtracted from the virtual generated e.m.f., ev the voltage consumed by the armature current in the self-inductive impedance Zl then gives the ter- minal voltage, e. At short circu ...", "... produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- faces which does not interlink with the field coils, but is a true self-inductive flux, and therefore is represented by a reactance xr Combined with the effective resistance, rv of the armature winding, this gives the self-inductive impedance Zl = rl — or zt = Vr* + x*. Vectorially subtracted from the virtual generated e.m.f., ev the voltage consumed by the armature current in the self-inductive impedance Zl then gives the ter- minal voltage, e. At short circuit, the virtual generated e.m.f., ev is consumed by the armature self ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_title": "Potential Series And Exponential Function", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3492-6063", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... as factor in the denominator of an expn\\ssion, it can Ix* replaced by 1 minus or plus the same small quantity as factor in the numerator of the expression, and inversely. For exainplo, if a direct-current receiving circuit, of resist- ance r, is fed by a supply voltagt^ cq over a line of low Resistance ro, what is the voltage e at the ix?ceiving circuit? The total resistance is r=f tq; hence, the current, t = ' . , and the voltage at the receiving circuit is ^-r^-^o— (12) If now To is small compared with r, it is 1-?^} (13) 1 r As; flic next ItM'm (»r the sorit>s woiiM In* ( -) . ...", "... us or plus the same small quantity as factor in the numerator of the expression, and inversely. For exainplo, if a direct-current receiving circuit, of resist- ance r, is fed by a supply voltagt^ cq over a line of low Resistance ro, what is the voltage e at the ix?ceiving circuit? The total resistance is r=f tq; hence, the current, t = ' . , and the voltage at the receiving circuit is ^-r^-^o— (12) If now To is small compared with r, it is 1-?^} (13) 1 r As; flic next ItM'm (»r the sorit>s woiiM In* ( -) . the errui \\/7 ' made by the simpler expression (13) is less than ( — ) . ...", "... an infinite series frequently simplifies the calculation. Very convenient for development into an infinite series of powers or roots, is the binomial theorem, (14) X * n(n-l) _ n(n-l)(n-2) ^ If II 4 where |w«-lX2x3X. . .Xm. Thus, for instance, in an alternating-current circuit of resistance r, reactance x, and supply voltage e, the curi-ent is. ^■v^T7^ \"^) 60 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. If this circuit is practically non-inductive, as an incandescent lighting circuit; that is, if x is small compared with r, (15) can be written in the form, ._ e e h©T', . . . ae, and th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2485-3386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... , excessive momentary currents may appear, similar as in starting transformers of high magnetic density. In polyphase rotary SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 37 apparatus, however, these momentary starting currents usually are far more limited than in transformers, by the higher stray field (self-inductive reactance), etc., of the apparatus, resulting from the air gap in the magnetic circuit. 19. As instance of the use of the single-energy transient in engineering calculations may be considered the investigation of the momentary short-circuit phenomena of synchronous alter- nators. In alternators, especi ...", "... d by armature reaction and armature self-induction. Under permanent condi- tion, both usually act in the same way, reducing the voltage at noninductive and still much more at inductive load, and increasing it at antiinductive load; and both are usually combined in one quantity, the synchronous reactance Xq. In the transients result- ing from circuit changes, as short circuits, the self-inductive armature reactance and the magnetic armature reaction act very differently:* the former is instantaneous in its effect, while the latter requires time. The self-inductive armature reactance Xi con- su ...", "... , reducing the voltage at noninductive and still much more at inductive load, and increasing it at antiinductive load; and both are usually combined in one quantity, the synchronous reactance Xq. In the transients result- ing from circuit changes, as short circuits, the self-inductive armature reactance and the magnetic armature reaction act very differently:* the former is instantaneous in its effect, while the latter requires time. The self-inductive armature reactance Xi con- sumes a voltage Xii by the magnetic flux surrounding the armature conductors, which results from the m.m.f. of the a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-14", "section_label": "Theory Section 14: Rectangular Coordinates", "section_title": "Rectangular Coordinates", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 5264-5831", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "snippets": [ "... ry exciting current, Joo = h - jg, (8) where h = J0o sin a is the hysteresis current, g = I0o cos a the reactive magnetizing current. Thus the total primary current is J0 = I' + J00 = (aii + h) -j (aiz + g). (9) The e.m.f. consumed by primary resistance rQ is r0Jo = TQ (aii + h) - jr0 (aiz + 0). (10) The horizontal component of primary current (aii + h) gives as e.m.f. consumed by reactance XQ a negative vertical com- ponent, denoted by JXQ (aii + h). The vertical component of primary current j (ai ...", "... e total primary current is J0 = I' + J00 = (aii + h) -j (aiz + g). (9) The e.m.f. consumed by primary resistance rQ is r0Jo = TQ (aii + h) - jr0 (aiz + 0). (10) The horizontal component of primary current (aii + h) gives as e.m.f. consumed by reactance XQ a negative vertical com- ponent, denoted by JXQ (aii + h). The vertical component of primary current j (aiz + g) gives as e.m.f. consumed by react- ance XQ a positive horizontal component, denoted by XQ (aiz + (/)• Thus the total e.m.f. consumed by p ...", "... negative vertical com- ponent, denoted by JXQ (aii + h). The vertical component of primary current j (aiz + g) gives as e.m.f. consumed by react- ance XQ a positive horizontal component, denoted by XQ (aiz + (/)• Thus the total e.m.f. consumed by primary reactance XQ is XQ (aiz + g) + jxQ (aii + h), (11) and the total e.m.f. consumed by primary impedance is r0 (aii + A) + x0 (aiz + g) - j[rQ (aiz + g) - XQ (aii + h)]. (12) RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 79 Thus, to get from the current the e.m.f. consumed i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "section_title": "Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9381-9740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... between two points, these points representing the abso- lute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as co-ordinate center) and their connection the dif- ference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quantities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a complex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, E.M.F., impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities similar as current, E.M.F., resistance, and conductance are related by Ohms law in direct curr ...", "... o points, these points representing the abso- lute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as co-ordinate center) and their connection the dif- ference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quantities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a complex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, E.M.F., impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities similar as current, E.M.F., resistance, and conductance are related by Ohms law in direct current circuits ...", "... hosen as co-ordinate center) and their connection the dif- ference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quantities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a complex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, E.M.F., impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities similar as current, E.M.F., resistance, and conductance are related by Ohms law in direct current circuits. In direct current circuits, power is the product of cur- rent into E.M.F. In alternating current circuit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-13", "section_label": "Theory Section 13: Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 4465-5263", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "snippets": [ "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si refer to that magnetic flux which is interlinked with the one but not ...", "... ternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si refer to that magnetic flux which is interlinked with the one but not with the other circuit. Let a ratio of — — • — - ...", "... one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si refer to that magnetic flux which is interlinked with the one but not with the other circuit. Let a ratio of — — • — - turns (ratio of transformation), primary ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13484-14333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... E, in the equation E = V2Tr AnfB 10-^, it follows that, The loss of power by eddy currents is proportional to the square of the e.m.f., and proportional to the electric con- ductivity of the iron; or, P = aE^\\. 136 FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 137 Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents is P . that is, The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit; it is independent of e.m.f., frequency, etc., but proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron, X. Eddy currents, like magnetic hystere ...", "... r by eddy currents is proportional to the square of the e.m.f., and proportional to the electric con- ductivity of the iron; or, P = aE^\\. 136 FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 137 Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents is P . that is, The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit; it is independent of e.m.f., frequency, etc., but proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron, X. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an angle of advance, /3; but ...", "... iron, X. Eddy currents, like magnetic hysteresis, cause an advance of phase of the current by an angle of advance, /3; but unhke hysteresis, eddy currents in general do not distort the current wave. The angle of advance of phase due to eddy currents is sin /3 = ^ » y where y = absolute admittance of the circuit, g = eddy current conductance. While the equivalent conductance, g, due to eddy currents, is a constant of the circuit, and independent of e.m.f., frequency, etc., the loss of power by eddy currents is proportional to the square of the e.m.f. of self-induction, and therefore pr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2322-2773", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... braic expressions. For instance, the sine waves, — a +jb and combined give the sine wave — 7- (a + It will thus be seen that the combination of sine waves is reduced to the elementary algebra of complex quantities. 29. If /= i +/z' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the E.M.F. consumed by the re- sistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the prod- uct of the current and resistance. Or — rl ' — ri -\\- jri' . If L is the inductance, and x = 2 TT NL the reactance, the E.M.F. produced by the reactance, or the counter SYMBOLIC METHOD. 39 E.M.F ...", "... n that the combination of sine waves is reduced to the elementary algebra of complex quantities. 29. If /= i +/z' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the E.M.F. consumed by the re- sistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the prod- uct of the current and resistance. Or — rl ' — ri -\\- jri' . If L is the inductance, and x = 2 TT NL the reactance, the E.M.F. produced by the reactance, or the counter SYMBOLIC METHOD. 39 E.M.F. of self-induction, is the product of the current and reactance, and lags 90° behind the current ; it is, therefore, represente ...", "... quantities. 29. If /= i +/z' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the E.M.F. consumed by the re- sistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the prod- uct of the current and resistance. Or — rl ' — ri -\\- jri' . If L is the inductance, and x = 2 TT NL the reactance, the E.M.F. produced by the reactance, or the counter SYMBOLIC METHOD. 39 E.M.F. of self-induction, is the product of the current and reactance, and lags 90° behind the current ; it is, therefore, represented by the expression — The E.M.F. required to overcome the reactance is con- , se ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2162-2971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... , excessive momentary currents may appear, similar as in starting transformers of high magnetic density. In polyphase rotary SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 37 apparatus, however, these momentary starting currents usually are far more limited than in transformers, by the higher stray field (self-inductive reactance), etc., of the apparatus, resulting from the air gap in the magnetic circuit. 19. As instance of the use of the single-energy transient in engineering calculations may be considered the investigation of the momentary short-circuit phenomena of synchronous alter- nators. In alternators, especi ...", "... by armature reaction and armature self-induction. Under permanent condi- tion, both usually act\" in the same way, reducing the voltage at noninductive and still much more at inductive load, and increasing it at antiinductive load; and both are usually combined in one quantity, the synchronous reactance XQ. In the transients result- ing from circuit changes, as short circuits, the self-inductive armature reactance and the magnetic armature reaction act very differently:* the former is instantaneous in its effect, while the latter requires time. The self-inductive armature reactance Xi consume ...", "... , reducing the voltage at noninductive and still much more at inductive load, and increasing it at antiinductive load; and both are usually combined in one quantity, the synchronous reactance XQ. In the transients result- ing from circuit changes, as short circuits, the self-inductive armature reactance and the magnetic armature reaction act very differently:* the former is instantaneous in its effect, while the latter requires time. The self-inductive armature reactance Xi consumes a voltage x\\i by the magnetic flux surrounding the armature conductors, which results from the m.m.f . of the ar ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbouc Mbthod", "section_title": "Symbouc Mbthod", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2744-3229", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... ions. For instance, the sine waves, — a +jb and combined give the sine wave — I^{a + a')+j{b + b'). It will thus be seen that the combination of sine waves is reduced to the elementary algebra of complex quantities. 29. If /= / +ji' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the E.M.F. consumed by the re- sistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the prod- uct of the current and resistance. Or — r/= ri '\\' jri\\ If L is the inductance, and j: = 2 tt NL the reactance, the E.M.F. produced by the reactance, or the counter §20] SYMBOLIC METHOD. 39' E. ...", "... n that the combination of sine waves is reduced to the elementary algebra of complex quantities. 29. If /= / +ji' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the E.M.F. consumed by the re- sistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the prod- uct of the current and resistance. Or — r/= ri '\\' jri\\ If L is the inductance, and j: = 2 tt NL the reactance, the E.M.F. produced by the reactance, or the counter §20] SYMBOLIC METHOD. 39' E.M.F. of self-inductance, is the product of the current and reactance, and lags 90° behind the current; it is, therefore, represe ...", "... lex quantities. 29. If /= / +ji' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the E.M.F. consumed by the re- sistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the prod- uct of the current and resistance. Or — r/= ri '\\' jri\\ If L is the inductance, and j: = 2 tt NL the reactance, the E.M.F. produced by the reactance, or the counter §20] SYMBOLIC METHOD. 39' E.M.F. of self-inductance, is the product of the current and reactance, and lags 90° behind the current; it is, therefore, represented by the expression — jxl =jxi — xi\\ The E.M.F. required to overcome the r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3895-5444", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... e decreases with in- crease of current, and that luminescence accompanies the con- duction, that is, conversion of electric energy into light. Thus, gas and vapor conductors are unstable on constant- potential supply, but stable on constant current. On constant potential they require a series resistance or reactance, to produce stability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conduction, arc conduction, and true electronic conduction. In spark conduction, the gas or vapor which fills the space be- tween the electrodes is the conductor. The light given by the gaseo ...", "... th in- crease of current, and that luminescence accompanies the con- duction, that is, conversion of electric energy into light. Thus, gas and vapor conductors are unstable on constant- potential supply, but stable on constant current. On constant potential they require a series resistance or reactance, to produce stability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conduction, arc conduction, and true electronic conduction. In spark conduction, the gas or vapor which fills the space be- tween the electrodes is the conductor. The light given by the gaseous conductor ...", "... veloped at the negative terminal supplying the conducting arc vapor stream. The current usually is small and the voltage high. Especially at atmospheric pressure, the drop of the volt- ampere characteristic is extremely steep, so that it is practically impossible to secure stability by series resistance, but the con- duction changes to arc conduction, if sufficient current is avail- able, as from power generators, or the conduction ceases by the voltage drop of the supply source, and then starts again by the recovery of voltage, as with an electrostatic machine. Thus spark conduction also is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2659-3514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 20. In continuous-current circuits the inductance does not •enter the equations of stationary condition, but, if e0 = impressed e.m.f., r = resistance, L = inductance, the permanent value of /> current is ia = — • r Therefore less care is taken in direct ...", "CHAPTER III. INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 20. In continuous-current circuits the inductance does not •enter the equations of stationary condition, but, if e0 = impressed e.m.f., r = resistance, L = inductance, the permanent value of /> current is ia = — • r Therefore less care is taken in direct-current circuits to reduce the inductance than in alternating-current circuits, where the inductance usually causes a drop of voltage, and direct-current circuits as a rule have higher ...", "... ally causes a drop of voltage, and direct-current circuits as a rule have higher inductance, especially if the circuit is used for producing magnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a transient term connecting the current values i0 and iv and into the equation of the transient term enters the inductance. Count the time t from the moment when the change in the con ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3133-3507", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two re ...", "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher f ...", "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher frequency; that is, for the higher harmonics of the generator wave, and for some of the higher harmonics of the generator wave resonance rise of voltage so may occ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-09", "section_label": "Theory Section 9: Vector Diagrams", "section_title": "Vector Diagrams", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 2865-3233", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "snippets": [ "... he voltage consumed by inductance, ez = x!0 cos 0, is repre- sented by a vector OEZ equal in length to x!Q, and located so that at 0 = 0, its projection on the horizontal is a maximum. That is, it is the zero vector OE2 in Fig. 18. Analogously, the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance E'2 is represented by vector OE'Z on the negative horizontal of Fig. 18; the voltage consumed by the resistance r, e\\ — e!Q sin 0, is represented by vector OEi equal to r/0, and located on the nega- VECTOR DIAGRAMS 45 tive vertical ...", "... 0 = 0, its projection on the horizontal is a maximum. That is, it is the zero vector OE2 in Fig. 18. Analogously, the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance E'2 is represented by vector OE'Z on the negative horizontal of Fig. 18; the voltage consumed by the resistance r, e\\ — e!Q sin 0, is represented by vector OEi equal to r/0, and located on the nega- VECTOR DIAGRAMS 45 tive vertical, and the counter e.m.f. of resistance by vector OE'i on the positive vertical. The counter e.m.f. of impedance: — (r/o sin 0 ...", "... uctance E'2 is represented by vector OE'Z on the negative horizontal of Fig. 18; the voltage consumed by the resistance r, e\\ — e!Q sin 0, is represented by vector OEi equal to r/0, and located on the nega- VECTOR DIAGRAMS 45 tive vertical, and the counter e.m.f. of resistance by vector OE'i on the positive vertical. The counter e.m.f. of impedance: — (r/o sin 0 + x!Q cos 0) - ?Jn sin (ft -\\- fi»} sin (6 + 00) then is represented graphically as the resultant, by the parallelo- gram of sine waves of OE ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "section_title": "Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 16077-16520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... between two points, these points representing the absolute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as coordi- nate center), and their connection the difference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quan- tities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a com- plex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, voltage, impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities in the same way as current, voltage, resistance, and conductance are related by Ohm's law i ...", "... o points, these points representing the absolute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as coordi- nate center), and their connection the difference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quan- tities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a com- plex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, voltage, impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities in the same way as current, voltage, resistance, and conductance are related by Ohm's law in direct-cur ...", "... as coordi- nate center), and their connection the difference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quan- tities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a com- plex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, voltage, impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities in the same way as current, voltage, resistance, and conductance are related by Ohm's law in direct-current circuits. In direct-current circuits, power is the product of current into voltage. In alternating-curre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "section_title": "Commutatob Motobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21339-22387", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... r rather, what is theoretically the same, when moving out of this position, is replaced by other secondary circuits entering this position of 45° displacement. For simplicity, in the following all the secondary quan- 296 AL TERN A TJNG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [ § 196 titles, as E.M.F., current, resistance, reactance, etc., are assumed as reduced to the primary circuit by the ratio of turns, in the same way as done in the chapter on Induction Motors. 196. Let ^ = maximum magnetic flux per field pdle ; e = effective E.M.F. induced thereby in the field turns; thus : ^^ n = number of turns, ...", "... at is theoretically the same, when moving out of this position, is replaced by other secondary circuits entering this position of 45° displacement. For simplicity, in the following all the secondary quan- 296 AL TERN A TJNG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [ § 196 titles, as E.M.F., current, resistance, reactance, etc., are assumed as reduced to the primary circuit by the ratio of turns, in the same way as done in the chapter on Induction Motors. 196. Let ^ = maximum magnetic flux per field pdle ; e = effective E.M.F. induced thereby in the field turns; thus : ^^ n = number of turns, iV= freque ...", "... value of secondary induced E.M.F., 197. Introducing now complex quantities, and counting the time from the zero value of rising magnetism, the mag- netism is represented by the primary induced E.M.P\\, E =^ — e\\ the secondary induced E.M.F. : hence, if V2 Zi = /*! — j Xx = secondary impedance reduced to primary circuit, Z =^ r — j X = primary impedance, Y = g -\\- jb = primary admittance, it is, secondary current, r _ E, _ e 1_±j±. -'i — — : — f primary exciting current, 298 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [ § 198 hence, total primary current, Primary impressed E.M.F ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 19458-20501", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... h the magnetic flux, or rather, what is theoretically the same, when moving out of this position, is replaced by other secondary circuits entering this position of 45° displacement. For simplicity, in the following all the secondary quan- COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 359 titles, as E.M.F., current, resistance, reactance, etc., are assumed as reduced to the primary circuit by the ratio of turns, in the same way as done in the chapter on Induction Motors. 217. Let $ = maximum magnetic flux per field pole ; e = effective E.M.F. induced thereby in the field turns ; thus, where ;/ = number of tur ...", "... ic flux, or rather, what is theoretically the same, when moving out of this position, is replaced by other secondary circuits entering this position of 45° displacement. For simplicity, in the following all the secondary quan- COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 359 titles, as E.M.F., current, resistance, reactance, etc., are assumed as reduced to the primary circuit by the ratio of turns, in the same way as done in the chapter on Induction Motors. 217. Let $ = maximum magnetic flux per field pole ; e = effective E.M.F. induced thereby in the field turns ; thus, where ;/ = number of turns, N= freq ...", "... -CURRENT PHENOMENA. 218. Introducing now complex quantities, and counting the time from the zero value of rising magnetism, the mag- netism is represented by /4>, the primary induced E.M.F., E = — e, the secondary induced E.M.F., £1 = — e {sin X +j\"k cos X|; hence, if Zl = r1—jx1= secondary impedance reduced to primary circuit, Z = r — jx = primary impedance, Y = g —jb = exciting admittance, we have, & sin X -f- jk cos A secondary current, 7X = — L = - e - _ - , primary exciting current, I0 = eY= e (g +jb}, hence, total primary current, Primary impressed E.M.F., E0= — E + IZ\\ = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... circuit have not yet reached their permanent values, that is, the electrical conditions of the circuit are not yet the normal or permanent ones, but a certain time elapses while the electrical conditions adjust themselves. 12. For instance, a continuous e.m.f., eOJ impressed upon a circuit of resistance r, produces and maintains in the circuit a current, In the moment of closing the circuit of e.m.f. e0 on resistance r, the current in the circuit is zero. Hence, after closing the circuit the current i has to rise from zero to its final value i0. If the circuit contained only resistance but ...", "... normal or permanent ones, but a certain time elapses while the electrical conditions adjust themselves. 12. For instance, a continuous e.m.f., eOJ impressed upon a circuit of resistance r, produces and maintains in the circuit a current, In the moment of closing the circuit of e.m.f. e0 on resistance r, the current in the circuit is zero. Hence, after closing the circuit the current i has to rise from zero to its final value i0. If the circuit contained only resistance but no inductance, this would take place instantly, that is, there would be no transition period. Every circuit, however, ...", "... t of resistance r, produces and maintains in the circuit a current, In the moment of closing the circuit of e.m.f. e0 on resistance r, the current in the circuit is zero. Hence, after closing the circuit the current i has to rise from zero to its final value i0. If the circuit contained only resistance but no inductance, this would take place instantly, that is, there would be no transition period. Every circuit, however, contains some inductance. The induc- tance L of the circuit means L interlinkages of the circuit with lines of magnetic force produced by unit current in the circuit, or iL ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "section_title": "Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 12, "location": "lines 12885-13935", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII. MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS IN ALTERNAT- ING-CURRENT CIRCUITS. 99. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a circuit con- taining resistance and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that point of the e.m:f. wave at which the permanent current is zero. Closing the circuit at any other point of the e.m.f. w ...", "... value - 70, and therefore the magnetic flux and the magnetic flux density also be at their negative maximum value - ^>0 and - (B0 — that is, in an inductive circuit, near the zero value of the decreasing e.m.f. wave — during the first half wave of e.m.f. the magnetic flux, which generates the counter e.m.f., should vary from — 4>0 to + 0, or by 2 4>0; hence, starting with 0, to generate the same counter e.m.f., it must rise to + 2 0, that is, twice its permanent value, and so the current i also rises, at constant inductance L, from zero to twice its maximum permanent value, 2 70. Since the ...", "... value - ^>0 and - (B0 — that is, in an inductive circuit, near the zero value of the decreasing e.m.f. wave — during the first half wave of e.m.f. the magnetic flux, which generates the counter e.m.f., should vary from — 4>0 to + 0, or by 2 4>0; hence, starting with 0, to generate the same counter e.m.f., it must rise to + 2 0, that is, twice its permanent value, and so the current i also rises, at constant inductance L, from zero to twice its maximum permanent value, 2 70. Since the e.m.f. consumed by the current during the variation from 0 to 2 70 is greater than during the normal variati ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... into four sections, connected in tandem, with the A section of Fisk Street, and the Northwest Station as the two ends of the chain, and with power limiting reactors stated to be 1.75 ohms each, between Fisk A and Quarry Street, and between Quarry Street and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no power limiting reactors between Fisk B and North- west S ...", "... tandem, with the A section of Fisk Street, and the Northwest Station as the two ends of the chain, and with power limiting reactors stated to be 1.75 ohms each, between Fisk A and Quarry Street, and between Quarry Street and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no power limiting reactors between Fisk B and North- west Station, and the six tie cables betw ...", "... tation. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no power limiting reactors between Fisk B and North- west Station, and the six tie cables between these stations are of very low resistance, the Northwest Station was just as seriously affected as Fisk B, and indeed acted like a part of Fisk B. b) All the synchronous machines on Fisk Street B, and on North- west Station dropped out, and many synchronous machines on Fisk A and Quarry Street: 44 synchronous machines on Fisk B and 18 on N ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "section_title": "Lightning Protection", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 4931-5294", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... dropped out of step, the generators broke their S3mchronism, and the system in this way would be shut down. The horn gap arrester, in which the arc rises between horn-shaped terminals, and by lengthening, blows itself out, therefore became unsuitable for general service ; since without series resistance, the short circuiting arc lasted too long for synchronous apparatus to remain in step, and with series resist- ance reducing the current so as not to affect synchronous ma- chines, it failed to protect under severe conditions. Thus it has been relegated for use as an emergency arrester on some ...", "... e conditions. Thus it has been relegated for use as an emergency arrester on some over- head lines, to operate only when a shutdown is unavoidable. To limit the machine current which followed the light- ning discharge, and so enable the lightning arrester to open the discharge circuit, series resistance was introduced in the arrester. Series resistance, however, also limited the discharge current, and with very heavy discharges, such lightning arresters with series resistance failed to protect the circuits, that is, failed to discharge the abnormal voltage without destructive pressure rise. T ...", "... s an emergency arrester on some over- head lines, to operate only when a shutdown is unavoidable. To limit the machine current which followed the light- ning discharge, and so enable the lightning arrester to open the discharge circuit, series resistance was introduced in the arrester. Series resistance, however, also limited the discharge current, and with very heavy discharges, such lightning arresters with series resistance failed to protect the circuits, that is, failed to discharge the abnormal voltage without destructive pressure rise. This difficulty was solved by the introduction of s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-08", "section_label": "Theory Section 8: Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 2718-2864", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "snippets": [ "8. POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS of effective value I = —7=-, in a circuit of resistance r and reac- V2 39. The power consumed by alternating current i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the impressed e.m.f., consisting of the components ei = r/0 sin 0, the e.m.f. consumed b ...", "... and reac- V2 39. The power consumed by alternating current i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the impressed e.m.f., consisting of the components ei = r/0 sin 0, the e.m.f. consumed by resistance and 62 = x!Q cos 0, the e.m.f. consumed by reactance. z = \\/r2 + x2 is the impedance and tan 00 = — the phase angle of the circuit; thus the power is p = z/o2 sin 0 sin (0 + 00) = ^- (€OS 00 - COS (20+ 00)) = zP (cos 00 - cos ( ...", "... i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the impressed e.m.f., consisting of the components ei = r/0 sin 0, the e.m.f. consumed by resistance and 62 = x!Q cos 0, the e.m.f. consumed by reactance. z = \\/r2 + x2 is the impedance and tan 00 = — the phase angle of the circuit; thus the power is p = z/o2 sin 0 sin (0 + 00) = ^- (€OS 00 - COS (20+ 00)) = zP (cos 00 - cos (20 + 00)). Since the average cos (20 + 00) = zero, the ave ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "number": 3, "location": "lines 21721-23178", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "snippets": [ "... ges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit containing self- inductance and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exceed a certain critical value depending upon the capacity and the self-inductance) ; that is, the discharge current alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge depends upon the capacity C and th ...", "... c electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit containing self- inductance and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exceed a certain critical value depending upon the capacity and the self-inductance) ; that is, the discharge current alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge depends upon the capacity C and the self -inductance L of the circuit, and ...", "... l value depending upon the capacity and the self-inductance) ; that is, the discharge current alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge depends upon the capacity C and the self -inductance L of the circuit, and to a much lesser extent upon the resistance, so that, if the resistance of the circuit is not excessive, the frequency of oscillation can, by neglecting the resistance, be expressed with fair, or even close, approximation by the formula An electric transmission line represents a circuit having capacity as well as self-inductance ; and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-36", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 15: Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 36, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9918-10123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "snippets": [ "... tear the alternators out of synchro- nism with each other, especially when the conditions are favorable to a cumulative increase of this effect by what may be called mechanical resonance (hunting) of the engine governors, etc. They depend upon the synchronous impedance of the alternators and upon their phase difference, that is, the number of poles and the fluctuation of speed, and are specially objectionable when operating synchronous apparatus in the system. 28. Thus, for instance, if two 80-pole alternators are directly ...", "... s, the phase displacement between the alternator e.m.fs. is 18 electrical time degrees; that is, the alternator e.m.fs. are represented by OEi and OEZ in Fig. 71, and when running in parallel the e.m.f. OEf = E\\E^ is short circuited through the synchronous impedance of the two alternators. . Since E' = OE\\ = 2 EI sin 9 deg. the maximum cross current is ffisin9deg. 0.156 ffi 1 = = = U.loo 1 o, 20 20 ET where IQ = -- = short-circuit current of the alternator at full- 20 load excitation. Thus, if the ...", "... inding, on the principle of the induction machine. From Fig. 73 it is seen that the e.m.f. OEr or EiE2, which causes the cross current between two alternators in parallel con- nection, if their e.m.fs. OEi and OE% are out of phase, is approxi- mately in quadrature with the e.m.fs. OE\\ and OE2 of the machines, if these latter two e.m.fs. are equal to each other. The cross current between the machines lags behind the e.m.f. producing it, OE* ', by the angle co, where tan w = — , and XQ = 7*0 reactance, r0 = e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3230-3545", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... ating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite •direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Fig. 25. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a gener- ator, G (Fig. 25), the current flowing from terminal A over resistance R to terminal B, is represented by a vector 0/ (Fig. 26), or by /= i + ...", "... the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Fig. 25. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a gener- ator, G (Fig. 25), the current flowing from terminal A over resistance R to terminal B, is represented by a vector 0/ (Fig. 26), or by /= i +ji\\ the same current can be con- sidered as flowing in the opposite direction, from terminal B to terminal A in opposite phase, and therefore represented by a vector 0/^ (Fig. 26), or by /j = — / —ji'' Or, if the difference ...", "... h other. Fig, 29. The difference of potential between any pair of termi- nals — for instance E^ and E^ — is then the distance E^E^^ or E^E^y according to the direction considered. Fig, 30. 35. If, now, in Fig. 29, a current, /j, in phase with E.M.F., E^, passes through a circuit, the counter E.M.F. of resistance, r, is E^ = /r, in opposition to /^ or E^^ 135] TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 47 and hence represented in the diagram by point £\",, and its combination with E^ by E(. The counter E,M.F. of reactance, x, is E^ = Ix, 90' behind the current /j, or E.M.F., E^, and therefore represe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11051-12221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... ing-current electromagnet, if io is the effective value of the current, F is the effective or average value of the pull, and the pull or force of the electromagnet pulsates with double frequency between and 2F. 63. In the alternating-current electromagnet usually the vol- tage consumed by the resistance of the winding, tV, can be neglected compared with the voltage consumed by the reactance of the winding, ioXy and the latter, therefore, is practically equal to the terminal voltage, e, of the electromagnet. We have then, by the general equation of self-induction, e = 27r fLio (20) 96 ELEC ...", "... or average value of the pull, and the pull or force of the electromagnet pulsates with double frequency between and 2F. 63. In the alternating-current electromagnet usually the vol- tage consumed by the resistance of the winding, tV, can be neglected compared with the voltage consumed by the reactance of the winding, ioXy and the latter, therefore, is practically equal to the terminal voltage, e, of the electromagnet. We have then, by the general equation of self-induction, e = 27r fLio (20) 96 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS where / = frequency, in cycles per second. From which follows, ij. = 2^ ...", "... p. at 25 cycles. This gives a criterion by which to judge the success of the ^^sign of electromagnets. 98 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 3. The Constant-potential Alternating Electromagnet 64. If a constant alternating potential, eo, is impressed upon an electromagnet, and the voltage consumed by the resistance, ir, can be neglected, the voltage consumed by the reactance, x, is constant and is the terminal voltage, eo, thus the magnetic flux, $, also is constant during the motion of the armature of the electromagnet. The current, i, however, varies, and decreases from a maximiun, ^l, in the initial p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "section_title": "Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 16964-17631", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... TER IX WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 76. The elimination of voltage and current distortion, and production of sine waves from any kind of supply wave, that is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" Series reactance alone acts to a considerable extent as wave screen, by consuming voltage proportional to the frequency and the current, and thereby reducing the harmonics of voltage in the rest of the circuit the more, the higher their order. Let the voltage impressed upon the circuit be denoted sym- bolical ...", "... he harmonics of voltage in the rest of the circuit the more, the higher their order. Let the voltage impressed upon the circuit be denoted sym- bolically by e = €i + 63 + es + ej + . . . =^i:en (29) where n denotes the order of the harmonic of absolute numerical value 6n. If, then, the reactance x (at fundamental frequency) is inserted into the circuit of resistance, r, the impedance is 2i = -y/r^ + x^ for the fundamental frequency, and Zn = y/r^ + n^^ for the nth harmonic, (30) and the current thus is e or, denoting f = ? = y , ^ (31) 2 ^Vr^ + nV ^ = c, (32) X it ...", "... their order. Let the voltage impressed upon the circuit be denoted sym- bolically by e = €i + 63 + es + ej + . . . =^i:en (29) where n denotes the order of the harmonic of absolute numerical value 6n. If, then, the reactance x (at fundamental frequency) is inserted into the circuit of resistance, r, the impedance is 2i = -y/r^ + x^ for the fundamental frequency, and Zn = y/r^ + n^^ for the nth harmonic, (30) and the current thus is e or, denoting f = ? = y , ^ (31) 2 ^Vr^ + nV ^ = c, (32) X it is 66 x^25 + c2 153 + . . . (33) 154 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-38", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "section_title": "Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 38, "number": 2, "location": "lines 15626-15962", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 20 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "snippets": [ "... ROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as to short circuit resistance, rv if the al ...", "... na, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as to short circuit resistance, rv if the alternating potential is below, to throw resistance rl into circuit again, if the potential is ab ...", "... 0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as to short circuit resistance, rv if the alternating potential is below, to throw resistance rl into circuit again, if the potential is above normal. With a single resistance step, rv in the one position of the regulator, with rx short circuited, and only r0 as exciter field winding resistance, the alternating potential w ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-40", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification", "section_title": "Arc Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 40, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17755-19259", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "snippets": [ "... terminals of the transformer and rectifier tube respectively, for the purpose of producing an overlap between the two rectifying arcs, ca and cb, and thereby the required continuity of the arc stream at c. Or instead of separate reactances, the two half coils II and III may be given sufficient reactance, as in Fig. 61. A reactive coil is inserted into the rectified or arc circuit, which connects between transformer neutral C and rectifier neutral c, for the purpose of reducing the fluctuation of the rectified current to the desired amount. In the constant-potential rectifier, instead of the ...", "... until the current of the next half wave 2 has started, i.e., to overlap the currents of the successive half waves. This is done by inserting reactances into the leads from the transformer to the rectifier, i.e., between A and a, B and b respec- tively, as shown in Fig. 60. The effect of this reactance is that the current of half wave 1, V, continues beyond the zero of its im- pressed e.m.f. Ill i.e., until the e.m.f. Ill has died out and reversed, and the current of the half wave 2, IV, started by e.m.f. II; that is, the two half waves of the current overlap, and each half wave lasts for m ...", "... s / / !/ / i X i x 2 X X r^ -s S-^1 c^ — L- xn XIII Fig. 63. E.m.f. and current waves of constant-current mercury arc rectifier. ance, following essentially the exponential curve of a starting current wave, and the energy which is thus consumed by the reactance as counter e.m.f. is returned by maintaining the 254 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA current half wave 1 beyond the e.m.f. wave, i.e., beyond 180 degrees, by 00 time-degrees, so that it overlaps the next half wave 2 by 00 time-degrees. Hereby the rectifier becomes self-exciting, i.e., each half wave ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-15", "section_label": "Theory Section 15: Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "section_title": "Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 5832-6221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "snippets": [ "... STIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 70. The load characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + jx. Let EQ = e.m.f. impressed upon the line. Choosing the e.m.f. at the end of the line as horizontal com- ponent in the vector diagram, it can be den ...", "... ISSION LINE 70. The load characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + jx. Let EQ = e.m.f. impressed upon the line. Choosing the e.m.f. at the end of the line as horizontal com- ponent in the vector diagram, it can be denoted by E = e. ...", "... characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + jx. Let EQ = e.m.f. impressed upon the line. Choosing the e.m.f. at the end of the line as horizontal com- ponent in the vector diagram, it can be denoted by E = e. 86 ELEMENTS OF ELECT ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "section_title": "Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7826-9227", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... ave ~n> (1) and for the condenser potential we have c Z X (2) 65. These equations (1) and (2) can be essentially simplified by neglecting terms of secondary magnitude. xc is in high potential transmission lines or cables always very large compared with r and x. The full-load resistance and reactance voltage may vary from less than 5 per cent to about 20 per cent of the impressed e.m.f., the charging current of the line from 5 per cent to about 20 per cent of full-load current, at normal voltage and frequency. In this case, xc is from 25 to more than 400 times as large as r ...", "... 1) and for the condenser potential we have c Z X (2) 65. These equations (1) and (2) can be essentially simplified by neglecting terms of secondary magnitude. xc is in high potential transmission lines or cables always very large compared with r and x. The full-load resistance and reactance voltage may vary from less than 5 per cent to about 20 per cent of the impressed e.m.f., the charging current of the line from 5 per cent to about 20 per cent of full-load current, at normal voltage and frequency. In this case, xc is from 25 to more than 400 times as large as r or x, and r a ...", "... and e.m.f. respectively, at the moment at which the oscillation begins, s c is the decrement of the oscillation. 66. The frequency of oscillation is where / is the impressed frequency. That is, the frequency of oscillation equals the impressed frequency times the square root of the ratio of condensive reactance and inductive reactance of the circuit, or is the impressed frequency divided by the square root of inductance voltage and capacity current, as fraction of impressed voltage and full-load current. Since the frequency of oscillation is that is, is independent of the frequency of the impres ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1659-2484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 18 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... mall, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, also is of very small resistance, and the momentary discharge currents may be very consider- able, so that in ...", "... . A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, also is of very small resistance, and the momentary discharge currents may be very consider- able, so that in spite of the very small inductance, considerable magnetic-energy storage may oc- cur; that is, the system is one storing energy in two forms, and oscillations appear, as in the dis- charge of the Leyden jar. Let, ...", "... the very small inductance, considerable magnetic-energy storage may oc- cur; that is, the system is one storing energy in two forms, and oscillations appear, as in the dis- charge of the Leyden jar. Let, as represented in Fig. 10, a continuous voltage eo be im- pressed upon a wire coil of resistance r and inductance L (but A current Iq = — flows through the coil and % t 1 % io A C c c ..1. 1 Fig. 10. — Magnetic Single-energy Transient. negligible capacity), a magnetic field $0 10' Lio interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage eo is suddenl ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1531-2161", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 18 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... mall, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, also is of very small resistance, and the momentary discharge currents may be very consider- able, so that in ...", "... . A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, also is of very small resistance, and the momentary discharge currents may be very consider- able, so that in spite of the very small inductance, considerable __ magnetic-energy storage may oc- cur; that is, the system is one eo storing energy in two forms, and ^ oscillations appear, as in the dis- ' ~ charge of the Le ...", "... rgy storage may oc- cur; that is, the system is one eo storing energy in two forms, and ^ oscillations appear, as in the dis- ' ~ charge of the Leyden jar. Fig 10._Magnetie Single.energy Let, as represented in Fig. 10, Transient, a continuous voltage e0 be im- pressed upon a wire coil of resistance r and inductance L (but negligible capacity). A current iQ = — flows through the coil and a magnetic field $0 10~8 = - - interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage e0 is suddenly withdrawn, without changing 19 20 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the constants o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-111", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 111, "number": 5, "location": "lines 21589-21646", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "snippets": [ "... ation, and their ratio is a constant. Thus when con- nected in an alternating-current circuit, whether in shunt or in series, and held at a speed giving a constant and definite slip s, either positive or negative, the induction machine acts like a constant impedance. 350 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The apparent impedance and its components, the apparent resistance and apparent reactance represented by the induction machine, vary with the slip. At synchronism apparent impe- dance, resistance, and reactance are a ...", "... alternating-current circuit, whether in shunt or in series, and held at a speed giving a constant and definite slip s, either positive or negative, the induction machine acts like a constant impedance. 350 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The apparent impedance and its components, the apparent resistance and apparent reactance represented by the induction machine, vary with the slip. At synchronism apparent impe- dance, resistance, and reactance are a maximum. They decrease with increasing positive slip. With increasing ...", "... t or in series, and held at a speed giving a constant and definite slip s, either positive or negative, the induction machine acts like a constant impedance. 350 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The apparent impedance and its components, the apparent resistance and apparent reactance represented by the induction machine, vary with the slip. At synchronism apparent impe- dance, resistance, and reactance are a maximum. They decrease with increasing positive slip. With increasing negative slip the apparent impedance and r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-26", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 26, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9035-9169", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "snippets": [ "V. Synchronous Reactance 14. In general, both effects, armature self-inductance and armature reaction, can be combined by the term \" synchronous reactance.\" FIG. 55. — Diagram showing effect of synchronous reactance. FIG. 56. — Diagram of generator e.m.f s. showing affect of synch ...", "V. Synchronous Reactance 14. In general, both effects, armature self-inductance and armature reaction, can be combined by the term \" synchronous reactance.\" FIG. 55. — Diagram showing effect of synchronous reactance. FIG. 56. — Diagram of generator e.m.f s. showing affect of synchronous reactance with non-reactive load. In a polyphase machine, the synchronous reactance is different, and lower, with one phase ...", "V. Synchronous Reactance 14. In general, both effects, armature self-inductance and armature reaction, can be combined by the term \" synchronous reactance.\" FIG. 55. — Diagram showing effect of synchronous reactance. FIG. 56. — Diagram of generator e.m.f s. showing affect of synchronous reactance with non-reactive load. In a polyphase machine, the synchronous reactance is different, and lower, with one phase only loaded, as \" single-phase synchro- nous reactance,\" than ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-114", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 114, "number": 8, "location": "lines 21923-22191", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "snippets": [ "... ed above synchronism. Assuming the ratio of turns of primary and secondary as 1 : 1, with two equal induction motors in concatenation at standstill, the frequency and the e.m.f. 'impressed upon the second motor, neglecting the drop of e.m.f. in the internal impedance of the first motor, equal those of the first motor. With increasing speed, the frequency and the e.m.f. impressed upon the second motor decrease proportionally to each other, and thus the magnetic flux and the magnetic density in the second motor, and its ...", "... st motor. Hence, the motors in concatenation share the work in approxi- mately equal portions, and the second motor utilizes the power which without the use of a second motor at less than one-half synchronous speed would have to be wasted in the secondary resistance; that is, theoretically concatenation doubles the torque and output for a given current, or power input into the motor system. In reality the gain is somewhat less, due to the second motor not being quite equal to a non-inductive resistance for the seconda ...", "... n the secondary resistance; that is, theoretically concatenation doubles the torque and output for a given current, or power input into the motor system. In reality the gain is somewhat less, due to the second motor not being quite equal to a non-inductive resistance for the secondary of the first motor, and due to the drop of voltage in the internal impedance of the first motor, etc. At one-half synchronism, that is, the limiting speed of the con- catenated couple, the current input in the first motor equals its ex ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-39", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Mechanical Rectification", "section_title": "Mechanical Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 39, "number": 3, "location": "lines 15963-17754", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "snippets": [ "... e of the rectifying commutator.* The general phenomenon of single-phase rectification thus is : The alternating and the rectified circuit are in series. Both circuits are closed upon themselves at the rectifier, by the resistances, r and r0, respectively. The terminals are reversed. The shunt-resistance circuits are opened, leaving the circuits in series in opposite direction. Special cases hereof are: 1. If r = r0 = 0, that is, during rectification both circuits are short circuited. Such short-circuit rectification is feasible only in limited-current circuits, as on arc lighting machines, ...", "... ll part of the total voltage, and thus the current not controlled thereby, as when rectifying for the supply of series fields of alternators. 2. r = r0 = oo , or open circuit rectification. This is feasible only if the rectified circuit contains practically no self -inductance, but a constant counter e.m.f., e, (charging storage batteries), so that in the moment when the alternating impressed e.m.f. falls to e, and the current disappears, the circuit is opened, and closed again in opposite direction when after reversal the alter- nating impressed e.m.f. has reached the value, e. In polyphase re ...", "... in the Brush arc machine. MECHA NIC A L REG TIFICA TION 231 i. Single-phase constant-current rectification. 10. A sine wave of current, i0 sin 0, derived from an e.m.f. very large compared with the voltage consumed in the recti- fied circuit, feeds, after rectification, a circuit of impedance Z = r — jx. This circuit is permanently shunted by a circuit of resistance rr Rectification takes place over short- circuit from the moment n — 02 to TT + 0jj that is, at n - 02the rectified and the alternating circuit are closed upon themselves at the rectifier, and this short-circuit ope ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: General Distribution", "section_title": "General Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 566-982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... re each feeder represents a large amount of power; with alternating cur- rent systems, the inductive drop forbids the concentration of such large currents in a single conductor. That is, conductors of one million circular mils cannot be used economically in an alternating current system. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the size or section of the conductor, hence decreases rapidly with increasing current: a conductor of one million circular mils is one-tenth the resistance of a conductor of 100,000 circular mils, and so can carry ten times the direct current with th ...", "... f one million circular mils cannot be used economically in an alternating current system. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the size or section of the conductor, hence decreases rapidly with increasing current: a conductor of one million circular mils is one-tenth the resistance of a conductor of 100,000 circular mils, and so can carry ten times the direct current with the same voltage drop. The reactance of a conductor, however, and so the voltage consumed by self-induction, de- creases only very little with the increasing size of a conductor, as seen from the table ...", "... ely proportional to the size or section of the conductor, hence decreases rapidly with increasing current: a conductor of one million circular mils is one-tenth the resistance of a conductor of 100,000 circular mils, and so can carry ten times the direct current with the same voltage drop. The reactance of a conductor, however, and so the voltage consumed by self-induction, de- creases only very little with the increasing size of a conductor, as seen from the table of resistances and reactances of conductors. A wire No. 000 B & S G is eight times the section of a wire No. 7, and therefore one ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "... mes electrical energy in its primary and mechanical energy by a torque oppos- ing the rotation, thus acting as brake. The total power, electrical as well as mechanical, is con- sumed by internal losses of the motor. Since, however, with large slip in a low-resistance motor the torque and power are small, the braking power of the induction machine at backward INDUCTION MACHINES 341 rotation is, as a rule, not considerable, excepting when using high resistance in the armature circuit. Z0« Zj- 0.1+ 0.3 j Y - 0. ...", "... s of the motor. Since, however, with large slip in a low-resistance motor the torque and power are small, the braking power of the induction machine at backward INDUCTION MACHINES 341 rotation is, as a rule, not considerable, excepting when using high resistance in the armature circuit. Z0« Zj- 0.1+ 0.3 j Y - 0.01 - 0.1 J 110 VOLTS CONSTANT FREQUENCY -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 -6000 -7000 -8000 -9000 FIG. 185. — Induction generator load curves. TORQUE POWER 8 ...", "... motor at constant frequency decreases with the load. In the calculation of these induction generator curves for con- INDUCTION MACHINES 343 slant speed the change of frequency with the load has obviously to be considered, that is, in the equations the reactance x0 has to be replaced by the reactance XQ (1 — s), otherwise the equa- tions remain the same. FIG. 187. — Induction generator load curves. 3. POWER-FACTOR OF INDUCTION GENERATOR 155. The induction generator differs 'essentially from a syn- chronous alterna ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-16", "section_label": "Theory Section 16: Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6222-6813", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "snippets": [ "... ing load; that is, at constant generator voltage the transmission can be compounded for constant voltage at the receiving end, or even over-compounded for a voltage increasing with the load. 1. Compounding of Transmission Lines for Constant Voltage Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the transmission line, CQ = voltage impressed upon the beginning of the line, e = vol- tage received at the end of end line. PHASE CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION LINES 91 Let i = power current in the receiving circuit; that is, P — ei ...", "... s, at constant generator voltage the transmission can be compounded for constant voltage at the receiving end, or even over-compounded for a voltage increasing with the load. 1. Compounding of Transmission Lines for Constant Voltage Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the transmission line, CQ = voltage impressed upon the beginning of the line, e = vol- tage received at the end of end line. PHASE CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION LINES 91 Let i = power current in the receiving circuit; that is, P — ei = transmitted p ...", "... ei = transmitted power, and ii = reactive current produced in the system for controlling the voltage. i\\ shall be considered positive as lagging, negative as leading current. Then the total current, in symbolic representation, is / = i - jii; the line impedance is Z = r + jx, and thus the e.m.f. consumed by the line impedance is Ei = ZI = (r + jx) (i - jii) = ri + jrii + jxi - J2xii; and substituting f — — 1, Ei = (ri + xii) - j (rii - xi). Hence the voltage impressed upon the line Eo = e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3267-3618", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... representation of alternating sine waves by vectors, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — voltage, for instance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the e.m.f , is considered as a part of the impressed voltage or as a counter e.m.f. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a generator, G (Fig. 25), the current in the direction from terminal A over re- sistance R to terminal B is represented by a vector, 01 (Fig. 26), or by 7 = z + ji ...", "... their voltages, BAtANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEtif NON-INDUCTIVE LOAD Fig. 29. Fig. 30. these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the vectors 01 1 = 01 2 = 01 3 = I, lagging behind the voltages by angles EiOIi = £20/2 = EsOh = d. Let the three-phase circuit be supplied over a line of impedance, Zi = ri -{- jxi, from a generator of internal impedance, Zo = ro + jxo. In phase OEi the voltage consumed by resistance ri is repre- sented by the distance, EiEi^ = Iri, in phase, that is, parallel with current OIi. The voltage consumed by reactance Xi is represented by Ei^Ei^^ = Ixi, 90° a ...", "... CTIVE LOAD Fig. 29. Fig. 30. these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the vectors 01 1 = 01 2 = 01 3 = I, lagging behind the voltages by angles EiOIi = £20/2 = EsOh = d. Let the three-phase circuit be supplied over a line of impedance, Zi = ri -{- jxi, from a generator of internal impedance, Zo = ro + jxo. In phase OEi the voltage consumed by resistance ri is repre- sented by the distance, EiEi^ = Iri, in phase, that is, parallel with current OIi. The voltage consumed by reactance Xi is represented by Ei^Ei^^ = Ixi, 90° ahead of current OTu The same applies to the other two pha ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "section_title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 15, "location": "lines 18413-19373", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... the inductance of the rectified circuit , its duration on that of the alternating supply circuit. By providing a byepath for this differential current, /, ilie sparking is mitigated, and thereby the amount of power, which BSD Ik1 rectified, increased. This is done by shunting a non-indaotivc resistance across the rectified circuit, r„, or across the alternating circuit, r, or both, as shown in Fig. 78. If this resistance is low . i considerable power and finally increases sparking SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER 237 by the increase of rectified current; if it is high, it has little effect. Furtherm ...", "... th for this differential current, /, ilie sparking is mitigated, and thereby the amount of power, which BSD Ik1 rectified, increased. This is done by shunting a non-indaotivc resistance across the rectified circuit, r„, or across the alternating circuit, r, or both, as shown in Fig. 78. If this resistance is low . i considerable power and finally increases sparking SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER 237 by the increase of rectified current; if it is high, it has little effect. Furthermore, this resistance should vary with the current. The belt-driven alternators of former days frequently had a compound ...", "... e rectified circuit, r„, or across the alternating circuit, r, or both, as shown in Fig. 78. If this resistance is low . i considerable power and finally increases sparking SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER 237 by the increase of rectified current; if it is high, it has little effect. Furthermore, this resistance should vary with the current. The belt-driven alternators of former days frequently had a compounding series field excited by such a rectifying commutator on the machine shaft, and by shunting 40 to 50 per cent, of the power through the two resistance shunts, with careful setting of brushes a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2774-3131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... nating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a gener- ator, G (Fig. 25), the current flowing from terminal A over resistance R to terminal B, is represented by a vector OI (Fig. 26), or by /= i -\\-ji', the s ...", "... to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a gener- ator, G (Fig. 25), the current flowing from terminal A over resistance R to terminal B, is represented by a vector OI (Fig. 26), or by /= i -\\-ji', the same current can be con- sidered as flowing in the opposite direction, from terminal B to terminal A in opposite phase, and therefore represented by a vector OI-± (Fig. 26), or by 7l = — i —ji'> Or, if the differ ...", "... 8E 8V8TEM 48° LAO BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM NON-INDUCTIVE LOAD E° Fig. 29. E.M.Fs., these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the vectors 07^ = 072 = Ofs = I, lagging behind the E.M.Fs. by angles E.O^ = EZOIZ = EZOI& = Q. Let the three-phase circuit be supplied over a line of impedance Z± = r^ —jx\\ from a generator of internal im- pedance Z0 = x0 -jx0. In phase OEV the E.M.F. consumed by resistance r^ is represented by the distance E^EJ = Irv in phase, that is parallel with current OIV The E.M.F. consumed by re- actance #! is represented by E^Ej' = Ixv 90° ahead of cur- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Synchronizing Induction Motors", "section_title": "Synchronizing Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 8, "location": "lines 13956-14465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... evolving motor field, the induction-motor secondary is an alternating-current generator, which is short-circuited at speed and loaded by the starting rheostat during acceleration, and the problem of operating two induction motors with their secondaries connected in parallel on the same external resistance is thus the same as that of operating two alternators in parallel. In general, therefore, it is undesirable to rigidly connect induction-motor secondaries mechanically if they are electrically connected in parallel, but it is preferable to have their mechanical connection 159 100 ELECTRICA ...", "... onnected in multiple with their secondaries on the same rheostat and operated from the same primary impressed voltage. 95. Assume two equal induction motors with their primaries connected to the same voltage, supply and with llieir seeondarioi connected in multiple with each other to a common resistance, r, and neglecting for simplicity the exciting current and the vol- tage drop in the impedance of the motor primaries as not mate- rially affecting the synchronizing power. Let Zi — n + ./j-t = secondary self-inductive impedance at full frequency; s = slip of the two motors, as fraction of sy ...", "... ary impressed voltage. 95. Assume two equal induction motors with their primaries connected to the same voltage, supply and with llieir seeondarioi connected in multiple with each other to a common resistance, r, and neglecting for simplicity the exciting current and the vol- tage drop in the impedance of the motor primaries as not mate- rially affecting the synchronizing power. Let Zi — n + ./j-t = secondary self-inductive impedance at full frequency; s = slip of the two motors, as fraction of syn- chronism; Co = absolute value of impressed voltage and thus, when neglecting the primary imp ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... ast if maintained at its initial value. The duration T0 is the ratio of the energy-storage coefficient to the power-dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field, T0 = £, (2) where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in ...", "... tion by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = e0e~£ct. (4) Similar single-energy transients may occur in other systems. ...", "... ic field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = e0e~£ct. (4) Similar single-energy transients may occur in other systems. For instance, the transient by which a water jet approaches con- stant v ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "section_title": "General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "number": 1, "location": "lines 27761-28694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. GENERAL EQUATIONS. 1. The energy relations of an electric circuit can be charac- terized, as discussed in Section III, by the four constants, namely : r = effective resistance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the current, tfr; or the power component of the e.m.f. consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating current, the voltage, ir, in phase with the current. L = effective inductance, representing the energy storage i2 ...", "... e current, - — , as electromagnetic component & of the electric field; or the voltage generated due to the change of the current, L — , that is, with an alternating current, the at reactive voltage consumed in the circuit - jxi, where x = 2 nfL and / = frequency. g = effective (shunted) conductance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the voltage, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating voltage, the current, eg, in phase with the voltage. C = effective capacity, representing the energy storage e*C ...", "... NOMENA In the investigation of electric circuits, these four constants, r, L, g, C, usually are assumed as located separately from each other, or localized. Although this assumption can never be per- fectly correct, — for instance, every resistor has some inductance and every reactor has some resistance, — nevertheless in most cases it is permissible and necessary, and only in some classes of phenomena, and in some kinds of circuits, such as high-frequency phenomena, voltage and current distribution in long-distance, high-potential circuits, cables, telephone circuits, etc., this assumption i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... if maintained at its initial value. The duration To is the ratio of the energy-storage coefficient to the power-dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field. To = -, (2) r where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in ...", "... ation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = eoe~'^\\ (4) Similar single-energy transients may occur in other systems. ...", "... ric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = eoe~'^\\ (4) Similar single-energy transients may occur in other systems. For instance, the transient by which a water jet approaches con- stant ve ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-38", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 17: Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 38, "number": 17, "location": "lines 10190-10429", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "snippets": [ "... representing the combined effect of arma- ture reaction and armature self-inductance. In the first moment after short circuiting, however, the current frequently is many times larger than the permanent short- circuit current, that is, where z = self-inductive impedance of the alternator. That is, in the first moment after short circuiting the poly- phase alternator the armature current is limited only by the arma- ture self-inductance, and not by the armature reaction, and some appreciable time — occasionally several second ...", "... eld flux is greatly reduced by the demagnetizing action of the armature current, and the gen- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 161 erated e.m.f. thereby reduced from the nominal value EQ to the virtual value Ez; the latter is consumed by the armature self- inductive impedance z, or self-inductive reactance, which is practically the same in most cases. The armature self-inductance is instantaneous, since the magnetic field rises simultaneously with the armature current which produces it; armature reaction, however, requires an appre- ...", "... reduced by the demagnetizing action of the armature current, and the gen- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 161 erated e.m.f. thereby reduced from the nominal value EQ to the virtual value Ez; the latter is consumed by the armature self- inductive impedance z, or self-inductive reactance, which is practically the same in most cases. The armature self-inductance is instantaneous, since the magnetic field rises simultaneously with the armature current which produces it; armature reaction, however, requires an appre- ciable time to reduce the magn ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Induction Generators", "section_title": "Induction Generators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 20446-21537", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... power-factor — the induction generator requires an external circuit with leading current, whose power-factor varies with the voltage, as a circuit containing synchronous motors or syn- chronous converters. In such a circuit, the voltage of the induction generator remains just as much below the counter e.m.f. of the synchronous motor as is necessary to give the INDUCTION GENERATORS 239 required leading exciting current of the induction generator, and the synchronous motor can thus to a certain extent be called the exciter of the induction generator. When operating self-exciting, that is, shunt ...", "... oltage of one of the two machines must rise beyond saturation of its magnetic field. When operating in parallel with synchronous alternating cur- rent generators, the induction generator obviously takes its leading exciting current from the synchronous alternator, which thus carries a lagging wattless current. 175. To generate constant frequency, the speed of the in- duction generator must increase with the load. Inversely, when driven at constant speed, with increasing load on the induction generator, the frequency of the current generated thereby decreases. Thus, when calculating the cha ...", "... creases. Thus, when calculating the characteristic curves of the constant-speed induction generator, due regard has to be taken of the decrease of frequency with increase of load, or what may be called the slip of frequency, s. Let, in an induction generator, Yo = go — jho = primary exciting admittance, Zo = To -\\- jxo = primary self-inductive impedance, Zi = ri + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance, reduced to primary, all these quantities being reduced to the frequency of synchronism with the speed of the machine, /. Let e = generated em.f., reduced to full frequency. s = slip o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 32540-33010", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... fre- quency, the phenomena taking place in a circuit supplied by such a wave will be the combined effect of the different waves. Thus in a non-inductive circuit the current and the potential difference across the different parts of the circuit are of the same shape as the impressed e.m.f. If inductive reactance is inserted in series with a non-inductive circuit, the self-inductive reactance consumes more e.m.f. of the higher harmonics, since the reactance is proportional to the frequency, and thus the current and the e.m.f. in the non-inductive part of the circuit show the higher harmonics in a reduc ...", "... ll be the combined effect of the different waves. Thus in a non-inductive circuit the current and the potential difference across the different parts of the circuit are of the same shape as the impressed e.m.f. If inductive reactance is inserted in series with a non-inductive circuit, the self-inductive reactance consumes more e.m.f. of the higher harmonics, since the reactance is proportional to the frequency, and thus the current and the e.m.f. in the non-inductive part of the circuit show the higher harmonics in a reduced amplitude. That is, self-inductive react- ance in series with a non-inductive ...", "... ircuit the current and the potential difference across the different parts of the circuit are of the same shape as the impressed e.m.f. If inductive reactance is inserted in series with a non-inductive circuit, the self-inductive reactance consumes more e.m.f. of the higher harmonics, since the reactance is proportional to the frequency, and thus the current and the e.m.f. in the non-inductive part of the circuit show the higher harmonics in a reduced amplitude. That is, self-inductive react- ance in series with a non-inductive circuit reduces the higher harmonics or smooths out the wave to a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 33: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 33, "location": "lines 36515-37127", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 13 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... onal to the square of the potential used. Since the total power trans- mitted is proportional to the product of current and e.m.f., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportionally to the e.m.f., and therefore, since the loss is proportional to the product of current-square and resistance, to give the same loss the resistance must vary inversely proportional to the square of the current, that is, proportional to the square of the e.m.f.; and since the amount of copper is inversely proportional to the resist- ance, other things being equal, the amount of copper varies in- versel ...", "... ed. Since the total power trans- mitted is proportional to the product of current and e.m.f., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportionally to the e.m.f., and therefore, since the loss is proportional to the product of current-square and resistance, to give the same loss the resistance must vary inversely proportional to the square of the current, that is, proportional to the square of the e.m.f.; and since the amount of copper is inversely proportional to the resist- ance, other things being equal, the amount of copper varies in- versely proportional to the square of the e.m ...", "... difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatus. 295. 1st. Comparison on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential, in low-potential lighting circuits: In the single-phase, alternating-current circuit, if e = e.m.f., i = current, r = resistance per line, the total power is = ei, the loss of power, 2 ih\\ Using, however, a three-wire system: the potential between outside wires and neutral being given equal to e, the potential between the outside wires is equal to 2 e, that is, the distribution takes place at twice the potential, or on ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves : General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12222-12961", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII SHAPING OF WAVES : GENERAL 69. In alternating-current engineering, the sine wave, as shown in Fig. 46, is usually aimed at as the standard. This is not duo to any inherent merit of the sine wave. For all those pm-poses, where the energy developed by the cur- rent in a resistance is the object, as for incandescent lighting, heating, etc., any wave form is equally satisfactory, as the energy of the wave depends only on its effective value, but not on it^ shape. With regards to insulation stress, as in high-voltage systems, a flat-top wave of voltage and current, such a ...", "... nd very high harmonics, such as the seven- teenth, thirty-fifth, etc., therefore do not exist in such machines to any appreciable extent, except where produced by other causes. Such are a pulsation of the magnetic reluctance of the field due to the armature slots, or a pulsation of the armature reactance, as discussed in Chapter XXV of ** Theory and Calculation of Alter- nating-current Phenomena,'' or a space resonance of the armature conductors with some of the harmonics. The latter may occur if the field flux distribution contains a harmonic of such order, that the voltages induced by it are ...", "... times, the fifth harmonic five times, the thirty-fifth harmonic 35 times, etc. However, this probably overemphasizes the high harmonics, gives them too much weight, and a better way appears to be, to specify the current wave taken by a small condenser having a specified amount of non-inductive resistance in series. Thus for instance, if x = 1000 ohms = capacity reactance of the condenser, at fundamental frequency, r = 100 ohms = re- 122 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS sistance in series to the condenser, the impedance of this circuit, for the n*^ harmonic, would be rz -^ inrk 1000. .-V Z„ = r-j- = 1 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "section_title": "General System Of Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 40, "location": "lines 12217-12884", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XL GENERAL SYSTEM OF CIRCUITS. (A) Circuits containing resistance and inductance only. 95. Let, upon a general system or network of circuits con- nected with each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be conti ...", "CHAPTER XL GENERAL SYSTEM OF CIRCUITS. (A) Circuits containing resistance and inductance only. 95. Let, upon a general system or network of circuits con- nected with each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon ...", "... ations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In the latter case, the dependency of the e.m.f. upon the currents must obviously be given. Then, in each branch circuit, ^5~=0, (1) where e = total impressed e.m.f.; r. = resistance; L = induc- tance, of the circuit or branch of circuit traversed by current i, and Ms = mutual inductance of this circuit with any circuit in inductive relation thereto and traversed by current is. The currents in the different branch circuits of the system depend upon each other by Kirchhoff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 48, "number": 8, "location": "lines 26095-27002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "snippets": [ "... ly: 387 388 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (a) At extremely high frequencies, hundreds of millions of cycles per second, as given by Hertzian resonators. (6) In high frequency discharges having no return circuit or no well defined return circuit, as lightning discharges. In this case the effective resistance of radiation may be so large com- pared with the ohmic resistance, even when considering the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII), that the effect of the conductor material practically disappears. In the conductors forming the discharge path of lightning arresters this p ...", "... ncies, hundreds of millions of cycles per second, as given by Hertzian resonators. (6) In high frequency discharges having no return circuit or no well defined return circuit, as lightning discharges. In this case the effective resistance of radiation may be so large com- pared with the ohmic resistance, even when considering the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII), that the effect of the conductor material practically disappears. In the conductors forming the discharge path of lightning arresters this phenomenon therefore requires serious consideration. (c) With high ...", "... { cos 0 col al — sin 0 sil al } ; and since the current is i = I cos 0, (14) the e.m.f. consumed by the magnetic field beyond distance I, or e.m.f. of inductance, contains a component in phase with the current, or power component, e, == 4 TT///O col al cos 0, (15) and a component in quadrature with the current, or reactive com- ponent, e2 = — 4 nfll0 sil a/ sin 0, (16) which latter leads the current by a quarter period. The reactive component e2 is a true self-induction, that is, rep- resents a surging of energy between the conductor and its electric field, but no power con ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-01-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 2: Recommendations", "section_title": "Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "PDF pages 7-12, lines 145-720", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... the use of sheath transformers or other schemes for tripping out on small ground currents, and still other arrangements for accomplishing the result of operating on an incipient fault, should be investigated. It appears that some cable failures are preceded by a gradual de- crease of the insulation resistance, especially while hot, extending over many days. Such failures might be intercepted by a systematic testing of the cables with high voltage direct current, essentially a high voltage resistance measurement, and the possibility of such should be investi- gated. The time for such tests should be chos ...", "... investigated. It appears that some cable failures are preceded by a gradual de- crease of the insulation resistance, especially while hot, extending over many days. Such failures might be intercepted by a systematic testing of the cables with high voltage direct current, essentially a high voltage resistance measurement, and the possibility of such should be investi- gated. The time for such tests should be chosen immediately after the peak loads of the day, when the cables are at their maximum tempera- tures. I understand that simple devices for getting high voltage direct current for testing purposes ...", "... erating stations, that is, from becoming serious. I would recommend that 0.9 ohm, or at least 0.7 ohm feeder reactors (5.2% to 4% for a 300 ampere line) be installed, and the circuit breakers be set to cut off as quickly as possible, in case of a short circuit in the feeder. I believe such a feeder reactance would in no way adversely affect the operation of the substations, but it would limit the short circuit to about 100,000 KVA. If then the circuit breakers can be made to open this short in less than a second, the station voltage will be only a little affected during the short, due to the great slug ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 4370-5278", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient current, 60 = maximum value of transient voltage. This gives the relation between Bq and Iq, ^^ = Jl ,^ = 1, (2) where Zq is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, 2/0 the natural or surge admittance of the circuit. As the maximum of current must coincide with the zero of voltage, and inversely, if the one is represented by the cosine function, the other is the sine function; hence the periodic com- ponents of the transient are ii ...", "... energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient current, 60 = maximum value of transient voltage. This gives the relation between Bq and Iq, ^^ = Jl ,^ = 1, (2) where Zq is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, 2/0 the natural or surge admittance of the circuit. As the maximum of current must coincide with the zero of voltage, and inversely, if the one is represented by the cosine function, the other is the sine function; hence the periodic com- ponents of the transient are ii = Iq cos (0 — 7) ...", "... f dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient current, 60 = maximum value of transient voltage. This gives the relation between Bq and Iq, ^^ = Jl ,^ = 1, (2) where Zq is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, 2/0 the natural or surge admittance of the circuit. As the maximum of current must coincide with the zero of voltage, and inversely, if the one is represented by the cosine function, the other is the sine function; hence the periodic com- ponents of the transient are ii = Iq cos (0 — 7) ei = eo sm (0 — 7) ) where 0 = 2 T ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3956-4744", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... he periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient voltage. This gives the relation between eQ and io, e0 V/L_ 1 i-0 = \\C-ZQ-yQ' where ZQ is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, y0 the natural or surge admittance of the circuit. As the maximum of current must coincide with the zero of voltage, and inversely, if the one is represented by the cosine function, the other is the sine function; hence the periodic com- ponents of the transient are ii = ...", "... nt, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient voltage. This gives the relation between eQ and io, e0 V/L_ 1 i-0 = \\C-ZQ-yQ' where ZQ is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, y0 the natural or surge admittance of the circuit. As the maximum of current must coincide with the zero of voltage, and inversely, if the one is represented by the cosine function, the other is the sine function; hence the periodic com- ponents of the transient are ii = IQ cos ( — 7) ...", "... ust equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient voltage. This gives the relation between eQ and io, e0 V/L_ 1 i-0 = \\C-ZQ-yQ' where ZQ is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, y0 the natural or surge admittance of the circuit. As the maximum of current must coincide with the zero of voltage, and inversely, if the one is represented by the cosine function, the other is the sine function; hence the periodic com- ponents of the transient are ii = IQ cos ( — 7) ei = e0 sin (0 — 7) l where # = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-06", "section_label": "Theory Section 6: Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "section_title": "Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1785-2249", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "snippets": [ "6. SELF-INDUCTANCE OF CONTINUOUS-CURRENT CIRCUITS 30. Self-inductance makes itself felt in continuous-current circuits only in starting and stopping or, in general, when the current changes in value. Starting of Current. If r = resistance, L = inductance of circuit, E = continuous e.m.-f. impressed upon circuit, i = current in circuit at time t after impressing e.m.f. E, and di the increase of current during time moment dt, then the increase of magnetic interlinkages during time dt is IM ...", "... on of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations, Section IV.) 26 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Substituted in the foregoing equation this gives and ei = - = - 0.368 E. 31. Stopping of Current. In a circuit of inductance L and E resistance r, let a current IQ = — be produced by the impressed e.m.f. E, and this e.m.f. E be withdrawn and the circuit closed through a resistance r\\. Let the current be i at the time t after withdrawal of the e.m.f. E and the change of current during time ...", "... n this gives and ei = - = - 0.368 E. 31. Stopping of Current. In a circuit of inductance L and E resistance r, let a current IQ = — be produced by the impressed e.m.f. E, and this e.m.f. E be withdrawn and the circuit closed through a resistance r\\. Let the current be i at the time t after withdrawal of the e.m.f. E and the change of current during time moment dt be di. di is negative, that is, the current decreases. The decrease of magnetic interlinkages during moment dt is Ldi. Thus the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-106", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 106, "number": 9, "location": "lines 18813-18948", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "snippets": [ "IX. Reactors (Reactive Coils, Reactances) 129. The reactor consists of one electric circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what amounts to the same, leading voltage. While therefore theoretically we cannot speak of an ''efficiency\" of a reactor, since there is no power output, nevertheless in the in- dustry the expression \" efficien ...", "... with the air gap inserted into the magnetic circuit), gives a reactor of the capacity ei = 2 P. That is, a reactor has the size of a transformer of half its output. Reactors are frequently used in series to apparatus, and the vol- tage consumed by the reactance then varies with the current, and is, due to the air gap, proportional to the current up to the value where the iron part of the reactance begins to saturate, as shown by the characteristic curve of a reactance, Fig. 175, the \"volt- 304 ELEMENTS OF ...", "... former of half its output. Reactors are frequently used in series to apparatus, and the vol- tage consumed by the reactance then varies with the current, and is, due to the air gap, proportional to the current up to the value where the iron part of the reactance begins to saturate, as shown by the characteristic curve of a reactance, Fig. 175, the \"volt- 304 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ampere characteristic.\" Then the voltage increases less than proportional to the current, or inversely, the current incre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-67", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 67: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 67, "number": null, "location": "lines 12084-12199", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "snippets": [ "... intensity in opposite direction. This being impossible, due to the inductance of the coil, the current forms an arc from the brush across the commutator surface for a length of time depend- ing upon the inductance of the armature coil. Therefore, with low-resistance brushes, resistance commutation is not permissible except with machines of extremely low arma- FIG. 108. — Brush commutating coil A. ture inductance, that is, armature inductance so low that the magnetic energy -7^—, which appears as \"spark\" in this case, ...", "... ite direction. This being impossible, due to the inductance of the coil, the current forms an arc from the brush across the commutator surface for a length of time depend- ing upon the inductance of the armature coil. Therefore, with low-resistance brushes, resistance commutation is not permissible except with machines of extremely low arma- FIG. 108. — Brush commutating coil A. ture inductance, that is, armature inductance so low that the magnetic energy -7^—, which appears as \"spark\" in this case, is & harmless. Vo ...", "... with machines of extremely low arma- FIG. 108. — Brush commutating coil A. ture inductance, that is, armature inductance so low that the magnetic energy -7^—, which appears as \"spark\" in this case, is & harmless. Voltage commutation is feasible with low-resistance brushes, but requires a commutating e.m.f. e proportional to current z'o; that is, requires shifting of brushes proportionally to the load, or a commutating pole. In the preceding, the e.m.f. e.has been assumed constant dur- ing the commutation. In reality i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 25136-25597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... rtional to the square of the potential used. Since the total power transmitted is proportional to the product of current and E.M.F., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportional to the E.M.F., and therefore, since the loss is proportional to the product of current- square and resistance, to give the same loss the resistance must vary inversely proportional to the square of the cur- rent, that is, proportional to the square of the E.M.F. ; and since the amount of copper is inversely proportional to the resistance, other things being equal, the amount of copper varies inversely ...", "... used. Since the total power transmitted is proportional to the product of current and E.M.F., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportional to the E.M.F., and therefore, since the loss is proportional to the product of current- square and resistance, to give the same loss the resistance must vary inversely proportional to the square of the cur- rent, that is, proportional to the square of the E.M.F. ; and since the amount of copper is inversely proportional to the resistance, other things being equal, the amount of copper varies inversely proportional to the square of the E.M ...", "... e the loss is proportional to the product of current- square and resistance, to give the same loss the resistance must vary inversely proportional to the square of the cur- rent, that is, proportional to the square of the E.M.F. ; and since the amount of copper is inversely proportional to the resistance, other things being equal, the amount of copper varies inversely proportional to the square of the E.M.F. used. This holds for any system. Therefore to compare the different systems, as two-wire single-phase, single-phase three-wire, three-phase and quar- ter-phase, equality of the potentia ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-15", "section_label": "Lecture 15: Electrochemistry", "section_title": "Electrochemistry", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9343-9686", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "snippets": [ "... s water = caustic soda plus hydrogen. It takes 1.4 volts to electrolyze water; any metal requiring more than 1.4 volts for separation therefore is not separated, but hydrogen is produced. Therefore the highest voltage used in an electrolytic cell containing water is 1.4 + the tr drop in the resistance of the 200 GENERAL LECTURES c«ll ; which latter, for reasons of economy, is made as low as possible. Even fused salts require fairly low voltage, at the highest from 3 to 4 volts. Since the voltage required per cell is very low, a large number of cells are connected in series, and even ...", "... emical action; thus it is immaterial whether alternating or direct current is used. The voltage required is still low but not as low as in elec- trolytic work : The carborundum furnace takes from 250 to 90, mostly about 100 volts; that is, it starts cold with 250 volts. While heating up the resistance drops, and the voltage decreases down to 100 volts when the furnace is hot and remains there until towards the end. Then the inner layer of carborundum begins to change to graphite and the resistance, and therefore the voltage falls. The carbide furnace and arc furnaces in general take from ...", "... 50 to 90, mostly about 100 volts; that is, it starts cold with 250 volts. While heating up the resistance drops, and the voltage decreases down to 100 volts when the furnace is hot and remains there until towards the end. Then the inner layer of carborundum begins to change to graphite and the resistance, and therefore the voltage falls. The carbide furnace and arc furnaces in general take from 50 to 100 volts; the graphite furnace takes from 10 to 20 volts. To get very high temperatures a very large amount of energy has to be concentrated in one furnace; and with the moderate voltage used ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-28", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 28, "number": 7, "location": "lines 9292-9398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "snippets": [ "... relation of the current into the armature at a given ter- minal voltage depends upon the field excitation and the load. Thus, if E = terminal voltage or impressed e.m.f., I = current, 6 = lag of current behind impressed e.m.f. in a synchronous motor of resistance r and synchronous reactance XQ, the polar diagram is as follows, Fig. 62. OE = E is the terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. The current 01 = I lags by the angle EOI = 6. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance isj9#'i = Ir. The e.m.f. consumed by sy ...", "... the armature at a given ter- minal voltage depends upon the field excitation and the load. Thus, if E = terminal voltage or impressed e.m.f., I = current, 6 = lag of current behind impressed e.m.f. in a synchronous motor of resistance r and synchronous reactance XQ, the polar diagram is as follows, Fig. 62. OE = E is the terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. The current 01 = I lags by the angle EOI = 6. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance isj9#'i = Ir. The e.m.f. consumed by synchronous reactance, OE'o = ...", "... pressed e.m.f. in a synchronous motor of resistance r and synchronous reactance XQ, the polar diagram is as follows, Fig. 62. OE = E is the terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. The current 01 = I lags by the angle EOI = 6. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance isj9#'i = Ir. The e.m.f. consumed by synchronous reactance, OE'o = IxQ. Thus, com- 142 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING bining OE'i and OE'o gives OE', the e.m.f. consumed by the synchronous impedance. The e.m.f. consumed by the synchro- nous impedanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-04", "section_label": "Theory Section 4: Power and Effective Values", "section_title": "Power and Effective Values", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1244-1572", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "snippets": [ "4. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 20. The power of the continuous e.m.f. E producing con- tinuous current / is P = El. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is EI = 7r, thus the power consumed by resistance r is P = 72r. Either EI = E, then, the total power in the circuit is con- sumed by the resistance, or EI < E} then only a part of the power is consumed by the resistance, the remainder by some ...", "4. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 20. The power of the continuous e.m.f. E producing con- tinuous current / is P = El. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is EI = 7r, thus the power consumed by resistance r is P = 72r. Either EI = E, then, the total power in the circuit is con- sumed by the resistance, or EI < E} then only a part of the power is consumed by the resistance, the remainder by some counter e.m.f., E — EI. If an alternating current i ...", "... er of the continuous e.m.f. E producing con- tinuous current / is P = El. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is EI = 7r, thus the power consumed by resistance r is P = 72r. Either EI = E, then, the total power in the circuit is con- sumed by the resistance, or EI < E} then only a part of the power is consumed by the resistance, the remainder by some counter e.m.f., E — EI. If an alternating current i = I0 sin 6 passes through a resist- ance r, the power consumed by the resistance is, i*r = 702r sin2 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 31: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 31, "location": "lines 35692-36061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... ed with each other electrically, so that a part of the electrical conductors are in common to the different phases, and in this case the system is called an interlinked poly- phase system. Thus, for instance, the quarter-phase system will be called an independent sj^stem if the two e.m.fs. in quadrature with each other are produced by two entirely separate coils of the same, or different, but rigidly connected, armatures, and are connected to four wires which energize independent circuits in motors or other receiving devices. If the quarter-phase system is derived by connecting four equidista ...", "... apparatus the e.m.f. and current per circuit have to be the ring e.m.f. and ring current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if e^E are the e.m.fs. between the n terminals and the neutral point, or star e.m.fs. li = the currents issuing from terminals / over a line of the impedance, Zi (including generator impedance in star connec- tion), we have voltage at end of line i, eE - Zi/., and difference of potential between terminals h and i (e^- - eOf - {Zuh - ZJi), where /» is the star current of the system, Zi the star impedance. The ring voltage at the end of the li ...", "... er circuit have to be the ring e.m.f. and ring current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if e^E are the e.m.fs. between the n terminals and the neutral point, or star e.m.fs. li = the currents issuing from terminals / over a line of the impedance, Zi (including generator impedance in star connec- tion), we have voltage at end of line i, eE - Zi/., and difference of potential between terminals h and i (e^- - eOf - {Zuh - ZJi), where /» is the star current of the system, Zi the star impedance. The ring voltage at the end of the line between terminals i and k is Ei ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 26584-27052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... tional to the square of the potential used. Since the total power transmitted is proportional to the product of current and E.M.F., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportional to the E.M.F., and therefore,, since the loss is proportional to the product of current- square and resistance, to give the same loss the resistance must vary inversely proportional to the square of the cur^ rent, that is, proportional to the square of the E.M.F. ; and since the amount of copper is inversely proportional to the resistance, other things being equal, the amount of copper varies inversely ...", "... used. Since the total power transmitted is proportional to the product of current and E.M.F., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportional to the E.M.F., and therefore,, since the loss is proportional to the product of current- square and resistance, to give the same loss the resistance must vary inversely proportional to the square of the cur^ rent, that is, proportional to the square of the E.M.F. ; and since the amount of copper is inversely proportional to the resistance, other things being equal, the amount of copper varies inversely proportional to the square of the E.M ...", "... e the loss is proportional to the product of current- square and resistance, to give the same loss the resistance must vary inversely proportional to the square of the cur^ rent, that is, proportional to the square of the E.M.F. ; and since the amount of copper is inversely proportional to the resistance, other things being equal, the amount of copper varies inversely proportional to the square of the E.M.F. used. This holds for any system. Comparing now the different systems, as two-wire single-phase, single-phase three-wire, three-phase and quar- ter-phase, as basis of comparison equality ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Temperature Radiation", "section_title": "Temperature Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3946-5076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... shows a very rapid evaporation far below the boiling point, and since in the incan- descent lamp the carbon vapor condenses and is deposited on the globe and carbon is black, it blackens the globe and obstructs the light. Also, the decrease of the filament section by evaporation increases its resistance and thereby decreases the power consump- tion and so still \"further lowers the efficiency. While, therefore, carbon remains solid up to 3750 deg. cent., at about 1800 deg. cent, its rate of evaporation is such as to lower the candle power of the lamp by 20 per cent in 500 hr. life, and at this ...", "... ciency. They are now used only as base filaments, that is, as core on which a more stable form of carbon is deposited. Such a form of carbon was found in carbon deposited on the filament by heating it in the vapor of gasolene or other hydrocarbons. This carbon deposit is of much lower electric resistance than the base on which it was deposited, its negative temperature coeffi- cient of electric resistance is lower and its vapor tension so much lower as to make it possible to operate the lamp at a specific con- sumption of 3.1 watts per candle power. Of late years a still more stable form of ca ...", "... n is deposited. Such a form of carbon was found in carbon deposited on the filament by heating it in the vapor of gasolene or other hydrocarbons. This carbon deposit is of much lower electric resistance than the base on which it was deposited, its negative temperature coeffi- cient of electric resistance is lower and its vapor tension so much lower as to make it possible to operate the lamp at a specific con- sumption of 3.1 watts per candle power. Of late years a still more stable form of carbon has been found in the so-called \"me- tallic carbon,\" produced from the gasolene deposited carbon sh ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "section_title": "Luminescence", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5077-6608", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... the terminal voltage is apparently indepen- dent of the current, that is, if the other conditions as temperature, gas pressure, etc., remain the same, the terminal voltage of the Geissler tube or the spark gap remains the same and independent of the current, and the current is determined by the impedance between the. Geissler tube or spark gap and the source of 100 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. e.m.f., or by the available power of the supply source. A Geissler tube, thus, cannot be operated directly on a constant potential supply of unlimited power, but requires a current limiting im- ...", "... the gradual change from the static spark to the Geissler tube glow. In this experi- ment, a small condenser, a Leyden jar, is shunted across the high- potential terminals of the transformer, to guard against the disruptive conduction changing to continuous conduction, that is, to an arc, and a reactance inserted into the low-tension pri- mary of the step-up transformer, to limit the discharge current, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 31. If the Geissler tube has a considerable diameter, 3 to 5 cm., the Geissler discharge with alternating current is striated; that 102 RADIATION, LIGHT, ...", "... f which, however, I use only three. The LUMINESCENCE. 107 gas which fills the space between the terminals is mercury vapor. 1 now connect, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 34, terminals 2 and 3 to the high potential coil of a step-up transformer — the low potential circuit contains a reactance to limit the current - and you see the striated Geissler discharge through mercury FIG. 33. vapor appear between terminals 2 and 3, giving the green light> of the mercury spectrum. The terminals are quiet, as they do not participate in the conduction. I now connect terminals 1 and 2 throug ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-23", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 23, "number": 2, "location": "lines 8658-8740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "snippets": [ "... .m.f. generated in the alter- nator armature turns by the resultant magnetic flux, or mag- netic flux interlinked with them, that is, by the magnetic flux passing through the armature core. It is equal to the terminal voltage plus the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the arma- ture, these two e.m.fs. being taken in their proper phase relation; thus Ei = E + Ir, where / = current in armature, r = effective resistance. The virtual generated e.m.f. E2 is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the flux produced by ...", "... through the armature core. It is equal to the terminal voltage plus the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the arma- ture, these two e.m.fs. being taken in their proper phase relation; thus Ei = E + Ir, where / = current in armature, r = effective resistance. The virtual generated e.m.f. E2 is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the flux produced by the field poles, or flux corre- sponding to the resultant m.m.f., that is, the resultant of the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 129 m.m.fs. of field excitation and of ...", "... generated in the armature by self-inductance, have no real and independent existence, but are merely fictitious components of the real or resultant generated e.m.f. EI. The virtual generated e.m.f. is Ei = Et + jlx, where x is the self -inductive armature reactance, and the e.m.f consumed by self-inductance Ix is to be combined with the real generated e.m.f. EI in the proper phase relation. 7. The nominal generated e.m.f. EQ is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the field excitation if there were neither self- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Regulating Pole Converters", "section_title": "Regulating Pole Converters", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 21, "location": "lines 30088-31715", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... ltage wave can 1* made as near a sine wave as desired. Usually not much atten- tion is paid hereto, as experience shows that the usual distributed winding of the commutating machine gives a sufficiently close approach to sine shape. Armature Reaction and Commutation 232. With the brushes in quadrature position to the resultant magnetic flux, and at normal voltage ratio, the direct -current generator armature reaction of the converter equals the syn- chronous-motor armature reaction of the power component of the alternating current, and at unity power-faetor the converter thus has no resulta ...", "... f the converter equals the syn- chronous-motor armature reaction of the power component of the alternating current, and at unity power-faetor the converter thus has no resultant armature reaction, while with a lagging or leading current it has the magnetizing or demagnetizing re- action of the wattless component of the current. If by a sliift of the resultant flux from quadrature position with the brushes, by angle, t, the direct voltage is reduced by factor cos r, the direct current and therewith the direct-current armature reaction are increased, by factor, -. as by the law of conservati ...", "... component of the alternating current, and at unity power-faetor the converter thus has no resultant armature reaction, while with a lagging or leading current it has the magnetizing or demagnetizing re- action of the wattless component of the current. If by a sliift of the resultant flux from quadrature position with the brushes, by angle, t, the direct voltage is reduced by factor cos r, the direct current and therewith the direct-current armature reaction are increased, by factor, -. as by the law of conservation of energy the direct-current output must equal the alternating-current input ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 29302-30428", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... are chosen so that Q cos (2 - a) + Q' cos (2 « - 2/3 - I) = (26) LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 319 hence, & = Q (27) 2 - 2 18 - I = 2 - a - IT or, thus. /3 = f + I (28) 2 ^ ?' = ^ (29) e' = E' cos [0 - (I + I) ] (31) is the voltage, which, impressed upon a reactor of reactance, x = §Q (30) balances the power, P = P + cos .(2 - a) (24) of an unbalanced polyphase system. That is, e' = E' cos [* - (f + J) ] (31) impressed upon the reactance, x, gives the current, '■-^-[*-(i+T)] »^' and thus the power, p'-«eo.[*-(| + |)]cos[*-(J + %')] = - e COS (2 <^ - a ...", "... /3 = f + I (28) 2 ^ ?' = ^ (29) e' = E' cos [0 - (I + I) ] (31) is the voltage, which, impressed upon a reactor of reactance, x = §Q (30) balances the power, P = P + cos .(2 - a) (24) of an unbalanced polyphase system. That is, e' = E' cos [* - (f + J) ] (31) impressed upon the reactance, x, gives the current, '■-^-[*-(i+T)] »^' and thus the power, p'-«eo.[*-(| + |)]cos[*-(J + %')] = - e COS (2 <^ - a) (33) and this reactive power, p', added to the unbalanced polyphase power, p, gives the balanced power, p = p + p' = P. 167. Comparing (31) with (20) or (24), it foll ...", "... 20) or (24), it follows: The unbalanced load of a single-phase voltage, ft e = E cos 0, 320 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS of lag angle, a, or in general, the unbalanced load of a polyphase system with the resultant instantaneous power of lag angle, a, p = P + Q cos (2 « - a) can be balanced by a wattless reactive load, p', having the same volt-amperes, Q', as the alternating component, Q, of the imbal- anced load, and having a phase of voltage lagging by a .T 2 \"^4 or by 45° plus half the lag angle, a, of the unbalanced load or un- balanced single-phase current. Just as the unbalanced pol ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3515-4071", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. • 26. In alternating-current circuits, the inductance L, or, as it is usually employed, the reactance x = 2 nfL, where / = fre- quency, enters the expression of the transient as well as the permanent term. At the moment 0 = 0, let the e.m.f. e = E cos (0 — ...", "CHAPTER IV. INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. • 26. In alternating-current circuits, the inductance L, or, as it is usually employed, the reactance x = 2 nfL, where / = fre- quency, enters the expression of the transient as well as the permanent term. At the moment 0 = 0, let the e.m.f. e = E cos (0 — 00) be impressed upon a circuit of resistance r and inductance L, thus inductive reactance x = 2 xfL; let the time 6 = 2 xft be counted f ...", "... • 26. In alternating-current circuits, the inductance L, or, as it is usually employed, the reactance x = 2 nfL, where / = fre- quency, enters the expression of the transient as well as the permanent term. At the moment 0 = 0, let the e.m.f. e = E cos (0 — 00) be impressed upon a circuit of resistance r and inductance L, thus inductive reactance x = 2 xfL; let the time 6 = 2 xft be counted from the moment of closing the circuit, and 00 be the phase of the impressed e.m.f. at this moment. In this case the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance = ir, where i = instantaneous value of current. Th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... hereof is afforded by the comparison of the electric and the magnetic circuit. In the electric circuit, the relation between e.m.f. and e current is given by Ohm's law, i = -, and calculations are uni- versally and easily made. In the magnetic circuit, however, the term corresponding to the resistance, the reluctance, is not a constant, and the relation between m.m.f. and magnetic flux cannot be expressed by a general law, but only by an empirical curve, the magnetic characteristic, and as the result, calcula- tions of magnetic circuits cannot be made as conveniently and as general in natur ...", "... al equation usually does not rigidly represent the observations, for the reason that in nature the conditions on which the rational law is based are rarely perfectly fulfilled. For instance, the representation of a decaying current by an exponential fimction is based on the assumption that the resistance and the inductance of the cu'cuit are constant, and capacity absent, and none of these conditions can ever be perfectly satisfied, and thus a deviation occurs from the theoretical condition, by what is called \" secondary effects.\" 143. To derive an equation, which represents an empirical curv ...", "... he torque, as, 2/0 = 0.531 +2.407.T2- 0.224x3 (14) The equation (14) probably is the approximation of* a rational equation, since the first term, 0.531, represents the bearing friction; the second term, 2.407x^ (which is the largest), represents the work done by the fan in moving the air, a resistance proportional to the square of the speed, and the third term approximates the decrease of the air resistance due to the churning motion of the air created by the fan. In general, the potential series is of limited usefulness; it rarely has a rational meaning and is mainly used, where the curve ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-16", "section_label": "Lecture 16: The Incandescent Lamp", "section_title": "The Incandescent Lamp", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 9687-9919", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "snippets": [ "SIXTEENTH LECTURE THE INCANDESCENT LAMP mHE two main types of electric illuminants are the in- candescent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent lamps in an electric circuit therefore act as non-inductive ohmic resistance and can there- fore be operated equally well on constant potential as on con- stant current. As electric distribution systems are always cons ...", "... ent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent lamps in an electric circuit therefore act as non-inductive ohmic resistance and can there- fore be operated equally well on constant potential as on con- stant current. As electric distribution systems are always constant potential, most incandescent lamps are operated on constant potential ; and only for outdoor lighting, that is, for street lighting in cases where t ...", "... since tantalum is somewhat more fusible than osmium. As tantalum is a metal which can be drawn into wire, the tantalum filament is of drawn wire ; while * The name \"metallized\" is given to the form of carbon produced in the»e filaments by the electric furnace temperature, since it has metallic resistance characteristics; a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, while the other forms of carbon have a negative temperature coefficient. aia GENERAL LECTURES all the other metals which are used for lamp filaments are not ductile, and the filaments have to be made by some squirting proce ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_title": "Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 608-1548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... ther forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted into heat. Thus in an incandescent lamp, the heat energy produced by the electric current in the resistance of the filament, is converted into radiation. If I hold my hand near the lamp, the radiation intercepted by the hand is destroyed, that is, converted into heat, and is felt as such. On the way from the lamp to the hand, how- ever, the energy is not heat but radiation, and a body which is trans ...", "... only: between 400 X 1012 and 770 X 1012 cycles per sec. cor- responding to wave lengths from 76 X 10\"6 cm. to 39 X 10\"' cm.* All other radiations are invisible and thus have to be observed by other means. I have here a pair of rods of cast silicon (10 in. long, 0.22 in. in diameter, having a resistance of about 10 ohms each), connected * The visibility of radiation is greatest between the wave lengths 50 X 10~* to 60 X 10~e and good between the wave lengths 41 X 10~e to 76 X 10~8, but extends more or less indistinctly over the range of wave lengths from 33 X 10~6 to 77 X 10~6 and faintly eve ...", "... the wave lengths 41 X 10~e to 76 X 10~8, but extends more or less indistinctly over the range of wave lengths from 33 X 10~6 to 77 X 10~6 and faintly even as far as 30 X 10~fl to 100 X 10 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. in series with each other and with a rheostat of about 40 ohms resistance in a 120-volt circuit. When I establish a current through the rods, electric energy is converted into heat by the resistance of the rods. This heat energy is converted into and sent out as radiation, with the exception of the part carried off by heat conduction and convection. Reducing the resi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-02", "section_label": "Theory Section 2: Magnetism and E.m.f.", "section_title": "Magnetism and E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 910-1032", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "snippets": [ "... volt. Coiling the conductor n fold increases the e.m.f. n fold, by cutting each line of magnetic force n times. In a closed electric circuit the e.m.f. produces an electric current. The ratio of e.m.f. to electric current produced thereby is called the resistance of the electric circuit. Unit resistance is the resistance of a circuit in which unit e.m.f. produces unit current. 109 times unit resistance is the practical unit, called the ohm. 10 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The ohm is the resistance ...", "... ses the e.m.f. n fold, by cutting each line of magnetic force n times. In a closed electric circuit the e.m.f. produces an electric current. The ratio of e.m.f. to electric current produced thereby is called the resistance of the electric circuit. Unit resistance is the resistance of a circuit in which unit e.m.f. produces unit current. 109 times unit resistance is the practical unit, called the ohm. 10 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The ohm is the resistance of a circuit, in which 1 volt produces 1 ...", "... fold, by cutting each line of magnetic force n times. In a closed electric circuit the e.m.f. produces an electric current. The ratio of e.m.f. to electric current produced thereby is called the resistance of the electric circuit. Unit resistance is the resistance of a circuit in which unit e.m.f. produces unit current. 109 times unit resistance is the practical unit, called the ohm. 10 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The ohm is the resistance of a circuit, in which 1 volt produces 1 amp. The resista ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-102", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Alternating-current Transformer: Short-circuit Current", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Short-circuit Current", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 102, "number": 5, "location": "lines 18398-18460", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-102/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-102/", "snippets": [ "... rcuit Current 120. If a short circuit occurs at the secondary terminals of a transformer, and the power supply at the primary is sufficient to maintain the primary terminal voltage, the primary and second- ary currents of the transformer are limited by its impedance only. Thus, if r = P + j* is the impedance voltage, as fraction of full-load voltage, the short- circuit current of the transformer is 1 1 of the full-load current, thus usually is very large. In the three instances illustrated in Figs. 157, 159 and ...", "... the secondary terminals of a transformer, and the power supply at the primary is sufficient to maintain the primary terminal voltage, the primary and second- ary currents of the transformer are limited by its impedance only. Thus, if r = P + j* is the impedance voltage, as fraction of full-load voltage, the short- circuit current of the transformer is 1 1 of the full-load current, thus usually is very large. In the three instances illustrated in Figs. 157, 159 and 160, with f = 0.02 + 0.02 j, hence f ...", "... strated in Figs. 157, 159 and 160, with f = 0.02 + 0.02 j, hence f =0.028 0.01 + 0.04 j 0.04 0.01 + 0.08 j 0.08 the short-circuit current thus is 36, 25 and 12.5 times full-load current, respectively. As seen, with the exception of very low reactance transformers, it is essentially the reactance which determines the total im- pedance and thus the short-circuit current. 121. Primary current and secondary current in the trans- former, being opposite in phase, repel each other. This repul- sion is proportion ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-112", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 112, "number": 6, "location": "lines 21647-21812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "snippets": [ "... he preceding that the induction machine can operate equally well as motor, below synchronism, and as generator, above synchronism. In the single-phase induction machine the motor or generator action occurs in one primary circuit only, but in the direction in quadrature to the primary circuit there is a mere magnetizing current either in the secondary, in the single-phase motor proper, or in an auxiliary field-circuit, in the monocyclic motor. The motor and generator action can occur, however, simul- taneously in the same ...", "... in the same machine, some of the primary circuits acting as motor, others as generator circuits. Thus, if one of the two circuits of a quarter-phase induction machine is con- nected to a single-phase system, in the second circuit an e.m.f. is generated in quadrature with and equal to the generated e.m.f. in the first circuit; and this e.m.f. can thus be utilized to produce currents which, with currents taken from the primary single- phase mains, give a quarter-phase system. Or, in a three-phase motor connected with tw ...", "... the primary or motor circuit to the secondary or armature, and from the secondary to the ter- tiary or generator circuit. Thus, in a quarter-phase motor connected to single-phase mains with one of its circuits, if Y = g — jb = primary polyphase exciting admittance, ZQ = TQ -f- JXQ = self -inductive impedance per primary or ter- tiary circuit, Zi = ri + jxi = resultant single-phase self-inductive impe- dance of secondary circuits. Let e = e.m.f. generated by the mutual flux and Z = r + jx = impedance of the ex ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "section_title": "Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 26028-26427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... ve to be the ring E.M.F. and ring current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if : €* E are the E.M.Fs. between the ;/ terminals and the neutral point, or star E.M.Fs., $254] INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 373 /,• = the currents issuing from terminal i over a line of the impedance Z^ (including generator impedance in star connection), we have : Potential at end of line / : Difference of potential between terminals k and / : where /, is the star current of the system, Z, the star im- pedance. The ring potential at the end of the line between ter- minals i and k is ...", "... current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if : €* E are the E.M.Fs. between the ;/ terminals and the neutral point, or star E.M.Fs., $254] INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 373 /,• = the currents issuing from terminal i over a line of the impedance Z^ (including generator impedance in star connection), we have : Potential at end of line / : Difference of potential between terminals k and / : where /, is the star current of the system, Z, the star im- pedance. The ring potential at the end of the line between ter- minals i and k is ^^, and it is : Eit = — Eti . ...", "... potential between terminals k and / : where /, is the star current of the system, Z, the star im- pedance. The ring potential at the end of the line between ter- minals i and k is ^^, and it is : Eit = — Eti . If now /^ denotes the current passing from terminal / to terminal k, and Z,-^ impedance of the circuit between ter- minal t and terminal >^, where : At = — /ti) Zit = ^tiJ it is £a = Za/if If 7,^ denotes the current passing from terminal t to a ground or neutral point, and Z,^ is the impedance of this circuit between terminal / and neutral point, it is : We have thus, by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 24489-24804", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... cuit have to be the ring E.M.F. and ring current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if : c'' E are the E.M.Fs. between the n terminals and the neutral point, or star E.M.Fs., INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 457 If = the currents issuing from terminal i over a line of the impedance Z{ (including generator impedance in star connection), we have : Potential at end of line i : Difference of potential between terminals k and i : where /,. is the star current of the system, Zt the star im- pedance. The ring potential at the end of the line between ter- minals i and k ...", "... d ring current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if : c'' E are the E.M.Fs. between the n terminals and the neutral point, or star E.M.Fs., INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 457 If = the currents issuing from terminal i over a line of the impedance Z{ (including generator impedance in star connection), we have : Potential at end of line i : Difference of potential between terminals k and i : where /,. is the star current of the system, Zt the star im- pedance. The ring potential at the end of the line between ter- minals i and k is Eik, and it is : Eile = — Eti ...", "... tential between terminals k and i : where /,. is the star current of the system, Zt the star im- pedance. The ring potential at the end of the line between ter- minals i and k is Eik, and it is : Eile = — Eti. If now Iik denotes the current passing from terminal i to terminal k, and Zik impedance of the circuit between ter- minal i and terminal k, where : fit = ~ /*,, Zt* = Zti, it is Eik = ZitIik. If Iio denotes the current passing from terminal i to a ground or neutral point, and Zio is the impedance of this circuit between terminal i and neutral point, it is : Eio = €*£- ZiSi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Synchronous Induction Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 9, "location": "lines 14466-14550", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "admittance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... re coil, but no secondary circuit at right angles therewith. That is, with the rotation of the arma- ture the secondary circuit, corresponding to a primary circuit, varies from short-circuit at coincidence of the axis of the arma- ture coil with the axis of the primary coil, to open-circuit in quadrature therewith, with the periodicity of the armature speed. That is, the apparent admittance of the primary circuit varies periodically from open-circuit admittance to the short- circuited transformer admittance. At synchronism such a motor represents an electric circuit of an admittance varying w ...", "... of the arma- ture the secondary circuit, corresponding to a primary circuit, varies from short-circuit at coincidence of the axis of the arma- ture coil with the axis of the primary coil, to open-circuit in quadrature therewith, with the periodicity of the armature speed. That is, the apparent admittance of the primary circuit varies periodically from open-circuit admittance to the short- circuited transformer admittance. At synchronism such a motor represents an electric circuit of an admittance varying with twice the periodicity of the primary frequency, since twice per period the axis of t ...", "... uit, varies from short-circuit at coincidence of the axis of the arma- ture coil with the axis of the primary coil, to open-circuit in quadrature therewith, with the periodicity of the armature speed. That is, the apparent admittance of the primary circuit varies periodically from open-circuit admittance to the short- circuited transformer admittance. At synchronism such a motor represents an electric circuit of an admittance varying with twice the periodicity of the primary frequency, since twice per period the axis of the armature coil and that of the primary coil coincide. A varying admitt ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 18, "location": "lines 20975-21712", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... ism. If, for instance, at a certain moment the power prod wed by the motor exceeds the mechanical load (as in the moment of throwing off a part of the load), the excess power is consumed by the momentum as acceleration, causing an increase of speed. The result thereof is that the phase of the counter e.m.f., c, is not constant, but its vector, e, moves backward to earlier time, or counter-clockwise, at a rate depending upon the momentum. Thereby the current changes and the power developed changes and decreases. As soon as the power produced equals the load, the acceleration ceases, but the vecto ...", "... pulsation is negative, an infinitely small pulsation will continuously increase in amplitude, until the motor is thrown out of step, or the decrement becomes zero, by the power consumed by forces opposing the pulsation, as anti-surging devices, or by the periodic pulsation of the syn- chronous reactance, etc. If the decrement is zero, a pulsation 288 SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 289 started once will continue indefinitely at constant amplitude. This phenomenon, a surging by what may be called electro- mechanical resonance, must be taken into consideration in a complete theory of the sync ...", "... ely at constant amplitude. This phenomenon, a surging by what may be called electro- mechanical resonance, must be taken into consideration in a complete theory of the synchronous motor. 167. Let: E0 = e0 = impressed e.m.f. assumed as zero vector. E = e (cos P — j sin P) = e.m.f. consumed by counter e.m.f. of motor, where: P = phase angle between E0 and E. Let: Z = r + jx, and z = Vr2 + x2 = impedance of circuit between Eo and E, and x tan a = — r The current in the system is: e0 — E eo — e cos P + je sin P /o = r + jx = - {[e0 cos a — e cos (a + P)] — j [e0 sin a — e si ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-44", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 44, "number": 4, "location": "lines 23179-23585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "admittance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "snippets": [ "... ery high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil contains a large number of turns, a great length of conductor, and therefore its electrostatic capacity is appreciable, and such a coil thus represents a circuit of distributed resistance, inductance, and capacity somewhat similar to a transmission line. The same applies to reactive coils, etc., wound for very high voltages, and even in smaller reactive coils at very high frequency. This capacity effect is more marked in smaller transformers, where the size of the iron core ...", "... ch leads to local oscilla- tions of higher frequencies, extending over sections of the circuit, and of lesser power. 41. Let then, in the high-potential coil of a high- voltage trans- former, e = the e.m.f. generated per unit length of conductor, as, for instance, per turn; Z = r — ' jx = the impedance per unit length; Y = g — jb = the capacity admittance against ground per unit length of conductor, and Y' = pY= the capacity admittance, per unit length of conductor, between conductor elements distant from each other by unit length, as admittance between successive turns. Y' is assumed to rep ...", "... s, extending over sections of the circuit, and of lesser power. 41. Let then, in the high-potential coil of a high- voltage trans- former, e = the e.m.f. generated per unit length of conductor, as, for instance, per turn; Z = r — ' jx = the impedance per unit length; Y = g — jb = the capacity admittance against ground per unit length of conductor, and Y' = pY= the capacity admittance, per unit length of conductor, between conductor elements distant from each other by unit length, as admittance between successive turns. Y' is assumed to represent the total effective admittance representing the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Generation", "section_title": "Generation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3781-4217", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... armature, which magnetism does not go through the field. This magnetism induces an e. m. f. in the armature, which opposes or assists the e. m. f . produced by the field magnetism, according to the phase of the armature current, and so lowers or raises the voltage. Self-induction, or \"armature reactance\" therefore is expressed in ohms. Armature reaction and self-induction therefore act in the same manner, lowering the voltage with lagging and raising the voltage with leading current. In calculating alternators, either the armature reaction and the self-induction can both be considered, whic ...", "... n and the self-induction can both be considered, which makes the calculation more complicated; or the armature reaction may be neglected and the self-induction made so much larger as to allow for the armature reaction. This self-induction is then no GENERAL LECTURES called the \"synchronous reactance\" and, combined with the armature resistance, the \"synchronous impedance\" of the ma- chine. Or the self-induction may be neglected and only the armature reaction considered, but which is increased to allow for the self-induction. The last way (armature reaction), is used in designing machines ...", "... ered, which makes the calculation more complicated; or the armature reaction may be neglected and the self-induction made so much larger as to allow for the armature reaction. This self-induction is then no GENERAL LECTURES called the \"synchronous reactance\" and, combined with the armature resistance, the \"synchronous impedance\" of the ma- chine. Or the self-induction may be neglected and only the armature reaction considered, but which is increased to allow for the self-induction. The last way (armature reaction), is used in designing machines; the second way (synchronous reactance) in c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-20", "section_label": "Theory Section 20: Nomenclature", "section_title": "Nomenclature", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 7991-8291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "snippets": [ "... few symbols not contained in the Standardization Rules had to be added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential difference Electromotive force Current Ampere Electrical R,r Resistance Ohm Electrical x Reactance Ohm Electrical Z,z... Impedance Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-c ...", "... he Standardization Rules had to be added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential difference Electromotive force Current Ampere Electrical R,r Resistance Ohm Electrical x Reactance Ohm Electrical Z,z... Impedance Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-centimeter Line; kiloline; megali ...", "... added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential difference Electromotive force Current Ampere Electrical R,r Resistance Ohm Electrical x Reactance Ohm Electrical Z,z... Impedance Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-centimeter Line; kiloline; megaline Electrical Magnetic £....... H ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-25", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 25, "number": 4, "location": "lines 8907-9034", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "snippets": [ "... s upon the phase relation in loaded generator, in the same manner. If EI = real generated voltage, 0i = lag of current behind generated voltage EI, the magnetic flux produced by the arma- ture current I is in phase with the current, and thus the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance is in quadrature behind the current, and therefore the e.m.f. consumed by self-inductance is in quadrature ahead of the current. Thus in Fig. 50, denoting OEi = EI the generated e.m.f., the current is 01 = 7; lagging 61 behind OEi, the ...", "... ded generator, in the same manner. If EI = real generated voltage, 0i = lag of current behind generated voltage EI, the magnetic flux produced by the arma- ture current I is in phase with the current, and thus the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance is in quadrature behind the current, and therefore the e.m.f. consumed by self-inductance is in quadrature ahead of the current. Thus in Fig. 50, denoting OEi = EI the generated e.m.f., the current is 01 = 7; lagging 61 behind OEi, the e.m.f. consumed by self -inductance ...", "... behind generated voltage EI, the magnetic flux produced by the arma- ture current I is in phase with the current, and thus the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance is in quadrature behind the current, and therefore the e.m.f. consumed by self-inductance is in quadrature ahead of the current. Thus in Fig. 50, denoting OEi = EI the generated e.m.f., the current is 01 = 7; lagging 61 behind OEi, the e.m.f. consumed by self -inductance OE \"i, is 90 degrees ahead of the current, and the virtual generated e.m.f. E2, is the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-85", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 85, "number": 6, "location": "lines 15476-15585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "snippets": [ "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no m ...", "... nstant impressed alternating vol- tage the direct-current voltage of a converter cannot be varied by varying the field excitation (except by the very small amount due to the change of the ratio of conversion), but a change of field excitation merely produces wattless currents, lagging or magnetizing with a decrease, leading or demagnetizing with an increase of field excitation. Thus to vary the continuous- current voltage of a converter usually the impressed alternating voltage has to be varied. This can be done either b ...", "... he same number of poles as the converter, on the same shaft and con- nected in series (\"synchronous booster\") or by the effect of watt- less currents on self-inductance. The latter method is especially suited for converters, due to their ability of producing wattless currents by change of .field excitation. The e.m.f. of self -inductance lags 90 deg. behind the current; thus, if the current is lagging 90 deg. behind the impressed e.m.f., the e.m.f. of self-inductance is 180 deg. behind, or in opposition to, the impress ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25135-25681", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "admittance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... g alternators, as shown in Fig. 144, let the voltage at the common busbars be assumed as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex representation; and let e = difference of potential at the common busbars of the two alternators; SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 295 Z = r -^ jx = impedance of the external circuit; Y = 9 ~ jb == admittance of the external circuit; hence, the current in the external circuit is e I = r -\\-jx = e(g - jh). Let El = ei -\\- je'i = ai(cos di + j sin di) = generated e.m.f. of first machine; E2 = 62 -{- je'i ^ a2(cos 02. + j sin ^2) = ge ...", "... age at the common busbars be assumed as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex representation; and let e = difference of potential at the common busbars of the two alternators; SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 295 Z = r -^ jx = impedance of the external circuit; Y = 9 ~ jb == admittance of the external circuit; hence, the current in the external circuit is e I = r -\\-jx = e(g - jh). Let El = ei -\\- je'i = ai(cos di + j sin di) = generated e.m.f. of first machine; E2 = 62 -{- je'i ^ a2(cos 02. + j sin ^2) = generated e.m.f. of second machine; /i ^ ii — ji'i ...", "... Let El = ei -\\- je'i = ai(cos di + j sin di) = generated e.m.f. of first machine; E2 = 62 -{- je'i ^ a2(cos 02. + j sin ^2) = generated e.m.f. of second machine; /i ^ ii — ji'i = current of the first machine; Jg = 12 — ji'2 = current of the second machine; Zi == ri + jxi = internal impedance, and Yi = Qi — jh\\ = inter- nal admittance of the first machine; ^2 = ^2 + jxi = internal impedance, and Y2 = ^2 — i&2 = inter- nal admittance of the second machine. Fig. 144. Then, er + e'r = al^• 62^ + e'2^ --^ a2^; Ex = e ■\\- hZi, or ei -\\- je\\ = (e + iiVi + i'lXi) -f j(iiXi — i'\\r^ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "section_title": "Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 18829-19345", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "admittance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... in Fig. 121, let the voltage at the common bus bars be assumed Fig, 121. as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex method ; and let — 252 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 1 74 e = difference of potential at the common bus bars of the two alternators, Z ^= r — jx = impedance of external circuit, K=s^»--|-y^ = admittance of external circuit; hence, the current in external circuit is /- —JX Let £i = fi —/ ^1 = 1 — j sin £>i) = induced E.M.F. of first machine ; £2 = e.2 — _/>•/ = a2 (cos w2 — j sin w2) = induced E.M.F. of sec- ond machine ; /! = /! -f ...", "... mmon bus bars be assumed Fig. 137. as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex representation ; and let — SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS. 315 e = difference of potential at the common bus bars of the two alternators, Z = r — jx = impedance of external circuit, Y = g -\\-jb = admittance of external circuit ; hence, the current in external circuit is Let J?i = e-i — je\\ = #2 (cos u>1 — j sin £>i) = induced E.M.F. of first machine ; £2 = e.2 — _/>•/ = a2 (cos w2 — j sin w2) = induced E.M.F. of sec- ond machine ; /! = /! -f-//i' = current of first machine ; /2 = /2 -j- ...", "... it is Let J?i = e-i — je\\ = #2 (cos u>1 — j sin £>i) = induced E.M.F. of first machine ; £2 = e.2 — _/>•/ = a2 (cos w2 — j sin w2) = induced E.M.F. of sec- ond machine ; /! = /! -f-//i' = current of first machine ; /2 = /2 -j-yY2' = current of second machine ; Z^ = T! — jxi = internal impedance, and Yv = gi -\\- jbl = inter- nal admittance, of first machine ; Z2 = r2 — jxz = internal impedance, and K2 =gz ~\\~ jb [A3 cos q (t - X) + Az' sin q (t - X)}} e~ut { (Aie+8('-x) + A3£-S('-A)) cos q(t- X) + (A1's+a('-A) + A8'e — ('-A)) sin £ (t - X)} (150) and that is, in a single traveling wave current and voltage are in phase with each other, and proportional to each other with an effective impedance (152) This proportionality between e and i and coincidence of phase obviously no longer exist in the combination of main waves and reflected waves, since in reflection the current reverses with the reversal of the direction of propagation, while the voltage remains in the same direction, a ...", "... ng the line), the attenuation of the wave can be reduced, that is, the wave caused to travel a greater distance / with the same decrease of amplitude. As function of the inductance L, the attenuation constant (155) is a minimum for — °=o- dL hence, rO - gL = 0, or (156) and if the conductance g = 0 we have L = ; hence, in a per- fectly insulated circuit, or rather a circuit having no energy losses depending on the voltage, the attenuation decreases with increase of the inductance, that is, by \"loading the line,\" and the more inductance is inserted the better the telephonic trans ...", "... g current under an alternating impressed e.m.f., at a change of circuit conditions, a transient term of fundamental frequency may appear which has the time decrement, that is, dies out at the rate In this decrement the factor 474 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is the usual decrement of a circuit of resistance r and inductance Lj while the other factor, may be attributed to the conductance and capacity of the circuit, and the total decrement is the product, A further discussion of the equations (176) and (177) and the meaning of their transient term requires the consideration of the terminal co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6125-6803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... , but must consume, that is, the permanent power-transmission diagram must always be like Fig. 54. Not so, as seen, with the transient of the stationary oscillation. Assume, for instance, that we reduce the power dissipation in the hne by doubling the conductor section, that is, reducing the resistance to one-half. As L thereby also slightly decreases, C increases, and g possibly changes, the change brought about in I (r q\\ . the constant '^ = 9(7+7;) is not necessarily a reduction to one- half, but depends upon the dimensions of the line. Assuming therefore, that the power-dissipation cons ...", "... cillating system, a trans- formation of voltage and of current occurs, by a transformation ratio which is the square root of the ratio of the natural imped- ances, ^0 = V PT , of the two respective sections. ^ Co When passing from a section of high capacity and low induc- tance, that is, low impedance Zq, to a section of low capacity and high inductance, that is, high impedance Zq, as when passing from a transmission line into a transformer, or from a cable into a trans- mission line, the voltage thus is transformed up, and the current transformed down, and inversely, Avith a wave passing in ...", "... ansformation ratio which is the square root of the ratio of the natural imped- ances, ^0 = V PT , of the two respective sections. ^ Co When passing from a section of high capacity and low induc- tance, that is, low impedance Zq, to a section of low capacity and high inductance, that is, high impedance Zq, as when passing from a transmission line into a transformer, or from a cable into a trans- mission line, the voltage thus is transformed up, and the current transformed down, and inversely, Avith a wave passing in opposite direction. A low-voltage high-current wave in a transmission line ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6804-8485", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... igh frequency. The over-voltage protective devices fre- quently do not offer protection, as the over-voltage of the oscilla- tion is insufficient to cause a discharge over the lightning arrester. The only effective protection seems to be a continuous dissipa- tion of the oscillating energy by a resistance closing the oscillat- ing circuit. In general, a moderate capacity would be connected in series with such damping resistance, and would be chosen so as to allow the high frequency to pass practically unobstructed, while practically stopping the passage of the machine frequency, and the waste o ...", "... tion is insufficient to cause a discharge over the lightning arrester. The only effective protection seems to be a continuous dissipa- tion of the oscillating energy by a resistance closing the oscillat- ing circuit. In general, a moderate capacity would be connected in series with such damping resistance, and would be chosen so as to allow the high frequency to pass practically unobstructed, while practically stopping the passage of the machine frequency, and the waste of power, incident thereto. 2. A continual oscillation involves an energy transformation from the power supply of the system ...", "... and on the frequency of the current, it cannot be determined without having the frequency, etc., given. The same applies for the flux $1, which is reduced by unequal current density due to its screening effect, so that in the limiting case, for conductors of perfect conductivity, that is, zero resistance, or for infinite, that is, very high frequency, only the magnetic flux i exists, which is shown shaded in Fig. 5; but $2 and $3 are zero, and the inductance is L = 2\\og^-^^10-'h. (15) 184 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. That is, in other words, with small conductors and moderat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5521-6088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... but must consume, that is, the permanent power-transmission diagram must always be like Fig. 54. Not so, as seen, with the transient of the stationary oscillation. Assume, for instance, that we reduce the power dissipation in the line by doubling the conductor section, that is, reducing the resistance to one-half. As L thereby also slightly decreases, C increases, and g possibly changes, the change brought about in the constant u = =lj ~^7>) *s no^ necessarily a reduction to half, but depends upon the dimensions of the line. Assuming therefore, that the power-dissipation constant of the li ...", "... cillating system, a trans- formation of voltage and of current occurs, by a transformation ratio which is the square root of the ratio of the natural imped- ances, ZQ = V TT > of the two respective sections. * Co When passing from a section of high capacity and low induc- tance, that is, low impedance z0, to a section of low capacity and high inductance, that is, high impedance z0, as when passing from a transmission line into a transformer, or from a cable into a trans- mission line, the voltage thus is transformed up, and the current transformed down, and inversely, with a wave passing in ...", "... ansformation ratio which is the square root of the ratio of the natural imped- ances, ZQ = V TT > of the two respective sections. * Co When passing from a section of high capacity and low induc- tance, that is, low impedance z0, to a section of low capacity and high inductance, that is, high impedance z0, as when passing from a transmission line into a transformer, or from a cable into a trans- mission line, the voltage thus is transformed up, and the current transformed down, and inversely, with a wave passing in opposite direction. A low-voltage high-current wave in a transmission line t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_title": "Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 736-2388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... ow what does this mean, rotation by an imaginary angle? It sounds unreal and meaningless. But it is no more and no less so than rotation by a negative angle. Physically, rotation by a negative angle means rotation in opposite direction, and rotation by an imaginary angle then means rotation in quadrature direction — that is, in the direction of right angle to the positive and the negative direction. Intrinsically, only the absolute integer number has a meaning^ — 4 horses, 4 dollars, 4 miles. Already the frac- tion has no intrinsic meaning; }i horse, for instance, is meaningless. It acquires ...", "... the opposite direction from the positive number. Thus —4 degrees means 4 degrees below zero temperature, when +4 means 4 degrees above zero tempera- ture, and in this relation both are equally real. But just as the negative number means the opposite direction, so the imaginary number means the quadrature direction, and 5j miles north of New York is just as reasonable as —10 miles north. The latter means 10 miles in the opposite direction from the northern direction, that is, south, and the former 5 miles in the quadrature direction from the northern direction, that is, west (or east). Thus the ...", "... e number means the opposite direction, so the imaginary number means the quadrature direction, and 5j miles north of New York is just as reasonable as —10 miles north. The latter means 10 miles in the opposite direction from the northern direction, that is, south, and the former 5 miles in the quadrature direction from the northern direction, that is, west (or east). Thus the statements: Yonkers is +15 miles, Staten Island —10 miles, Jersey City +3j miles, Brooklyn — 3j miles north of New York, are equally real and rational. When deahng with individuals, as when dealing with horses, neither th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-31", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 31, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9651-9718", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "snippets": [ "... TO 80 90 100 UO 120 130 140 150 160 170 ISO 150 200 KW. FIG. 70. — Synchronous generator, efficiency and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the ...", "... 140 150 160 170 ISO 150 200 KW. FIG. 70. — Synchronous generator, efficiency and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The r ...", "... e loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in the armature is proportional to the square of the current, I. The resistance loss in the field circuit is proportional to the square of the field excitation current, that is, the square of the nominal generated or counter-generated e.m.f., EQ. 10 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-37", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 16: Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 37, "number": 16, "location": "lines 10124-10189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "snippets": [ "... motors or converters of wave shapes different from that of the system to which they are connected. The intensity of these cross currents is the difference of the corresponding harmonics of the machines divided by the impe- dance between the machines. This impedance includes the self- inductive reactance of the machine armatures. The reactance obviously is that at the frequency of the harmonic, that is, if x = reactance at fundamental frequency, it is nx for the nth harmonic. In most cases these cross currents are v ...", "... e shapes different from that of the system to which they are connected. The intensity of these cross currents is the difference of the corresponding harmonics of the machines divided by the impe- dance between the machines. This impedance includes the self- inductive reactance of the machine armatures. The reactance obviously is that at the frequency of the harmonic, that is, if x = reactance at fundamental frequency, it is nx for the nth harmonic. In most cases these cross currents are very small and negli- gible. With machin ...", "... ich they are connected. The intensity of these cross currents is the difference of the corresponding harmonics of the machines divided by the impe- dance between the machines. This impedance includes the self- inductive reactance of the machine armatures. The reactance obviously is that at the frequency of the harmonic, that is, if x = reactance at fundamental frequency, it is nx for the nth harmonic. In most cases these cross currents are very small and negli- gible. With machines of distributed armature winding, the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-64", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 64, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11864-11904", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "snippets": [ "XII. Efficiency and Losses 61. The losses in a commutating machine which have to be considered when deriving the efficiency by adding the individual losses are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, ...", "... are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protected, and in pole faces when solid and the air gap is small. 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and winda ...", "... armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protected, and in pole faces when solid and the air gap is small. 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and windage. 5. Load losses, due to the increase ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-66", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 66: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 66, "number": null, "location": "lines 11981-12083", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "snippets": [ "... ield may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation depends upon the inductance and the resistance of the armature coil and the e.m.f. generated therein by the main magnetic field, and if this magnetic field is a corn- mutating field, is called voltage commutation. In either case the resistance of the brushes and their contact may either be negligible, ...", "... s case the commutation depends upon the inductance and the resistance of the armature coil and the e.m.f. generated therein by the main magnetic field, and if this magnetic field is a corn- mutating field, is called voltage commutation. In either case the resistance of the brushes and their contact may either be negligible, as usually the case with copper brushes, or it may be of the same or a higher magnitude than the internal resistance of the armature coil A. The latter is usually the case with carbon or graphi ...", "... is a corn- mutating field, is called voltage commutation. In either case the resistance of the brushes and their contact may either be negligible, as usually the case with copper brushes, or it may be of the same or a higher magnitude than the internal resistance of the armature coil A. The latter is usually the case with carbon or graphite brushes. In the former case the resistance of the short-circuit of arma- ture coil A under commutation is approximately constant; in the latter case it varies from infinity in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-68", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 68: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 205", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 205", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 68, "number": null, "location": "lines 12200-12312", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-68/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-68/", "snippets": [ "... uting this value in the general differential equation gives, after some transformation, -?-*<> + r(to - 20 - 2L = 0; or, e = i I — which gives at the beginning of commutation, t = 0, at the end of commutation, t = tQ, that is, even with high-resistance brushes, for perfect com- mutation, voltage commutation is necessary, and the e.m.f. e impressed upon the commutated coil must increase during com- mutation from ei to 62, by the above equation. This e.m.f. is proportional to the current iQ> but is independen ...", "... rfect com- mutation, voltage commutation is necessary, and the e.m.f. e impressed upon the commutated coil must increase during com- mutation from ei to 62, by the above equation. This e.m.f. is proportional to the current iQ> but is independent of the brush resistance r0. RESISTANCE COMMUTATION 67. Herefrom it follows that resistance commutation cannot be perfect, but that at the contact with the segment that leaves the brush the current density must be higher than the average. Let g = ratio of actual current density ...", "... ion, voltage commutation is necessary, and the e.m.f. e impressed upon the commutated coil must increase during com- mutation from ei to 62, by the above equation. This e.m.f. is proportional to the current iQ> but is independent of the brush resistance r0. RESISTANCE COMMUTATION 67. Herefrom it follows that resistance commutation cannot be perfect, but that at the contact with the segment that leaves the brush the current density must be higher than the average. Let g = ratio of actual current density at the moment o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-73", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 73: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 73, "number": null, "location": "lines 12492-12659", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-73/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-73/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 211 constant, curve B to varying armature reaction. It is seen that at a certain definite resistance the voltage becomes zero, and for lower resistance the machine cannot generate but loses its excitation. The variation of the terminal voltage of the shunt generator with the speed at constant field resistance is shown in Fig. 115, at no load as A, and ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 211 constant, curve B to varying armature reaction. It is seen that at a certain definite resistance the voltage becomes zero, and for lower resistance the machine cannot generate but loses its excitation. The variation of the terminal voltage of the shunt generator with the speed at constant field resistance is shown in Fig. 115, at no load as A, and at constant current i as B. These curves are deriv ...", "... eaction. It is seen that at a certain definite resistance the voltage becomes zero, and for lower resistance the machine cannot generate but loses its excitation. The variation of the terminal voltage of the shunt generator with the speed at constant field resistance is shown in Fig. 115, at no load as A, and at constant current i as B. These curves are derived from the preceding ones. They show that below a certain speed, which is much higher at load than at no load, the r 50 100 150 200 250 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 79, "number": null, "location": "lines 13019-13119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "snippets": [ "... th the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the field causes the main current to lag behind the impressed voltage and thereby lowers the power-factor of the motor. Thus, to get good power-factor, the field self-inductance must be made low, ...", "... the commutator brush is the problem of making a successful alternating-current commutator: 1. Inducing an opposite e.m.f. by a commutating field. As 220 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the e.m.f. induced by the alternation of the main field is in quadrature with the main field, and the e.m.f. induced by the rotation through the commutating field is in phase with it, the commutating field must be in quadrature with the main field. By properly proportioning this commutating field, as in the series repulsion mot ...", "... ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the e.m.f. induced by the alternation of the main field is in quadrature with the main field, and the e.m.f. induced by the rotation through the commutating field is in phase with it, the commutating field must be in quadrature with the main field. By properly proportioning this commutating field, as in the series repulsion motor, completely sparkless commutation can be produced at speed. However, at standstill and low speeds this method fails, as the voltage induced by the rotation ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 21382-22633", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... t ai, but the conditions are always stable, until finally with increasing load torque, D', and decreasing speed, standstill is reached at point ag. Let now the speed-torque curve of a motor be represented by^ D in Fig. 102: the curve of a squirrel-cage induction motor witl^^ — moderately high resistance secondary. The horizontal line, D'^ corresponding to a load torque of D' = 10, intersects D at twc^ points, a and b. INSTABILITY OF CIRCUITS 203 At a, jS = 0.905, the speed is st^ible. At 6, however, S = 0.35, the conditions are unstable, and the motor thus can not run at ft, but eithe ...", "... her — several hundred per cent. — ^than the rated torque, thus could momentarily carry overloads which a motor could not carry, in which the maximum torque exceeds the rated torque only by 50 per cent., as was the case with the early motors. However, very high maximum torque means low internal reactance and thus high exciting current, that is, low power-factor at partial loads, and of the two types of motors: (a) High overload torque, but poor power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; (6) Moderate overload torque, but good power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; the type (6) giv ...", "... nd on other kinds of load no instability may exist, or a different form of instability. Thus, considering a load requiring a torque proportional to 206 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS the speed, such as would be given, approximately, by an electric generator at constant field excitation and constant resistance as load. The load-torque curves, then, would be straight lines going through the origin, as shown by D'l, D'i,D't, etc., for increasingly larger values of load, in Fig. 103. The motor-torque curve, D, ia the same as in Fig. 102. As seen, all the lines, ly, intersect D at points, Oi, a:, aj . ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 5279-6124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... r, of double frequency. That is, power flows first one way, during one-quarter cycle, and then in the opposite direction, during the next quarter- cycle, etc. Such a transient wave thus is analogous to the permanent wave of reactive power. As in a stationary wave, current and voltage are in quadrature with each other, the question then arises, whether, and what 88 TRAVELING WAVES. 89 physical meaning a wave has, in which current and voltage are in phase with each other: i = I'oe\"\"^ cos (0 =F w — t), e = eo€~\"' cos ( =F w — 7). In this case the flow of power is (4) = eo ...", "... circuit, and usually do so, just as in alternating-current circuits effective and reactive waves occur simultaneously. In an alternating-current circuit, that is, in permanent condition, the wave of effective power (current in phase with the voltage) and the wave of reactive power (current in quadrature with the voltage) are combined into a single wave, in which the current is displaced from the voltage by more than 0 but less than 90 degrees. This cannot be done with transient waves. The transient wave of effective power, that is, the travel- ing wave, i = ioe- \"^ e- « ^^ ±^^ cos (0 =F co - ...", "... e power-transfer constant s determines the '' steepness of wave front.\" Figs. 51 to 53 show oscillograms of the propagation of such an impulse over an (artificial) transmission line of 130 miles,* of the constants : r = 93.6 ohms, L = 0.3944 henrys, C = 1.135 microfarads, thus of surge impedance Zq = sJ -^ = 590 ohms. The impulse is produced by a transformer charge. f Its duration, as measured from the oscillograms, is Tq = 0.0036 second. In Fig. 51, the end of the transmission line was connected to a noninductive resistance equal to the surge impedance, so as to * For descript ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 4745-5520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... r, of double frequency. That is, power flows first one way, during one-quarter cycle, and then in the opposite direction, during the next quarter- cycle, etc. Such a transient wave thus is analogous to the permanent wave of reactive power. As in a stationary wave, current and voltage are in quadrature with each other, the question then arises, whether, and what TRAVELING WAVES. 89 physical meaning a wave has, in which current and voltage are in phase with each other: i = loe~ut COS (0 =F co — 7), e = eQe~ut cos (<£ =F « — 7). In this case the flow of power is (4) P = = e ...", "... circuit, and usually do so, just as in alternating-current circuits effective and reactive waves occur simultaneously. In an alternating-current circuit, that is, in permanent condition, the wave of effective power (current in phase with the voltage) and 'the wave of reactive power (current in quadrature with the voltage) are combined into a single wave, in which the current is displaced from the voltage by more than 0 but less than 90 degrees. This cannot be done with transient waves. The transient wave of effective power, that is, the travel- ing wave, i = iQ€- ut €- s (t ±\\) cos (^ =p w _ ...", "... e power-transfer constant s determines the \" steepness of wave front.\" Figs. 51 to 53 show oscillograms of the propagation of such an impulse over an (artificial) transmission line of 130 miles,* of the constants : r = 93.6 ohms, L = 0.3944 henrys, C = 1.135 microfarads,— thus of surge impedance ZQ = y ~ = 590 ohms. The impulse is produced by a transformer charge, f Its duration, as measured from the oscillograms, is TQ = 0.0036 second. In Fig. 51, the end of the transmission line was connected to a noninductive resistance equal to the surge impedance, so as to * For descriptio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: General Review", "section_title": "General Review", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 154-565", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... is inversely proportional to the square of the voltage. That is, at twice the voltage, twice the voltage drop can be allowed for the same distribution efficiency; and as at double voltage the current is one-half, for the same load twice the voltage drop at half the current gives four times the resistance, that is, one-quarter the conductor material. By the change from the 220 volt distribution with no volt lamps, to the 440 volt distribution with 220 volt GENERAL REVIEW 15 lamps, the amount of copper in the distributing conductor, and thereby the cost of investment can be greatly reduced, a ...", "... point, sufficient customers to load a substation, the alternating current must be used, as it requires merely a step- down transformer which needs no attention. In the interior of large cities, the alternating current system is at a disadvantage, because in addition to the voltage consumed by resistance, an additional drop of voltage occurs by self-induction, or by reactance ; and with the large conduc- tors required for the distribution of a large low tension current, the drop of voltage by self-induction is far greater than that by resistance, and the regulation of the system therefore is se ...", "... must be used, as it requires merely a step- down transformer which needs no attention. In the interior of large cities, the alternating current system is at a disadvantage, because in addition to the voltage consumed by resistance, an additional drop of voltage occurs by self-induction, or by reactance ; and with the large conduc- tors required for the distribution of a large low tension current, the drop of voltage by self-induction is far greater than that by resistance, and the regulation of the system therefore is serious- ly impaired, or at least the voltage regulation becomes far more ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "section_title": "Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 8511-9388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... issolving the beam into a spectrum, the wave length of which the power is to be measured) impinges upon a narrow and thin strip of metal, as platinum, and thereby raises its temperature by conversion of the radiation energy into heat. A rise of temperature, however, produces a rise of electric resistance, and the latter is measured by enclosing the platinum strip in a sensitive Wheatstone bridge. The rise of temperature of the platinum strip by the small power of radia- tion obviously is so small that it could not be observed by any thermometer. Electric resistance measurements, however, can b ...", "... produces a rise of electric resistance, and the latter is measured by enclosing the platinum strip in a sensitive Wheatstone bridge. The rise of temperature of the platinum strip by the small power of radia- tion obviously is so small that it could not be observed by any thermometer. Electric resistance measurements, however, can be made with extreme accuracy, and especially extremely small changes of resistance can be measured. Thus a change of resistance of 1 in a million and, with very sensitive measure- ments, even many times smaller changes can be observed. As 1 deg. cent, produces a res ...", "... ive Wheatstone bridge. The rise of temperature of the platinum strip by the small power of radia- tion obviously is so small that it could not be observed by any thermometer. Electric resistance measurements, however, can be made with extreme accuracy, and especially extremely small changes of resistance can be measured. Thus a change of resistance of 1 in a million and, with very sensitive measure- ments, even many times smaller changes can be observed. As 1 deg. cent, produces a resistance change of about 0.4 per cent, a change of one millionth corresponds to a temperature rise °f ?tfW deg. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-21", "section_label": "Apparatus Introduction 21: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "apparatus-introduction", "sequence": 21, "number": null, "location": "lines 8292-8517", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "snippets": [ "... t-current motors usually have only one field winding, either shunt or series, while in generators frequently a compound field is employed. Further- more, apparatus have been introduced which are neither motors nor generators, as the synchronous machine producing wattless lag- ging or leading current, etc., and the different types of converters. The subdivision into direct-current and alternating-current apparatus is unsatisfactory, since it includes in the same class apparatus of entirely different character, as the induction mo ...", "... t class of apparatus, the synchronous motors, which are usually preferred for large powers, especially where frequent starting and considerable starting torque are not needed. Synchronous machines may be used as compensators or synchronous condensers, to produce wattless current, leading by over-excitation, lagging by under-excitation, or may be used as phase converters by operat- ing a polyphase synchronous motor by one pair of terminals from a single-phase circuit. The most important class of converters, however, are the syn ...", "... varying the relative number of primary and secondary turns, or by varying the mutual in- ductance between primary and secondary circuit, either elec- trically or magnetically. The stationary induction apparatus with one electric circuit are used for producing wattless lagging currents, as reactors, reactive or choke coils. (6) Condensers and polarization cells produce wattless leading currents, the latter, however, usually at a low efficiency, while the efficiency of the condenser is extremely high, frequently above 99 pe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-34", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 34, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9821-9878", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "snippets": [ "... n a local circuit; that is, the alternators are not without current at no load, and their currents under load are not of the same phase and proportional to their respective capacities. The cross currents between alternators when operated in parallel can be wattless currents or power currents. If the frequencies of two alternators are identically the same, but the field excitation not such as would give equal terminal voltage when operated in parallel, there is a local current between the two machines which is wattles ...", "... attless currents or power currents. If the frequencies of two alternators are identically the same, but the field excitation not such as would give equal terminal voltage when operated in parallel, there is a local current between the two machines which is wattless and leading or magnetizing in the machine of lower field excitation, lagging or demagnetiz- ing in the machine of higher field excitation. At load this watt- less current is superimposed upon the currents from the machines into the external circuit. In conseq ...", "... changes of load must be the same. With machines 154 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING of different compounding curves the changes of field excitation for varying load must be different, and such as correspond to their respective compounding curves, if wattless currents shall be avoided. With machines of reasonable armature reaction the wattless cross currents are small even with relatively great inequality of field excitation. Machines of high armature re- action have been operated in parallel under circumstances wher ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-74", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 74: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 74, "number": null, "location": "lines 12660-12763", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "snippets": [ "... d to a very great shift of brushes, and an armature demagnetizing effect of the same magnitude as the field excitation, as realized in arc-light machines, in which the last part of the curve is used to secure inherent regulation for constant current. The resistance characteristic, that is, the dependence of the current and of the terminal voltage of the series generator upon 6000 6000 1 23 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 FIG. 116. — Series generator saturation curve and load characteristic ...", "... that is, the dependence of the current and of the terminal voltage of the series generator upon 6000 6000 1 23 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 FIG. 116. — Series generator saturation curve and load characteristic. the external resistance, is constructed from Fig. 116 and plotted in Fig. 117. BI and Bz in Fig. 117 are terminal volts and amperes corre- sponding to curve B in Fig. 116, #1, Ez, and F% volts and amperes corresponding to curves E and F in Fig. 116. Above a certain externa ...", "... is constructed from Fig. 116 and plotted in Fig. 117. BI and Bz in Fig. 117 are terminal volts and amperes corre- sponding to curve B in Fig. 116, #1, Ez, and F% volts and amperes corresponding to curves E and F in Fig. 116. Above a certain external resistance the series generator loses its excitation, while the shunt generator loses its excitation below a certain external resistance. Compound Generator 73. The saturation curve or magnetic characteristic A, and the load saturation curves D and G of the compound ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-95", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Alternating-current Transformer: General", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 95, "number": 1, "location": "lines 16804-16911", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "snippets": [ "... f turns: «'i ni —r — — = a. . e'2 n2 This ratio is called the ratio of transformation. The ratio of transformation of a transformer is the ratio of turns of primary and secondary windings. In addition to the induced e.m.fs. e'i and e\\, resistance r and reactance x consume voltage in primary and secondary wind- ings. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents waste of power; the voltage consumed by reactance is wattless, but causes lag of current, that is, lowers the power factor; while the in ...", "... ni —r — — = a. . e'2 n2 This ratio is called the ratio of transformation. The ratio of transformation of a transformer is the ratio of turns of primary and secondary windings. In addition to the induced e.m.fs. e'i and e\\, resistance r and reactance x consume voltage in primary and secondary wind- ings. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents waste of power; the voltage consumed by reactance is wattless, but causes lag of current, that is, lowers the power factor; while the in- duced voltages ...", "... ratio of transformation of a transformer is the ratio of turns of primary and secondary windings. In addition to the induced e.m.fs. e'i and e\\, resistance r and reactance x consume voltage in primary and secondary wind- ings. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents waste of power; the voltage consumed by reactance is wattless, but causes lag of current, that is, lowers the power factor; while the in- duced voltages give the power transfer from primary to sec- ondary. Efficiency therefore requires to make the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "section_title": "Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3619-4087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... m or the polygon of sine waves. (Fig. 40.) POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR DIAGRAMS 49 Kirchhoff's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : (o) The resultant of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelo- gram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating- current circuit is represented in polar coordina ...", "... f sine waves. (Fig. 40.) POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR DIAGRAMS 49 Kirchhoff's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : (o) The resultant of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelo- gram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating- current circuit is represented in polar coordinates by the produc ...", "... he one diagram is the image of the other and can 62 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA be transformed into it by reversing right and left, or top and bottom. So the crank diagram, Fig. 47, is the image of the polar diagram, Fig. 46. In symbolic representation, based upon the crank diagram, the impedance was denoted by Z = r -\\- jx, where x == inductive reactance. In the polar diagram, the impedance thus is denoted by: Z = r — jx since the latter is the mirror image of the crank diagram, that is, differs from it symbolically by the interchange of + j and — j. A treatise written in the sy ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 36062-36514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... secondaries are con- nected in the same manner as the primaries in Fig. 210. Since in this system each phase is transformed by a separate transformer, the voltages of the system remain balanced even at unbalanced load, within the limits of voltage variation due to the internal self-inductive impedance (or short-circuit impedance) of the transformers — which is small, while the exciting impedance (or open-circuit impedance) of the transformers, which causes the unbalancing in the Y-delta connection above discussed is enormous. 3. Y-Y connection of transformers between three-phase sys- tems ...", "... d in the same manner as the primaries in Fig. 210. Since in this system each phase is transformed by a separate transformer, the voltages of the system remain balanced even at unbalanced load, within the limits of voltage variation due to the internal self-inductive impedance (or short-circuit impedance) of the transformers — which is small, while the exciting impedance (or open-circuit impedance) of the transformers, which causes the unbalancing in the Y-delta connection above discussed is enormous. 3. Y-Y connection of transformers between three-phase sys- tems. Primaries and secondaries ...", "... stem each phase is transformed by a separate transformer, the voltages of the system remain balanced even at unbalanced load, within the limits of voltage variation due to the internal self-inductive impedance (or short-circuit impedance) of the transformers — which is small, while the exciting impedance (or open-circuit impedance) of the transformers, which causes the unbalancing in the Y-delta connection above discussed is enormous. 3. Y-Y connection of transformers between three-phase sys- tems. Primaries and secondaries connected as the secondaries in Fig. 210. In this case, if the neu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 1, "location": "lines 15354-15625", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... stored, and the cycle can be repeated. Periodically recurring transient phenomena, thus usually consist of two or more successive changes, at the end of which the original con- dition of the circuit is reproduced, and therefore the series of changes can be repeated. For instance, increasing the resistance of a circuit brings about a change. Decreasing this resistance again to its original value brings about a second change, which restores the condition existing before the first change, and thus completes the cycle. In this case, then, the starting values of the electric quantities during the fi ...", "... ransient phenomena, thus usually consist of two or more successive changes, at the end of which the original con- dition of the circuit is reproduced, and therefore the series of changes can be repeated. For instance, increasing the resistance of a circuit brings about a change. Decreasing this resistance again to its original value brings about a second change, which restores the condition existing before the first change, and thus completes the cycle. In this case, then, the starting values of the electric quantities during the first part of the period equal the end values during the second p ...", "... e mainly in three cases: (1) in the control of electric circuits; (2) in the production of high frequency currents, and (3) in the rectification of alternating currents. 1. In controlling electric circuits, etc., by some operating mechanism, as a potential magnet increasing and decreasing the resistance of the circuit, or a clutch shifting brushes, etc., the main objections are due to the excess of the friction of rest over the friction while moving. This results in a lack of sensitiveness, and an overreaching of the controlling device. To overcome the friction of rest, the deviation of the ci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 33528-34202", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "snippets": [ "... 519 Differentiating (324) with respect to t gives the power sup- plied by the electric field of the circuit as P = _ = uj> e-^ {A2 + B* + C* + D2}, (325) at or, more generally, p = 2. y£-2^ { (£+2S2 _ £-f2) (Aa + £2) _ (e-ad, _ e-a^) (C8 + D2)}. (326) 54. The power dissipated in the resistance r'dX = - r of a VLC conductor element dX is dp? = Mdl (327) 2r hence, substituting herein equation (318) gives the power con- sumed by resistance of the circuit element dX as ^ 2r (flfojo du/ _2 and $3 are zero, and the inductance is . (15) ROUND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS. 125 That is, in other words, with small conductors and moderate currents, the total indu ...", "... urrents, the total inductance in Fig. 61 is so small compared with the inductances in the other parts of the electric circuit that no very great accuracy of its calculation is required; with large conductors and large currents, however, the unequal current distribution and resultant increase of resistance become so con- siderable, with round conductors, as to make their use uneconom- ical, and leads to the use of flat conductors. With flat conductors, however, conductivity and frequency enter into the value of in- ductance as determining factors. The exact determination of the inductance of ro ...", "... overhead conductor is J inch diameter and 25 feet above ground, then, assuming perfect conductivity of the ground surface, the inductance would be and r = i\"; s = 2 X 25' = 600\", hence - = 2400, L = 2 ] log - + 10~9 = 16.066 X 10~9 h. T Z \\ If, however, the ground were of such high resistance that the cur- rent would have to penetrate to a depth of over a hundred feet, and the mean depth of the ground current were at 50 feet, this would give s = 2 X 75' = 1800\", hence - = 7200, and L = 18.264 X 10-9 h, or only 13.7 per cent higher. In this case, however, the ground sec- 132 EL ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "admittance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "susceptance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... us be carried out quickly and expeditiously by a proper arrangement of the work. The most convenient way usually is the arrangement in tabular form. As example, consider the problem of calculating the regula- tion of a 6(),000-volt transmission line, of r = 60 ohms resist- ance, a;= 135 ohms inductive reactance, and 6 = 0.0012 conden- sive susceptance, for various values of non-inductive, inductive, and condensive load. Starting with the complete equations of the long-distance transmission line, as given in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" Section III, para ...", "... proper arrangement of the work. The most convenient way usually is the arrangement in tabular form. As example, consider the problem of calculating the regula- tion of a 6(),000-volt transmission line, of r = 60 ohms resist- ance, a;= 135 ohms inductive reactance, and 6 = 0.0012 conden- sive susceptance, for various values of non-inductive, inductive, and condensive load. Starting with the complete equations of the long-distance transmission line, as given in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" Section III, paragraph 9, and considering that for every on ...", "... line can be simplified by approxima- tion, as discussed in Chapter V, paragraph 123, to the form. + ^/o 1+- ZY + F^oU+^^ (1) where Eo, h are voltage and current, respectively at the step- down end, El, I\\ at the step-up end of the line; and Z = r—jx = Q^—\\Zbj is the total line impedance; Y = g — jh= —0.0012/ is the total shunted line admittance. Herefrom follow the numerical values : ZY (60-135.f)(-0.0012i) ■^2 2 = 1 - 0.036./- 0.081 = 0.919 - 0.036/; ZY 1+- g- = 1 - 0.012/- 0.027 = 0.973 - 0.012/; ryi ZY Z 14--,- -»4'' = (60- 135/) (0.973 -0.012/) = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-11", "section_label": "Theory Section 11: Capacity and Condensers", "section_title": "Capacity and Condensers", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 3586-3760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "snippets": [ "... ndenser of C mf. capacity consumes a current of 1 = 2 irfCE 10~6 amp. effective, which current leads the terminal voltage by 90 degrees or a quarter period. Transposing, the e.m.f. of the condenser is 106/ 106 The value z0 = fn is called the condensive reactance of the ^ 7T/C condenser. 56 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Due to the energy loss in the condenser by dielectric hysteresis, the current leads the e.m.f. by somewhat less than 90 time de- grees, and can be resolved into a wattless charging cur ...", "... condensive reactance of the ^ 7T/C condenser. 56 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Due to the energy loss in the condenser by dielectric hysteresis, the current leads the e.m.f. by somewhat less than 90 time de- grees, and can be resolved into a wattless charging current and a dielectric hysteresis current, which latter, however, is generally so small as to be negligible, though in underground cables of poor quality, it may reach as high as 50 per cent, or more of the charging or wattless current of the ...", "... resolved into a wattless charging current and a dielectric hysteresis current, which latter, however, is generally so small as to be negligible, though in underground cables of poor quality, it may reach as high as 50 per cent, or more of the charging or wattless current of the condenser. 52. The capacity of one wire of a transmission line is i.nxio-6x/ . C = - — ~-i - , in mf., where Id = diameter of wire, cm.; 18 — distance of wire from return wire, cm.; I = length of wire, cm., and 1.11 X 10~6 = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-29", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 29, "number": 8, "location": "lines 9399-9553", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "snippets": [ "... It is seen that on each of the four-phase characteristics a certain field excitation gives 146 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING minimum current, a lesser excitation gives lagging current, a greater excitation leading current. The higher the synchronous reactance XQ, and thus the armature reaction of the synchronous motor, the flatter are the phase characteristics; that is, the less sensitive is the synchronous motor for a change of field excitation or of impressed e.m.f. Thus a relatively high armature reaction is ...", "... operation, but is as a rule far above full load. Hence, by varying the field excitation of the synchronous motor the current can be made leading or lagging at will, and the syn- chronous motor thus offers the simplest means of producing out of phase or wattless currents for controlling the voltage in trans- mission lines, compensating for wattless currents of induction motors, etc. Synchronous machines used merely for supplying wattless currents, that is, synchronous motors or generators running light, with over-excited ...", "... ation of the synchronous motor the current can be made leading or lagging at will, and the syn- chronous motor thus offers the simplest means of producing out of phase or wattless currents for controlling the voltage in trans- mission lines, compensating for wattless currents of induction motors, etc. Synchronous machines used merely for supplying wattless currents, that is, synchronous motors or generators running light, with over-excited or under-excited field, are called synchronous condensers. They are used as exciters fo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-33", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Machines: Starting of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Starting of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 33, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9749-9820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-33/", "snippets": [ "... phase synchronous motor. poles the impressed voltage required in starting is higher and the current lower than with solid field poles. In either case, at full impressed e.m.f. the starting current of a synchronous motor is large, since in the absence of a counter e.m.f. the total impressed e.m.f. has to be consumed by the impedance of the armature cir- cuit. Since the starting torque of the synchronous motor is due to the magnetic flux produced by the alternating armature cur- rents, or the armature reaction, synchronous m ...", "... ing is higher and the current lower than with solid field poles. In either case, at full impressed e.m.f. the starting current of a synchronous motor is large, since in the absence of a counter e.m.f. the total impressed e.m.f. has to be consumed by the impedance of the armature cir- cuit. Since the starting torque of the synchronous motor is due to the magnetic flux produced by the alternating armature cur- rents, or the armature reaction, synchronous motors of high armature reaction are superior in starting torque. ...", "... ing torque. Very frequently in synchronous motors a squirrel-cage wind- ing is used in the field pole faces, to give powerful starting torque by the induced currents therein, on the induction motor principle. Such squirrel-cage winding should have fairly high resistance to start well from rest, but low resistance to give powerful syn- chronizing, that is, to pull its load promptly into synchronism. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 153" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-65", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 65, "number": 13, "location": "lines 11905-11980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "snippets": [ "... is very much higher than the frequency of synchronous machines, and averages from 300 to 1000 cycles per second, or more. 64. In reality, however, the changes of current during com- mutation are not sinusoidal, but a complex exponential func- tion, and the resistance of the commutated circuit enters the problem as an important factor. In the moment when the gap G of the armature coil A reaches the brush Bz, the coil A is short- circuited by the brush, and the current iQ in the coil begins to die out, or rathe ...", "... n important factor. In the moment when the gap G of the armature coil A reaches the brush Bz, the coil A is short- circuited by the brush, and the current iQ in the coil begins to die out, or rather to change at a rate depending upon the internal resistance and the inductance of the coil A and the e.m.f. gener- ated in the coil by the magnetic flux of armature reaction and by the field magnetic flux. The higher the internal resistance the faster is the change of current, and the higher the inductance the ...", "... to die out, or rather to change at a rate depending upon the internal resistance and the inductance of the coil A and the e.m.f. gener- ated in the coil by the magnetic flux of armature reaction and by the field magnetic flux. The higher the internal resistance the faster is the change of current, and the higher the inductance the slower the current changes. Thus two cases have to be dis- tinguished. 1. No magnetic flux enters the armature at the position of the brushes, that is, no e.m.f. is generated in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-82", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 82, "number": 3, "location": "lines 13796-13888", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "snippets": [ "... ng from alternating to direct current, under load the difference of potential at the commutator brushes is less than the generated direct e.m.f., and the counter-generated alternating e.m.f. less than the impressed, due to the voltage consumed by the armature resistance. If the current in the converter is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., armature self-inductance has little effect, but reduces the counter-generated alternating e.m.f. below the impressed with a lagging and raises it with a leading current, in the same way ...", "... e with a peaked wave of impressed e.m.f. they are higher, by as much as 10 per cent, in extreme cases. In determining the wave shape of impressed e.m.f. at the con- verter terminals, not only the wave of generator e.m.f., but also that of the converter counter e.m.f., may be instrumental. Thus, with a converter connected directly to a generating system of very large capacity, the impressed e.m.f. wave will be practically identical with the generator wave, while at the terminals of a converter connected to the generator ...", "... be practically identical with the generator wave, while at the terminals of a converter connected to the generator over long lines with re- active coils or inductive regulators interposed, the wave of im- pressed e.m.f. may be so far modified by that of the counter e.m.f. of the converter as to resemble the latter much more than the generator wave, and thereby the ratio of conversion may be quite different from that corresponding to the generator wave. Furthermore, for instance, in three-phase converters fed by ring or del ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15161-15475", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "snippets": [ "... done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature reaction due to the power component of the alternating current in a synchro- nous motor consists of a polarization in quadrature ahead of the field magnetism, which is opposite to the armature reaction as direct-current generator. Let m = total number of turns on the bipolar armature or per pair of poles of an n-phase converter, / = direct current, then the number of turns in s ...", "... direct current, at this moment the resultant armature reaction is equal but opposite to the direct- current reaction. Hence, the armature reaction oscillates with twice the fre- quency of the alternating current, and with full intensity, and since it is in quadrature with the field excitation, tends to shift the magnetic flux rapidly across the field poles, and thereby tends to cause sparking and power losses. This oscillating reaction is, however, reduced by the damping effect of the mag- netic field structure. It is s ...", "... main armature reactions neutralize each other in the polyphase converter, there remain only — 1. The armature reaction due to the small power component of current required to rotate the machine, that is, to cover the internal losses of power, which is in quadrature with the field excitation or distorting, but of negligible magnitude. 2. The armature reaction due to the wattless component of alternating current where such exists. 3. An effect of oscillating nature, which may be called a higher harmonic of armature re ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 8, "location": "lines 972-1013", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... ial importance. 387 68. Equations of decrease of electric field with the dis- tance. 388 69. Effect of return conductor on distance decrement of field. 389 70. Inductance of length I of infinitely long conductor with- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia- tion, inductance and impedance. 391 72. Evaluation of functions sil al and col al. 394 73. Self-inductive impedance, and numerical example. 395 74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as function of frequency. 396 75. Mutual inductance of two distant conduct ...", "... ase of electric field with the dis- tance. 388 69. Effect of return conductor on distance decrement of field. 389 70. Inductance of length I of infinitely long conductor with- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia- tion, inductance and impedance. 391 72. Evaluation of functions sil al and col al. 394 73. Self-inductive impedance, and numerical example. 395 74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as function of frequency. 396 75. Mutual inductance of two distant conductors of finite length. 398 76. Example. ...", "... ance decrement of field. 389 70. Inductance of length I of infinitely long conductor with- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia- tion, inductance and impedance. 391 72. Evaluation of functions sil al and col al. 394 73. Self-inductive impedance, and numerical example. 395 74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as function of frequency. 396 75. Mutual inductance of two distant conductors of finite length. 398 76. Example. 399 77. Capacity of a sphere in space. 400 78. Example. 401 79. Sphere at a distanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors. 403", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors. 403", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 9, "location": "lines 1014-1042", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. Example of copper and iron wire, copper ribbon and iron pipe ; tabulation and discussion of numerical valu ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. Example of copper and iron wire, copper ribbon and iron pipe ; tabulation and discussion of numerical values. 408 84. Continued d ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. Example of copper and iron wire, copper ribbon and iron pipe ; tabulation and discussion of numerical values. 408 84. Continued discussion of results. • 409 85. P ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "section_title": "Standing Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 52, "number": 3, "location": "lines 29316-30243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "snippets": [ "... his wave length lWo would correspond to the frequency, STANDING WAVES 447 hence, from (62), '•-,Vr.- <125> The frequency at the wave length lWo is zero, since at this wave length the phenomenon ceases to be oscillatory ; that is, due to the energy losses in the circuit, by the effective resistance r and effective conductance g, the frequency / of the wave is reduced below the value corresponding to the wave length lw, the more, the greater the wave length, until at the wave length lWo the frequency becomes zero and the phenomenon thereby non-oscillatory. This means that with increasing ...", "... rrespond to the frequency, STANDING WAVES 447 hence, from (62), '•-,Vr.- <125> The frequency at the wave length lWo is zero, since at this wave length the phenomenon ceases to be oscillatory ; that is, due to the energy losses in the circuit, by the effective resistance r and effective conductance g, the frequency / of the wave is reduced below the value corresponding to the wave length lw, the more, the greater the wave length, until at the wave length lWo the frequency becomes zero and the phenomenon thereby non-oscillatory. This means that with increasing wave length the velocity of ...", "... res, supports, etc., assumed as 5 per cent. Substituting £0, and reducing to one mile and common loga- rithm, gives mf.; (134) logf lr hence, in this instance, C = 0.0162 mf. Estimating the loss in the static field of the line as 400 watts per mile of conductor gives an effective conductance, which gives the line constants per mile as r = 0.41 ohm; L = 1.95X10-3 henry; g = 0.25 X 10~6 mho, and C = 0.0162 X lO\"6 farad. Herefrom then follows :>-i.S-.S-'* a- = VLC = V31.6 X 10~6 = 5.62 X lO\"6, &0 = ra\\/57 = 545 X 10~6; hence, the critical wave length is ^o =: IT = 11»500 mi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4218-4594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... ads, different sizes of generators, motors and converters, induction motors and synchronous motors mixed, etc., are very little liable to hunting. Hunting is most liable to occur when all the genera- tors are of the same kind and all the synchronous motors or converters are of the same kind. Resistance between the machines increases the tendency to hunting so that if the resistance drop is more than 10% to 15%, special precautions have to be taken, such as squirrel cage pole face windings, or synchronous machines must be alto- gether avoided and induction motor generator sets used. Reactanc ...", "... synchronous motors mixed, etc., are very little liable to hunting. Hunting is most liable to occur when all the genera- tors are of the same kind and all the synchronous motors or converters are of the same kind. Resistance between the machines increases the tendency to hunting so that if the resistance drop is more than 10% to 15%, special precautions have to be taken, such as squirrel cage pole face windings, or synchronous machines must be alto- gether avoided and induction motor generator sets used. Reactance in general reduces the tendency to hunting except when very large. The tenden ...", "... sistance between the machines increases the tendency to hunting so that if the resistance drop is more than 10% to 15%, special precautions have to be taken, such as squirrel cage pole face windings, or synchronous machines must be alto- gether avoided and induction motor generator sets used. Reactance in general reduces the tendency to hunting except when very large. The tendency to hunting is very severe at the end of a long distance transmission line and induction machines as a rule are preferable in such a place. Machines with high armature reaction are much less liable to hunt than m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "section_title": "Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 7124-8648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... agnetic saturation of the field : with a decrease of the supply voltage the current consumed by the shunt motor to produce the same torque, therefore increases the more, the lower the saturation, and the speed decreases the more, the higher the saturation. In general, a drop of voltage in the resistance of lines and feeders does not much affect the speed of the shunt motor, but increases the current consumption, thus still further increasing the drop of voltage ; so that in a shunt motor system, lines and feeders must be designed for a lower drop in voltage than is permissible for a series mo ...", "... ing current motors are either directly or inductively series motors, and so give the same general characteristics as the direct current series motor. In the alternating current motors, however, in addition to the ir drop an ix drop exists ; that is, in addition to the voltage con- sumed by the resistance, still further voltage is consumed by self-induction; and the voltage e available for the armature rotation thus drops still further, as seen in Fig. 41. Since the self-induction consumes voltage in quadrature with the cur- rent, the inductive drop is not proportional to the current, but is sm ...", "... he ir drop an ix drop exists ; that is, in addition to the voltage con- sumed by the resistance, still further voltage is consumed by self-induction; and the voltage e available for the armature rotation thus drops still further, as seen in Fig. 41. Since the self-induction consumes voltage in quadrature with the cur- rent, the inductive drop is not proportional to the current, but is small at low currents, and greater at high currents ; e therefore is not a straight line, but curves downwards at higher currents. The speed, Si, is dropped still further by the inductive drop of voltage, to the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-105", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 105, "number": 8, "location": "lines 18666-18812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "snippets": [ "... t the insulation is sufficient) a transformer of (ei — e^) X i\\ primary, and ez X (i* — ii) secondary circuit. The regulation of an autotransformer is better, and the effi- ciency higher, than that of the same structure as transformer, and the per cent, reactance lower, that is the short-circuit current higher in the autotransformer than in the same structure as transformer. Very often it is difficult to build autotransformers with sufficiently high internal reactance, to make them safe under momentary short circuit as ...", "... he same structure as transformer, and the per cent, reactance lower, that is the short-circuit current higher in the autotransformer than in the same structure as transformer. Very often it is difficult to build autotransformers with sufficiently high internal reactance, to make them safe under momentary short circuit as autotransformers, while they may be . perfectly safe as transformers, where the reactance is higher. This is a serious objection to the use of autotransformers in high-power systems.", "... the same structure as transformer. Very often it is difficult to build autotransformers with sufficiently high internal reactance, to make them safe under momentary short circuit as autotransformers, while they may be . perfectly safe as transformers, where the reactance is higher. This is a serious objection to the use of autotransformers in high-power systems." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_title": "Induction Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "number": 1, "location": "lines 18949-19165", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "snippets": [ "... be com- bined into one by having each of the two coils fulfill the double function of magnetizing the field and producing currents in the secondary which are acted upon by the magnetization produced by the other phase. Obviously, instead of two phases in quadrature any number of phases can be used. This leads us by gradual steps of development from the con- tinuous-current shunt motor to the alternating-current polyphase induction motor. In its general behavior the alternating-current induction motor is therefore analogo ...", "... magnetic field is pro- duced by a number of electric circuits relatively displaced in space, and excited by currents having the same displacement in phase as the exciting coils have in space. In the single-phase motor one of the two superimposed mag- netic quadrature fields is excited by the primary electric circuit, the other by the . secondary currents carried into quadrature position by the rotation of the secondary. In either case, at or near synchronism the magnetic fields are practically identical. The transformer ...", "... ents having the same displacement in phase as the exciting coils have in space. In the single-phase motor one of the two superimposed mag- netic quadrature fields is excited by the primary electric circuit, the other by the . secondary currents carried into quadrature position by the rotation of the secondary. In either case, at or near synchronism the magnetic fields are practically identical. The transformer feature being predominant, in theoretical investigations of induction motors it is generally preferable to start th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-61", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 61: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 61, "number": null, "location": "lines 11711-11773", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-61/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-61/", "snippets": [ "... rves are called load saturation curves, and can be constant 196 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING current load saturation curve, that is, terminal voltage as func- tion of field ampere-turns at constant full-load current through the armature, and constant resistance load saturation curve, that is, terminal voltage as function of field ampere-turns if the machine circuit is closed through a constant resistance giving full-load current at full-load terminal voltage. A constant current load saturation curve is shown as B, ...", "... rminal voltage as func- tion of field ampere-turns at constant full-load current through the armature, and constant resistance load saturation curve, that is, terminal voltage as function of field ampere-turns if the machine circuit is closed through a constant resistance giving full-load current at full-load terminal voltage. A constant current load saturation curve is shown as B, and a constant resistance load saturation curve as C in Fig. 105. FIG. 106. — Saturation curves.", "... curve, that is, terminal voltage as function of field ampere-turns if the machine circuit is closed through a constant resistance giving full-load current at full-load terminal voltage. A constant current load saturation curve is shown as B, and a constant resistance load saturation curve as C in Fig. 105. FIG. 106. — Saturation curves." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-72", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 72: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generators", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generators", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 72, "number": null, "location": "lines 12400-12491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-72/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-72/", "snippets": [ "... ption of constant coefficient of armature reaction q, that is, corresponding to curve D in Fig. 109. This curve becomes zero at the current ?o, which makes i$q = FQ. Subtracting from curve A in Fig. Ill the drop of voltage in the armature and commutator resistance, ac = ir, gives the external characteristic B of the machine as generator, or the curve relating the terminal voltage to the current. In Fig. 112 the same curves are shown under the assumption that the armature reaction varies with the voltage in the wa ...", "... iQ = gl : da, where iQ is the current at the voltage de. As seen from Fig. 113, a maximum value of current exists which is less if the brushes are shifted than at constant position of brushes. From the load characteristic of the shunt generator the resistance characteristic is plotted in Fig. 114; that is, the de- pendence of the terminal voltage upon the external resistance „ terminal voltage ~ . ^. , R = — • — *-• Curve A in Fig. 114 corresponds to current", "... sts which is less if the brushes are shifted than at constant position of brushes. From the load characteristic of the shunt generator the resistance characteristic is plotted in Fig. 114; that is, the de- pendence of the terminal voltage upon the external resistance „ terminal voltage ~ . ^. , R = — • — *-• Curve A in Fig. 114 corresponds to current" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2012-2148", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "inductive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... imum flux, $, produced by a current of / amperes effective, or 7^/2 amperes maximum, is therefore n$ = LIV2 108; 18 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and consequently the effective e.m.f. of self-induction is E = V2 7rn$/10-8 = 2 wfLI volts. The product, x = 2 7r/L, is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the inductive reactance of the circuit; and the e.m.f. of self-induction of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90° behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the e.m.f. lags 90° behind the magn ...", "... rrent of / amperes effective, or 7^/2 amperes maximum, is therefore n$ = LIV2 108; 18 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and consequently the effective e.m.f. of self-induction is E = V2 7rn$/10-8 = 2 wfLI volts. The product, x = 2 7r/L, is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the inductive reactance of the circuit; and the e.m.f. of self-induction of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90° behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the e.m.f. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux. The e.m.f. lags 90° behind t ...", "... LTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and consequently the effective e.m.f. of self-induction is E = V2 7rn$/10-8 = 2 wfLI volts. The product, x = 2 7r/L, is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the inductive reactance of the circuit; and the e.m.f. of self-induction of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90° behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the e.m.f. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux. The e.m.f. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux, as it is proportional to the rate of change in flux; thus it is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "section_title": "Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1973-2121", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... in henrys. The product of the number of turns, n, into the maxi- mum flux, *, produced by a current of / amperes effective, or/V2 amperes maximum, is therefore — and consequently the effective E.M.F. of self-inductance is: = 2 IT NLI volts. The product, jr = 2 irNLy is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the reactance of the circuit ; and the E.M.F. of self-inductance of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90** behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic fl ...", "... number of turns, n, into the maxi- mum flux, *, produced by a current of / amperes effective, or/V2 amperes maximum, is therefore — and consequently the effective E.M.F. of self-inductance is: = 2 IT NLI volts. The product, jr = 2 irNLy is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the reactance of the circuit ; and the E.M.F. of self-inductance of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90** behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux. The E.M.F. lags 90° behin ...", "... effective, or/V2 amperes maximum, is therefore — and consequently the effective E.M.F. of self-inductance is: = 2 IT NLI volts. The product, jr = 2 irNLy is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the reactance of the circuit ; and the E.M.F. of self-inductance of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90** behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux. The E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux, as it is propor- tional to the change in flux ; thus it is zero ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1606-1742", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... the number of turns, n, into the maxi- mum flux, , produced by a current of / amperes effective, or / V2 amperes maximum, is therefore — n® =Z/V2 108; and consequently the effective E.M.F. of self-inductance is: E = V2 =' 2 TT NLI volts. The product, x = 2 vNL, is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the reactance of the circuit ; and the E.M.F. of self-inductance of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90° behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flu ...", "... e maxi- mum flux, , produced by a current of / amperes effective, or / V2 amperes maximum, is therefore — n® =Z/V2 108; and consequently the effective E.M.F. of self-inductance is: E = V2 =' 2 TT NLI volts. The product, x = 2 vNL, is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the reactance of the circuit ; and the E.M.F. of self-inductance of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90° behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux. The E.M.F. lags 90° behind ...", "... s maximum, is therefore — n® =Z/V2 108; and consequently the effective E.M.F. of self-inductance is: E = V2 =' 2 TT NLI volts. The product, x = 2 vNL, is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the reactance of the circuit ; and the E.M.F. of self-inductance of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90° behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux. The E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux, as it is propor- tional to the change in flux ; thus it is zero ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 2, "location": "lines 755-835", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... flow of energy. 297 16. Special case: Open circuit at end of line. 299 17. Special case: Line grounded at end. 304 18. Special case : Infinitely long conductor. 305 19. Special case: Generator feeding into closed circuit. 306 20. Special case: Line of quarter-wave length, of negligible resistance. 306 21. Line of quarter-wave length, containing resistance r and conductance g. 309 22. Constant-potential — constant-current transformation by line of quarter-wave length. 310 23. Example of excessive voltage produced in high-potential transformer coil as quarter- wave circuit. 312 ...", "... f line. 299 17. Special case: Line grounded at end. 304 18. Special case : Infinitely long conductor. 305 19. Special case: Generator feeding into closed circuit. 306 20. Special case: Line of quarter-wave length, of negligible resistance. 306 21. Line of quarter-wave length, containing resistance r and conductance g. 309 22. Constant-potential — constant-current transformation by line of quarter-wave length. 310 23. Example of excessive voltage produced in high-potential transformer coil as quarter- wave circuit. 312 24. Effect of quarter-wave phenomena on regulation of long t ...", "... pecial case: Line grounded at end. 304 18. Special case : Infinitely long conductor. 305 19. Special case: Generator feeding into closed circuit. 306 20. Special case: Line of quarter-wave length, of negligible resistance. 306 21. Line of quarter-wave length, containing resistance r and conductance g. 309 22. Constant-potential — constant-current transformation by line of quarter-wave length. 310 23. Example of excessive voltage produced in high-potential transformer coil as quarter- wave circuit. 312 24. Effect of quarter-wave phenomena on regulation of long transmission lines; q ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "section_title": "Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13936-14548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... pon the point of the wave, 0 = r, at which the circuit is closed, while in all preced- ing investigations the transient term depended upon the point of the wave at which the circuit was closed, and that this tran- sient term is oscillatory. In the preceding chapter, in circuits containing only resistance and inductance, the transient term has always been gradual or logarithmic, and oscillatory phenom- ena occurred only in the presence of capacity in addition to in- ductance. In the rotating field, or the polyphase m.m.f., we thus have a case where an oscillatory transient term occurs in a circ ...", "... transient term has always been gradual or logarithmic, and oscillatory phenom- ena occurred only in the presence of capacity in addition to in- ductance. In the rotating field, or the polyphase m.m.f., we thus have a case where an oscillatory transient term occurs in a circuit containing only resistance and inductance but not capacity, and where this transient term is independent of the point of the wave at which the circuits were closed, that is, is always the same, regardless of the moment of start of the phe- nomenon. The transient term of the polyphase m.m.f. thus is independ- ent of th ...", "... at which the circuits were closed, that is, is always the same, regardless of the moment of start of the phe- nomenon. The transient term of the polyphase m.m.f. thus is independ- ent of the moment of start, and oscillatory in character, with an amplitude of oscillation depending only on the reactance factor, — , of the circuit." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-55", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 55, "number": 6, "location": "lines 32709-33527", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "snippets": [ "... ible for the circuit section in which the transient phenomenon originates, is not permissible in considering the effect of the phenomenon on the adjacent sections of the circuit. For instance, in the first case above mentioned, a transient phenomenon in an underground cable connected to a high reactance, the current and e.m.f. in the cable may approx- imately be represented by considering the reactive coil as a reflection point, that is, an open circuit, since only a small current 498 TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT 499 exists in the reactive coil. Such a small current in the re ...", "... same throughout the entire circuit. In an isolated section, of time constant u, the time decrement, from Chapters III and V, is, however, e~ut; that is, with the decrement e~ut the wave dies out in the isolated sec- tion at the rate at which its stored energy is dissipated by the power lost in resistance and conductance. In a section of the circuit connected to other sections the time decrement e~U(* does not correspond to the power dissipation in the section; that is, the wave does not die out in each section at the rate as given by the power consumed in this section, or, in other words, power ...", "... the entire circuit. In an isolated section, of time constant u, the time decrement, from Chapters III and V, is, however, e~ut; that is, with the decrement e~ut the wave dies out in the isolated sec- tion at the rate at which its stored energy is dissipated by the power lost in resistance and conductance. In a section of the circuit connected to other sections the time decrement e~U(* does not correspond to the power dissipation in the section; that is, the wave does not die out in each section at the rate as given by the power consumed in this section, or, in other words, power transfer occur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... flux (dielectric Electric current: current): current): = lines of magnetic ^ = lines of dielectric i = electric cur- force. force. rent. Magnetomotive force: Electromotive force: Voltage: F = ni ampere turns. e = volts. e = volts. Permeance: Permittance or capacity: Conductance: Inductance: C = — farads. a = - mhos. 71\"$ n^ e e henry. Reluctance: (Elastance) : Resistance: R = ^. 1 e r = - ohms. $ C ^' I Magnetic energy: Dielectric energy: Electric power: Li2 F^,^ ,. , Ce^ e^ . , p = ri^ = ge^ = ei iy=-^=-^10~^ joules. ^ = 2 ...", "... electric cur- force. force. rent. Magnetomotive force: Electromotive force: Voltage: F = ni ampere turns. e = volts. e = volts. Permeance: Permittance or capacity: Conductance: Inductance: C = — farads. a = - mhos. 71\"$ n^ e e henry. Reluctance: (Elastance) : Resistance: R = ^. 1 e r = - ohms. $ C ^' I Magnetic energy: Dielectric energy: Electric power: Li2 F^,^ ,. , Ce^ e^ . , p = ri^ = ge^ = ei iy=-^=-^10~^ joules. ^ = 2 ~ 2 J°\"^^^- watts. Magnetic density: Dielectric density: Electric-current densitj': (B = -7=MXlinespercm ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3387-3720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... i the (virtual) initial inductance, that is, inductance at very small currents, of the iron part of the mag- SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 55 netic circuit, and j- the saturation value of the flux in the iron. That is, for i = 0, —^ = Li\\ and for 2 = oo , $' = -. ^ 0 If r = resistance, the duration of the component of the transient resulting from the air flux would be r r and the duration of the transient which would result from the initial inductance of the iron flux would be The differential equation of the transient is: induced voltage plus resistance drop equal zero ...", "... . ^ 0 If r = resistance, the duration of the component of the transient resulting from the air flux would be r r and the duration of the transient which would result from the initial inductance of the iron flux would be The differential equation of the transient is: induced voltage plus resistance drop equal zero ; that is, n^l0-8 + n = 0. Substituting (3) and differentiating gives + nc 10~^ -TT + ^^ = 0, (1 +6^)2 dt ' dt and, substituting (5) and (6), hence, separating the variables. T.di +7W.-^,^^o. (7) ^■(1 -^hiY ' i The first term is integrated by resolving into part ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 883-1530", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... Electric current: current): current) : <£ = lines of magnetic ^ = lines of dielectric i = electric cur- force. force. rent. Magnetomotive force: Electromotive force: Voltage: F = ni ampere turns. e = volts. e = volts. Permeance: M = 4?F Permittance or capacity: Conductance: Inductance: 4irV2f , i Q — - mnos. ~~F~ ' ~T henry. Reluctance: (Elastance ?): Resistance: F 1 e e & C 4*v*l>- T ~~\" T OIIIXIS. Magnetic energy: Dielectric energy: Electric power: w=— = — !Q-* joules. Ce2 e^ . , w = -JT- = -jr- joules. p = ri2 = ge2 — ei ...", "... cur- force. force. rent. Magnetomotive force: Electromotive force: Voltage: F = ni ampere turns. e = volts. e = volts. Permeance: M = 4?F Permittance or capacity: Conductance: Inductance: 4irV2f , i Q — - mnos. ~~F~ ' ~T henry. Reluctance: (Elastance ?): Resistance: F 1 e e & C 4*v*l>- T ~~\" T OIIIXIS. Magnetic energy: Dielectric energy: Electric power: w=— = — !Q-* joules. Ce2 e^ . , w = -JT- = -jr- joules. p = ri2 = ge2 — ei watts. Magnetic density: Dielectric density: Electric-current density: (B = -j =/z JClinespercm2. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2972-3286", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... tial inductance, that is, inductance at very small currents, of the iron part of the mag- SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 55 netic circuit, and =- the saturation value of the flux in the iron. 72,CJ>' d That is, for i = 0, — r- = Z/i ; and for i = oo , <£' = T . i 0 If r = resistance, the duration of the component of the transient resulting from the air flux would be _ L2 nc 10~8 *V-7\" T~ and the duration of the transient which would result from the initial inductance of the iron flux would be The differential equation of the transient is: induced voltage plus resis ...", "... tance, the duration of the component of the transient resulting from the air flux would be _ L2 nc 10~8 *V-7\" T~ and the duration of the transient which would result from the initial inductance of the iron flux would be The differential equation of the transient is: induced voltage plus resistance drop equal zero ; that is, Substituting (3) and differentiating gives na 10~8 di . .,_ a di ' . (i+Wdi + ncl0rSdt+ and, substituting (5) and (6), t(l + bi)2 Z5 d* ' hence, separating the variables, Tidi + Tidi + dt = Q The first term is integrated by resolving into partial fraction ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "section_title": "Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2389-3594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... eld is F = CR, (4) where C is the centrifugal field intensity and R the centri- fugal mass. The force F acting on a body exerts an acceleration a and thus produces a motion, a velocity v. The acceleration produced by the force is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the resistance of the body against being set in motion — that is, the ability of the body in taking up kinetic energy, in other words, the inertial mass M — which thus is defined by the equation: W = Mvy2, (5) where W is the kinetic energy taken up by the mass M to give it the velocity v. The accelerati ...", "... is no more so than, for instance, a negative force, as in equation (10). A \"nega- tive force\" inherently has no meaning, but we give it a meaning as representing a force in opposite direction. But just as the negative sign represents the opposite direction, so the imaginary sign represents the quadrature direction. That is, an imaginary velocity is a velocity at right angles, just as a negative velocity would be a velocity in opposite direction. As the velocity v in the equation of the centrifugal force is the tangential velocity, the imaginary velocity ^o = jv in the equation of the gravita ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Light And Power Distribution", "section_title": "Light And Power Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 983-1526", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... when starting a motor, is far more severe; since alternating current motors in starting usually take a larger current than direct current motors starting with the same torque on the same voltage; and the current of the alternating current motor is lagging, the voltage drop caused by it in the reactance is therefore far greater than would be caused by the same current taken by a non-inductive load, as lamps. Furthermore, alternating current supply mains usually are of far smaller capacity, and therefore more affected in voltage. Large motors are therefore rarely connected to the lighting main ...", "... 43 2. Three- WiRS Direct Current or Singi^e-Phase iio- 220 Volts. Fig. 7. Neutral one-half size of the two outside conductors. The two outside conductors require one-quarter the copper of the two wires of a no volt system; since at twice the voltage and one-half the current, four times the resistance or one-quarter dfO/r JUO^ M>^ \"1 f I Fig. 7. Three-Wire System. the copper is sufficient for the same loss (the amount of con- ductor material varying with the square of the voltage). Adding then one-quarter for the neutral of half-size, gives 4 X ; = jg or altogether ^ + ^ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored ener ...", "... arge occurs over a lightning arrester to ground, the wave length may be only a few feet. The velocity with which the electric wave travels in an overhead line is practically the velocity of light, or about 188,000 miles per second: it would be exactly the velocity of light, except that by the resistance of the line conductor the velocity is very slightly reduced. In an underground cable, by the high capacity of the cable insulation, the velocity of wave travel is greatly reduced, to about 50 to 70% of that ol light. From the wave length and the velocity follows the dura- tion or time of one ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Regulation And Control", "section_title": "Regulation And Control", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 4595-4930", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... the booster design that it does not build up as series generator 128 GENERAL LECTURES * feeding a current through the local circuit between a short feeder and a long feeder, as shown in Fig. 25. z is given by the density B times the area or section of the flux. Or, passing directly from the magnetomotive force F to the F magnetic flux, by the conception of the magnetic circuit: 3> = „> where R is the magnetic resistance, or reluctance of the magnetic circuit. R is an electric quantity, and does not contain the 4 TT. In the dielectric field, the potential difference e is the electro- motive force expressed in volts. The electromotive force per unit length of the dielectri ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-27", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 27, "number": 6, "location": "lines 9170-9291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "snippets": [ "... citation F0, the values of terminal vol- E = 000 £=5, '•*& z EO.F, 500 20 10 00 80 100 120 UO 160 180 200AMP. FIG. 59. — Synchronous generator compounding curves. tage E with the current I as abscissas and for the same resistance and synchronous reactance r = 0.1, XQ = 5, for the three different conditions, 1. Non-inductive load, p = 1, q = 0, EQ = 1127. 2. Inductive load of 60 degrees lag, p = Q.5, q = 0.866, E0 = 1458. 140 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3. Anti ...", "... terminal vol- E = 000 £=5, '•*& z EO.F, 500 20 10 00 80 100 120 UO 160 180 200AMP. FIG. 59. — Synchronous generator compounding curves. tage E with the current I as abscissas and for the same resistance and synchronous reactance r = 0.1, XQ = 5, for the three different conditions, 1. Non-inductive load, p = 1, q = 0, EQ = 1127. 2. Inductive load of 60 degrees lag, p = Q.5, q = 0.866, E0 = 1458. 140 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3. Anti-inductive load of 60 deg ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-30", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Machines: Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 30, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9554-9650", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impedance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-30/", "snippets": [ "... hine. It is a curve approximately parallel to the no-load saturation curve, but starting at a definite value of field excitation for zero terminal voltage, the field excitation required to maintain full-load current through the armature against its synchronous impedance. dF dE The ratio -«• -=- ~FT r Hi is called the saturation factor s of the machine. It gives the ratio of the proportional change of field excitation required for a change of voltage. The quantity 5 = 1 is called the percentage saturation o ...", "... field, and thus a still further increase of density is required in the field magnetic circuit under load. In consequence thereof, at high saturation the load saturation curve differs more from the no-load saturation curve than corresponds to the synchronous impedance of the machine. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 149 The regulation becomes better by saturation; that is, the increase of voltage from full load to no load at constant field excitation is reduced, the voltage being limited by saturation. Owing to the greater diff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-59", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 59, "number": 8, "location": "lines 11616-11694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "snippets": [ "... poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" point or \"neutral\" range of the commutating machine. Under load the armature current represents a m.m.f. acting in the direction from commutator brush to commutator brush of opposite polarity, that is, in quadrature with the field m.m.f. if the brushes stand midway between the field poles; or shifted against the quadrature position by the same angle by which the commutator brushes are shifted, which angle is called the angle of lead. If n = turns in series between ...", "... er load the armature current represents a m.m.f. acting in the direction from commutator brush to commutator brush of opposite polarity, that is, in quadrature with the field m.m.f. if the brushes stand midway between the field poles; or shifted against the quadrature position by the same angle by which the commutator brushes are shifted, which angle is called the angle of lead. If n = turns in series between brushes per pole, and i = cur- rent per turn, the m.m.f. of the armature is Fa = ni per pole. Or, if r?o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-62", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Compounding", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 62, "number": 10, "location": "lines 11774-11794", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-62/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-62/", "snippets": [ "... curve giving the field excitation in ampere- turns per pole, as function of the load in amperes, at constant terminal voltage, is called the compounding curve of the machine. The increase of field excitation required with load is due to : 1. The internal resistance of the machine, which consumes e.m.f. proportional to the current, so that the generated e.m.f., and thus the field m.m.f. corresponding thereto, has to be greater under load. If p = resistance drop in the machine as fraction ir of terminal voltage, = ...", "... d excitation required with load is due to : 1. The internal resistance of the machine, which consumes e.m.f. proportional to the current, so that the generated e.m.f., and thus the field m.m.f. corresponding thereto, has to be greater under load. If p = resistance drop in the machine as fraction ir of terminal voltage, = — > the generated e.m.f. at load has to be £ e (1 + p), and if ^o= no-load field excitation, and s = satu-" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-63", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 63: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 197", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 197", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 63, "number": null, "location": "lines 11795-11863", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-63/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-63/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 197 ration coefficient, the field excitation required to produce the e.m.f . e (1 + p) is Fo (1 + sp) ; thus an additional excitation of spF0 is required at load, due to the armature resistance. 2. The demagnetizing effect of the ampere-turns armature reaction of the angle of shift of brushes TI requires an increase of field excitation by riFa. (Section VII.) 3. The distorting effect of armature reaction does not change the total m.m.f. produc ...", "... e and constant excitation, and the use of the series field affords a convenient means of changing the field excitation proportionally to the load. The curve giving the terminal voltage as function of current out- put, in a compound-wound machine, at constant resistance in the shunt field, and constant adjustment of the series field, is, how- ever, of importance as regulation curve of the direct-current generator. This curve would be a straight line except for the effect of saturation, etc., as discussed above." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-81", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Converters: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 81, "number": 1, "location": "lines 13189-13795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "snippets": [ "... a further pair of col- lector rings, D3D4 (Fig. 123), at the points a3 and a4 midway be- tween ai and a2, it is obvious that between Z>3 and D4 an alter- nating voltage of the same frequency and intensity will be produced as between DI and D2, but in quadrature therewith, since at the moment where a3 and a4 coincide with the brushes BiB2 and thus receive the maximum difference of potential, ai and az are at zero points of potential. Thus connecting four equidistant points a\\, a2, 0,3, a4 of the SYNCHRONOUS CO ...", "... = 0.545 ^ = 0.5 = 0.472 0.455 n These currents give only the power component of alternating current corresponding to the direct-current output. Added thereto is the current required to supply the losses in the machine, that is, to rotate it, and the wattless component if a phase dis- placement is produced in the converter. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 231" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-83", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 83, "number": 4, "location": "lines 13889-15160", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "snippets": [ "... ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING generator of the same output, we have 7r = Jo' 2 o | i 16 COS*T 7 2 — 1 -1 n2 sin2 - n nir sin ^ 71 the ratio of the power loss in the armature coil resistance of the converter to that of the direct-current generator of the same output, and thus the ratio of coil heating. This ratio is a maximum at the position of the alternating leads, T = -, and is 7m = n* sin n It is a minimum for a coil midw ...", "... lter- nating leads, T = 0, and is = 8 ... i . 7T .IT n2 sin2 - mr sin - n n Integrating over T from 0 (coil d) to-, that is, over the whole phase or section 0,1 0,%, we have the ratio of the total power loss in the armature resistance of an n-phase converter to that of the same machine as direct- current generator at the same output, or the relative armature heating. Thus, to get the same loss in the armature conductors, and consequently the same heating of the armature, the current i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-93", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 93: Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Direct-current Generator", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Direct-current Generator", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 93, "number": null, "location": "lines 16618-16726", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-93/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-93/", "snippets": [ "A. THREE-WIRE DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATOR 108. In such machines, either only one compensator or auto- transformer is used for deriving the neutral, as shown diagram- matically in Fig. 146, or two autotransformers in quadrature, as shown in Fig. 148, but rarely more. FIG. 148. — Three-wire machine with two compensators. As the efficiency of conversion of a direct-current converter with two autotransformers in quadrature (Fig. 148) is higher than that of a direct-current converter ...", "... own diagram- matically in Fig. 146, or two autotransformers in quadrature, as shown in Fig. 148, but rarely more. FIG. 148. — Three-wire machine with two compensators. As the efficiency of conversion of a direct-current converter with two autotransformers in quadrature (Fig. 148) is higher than that of a direct-current converter with single autotransformer (Fig. 146), it is preferable to use two (or even more) autotrans- formers where a large amount of power is to be converted, that is, where a very great unbalancing bet ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-98", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 98, "number": 2, "location": "lines 17030-17323", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "snippets": [ "II. Low t*r loss type, Fig. 155 Exciting current 4 per cent. 4 per cent. Primary resistance loss 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. Secondary resistance loss Core loss 1 per cent. 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current and losses are frequently given in per cent, of the full-load output of the transfor ...", "II. Low t*r loss type, Fig. 155 Exciting current 4 per cent. 4 per cent. Primary resistance loss 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. Secondary resistance loss Core loss 1 per cent. 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current and losses are frequently given in per cent, of the full-load output of the transformer. The curves correspond to non-inductive load. The core ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 35256-35691", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... he system. Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance-factor is zero; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes equal to — 1 if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 275. Obviously, in a polyphase system the balance of the system is a function of the distribution of load between the different branch circuits. A balanced system in particular is called a polyphase system, whose flow of energy is constant, if all the circuits are loaded equally with a loa ...", "... g-current system is a most important and characteristic feature of the system, and by its nature the systems may be classified into: Monocyclic systems, or systems with a balance-factor zero or negative. Polycyclic systems, with a positive balance-factor. Balance-factor —1 corresponds to a wattless single-phase circuit, balance-factor zero to a non-inductive single-phase circuit, balance-factor +1 to a balanced polyphase system. 280. In polar coordinates the flow of energy of an alternating current system is represented by using the instantaneous value of power as radius vector, with th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "section_title": "Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25120-25270", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... current armature with four collector rings, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 165, Fig. 165. is an interlinked system also. The four-wire quarter-phase system produced by a generator with two independent armature coils, or by two single-phase generators rigidly connected with each other in quadrature, is an independent system. As interlinked system, it is shown in Fig. 166, as star-connected four-phase system. -eomm4^;U>^ nr +jE I -lE Fig. lee. 234. Thus, polyphase systems can be subdivided into : Symmetrical systems and unsymmetrical systems. Balanced systems and unbal ...", "... polyphase systems which have found practical application are : The three-phase system, consisting of three E.M.Fs. dis- §234] GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 349 placed by one-third of a period, used exclusively as inter- linked system. The quarter-phase system, consisting of two E.M.Fs. in quadrature, and used with four wires, or with three wires, which may be either an interlinked system or an indepen- dent system. 350 AL TERXA TIXG-CURREXT PHENOMENA. [§ 236" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "section_title": "Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 25605-26027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... ENA. [§§241,242 Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance factor is zero ; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes = — 1, if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 241. Obviously, in a polyphase systeiji the balance of the system is a function of the distribution of load between the different branch circuits. A balanced system in particular is called a polyphase system, whose flow of energy is constant, if all the circuits are loaded equally with a l ...", "... current system is a most important and characteristic feature of the system, and by its nature the systems may be classified into : Monocyclic systems, or systems with a balance factor zero or negative. Polycyclic systems, with a positive balance factor. Balance factor — 1 corresponds to a wattless circuit, balance factor zero to a non-inductive single-phase circuit, balance factor + 1 to a balanced polyphase system. 246. In polar coordinates, the flow of power of an alternating-current system is represented by using the in- stantaneous flow of power as radius vector, with the angle p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 23643-23780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... current armature with four collector rings, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 183, Fig. 183. is an interlinked system also. The four-wire quarter-phase system produced by a generator with two independent armature coils, or by two single-phase generators rigidly connected with each other in quadrature, is an independent system. As interlinked system, it is shown in Fig. 184, as star-connected four-phase system. -E r Fig. 184. 262. Thus, polyphase systems can be subdivided into : Symmetrical systems and unsymmetrical systems. Balanced systems and unbalanced systems. Interlinked sy ...", "... e only polyphase systems which have found practical application are : The three-phase system, consisting of three E.M.Fs. dis- GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 433 placed by one-third of a period, used exclusively as inter- linked system. The quarter-phase system, consisting of two E.M.Fs. in quadrature, and used with four wires, or with three wires, which may be either an interlinked system or an indepen- dent system. The six-phase system, consisting of two three-phase sys- tems in opposition to each other, and derived by transforma- tion from a three-phase system, in the alternating supply ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 24054-24488", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... RENT PHENOMENA. Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance factor is zero ; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes = — 1, if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 269. Obviously, in a polyphase system the balance of the system is a function of the distribution of load between the different branch circuits. A balanced system in particular is called a polyphase system, whose flow of Energy is constant, if all the circuits are loaded equally with a loa ...", "... current system is a most important and characteristic feature of the system, and by its nature the systems may be classified into : Monocyclic systems, or systems with a balance factor zero or negative. Polycyclic systems, with a positive balance factor. Balance factor — 1 corresponds to a wattless circuit, balance factor zero to a non-inductive single-phase circuit, balance factor + 1 to a balanced polyphase system. 274. In polar coordinates, the flow of power of an alternating-current system is represented by using the in- stantaneous flow of power as radius vector, with the angle ($ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 24805-25135", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "impedance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... by the law of paral- lelogram the E.M.Fs., Elf E^, . . . . can be dissolved into two components, El and Elt E^ and Ez, .... of the phases* \"e and J. Then, - E!, £2, • • ' • are the counter E.M.Fs. which have to be- induced in the primary circuits of the first transformer;. Ev E2, .... the counter E.M.F.'s which have to be in- duced in the primary circuits of the second transformer.. hence EI 1 7, £2 1 J . . . . are the numbers of turns of the primary coils of the first transformer. Analogously EI /T £2 IT . . . . are the number of turns of the primary coils in the second transformer. ...", "... of transformers between three-phase systems, consisting in using two sides of the triangle only, as shown in Fig. 200. This arrangement has the disadvan- tage of transforming one phase by two transformers in series, hence is less efficient, and is liable to unbalance the system by the internal impedance of the transformers. Fig. 201. 3. The main and teaser, or T connection of trans- formers between three-phase systems, as shown in Fig. 201. V3 One of the two transformers is wound for ~-~- times the voltage of the other (the altitude of the equilateral triangle), and connected with one ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... 260 Rectifier, synchronous, 234 Regulating pole converter, 422 Regulation coefficient of system and induction motor stability, 140 of induction motor, 123 Regulator, voltage-, magneto com- mutation, 285 Repulsion motor, 343, 373, 385 starting of singlephase induc- tion motor, 97 Resistance speed control of induc- tion motor, 12 Reversing rectifier, 245 Ring connected rectifier, 251 Rotary terminal singlephase induc- tion motor, 172 S Secondary excitation of induction * motor, 52 Self induction of commutation, 420 Semi -inductor type of machine, 286 Series repulsion ...", "... , 251 Rotary terminal singlephase induc- tion motor, 172 S Secondary excitation of induction * motor, 52 Self induction of commutation, 420 Semi -inductor type of machine, 286 Series repulsion motor, 343, 374, 397 Shading coil starting device, 112 Short circuit rectifier, 237 Shunt resistance of rectifier, 235 and series motor starting of singlephase induction motor, 96 Singlephase commutator motor, 331 generation, 212, 229 induction motor, 93, 314 self starting by rotary ter- minals, 172 Six-phase rectifier, 253 regulating pole converter, 446 Split pole converter, see Regul ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 5445-6941", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... lated electric circuit inunersed in a fairly good conductor, as salt water: the current or flux can not be carried to any distance, or constrained in a \"conductor,\" but divides, \"leaks\" or \"strays.\" (c) In the electric circuit, current and e.m.f . are proportional, in most cases; that is, the resistance is constant, and the circuit therefore can be calculated theoretically. In the magnetic circuit, in the materials of high permeability, which are the most important carriers of the magoietic flux, the relation between flux, m.m.f. and energy is merely empirical, the \"reluctance\" or mag- netic ...", "... is constant, and the circuit therefore can be calculated theoretically. In the magnetic circuit, in the materials of high permeability, which are the most important carriers of the magoietic flux, the relation between flux, m.m.f. and energy is merely empirical, the \"reluctance\" or mag- netic resistance is not constant, but varies with the flux density, the previous history, etc. In the absence of rational laws, most of the magnetic calculations thus have to be made by taking numerical values from curves or tables. The only rational law of magnetic relation, which has not been disproven, is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density", "section_title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 7, "location": "lines 938-971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... ustrial importance. 369 60. Subdivision and stranding. Flat conductor and large conductor. 371 CONTENTS. xxi PAGE 61. The differential equations of alternating-current distri- bution in a flat conductor. 374 62. Their integral equations. 375 63. Mean value of current, and effective resistance. 376 64. Equations for large conductors. 377 65. Effective resistance and depth of penetration. 379 66. Depth of penetration, or conducting layer, for different materials and different frequencies, and maximum economical conductor diameter. 384", "... d large conductor. 371 CONTENTS. xxi PAGE 61. The differential equations of alternating-current distri- bution in a flat conductor. 374 62. Their integral equations. 375 63. Mean value of current, and effective resistance. 376 64. Equations for large conductors. 377 65. Effective resistance and depth of penetration. 379 66. Depth of penetration, or conducting layer, for different materials and different frequencies, and maximum economical conductor diameter. 384" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 7, "location": "lines 1228-1261", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit section. 519 55. Relations between power supplied by the electric field of a circuit section, power dissipated in it, and power transferred to, or received by other sections. 520 56. Flow of energy, and resultant circuit decrement. 521 57. Numerical exam ...", "... gy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit section. 519 55. Relations between power supplied by the electric field of a circuit section, power dissipated in it, and power transferred to, or received by other sections. 520 56. Flow of energy, and resultant circuit decrement. 521 57. Numerical examples. 522" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-46", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 46, "number": 6, "location": "lines 23948-24980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "snippets": [ "... o 1Q. Thus the e.m.fs. at the two sides of the zone dl differ from each other by the e.m.f. generated by the magnetic flux ($>dl in this zone. Considering now (B, E, and I as complex quantities, the e.m.f. dE, that is, the difference between the e.m.fs. at the two sides of the zone dl, is in quadrature ahead of ($>dl, and thus denoted by dE = - j 2 TT/CB 10-8 dl, (6) where / = the frequency of alternating magnetism. This gives the second differential equation dj[- -j2^/(BlO-8. (7) 50. Differentiating (5) in respect to I, and substituting (7) therein, gives .0-8(B, (8) or, writing ...", "... s materials and frequencies are given below. Frequency. 25 60 1000 10,000 106 Soft iron, n= 1000, X= 105 Cast iron, /A= 200, X= 10* 0.0714 0 504 0.0460 0 325 0.0113 0 080 0.0036 0 0252 0.00036 0 0025 Copper, A*=l, X=6Xl05 0 922 0.595 0 144 0 0461 0 0046 Resistance alloys, /*= 1,X= 104 7.14 4.60 1.13 0.357 0.036 As seen, even at frequencies as low as 25 cycles alternating magnetism does not penetrate far into solid wrought iron, but penetrates to considerable depth into cast iron. It also is interesting to note that little difference exists in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... l, but at high velocities the decrease of speed is a greater fraction of the speed than during the same time interval at lower velocities, and the speed-time curves for different initial speeds are not pro- portional to each other, but are as shown in Fig. 5. The reason is, that the frictional resistance is not proportional to the speed, but to the square of the speed. 5. Two classes of transients may occur: 1. Energy may be stored in one form only, and the only energy change which can occur thus is an increase or a decrease of the stored energy. 2. Energy may be stored in two or more diff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... l, but at high velocities the decrease of speed is a greater fraction of the speed than during the same time interval at lower velocities, and the speed-time curves for different initial speeds are not pro- portional to each other, but are as shown in Fig. 5. The reason is, that the frictional resistance is not proportional to the speed, but to the square of the speed. 5. Two classes of transients may occur: 1. Energy may be stored in one form only, and the only energy change which can occur thus is an increase or a decrease of the stored energy. 2. Energy may be stored in two or more diff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Electric Railway", "section_title": "Electric Railway", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 5295-7123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "... ther words, the motor during constant acceler- ation, consumes power corresponding to maximum speed, while the useful power corresponds to the average speed, which during A C is only half the maximum ; and so only half the available power is put into the car, the other half being wasted in the resistance, and the motor efficiency during constant acceleration therefore must be less than 50%. Constant acceleration up to maximum speed, while giving the best operation efficiency, so gives a very poor motor efficiency and thereby low total efficiency, (the total efficiency being the ratio of the u ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-05", "section_label": "Theory Section 5: Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 1573-1784", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "snippets": [ "... the current i and the number of turns n, ni n2 . , $ = — , and L = — the inductance. 01 (K (ft is called the reluctance and ni the m.m.f. of the magnetic circuit. In magnetic circuits the reluctance (R has a position similar to that of resistance r in electric circuits. The reluctance (R, and therefore the inductance, is not con- stant in circuits containing magnetic materials, such as iron, etc. If (Ri is the reluctance of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits of n\\ and n% tur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-22", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Machines: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 22, "number": 1, "location": "lines 8518-8657", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "snippets": [ "... se the alternating-current generators, single-phase and polyphase, the synchronous motors, the phase compensators, the phase con- verters, the phase balancers, the synchronous boosters and the exciters of induction generators, that is, synchronous machines producing wattless lagging or leading currents, and the con- verters. Since the latter combine features of the commutating machines with those of the synchronous machines they will be considered separately. In the synchronous machines the terminal voltage and the generated e.m.f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-24", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 24, "number": 3, "location": "lines 8741-8906", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "snippets": [ "... o cause serious energy losses and heating by eddy currents, and thus has to be checked. This is usually done by a squirrel- cage induction machine winding in the field pole faces, or by short-circuited conductors laid in the pole faces in electrical space quadrature to the field coils. In these conductors, secondary currents Ei'_ of double frequency are produced which equalize the resultant m.m.f. of the machine." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-40", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 40: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 40, "number": null, "location": "lines 10475-10519", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-40/", "snippets": [ "... surface of a laminated iron core. In the iron-clad machine the arma- ture winding is sunk into slots. The iron-clad type has the ad- vantage of greater mechanical strength, but the disadvantage of higher self-inductance in commutation, and thus requires high- resistance, carbon or graphite, commutator brushes. The iron- clad type has the advantage of lesser magnetic stray field, due FIG. 78. — Series machine. FIG. 79. — Compound machine. to the shorter gap between field pole and armature iron, and of lesser magnet distor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-54", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 54: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 187", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 187", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 54, "number": null, "location": "lines 11214-11300", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-54/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-54/", "snippets": [ "... ith the position of the brushes at the neutral, as is the case when using commutating poles, the armature reaction has no 188 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING demagnetizing component, and the only drop of voltage at load is that due to the armature resistance drop and the distortion of the main field, which at saturation produces a decrease of the total flux, as shown in Fig. 98. As is seen in Fig. 101, the magnetic flux of the commutating pole is not symmetrical, but the spread of flux is greater at the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-70", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 70: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 70, "number": null, "location": "lines 12319-12398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "snippets": [ "... ts of the magnetic circuit saturation successively. Thus, in order to generate voltage ac the field excitation oc is required. Subtracting from ac in a generator, Fig. 109, or adding in a motor, Fig. 110, the value ab = ir, the voltage con- sumed by the resistance of the armature, commutator, etc., gives the terminal voltage be at current i, and adding to oc the value ce = bd = iq = armature reaction, or rather field excita- tion required to overcome the armature reaction, gives the field excitation oe required to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-76", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 76: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Motors Shunt Motor", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Motors Shunt Motor", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 76, "number": null, "location": "lines 12780-12928", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-76/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-76/", "snippets": [ "... ion curve A in Fig. 110 is e\\. Since it must be e — ir, the speed is changed in , . e - ir the proportion • At a certain voltage the speed is very nearly constant, the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction counteracting the effect of armature resistance. At higher voltage the speed falls, at lower voltage it rises with increasing current. In Fig. 120 is shown the speed characteristic of the shunt 216 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING motor as function of the impressed voltage at constant output, tha ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-80", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 80: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 80, "number": null, "location": "lines 13120-13188", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "snippets": [ "... t motor of single- phase and of polyphase type. The synchronous motor and the induction motor both are constant and fixed speed, the former synchronous, the latter near synchronous. Operating the induction motor materially below synchronism, by arma- ture resistance, is inefficient and gives a speed which varies with the load. By changing the number of poles, or by concatena- tion, multi-speed induction motors can be produced. The gradual speed adjustment, as given by field control of direct- current motor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-86", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 86, "number": 7, "location": "lines 15586-15734", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "snippets": [ "... , but must even at no load slip slightly to produce the friction torque, the converter or synchronous motor reaches exact syn- chronism, due to the difference of the magnetic reluctance in the direction of the field poles and in the direction in electrical quadrature thereto; that is, the field structure acts like a shuttle armature and the polar projections catch with the rotating magnet poles in the armature, in a similar way as an induction motor armature with a single short-circuited coil (synchronous induction motor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-87", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 87, "number": 9, "location": "lines 15735-15810", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "snippets": [ "... of the latter merely changes the phase relation of the alternating current supplied by the converter; that is, the converter receives power from the direct-current system, and supplies power into the alter- nating-current system but at the same time receives wattless current from the alternating system, lagging at under-excitation, leading at over-excitation, and can in the same way as an ordinary converter or synchronous motor be used to compensate for watt- less currents in other parts of the alternating system, or to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-89", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 89, "number": 11, "location": "lines 15893-15982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "snippets": [ "... lows that the resultant armature polari- zation of the double-current generator is proportional to the load regardless of the proportion in which this load is distributed between the alternating- and direct-current sides. The heating of the armature due to its resistance depends upon the sum of the two currents, that is, upon the total load on the machine. Hence, the output of the double-current generator is limited by the current heating of the armature and by the field distortion due to the armature reaction, in the s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-90", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 90, "number": 12, "location": "lines 15983-16064", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "snippets": [ "... rd converters, but are smaller than motor generator sets, as half the power is converted in either machine. One advantage of this type of machine for phase control is that it requires no additional reactive coils, as the induction machine affords sufficient reactance. The use of the converter to change from alternating to alter- nating of a different phase, as, for instance, when using a quarter- phase converter to receive power by one pair of its collector rings from a single-phase circuit and supplying from its othe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-91", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 91, "number": 13, "location": "lines 16065-16540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "snippets": [ "... rotated with the armature and their common neutral connected to the external circuit by one collector ring. The distribution of potential and of current in such a direct- current converter is shown in Fig. 141 for n = 2, that is, two autotransformers in quadrature. With the voltage 2 e between the outside conductors of the FIG. 140. — Diagram of direct-current converter. system, the voltage between the neutral and outside conductor is ± e, that on each of the 2 n autotransformer sections is e sin(0 — 00 — — J, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 34777-34928", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... a continuous-current armature with four collector rings, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 194, is an interlinked system also. The four-wire, quarter-phase system produced by a generator with two independent armature coils, or by two single-phase generators rigidly connected with each other in quadrature, is an independent system. As interlinked system, it is shown in Fig. 195, as star-connected, four-phase system. 398 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 268. Thus, polyphase systems can be subdivided into: Symmetrical systems and unsymmetrical systems. Balanced systems and unbalanced systems. In ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 34929-35255", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... . SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 401 A A 27r . 27r . 1 , 4. n = 4, e = COS ^ + ^ Sin ^ = J, e^ = - 1, e^ = - j. The four e.m.fs. of the four-phase system are, e^E = E, jE, -E, -jE. They are in pairs opposite to each other, E and — E; jE and — jE. H^nce can be produced by two coils in quadrature with each other, analogous as the two-phase system, or ordinary alternating current system, can be produced by one coil. Thus the symmetrical quarter-phase system is a four-phase system. Higher systems than the quarter-phase or four-phase system have not been very extensively used, and are ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "section_title": "Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25271-25604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... system is the lowest sym- metrical polyphase system. 4.) « = 4, € = cos ^^ + y sin \"-^ =/, e^ = — 1, e* = — / 4 4 The four E.M.Fs. of the four-phase system are: €' = E, jE, — E, —jE. They are in pairs opposite to each other : E and —E\\jE and —jE, Hence can be produced by two coils in quadrature with each other, analogous as the two-phase system, or ordinary alternating-current system, can be produced by one coil. Thus the symmetrical quarter-phase system is a four- phase system. Higher systems, as the quarter-phase or four-phase sys- tem, have not been used, and are of little prac ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 23781-24053", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "quadrature", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... se system is the lowest sym- metrical polyphase system. 4.) n = 4, c = cos — +/ sin — =/, £2 = — 1, e3 = - /. 4 4 The four E.M.Fs. of the four-phase system are: *£ = £, J£, -E, -JE. They are in pairs opposite to each other : E and — E • j E and —JE. Hence can be produced by two coils in quadrature with each other, analogous as the two-phase system, or ordinary alternating-current system, can be produced by one coil. Thus the symmetrical quarter-phase system is a four- phase system. Higher systems, than the quarter-phase or four-phase system, have not been very extensively used, and a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Hysteresis Motor", "section_title": "Hysteresis Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 10, "location": "lines 14551-14761", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "conductance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... hysteretic loop to the total apparent energy of the mag- netic cycle, it follows that the apparent efficiency of such a motor can never exceed the value (1 — s) sin a, or a fraction of the primary hysteretic energy. The primary hysteretic energy of an induction motor, as repre- sented by its conductance, ij, being a part of the loss in the motor, and thus a very small part of its output only, it follows that the output of a hysteresis motor is a small fraction only of the output which the same magnetic structure could give with secondary short-circuited winding, as regular induction motor. A ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 6942-9061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not a magnetic effect), but energy is required to produce a magnetic flux, is then stored as potential energy in the magnetic flux, and is returned at the decrease or disappear- ance of the magnetic flux. However, the amount of energy re- turn ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "number": 1, "location": "lines 19260-19338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "snippets": [ "... induc- tance, as long-distance energy transmission lines, long-distance telephone circuits, multiple spark-gaps, as used in some forms of high potential lightning arresters (multi-gap arrester), etc. (b) The distribution of alternating current in solid conductors and the increase of effective resistance and decrease of effective inductance resulting therefrom. (c) The distribution of alternating magnetic flux in solid iron, or the screening effect of eddy currents produced in the iron, and the apparent decrease of permeability and increase of power consumption resulting therefrom. (d) The ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-51", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Discussion Of General Equations", "section_title": "Discussion Of General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 51, "number": 2, "location": "lines 28695-29315", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-51/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-51/", "snippets": [ "... g out of the wave with the time is produced at the expense of a decrease of amplitude during its propagation, or, in i\", e\" duration in time is sacrificed to duration in distance, and inversely in i', e'. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS 433 It is interesting to note that in a circuit having resistance, inductance, and capacity, the mathematical expressions of the two cases of energy flow; that is, the gradual or exponential and the oscillatory or trigonometric, are both special cases of the equations (60) and (61), corresponding respectively to q = o, k = 0 and to h = 0, s = 0. 8. In the ..." ] } ] }, { "id": "magnetism-and-hysteresis", "label": "Magnetism And Hysteresis", "description": "Passages involving magnetism, magnetic flux, permeability, reluctance, hysteresis, effective resistance, molecular friction, lag, magnetic loss, and hysteresis motor language.", "aliases": [ "magnetism", "magnetic", "magnetic field", "magnetic flux", "magnetization", "magnetizing", "permeability", "reluctance", "hysteresis", "magnetic lag", "molecular friction", "effective resistance", "hysteresis loss", "hysteresis motor" ], "modern_prompt": "Separate magnetic material behavior from circuit equivalents. Steinmetz often lets magnetic loss appear as an equivalent electrical quantity, which is easy to flatten in modern summaries.", "interpretive_boundary": "A Wheeler-style reading may treat hysteresis as field lag or memory, but the archive must keep that reading distinct from Steinmetz's explicit engineering treatment.", "total_occurrences": 5287, "matching_source_count": 14, "matching_section_count": 256, "source_totals": [ { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "occurrence_count": 750, "section_count": 16 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 742, "section_count": 27 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 673, "section_count": 24 }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "occurrence_count": 654, "section_count": 74 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "occurrence_count": 596, "section_count": 20 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 567, "section_count": 21 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "occurrence_count": 494, "section_count": 30 }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "occurrence_count": 294, "section_count": 9 }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "occurrence_count": 281, "section_count": 9 }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "occurrence_count": 91, "section_count": 10 }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "occurrence_count": 69, "section_count": 6 }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "occurrence_count": 44, "section_count": 3 }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "occurrence_count": 16, "section_count": 4 }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "occurrence_count": 16, "section_count": 3 } ], "alias_totals": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3465 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 978 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 543 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 490 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 406 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 240 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 224 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 193 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 120 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 80 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 54 }, { "alias": "hysteresis motor", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "molecular friction", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "magnetic lag", "count": 1 } ], "section_hits": [ { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 10718-13483", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 208, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 103 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE 89. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : 1. By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Ampere ...", "... X = Total current is the effective reactance, and Wattless component of current Total e.m.f. is the effective suscepta7ice of the circuit. While the true ohmic resistance represents the expenditure of power as heat inside of the electric conductor b}^ a current of uniform density, the effective resistance represents the total expenditure of power. Since in an alternating-current circuit, in general power is expended not only in the conductor, but also outside of it, through hysteresis, secondary currents, etc., the effective resist- ance frequently differs from the true ohmic resistance in suc ...", "... expenditure of power as heat inside of the electric conductor b}^ a current of uniform density, the effective resistance represents the total expenditure of power. Since in an alternating-current circuit, in general power is expended not only in the conductor, but also outside of it, through hysteresis, secondary currents, etc., the effective resist- ance frequently differs from the true ohmic resistance in such way as to represent a larger expenditure of power. In dealing with alternating-current circuits, it is necessarj-, therefore, to substitute everywhere the values \"effective re- sist ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6957-8383", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 173, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 89 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit A ...", "... rk done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., _ Energy component of E.M.F. Total current It is called the effective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The energy coefficient of current, a._ Energy component of current Total E.M.F. is called the effective conductance of the circuit. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 105 In the same way, the value, _ ...", "... omponent of E.M.F. Total current It is called the effective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The energy coefficient of current, a._ Energy component of current Total E.M.F. is called the effective conductance of the circuit. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 105 In the same way, the value, _ Wattless component of E.M.F. Total current is the effective reactance, and , _ Wattless component of current TotafE.M.F. is the effective susceptance of the circuit. While the true ohmic resistance represents the expendi- ture of energ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: F", "section_title": "F", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 8269-10499", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 157, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 83 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... ork done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., — Energy compon ent of E.M.F. Total current It is called the effective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The energy coefficient of current, _ Energy component of current ^ Total E.M.F. is called the effective conductance of the circuit. § 733 EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 105 In the same way, the val ...", "... t of E.M.F. Total current It is called the effective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The energy coefficient of current, _ Energy component of current ^ Total E.M.F. is called the effective conductance of the circuit. § 733 EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 105 In the same way, the value, _ Wattless component of E.M.F. Total current is the effective reactance, and , _ Wattless compo nent of current ■\" Total E.M.F. is the effective susceptance of the circuit. While the true ohmic resistance represents the expendi- ture of ...", "... tal current is the effective reactance, and , _ Wattless compo nent of current ■\" Total E.M.F. is the effective susceptance of the circuit. While the true ohmic resistance represents the expendi- ture of energy as heat inside of the electric conductor by a current of uniform density, the effective resistance repre- sents the total expenditure of energy. Since, in an alternating-current circuit in general, energy is expended not only in the conductor, but also outside of it, through hysteresis, secondary currents, etc., the effective resistance frequently differs from the true ohmic resistance in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 12962-16963", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 140, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 125 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f / '■ 1 i- 10 / ...", "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f / '■ 1 i- 10 / 1 / 1 B- n.» / 1 / / / / 1 ' / / y / ...", "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f / '■ 1 i- 10 / 1 / 1 B- n.» / 1 / / / / 1 ' / / y / y / -^ _ '^ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 6942-9061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 139, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 61 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 51 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "molecular friction", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not a magne ...", "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not a magnetic effect), ...", "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not a magnetic effect), but energy is required to produce a magnetic flux, is then stored as potential energy in the magnetic flux, and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9062-11050", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 102, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 80 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V MAGNETISM Magnetic Constants 47. With the exception of a few ferromagnetic substances, the magnetic permeability of all materials, conductors and dielectrics, gases, liquids and solids, is practically unity for all industrial purposes. Even liquid oxygen, which has the highest permea- bility, differs ...", "CHAPTER V MAGNETISM Magnetic Constants 47. With the exception of a few ferromagnetic substances, the magnetic permeability of all materials, conductors and dielectrics, gases, liquids and solids, is practically unity for all industrial purposes. Even liquid oxygen, which has the highest permea- bility, differs only by a ...", "CHAPTER V MAGNETISM Magnetic Constants 47. With the exception of a few ferromagnetic substances, the magnetic permeability of all materials, conductors and dielectrics, gases, liquids and solids, is practically unity for all industrial purposes. Even liquid oxygen, which has the highest permea- bility, differs only by a fraction of a per cent, from non-magnetic materials. Thus the permeability of neo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 29375-32539", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 98, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... wave of impressed e.m.f. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a dis- torting effect will cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. 233. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of e.m.f. is generated. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of e.m.f. produces a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher har- monics may be due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor; lack ...", "... d. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of e.m.f. produces a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher har- monics may be due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field; pulsation of the resistance or pulsation of the reactance. 341 342 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reactance, causes hig ...", "... due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field; pulsation of the resistance or pulsation of the reactance. 341 342 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reactance, causes higher har- monics only when there is current in the circuit, that is, underload. Lack of uniformity of the rotation is hardly ever of practical interest as a cause of distortion, since i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 5445-6941", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 94, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III MAGNETISM Reluctivity 29. Considering magnetism as the phenomena of a \"magnetic circuit,\" the foremost differences between the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, while the maintenance ...", "CHAPTER III MAGNETISM Reluctivity 29. Considering magnetism as the phenomena of a \"magnetic circuit,\" the foremost differences between the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, while the maintenance of a magnetic circuit does not require th ...", "CHAPTER III MAGNETISM Reluctivity 29. Considering magnetism as the phenomena of a \"magnetic circuit,\" the foremost differences between the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, while the maintenance of a magnetic circuit does not require the expenditure of energy, though ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-01", "section_label": "Theory Section 1: Magnetism and Electric Current", "section_title": "Magnetism and Electric Current", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 477-909", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 93, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "snippets": [ "1. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of force, or magnetic fi ...", "1. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of force, or magnetic field. The magnetic field at unit distance from a unit magnet pole is called a unit magnetic field, and is represented by one line of magnetic force (or shortly \"one line\") per square centimeter, and from a unit magnet pole thus i ...", "... . MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of force, or magnetic field. The magnetic field at unit distance from a unit magnet pole is called a unit magnetic field, and is represented by one line of magnetic force (or shortly \"one line\") per square centimeter, and from a unit magnet pole thus issue a total of 4 TT lines ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 90, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 65 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... y low speed, resultant from the low frequency. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt or series motor, remains the same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautions are taken to have ...", "... same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautions are taken to have the field reverse simul- taneously with the armature. If the reversal of field magnetism should occur later than the reversal of armature curr ...", "... rmature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautions are taken to have the field reverse simul- taneously with the armature. If the reversal of field magnetism should occur later than the reversal of armature current, during the time after the armature current has reversed, but before the field ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 883-1530", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 87, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 74 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... tric power over line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown ...", "... in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conduct ...", "... by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductors, and the magnetic ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 86, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 52 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "molecular friction", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conduct ...", "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the mag ...", "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 13649-16361", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 86, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "hysteresis motor", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... rce between primary and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electrical energy, and thus the secondary circuits closed upon themselves. Transformer and induction motor thus are the two limiting cases of the general alternating- current transformer. Hence the induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary circuit, which are movable with regard to each other. In general a num- ber of primary and a number of secondary circuits are used, angularly displaced around the periphery of the motor, and conta ...", "... . In the following discussion, as secondary quantities, the values reduced to the primary system shall be exclusively used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quantities have to be reduced backwards again by the factor a = ?*£-. «iA 153. Let $ = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole, We then have E— V2 77-72 TV^ 10 ~8 = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction & (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes thro ...", "... to be reduced backwards again by the factor a = ?*£-. «iA 153. Let $ = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole, We then have E— V2 77-72 TV^ 10 ~8 = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction & (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes through zero, in complex quantities, the magnetic flux is denoted by and the primary induced E.M.F., 240 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. where e= V2irrt7V10-8 maybe considered as the \"Ac ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-46", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 46, "number": 6, "location": "lines 23948-24980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 85, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 58 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 48. As carrier of magnetic flux iron is used, as far as possible, since it has the highest permeability or magnetic conductivity. If the magnetic flux is alternating or otherwise changing rapidly, an e.m.f. is generated by the change of magnetic flux in the iron, and to avoid en ...", "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 48. As carrier of magnetic flux iron is used, as far as possible, since it has the highest permeability or magnetic conductivity. If the magnetic flux is alternating or otherwise changing rapidly, an e.m.f. is generated by the change of magnetic flux in the iron, and to avoid energy losses and demagnetization by the currents ...", "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 48. As carrier of magnetic flux iron is used, as far as possible, since it has the highest permeability or magnetic conductivity. If the magnetic flux is alternating or otherwise changing rapidly, an e.m.f. is generated by the change of magnetic flux in the iron, and to avoid energy losses and demagnetization by the currents produced by these e.m.fs. the iron has to be subdivided in the directio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 84, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 72 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... ic power over line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown i ...", "... these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductor ...", "... JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductors, and the magnetic ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 80, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 51 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "molecular friction", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conduct ...", "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the mag ...", "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "section_title": "Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 12, "location": "lines 12885-13935", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 80, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 65 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII. MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS IN ALTERNAT- ING-CURRENT CIRCUITS. 99. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a circuit con- taining resistance and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the c ...", "CHAPTER XII. MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS IN ALTERNAT- ING-CURRENT CIRCUITS. 99. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a circuit con- taining resistance and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that ...", "CHAPTER XII. MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS IN ALTERNAT- ING-CURRENT CIRCUITS. 99. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a circuit con- taining resistance and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that point of the e.m:f. wave at which the permanent current is zero. Closing the circuit at any other point of the e.m.f. wave produces a transient term of current and of magnetic f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 31657-33200", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 69, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 54 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... oscillating currents, resist- ance as well as conductance have a negative term added, which depends on the decrement a. Such a negative resistance repre- sents energy production, and its meaning in the present case is, that with the decrease of the oscillating current and voltage, their stored magnetic and dielectric energy become available. Circuits of Zero Impedance 190. In an oscillating-current circuit of decrement, a, of resistance, r, inductive reactance, x, and condensive reactance, Xc, the impedance was represented in symbolic expression by or numerically by z = Vr\"7T^ = yj{r-ax ...", "... = 2 x/L, 1 a = 2t/= *■ 2oL' we have _ r _ r 14 L hence, by substitution, / = — je -J J- dec a, ^, = — jer yjj- dec a, a = the final equations of the oscillating discharge, in symbolic ex- pression. 23 INDEX Admittance, with oscillating cur- rents, 348 Air gap in magnetic circuit reducing wave distortion, 145 Alloys, resistance, 2 Alternating component of power of general system, 317 current electromagnet, 95 magnetic characteristic, 51 Alternations by capacity inductance shunt to arc, 187 Aluminum cell as condenser, 10 Amorphous carbon resistance, 23 A ...", "... equations of the oscillating discharge, in symbolic ex- pression. 23 INDEX Admittance, with oscillating cur- rents, 348 Air gap in magnetic circuit reducing wave distortion, 145 Alloys, resistance, 2 Alternating component of power of general system, 317 current electromagnet, 95 magnetic characteristic, 51 Alternations by capacity inductance shunt to arc, 187 Aluminum cell as condenser, 10 Amorphous carbon resistance, 23 Annealing, magnetic effect, 78 Anode, 6 Anthracite, resistance, 23 Apparatus economy of constant po- tential, constant current transformation, 281 of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-10", "section_label": "Theory Section 10: Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "section_title": "Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 3234-3585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "snippets": [ "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in ...", "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in phase with the current, ...", "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. generated by this flux, or counter e.m.f. of self-inductance, OE'\" = E'\" = xl, lags 90 degrees be- hind the current. The e.m.f. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Hysteresis Motor", "section_title": "Hysteresis Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 10, "location": "lines 14551-14761", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "hysteresis motor", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X HYSTERESIS MOTOR 98. In it revolving magnetic field, a circular iron disk, or iron cylinder of uniform magnetic reluctance in the direction of the revolving field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the ...", "CHAPTER X HYSTERESIS MOTOR 98. In it revolving magnetic field, a circular iron disk, or iron cylinder of uniform magnetic reluctance in the direction of the revolving field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the revolving disk or cylinder, and such ...", "CHAPTER X HYSTERESIS MOTOR 98. In it revolving magnetic field, a circular iron disk, or iron cylinder of uniform magnetic reluctance in the direction of the revolving field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the revolving disk or cylinder, and such a motor may thus be called a hysteresis motor. Let / be th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19374-20293", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis motor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... made that the reactance, x, of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large armature reaction, the reactance, x, is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to ...", "... the e.m.f. of a generator do not disappear if the generator field circuit is broken, or even reversed to a small negative value, in which tatter case the current is against the e.m.f., Ea, of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding (Fig. 120) will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanent magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of eddy currents, because they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchroni ...", "... tatter case the current is against the e.m.f., Ea, of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding (Fig. 120) will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanent magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of eddy currents, because they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and the rema- nent magnetism of the field poles destroyed beforehand by application of an alternating current. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Inductor Machines", "section_title": "Inductor Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 17, "location": "lines 20294-20974", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 61, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 51 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... INDUCTOR MACHINES Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, but has practically gone out of use except for special Fia. 134. — Revolving armature alternator Fig. 135.— Revolving field al ternator. purposes, and for synchronous commutating machines, as the revolving- ...", "... cies and other special conditions, and in this field, its use is rapidly increasing. A typical inductor alternator is shown in Fig. 136. as eight- polar quarter-phase machine. 274 INDUCTOR MACHINES 275 Its armature coils, A, are stationary. One stationary field coil, F, surrounds the magnetic circuit of the machine, which consists of two sections, the stationary external one, B, which contains the armature, A, and a movable one, C, which contains the inductor, N. The inductor contains as many polar projec- tions, N, as there are cycles or pairs of poles. The magnetic flux in the ai ...", "... , surrounds the magnetic circuit of the machine, which consists of two sections, the stationary external one, B, which contains the armature, A, and a movable one, C, which contains the inductor, N. The inductor contains as many polar projec- tions, N, as there are cycles or pairs of poles. The magnetic flux in the air gap and inductor does not reverse or alternate, as in the revolving-field type of alternator, Fig. 135, but is constant in direction, that is, all the inductor teeth are of the same polarity, but the flux density varies or pulsates, between a maxi- mum, B\\, in front of the inductor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-47", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "section_title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 47, "number": 7, "location": "lines 24981-26094", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 59. If the frequency of an alternating or oscillating current is high, or the section of the conductor which carries the current is very large, or its electric conductivity or its magnetic per- meability high, the current density is not uniform throughout the conductor section, but decreases towards the interior of the conductor, due to the higher e.m.f. of self-inductance in the interior of the conductor, caused by the magnetic flux inside of the conductor. The phase of the cur ...", "... is very large, or its electric conductivity or its magnetic per- meability high, the current density is not uniform throughout the conductor section, but decreases towards the interior of the conductor, due to the higher e.m.f. of self-inductance in the interior of the conductor, caused by the magnetic flux inside of the conductor. The phase of the current inside of the conductor also differs from that on the surface and lags behind it. In consequence of this unequal current distribution in a large conductor traversed by ^alternating currents, the effective resist- ance of the conductor may be f ...", "... the current density in the interior of the conductor is very much lower than on the surface, or even negligible, due to this \"screening effect/' as it has been called, the current can be 'assumed to exist only in a thin surface layer of the conductor, of thickness lp ; that is, in this case the effective resistance of the conductor for alternating currents equals the ohmic resistance of a conductor section equal to the periphery of the conductor times the \" thickness of penetration.\" Where this unequal current distribution throughout the con- ductor section is considerable, the conductor section is not f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_title": "Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 22634-23465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 48 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Ev ...", "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, ...", "... sing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, however small the latter may be in the so-called \"non-inductive\" circuit. With continuous current in stationary conditions, the inductance, L, has no effect on the energy flow; with alterna ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13484-14333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 57, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric condu ...", "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the m ...", "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field produces a c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16521-17716", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the trans- former. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produ ...", "... ith two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the e.m.f. generated per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit; hence, the primary generated e.m.f. being approximately equal to the impressed e.m.f., the e.m.fs. at primary and at secondary terminals have approxima ...", "... primary and at secondary terminals have approximately the ratio of their respective turns. Since the power produced in the secondary is approximately the same as that consumed in the primary, the primary and secondary currents are approximately in inverse ratio to the turns. 142. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both electric circuits — which flux, in a closed magnetic circuit transformer, has a circuit of low reluctance — a magnetic cross-flux passes between the primary and secondarj^ coils, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11051-12221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent i ...", "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to ...", "... een the primary and the secondary coils of the transformer, between conductor and return conductor of an electric circuit, etc., such mechanical forces appear. The electromagnet, and all electrodynamic machinery, are based on the use of these mechanical forces between electric conductors and magnetic fields. So also is that type of trans- former which transforms constant alternating voltage into con- stant alternating current. In most other cases, however, these mechanical forces are not used, and therefore are often neglected in the design of the apparatus, under the assumption that the c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1317-1992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 54, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... tic of the direc- tion of the flow of energy.) In the space outside of the conductor, during the flow of energy through the circuit, a condition of stress exists which is called the electric field of the conductor. That is, the surrounding space is not uniform, but has different electric and magnetic properties in different directions. No power is required to maintain the electric field, but energy 3 4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is required to produce the electric field, and this energy is returned, more or less completely, when the electric field dis- appears by the stoppage of the flow of ...", "... ed. As result hereof, where the flow of electric energy pulsates, as in an alternating- current circuit, continuously electric energy is stored in the field during a rise of the power, and returned to the circuit again during a decrease of the power. The electric field of the conductor exerts magnetic and elec- trostatic actions. The magnetic action is a maximum in the direction concen- tric, or approximately so, to the conductor. That is, a needle- shaped magnetizable body, as an iron needle, tends to set itself in a direction concentric to the conductor. The electrostatic action has a ...", "... tric energy pulsates, as in an alternating- current circuit, continuously electric energy is stored in the field during a rise of the power, and returned to the circuit again during a decrease of the power. The electric field of the conductor exerts magnetic and elec- trostatic actions. The magnetic action is a maximum in the direction concen- tric, or approximately so, to the conductor. That is, a needle- shaped magnetizable body, as an iron needle, tends to set itself in a direction concentric to the conductor. The electrostatic action has a maximum in a direction radial, or approximat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6804-8485", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 53, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... ULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in the circuit, the oscillating energy of the transient must steadily decline, that is, the transient must die out, at a rate depending on the energy dissipation in the cir- cuit. Thus, the oscillation resulting from a cha ...", "... d period occurs, during which the energy, which oscillates during the next wave train, is supplied to the line, this energy must be supplied during the oscillation, that is, there must be such a phase displacement or lag within the oscil- lation, which gives a negative energy cycle, or reversed hysteresis loop. Thus, essential for such a continual oscillation is the 124 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES existence of a hysteresis loop, formed by the lag of the effect be- hind the cause. Such a hysteresis loop exists in the transient arc, as illustrated by Fig. 66: the transient volt-a ...", "... ed during the oscillation, that is, there must be such a phase displacement or lag within the oscil- lation, which gives a negative energy cycle, or reversed hysteresis loop. Thus, essential for such a continual oscillation is the 124 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES existence of a hysteresis loop, formed by the lag of the effect be- hind the cause. Such a hysteresis loop exists in the transient arc, as illustrated by Fig. 66: the transient volt-ampere charac- teristic of a short high-temperature metal arc, between titanium and carbon. In this figure, the stationary arc characterist ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 51, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 47 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... e of load at constant field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which produces the resultant magnetic field in the field poles and generates in the armature an e.m.f. called the \"virtual generated e.m.f.,\" since it has no actual existence, but is merely a mathematical fiction. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction of the armature current, that is, e.m.f. generated by the armature current by a local m ...", "... d in the field poles and generates in the armature an e.m.f. called the \"virtual generated e.m.f.,\" since it has no actual existence, but is merely a mathematical fiction. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction of the armature current, that is, e.m.f. generated by the armature current by a local magnetic flux, combines with the virtual generated e.m.f. to the actual generated e.m.f. of the armature, which corresponds to the magnetic flux in the armature core. This combined with the e.m.f. consumed by the armature resist- ance gives the terminal voltage. In most cases the effect of armature reactio ...", "... e, but is merely a mathematical fiction. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction of the armature current, that is, e.m.f. generated by the armature current by a local magnetic flux, combines with the virtual generated e.m.f. to the actual generated e.m.f. of the armature, which corresponds to the magnetic flux in the armature core. This combined with the e.m.f. consumed by the armature resist- ance gives the terminal voltage. In most cases the effect of armature reaction and of self- induction are the same in character, and so both effects usually are contracted in one constant; for purposes of des ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 21190-21982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 51, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... wave of impressed E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 234. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 384 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velo ...", "... and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 384 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsation of the resis- tance ; or pulsation of the reactance. The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reac- tance, causes higher harmonics only with a current f ...", "... e-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsation of the resis- tance ; or pulsation of the reactance. The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reac- tance, causes higher harmonics only with a current flowing in the circuit, that is, under load. Lack of uniformity of the rotation is of no practical in- terest as cause of distortion, since in alte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_title": "Fields of Force", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 7737-7990", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "snippets": [ "... e conductor, a change has taken place also, and this space is not neutral and inert any more, but if we try to move a solid mass of metal rapidly through it, the motion is resisted, and heat produced in the metal by induced currents. Materials of high permeability, as iron filings, brought into this space arrange themselves in chains; a magnetic needle is moved and places itself in a definite direction. Due to the passage of the current in the conductor, there are therefore in the spaces outside of the con- ductor ...", "... any more, but if we try to move a solid mass of metal rapidly through it, the motion is resisted, and heat produced in the metal by induced currents. Materials of high permeability, as iron filings, brought into this space arrange themselves in chains; a magnetic needle is moved and places itself in a definite direction. Due to the passage of the current in the conductor, there are therefore in the spaces outside of the con- ductor — where the current does not flow — forces exerted, and FIELDS OF FORCE 113 th ...", "... OF FORCE 113 this space then is not neutral space, but has become a field of force, and the cause of the field, in this case the electric current in the conductor, is its \"motive force.\" As in this case the actions exerted in the field of force are magnetic, the space surrounding a conductor traversed by a current is a field of magnetic force, and the current in the conductor is the magneto- motive force. In the space surrounding a ponderable mass, as our earth, forces are exerted on other masses — which caus ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "section_title": "Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 23274-24559", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... wave of impressed E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 213. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the vel ...", "... and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsation of the resis- tance ; or pulsation of the reactance. The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reac- tance, causes higher harmonics only with a current f ...", "... e-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsation of the resis- tance ; or pulsation of the reactance. The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reac- tance, causes higher harmonics only with a current flowing in the circuit, that is, under load. Lack of uniformity of the rotation is of no practical in- terest as cause of distortion, since in alte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "section_title": "Beactiox Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 22388-23273", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... n made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately thd case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a consi ...", "... the current and the E.M.F. of a generator do not disappear if the gene- rator field is broken, or even reversed to a small negative value, in which latter case the current flows against the E.M.F. E^ of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanant magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of Foucault currents, because 206, 206] REACTION MACHINES, 809 they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if ...", "... in which latter case the current flows against the E.M.F. E^ of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanant magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of Foucault currents, because 206, 206] REACTION MACHINES, 809 they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and the remanant magnetism of the field poles de- stroyed beforehand by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 20502-21189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... n made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a consi ...", "... the current and the E.M.F. of a generator do not disappear if the gene- rator field is broken, or even reversed to a small negative value, in which latter case the current flows against the E.M.F. EQ of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanent magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of Foucault currents, because 372 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist ...", "... in which latter case the current flows against the E.M.F. EQ of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and do considerable work as a motor. These phenomena are not due to remanent magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of Foucault currents, because 372 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and the remanent magnetism of the field poles de- stroyed beforehan ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1368-3542", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... . Probably, the high temperature would be permissible only in the end connections, or the squirrel-cage end ring, but then, iron could be used as resistance material, which has a materially higher temperature coefficient, and the required temperature rise thus would probably be no higher. B. Hysteresis Starting Device 4. Instead of increasing the secondary resistance with increas- ing slip, to get high torque at low speeds, the same result can be produced by the use of an effective resistance, such as the effect- ive or equivalent resistance of hysteresis, or of eddy currents. As the frequ ...", "... ally higher temperature coefficient, and the required temperature rise thus would probably be no higher. B. Hysteresis Starting Device 4. Instead of increasing the secondary resistance with increas- ing slip, to get high torque at low speeds, the same result can be produced by the use of an effective resistance, such as the effect- ive or equivalent resistance of hysteresis, or of eddy currents. As the frequency of the secondary current varies, a magnetic circuit energized by the secondary current operates at the varying frequency of the slip, s. At a given current, i\\, the voltage required to send ...", "... us would probably be no higher. B. Hysteresis Starting Device 4. Instead of increasing the secondary resistance with increas- ing slip, to get high torque at low speeds, the same result can be produced by the use of an effective resistance, such as the effect- ive or equivalent resistance of hysteresis, or of eddy currents. As the frequency of the secondary current varies, a magnetic circuit energized by the secondary current operates at the varying frequency of the slip, s. At a given current, i\\, the voltage required to send the current through the magnetic circuit is proportional to the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Regulating Pole Converters", "section_title": "Regulating Pole Converters", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 21, "location": "lines 30088-31715", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 42, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI REGULATING POLE CONVERTERS 230. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a syn- chronous converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating voltaga between two diametrically opposite points of the commutator, or \"diame ...", "CHAPTER XXI REGULATING POLE CONVERTERS 230. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a syn- chronous converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating voltaga between two diametrically opposite points of the commutator, or \"diametrical voltage,\" and the diametrical voltage is twice the voltage ...", "... voltage between alternating lead and neutral, or star or J voltage of the polyphase system. A change of the direct voltage, at constant, impressed alter- nating voltage (or inversely), can be produced: Either by changing the position angle between the eiuimjuia- tor brushes and the resultant magnetic flux, so that the direct voltage between the brushes is not the maximum diametrical alternating voltage but only a part thereof. Or by changing the maximum diametrical alternating voltage, at constant effective impressed voltage, by wave-shape distortion by the superposition of liigher harmonics. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "section_title": "Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6089-7274", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... onstants which represent the energy storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The inductance is the ratio of the interlinkages of the mag- netic flux to the current, £ = ?- (i) i/ where = magnetic flux or number of lines of magnetic force, and n the number of times which each line of magnetic force interlinks with the current i. The capacity is the ratio of the dielectric flux to the voltage, where \\f/ is the dielectric flux, or number of lines of dielectric force, and e the voltage which ...", "... storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The inductance is the ratio of the interlinkages of the mag- netic flux to the current, £ = ?- (i) i/ where = magnetic flux or number of lines of magnetic force, and n the number of times which each line of magnetic force interlinks with the current i. The capacity is the ratio of the dielectric flux to the voltage, where \\f/ is the dielectric flux, or number of lines of dielectric force, and e the voltage which produces it. With a single r ...", "... n the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The inductance is the ratio of the interlinkages of the mag- netic flux to the current, £ = ?- (i) i/ where = magnetic flux or number of lines of magnetic force, and n the number of times which each line of magnetic force interlinks with the current i. The capacity is the ratio of the dielectric flux to the voltage, where \\f/ is the dielectric flux, or number of lines of dielectric force, and e the voltage which produces it. With a single round conductor without return conductor (as wireless antennae ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "section_title": "Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 12673-14088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 40, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII. THS ALTERNATING^CnRRENT TRAXSFOBMER. 116. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produce ...", "... with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the E.M.F. induced per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit ; hence, the primary induced E.M.F. being approximately equal to the impressed E.M.F., the E.M.Fs. at primary and at sec- ondary terminals have approximat ...", "... y and at sec- ondary terminals have approximately the ratio of their respective turns. Since the power produced in the second- ary is approximately the same as that consumed in the primary, the primary and secondary currents are approxi- mately in inverse ratio to the turns. 117. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both electric circuits — which flux, in a closed magnetic circuit transformer, has a circuit of low reluctance — a magnetic cross-flux passes between the primary and secondary coils, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 11605-12682", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 40, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV. THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 126. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produce ...", "... with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the E.M.F. induced per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit ; hence, the primary induced E.M.F. being approximately equal to the impressed E.M.F., the E.M.Fs. at primary and at sec- ondary terminals have approximat ...", "... y and at sec- ondary terminals have approximately the ratio of their respective turns. Since the power produced in the second- ary is approximately the same as that consumed in the primary, the primary and secondary currents are approxi- mately in inverse ratio to the turns. 127. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both electric circuits — which flux, in a closed magnetic circuit transformer, has a circuit of low reluctance — a magnetic cross-flux passes between the primary and secondary coils, surrounding one coil only, without being interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2659-3514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 40, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... = — • r Therefore less care is taken in direct-current circuits to reduce the inductance than in alternating-current circuits, where the inductance usually causes a drop of voltage, and direct-current circuits as a rule have higher inductance, especially if the circuit is used for producing magnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a transient term connecting the cu ...", "... some typical circuits may be considered. CONTINUOUS-CURRENT CIRCUITS 27 21. Starting of a continuous-current lighting circuit, or non-in- ductive load. Let e0 = 125 volts = impressed e.m.f. of the circuit, and tj « 1000 amperes = current in the circuit under stationary condition; then the effective resistance of the circuit is = 0.125 ohm. Assuming 10 per cent drop in feeders and mains, or 12.5 volts, gives a resistance, r0 = 0.0125 ohm of the supply conductors. In such large conductor the inductance may be estimated as 10 mh. per ohm; hence, L = 0.125 mh. = 0.000125 henry. The current at the m ...", "... 23 seconds, that is, the current is established in the circuit in a practically inappre- ciable time, a fraction of a hundredth of a second. 22. Excitation of a motor field. Let, in a continuous-current shunt motor, e0 = 250 volts = impressed e.m.f., and the number of poles = 8. Assume the magnetic flux per pole, 0 = 12.5 megalines, and the ampere-turns per pole required to produce this magnetic flux as $ = 9000. Assume 1000 watts used for the excitation of the motor field gives an exciting current 1000 h =- = 4 amperes, and herefrom the resistance of the total motor field circuit is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-109", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 109, "number": 3, "location": "lines 20428-21157", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "snippets": [ "... motor and belongs to the class of reaction machines. A single-phase induction motor will not start from rest, but when started in either direction will accelerate with increasing torque and approach synchronism. When running at or very near synchronism, the magnetic field of the single-phase induction motor is practically identical with that of a polyphase motor, that is, can be represented by the theory of the rotating field. Thus, in a turn wound under angle r to the primary winding of the single-phase induction motor, a ...", "... und under angle r to the primary winding of the single-phase induction motor, at synchronism an e.m.f. is generated equal to that generated in a turn of the primary winding, but differing therefrom by angle 6 = T in time phase. In a polyphase motor the magnetic flux in any direction is due to the resultant m.m.f. of primary and of secondary currents, in the same way as in a transformer. The same is the case in the direction of the axis of the exciting coil of the single-phase induc- tion motor. In the direction at ...", "... nd of secondary currents, in the same way as in a transformer. The same is the case in the direction of the axis of the exciting coil of the single-phase induc- tion motor. In the direction at right angles to the axis of the exciting coil, however, the magnetic flux is due to the m.m.f. of INDUCTION MACHINES 327 the secondary currents alone, no primary e.m.f. acting in this direction. Consequently, in the polyphase motor running synchronously, that is, doing no work whatever, the secondary becomes current- less, and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1659-2484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... edium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, also is of very small ...", "... in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, also is of very small resistance, and the momentary discharge currents may be very consider- able, so that in spite of the very small inductance, considerable magnetic-energy storage may oc- cur; that is, the system is one storing energy in two forms, and oscillations appear, as in the dis- charge of the Leyden jar. Let, as represented in Fig. 10, a continuous voltage eo be im- pressed upon a wire coil of resistance r and inductance L (but A current Iq ...", "... scillations appear, as in the dis- charge of the Leyden jar. Let, as represented in Fig. 10, a continuous voltage eo be im- pressed upon a wire coil of resistance r and inductance L (but A current Iq = — flows through the coil and % t 1 % io A C c c ..1. 1 Fig. 10. — Magnetic Single-energy Transient. negligible capacity), a magnetic field $0 10' Lio interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage eo is suddenly withdrawn, without changing 19 20 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the constants of the coil circuit, as for instance by ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3387-3720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRA.NSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, o ...", "... in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc.; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may b ...", "... , the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc.; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may be expressed, the inductance L is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2972-3286", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, o ...", "... in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc. ; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may ...", "... , the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc. ; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may be expressed, the inductance L i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactiv ...", "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always laggi ...", "... eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part of the total current is given by the magnetizing current. To secure good power-factor in an induction motor, the magnetizing curr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1531-2161", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... edium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, also is of very small ...", "... e dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, also is of very small resistance, and the momentary discharge currents may be very consider- able, so that in spite of the very small inductance, considerable __ magnetic-energy storage may oc- cur; that is, the system is one eo storing energy in two forms, and ^ oscillations appear, as in the dis- ' ~ charge of the Leyden jar. Fig 10._Magnetie Single.energy Let, as represented in Fig. 10, Transient, a continuous voltage e0 be im- pressed upon a wire coil ...", "... ar, as in the dis- ' ~ charge of the Leyden jar. Fig 10._Magnetie Single.energy Let, as represented in Fig. 10, Transient, a continuous voltage e0 be im- pressed upon a wire coil of resistance r and inductance L (but negligible capacity). A current iQ = — flows through the coil and a magnetic field $0 10~8 = - - interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage e0 is suddenly withdrawn, without changing 19 20 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the constants of the coil circuit, as for instance by short- circuiting the terminals of the coil, as indicated at A, with no vo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1120-1683", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... e resistance, r, and the reactance, x, or z — \\/r\" + X\". The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, however, where energy is also expended outside of the conductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective re- sistance. It may no longer be a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does ...", "... nce, r, and the reactance, x, or z — \\/r\" + X\". The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, however, where energy is also expended outside of the conductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective re- sistance. It may no longer be a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not represe ...", "... \" + X\". The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, however, where energy is also expended outside of the conductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective re- sistance. It may no longer be a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not represent the expenditure of energy as does the e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Mutual Inductance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 10, "location": "lines 10475-12216", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... ontaining resistance, self-inductance, and capacity, but no mutual inductance; that is, the phenomena which take place in the circuit have been assumed as depending upon the impressed e.m.f. and the constants of the circuit, but not upon the phenomena taking place in any other circuit. Of the magnetic flux produced by the current in a circuit and interlinked with this circuit, a part may be interlinked with a second circuit also, and so by its change generate an e.m.f. in the second circuit, and part of the magnetic flux produced by Fig. 38. Mutual inductance between circuits. the current in ...", "... cuit, but not upon the phenomena taking place in any other circuit. Of the magnetic flux produced by the current in a circuit and interlinked with this circuit, a part may be interlinked with a second circuit also, and so by its change generate an e.m.f. in the second circuit, and part of the magnetic flux produced by Fig. 38. Mutual inductance between circuits. the current in a second circuit and interlinked with the second circuit may be interlinked also with the first circuit, and a change of current in the second circuit, that is, a change of magnetic flux produced by the current in the s ...", "... second circuit, and part of the magnetic flux produced by Fig. 38. Mutual inductance between circuits. the current in a second circuit and interlinked with the second circuit may be interlinked also with the first circuit, and a change of current in the second circuit, that is, a change of magnetic flux produced by the current in the second circuit, then generates an e.m.f. in the first circuit. Diagrammatically the mutual inductance between two circuits can be sketched as shown by M in Fig. 38, by two coaxial coils, while the self-inductance is shown by a single coil L, and the resistance b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... od an increase of energy occurs, the representation still is by a decrease of the transient. This transient then is the difference between the energy storage in the permanent condition and the energy storage during the transition period. If the law of proportionality between current, voltage, magnetic flux, etc., apphes, the single-energy transient is a simple exponential function : _ j_ y = 2/oe ^°, (1) where 2/0 = initial value of the transient, and To = duration of the transient, that is, the time which the transient voltage, current, etc., would last if maintained at its initial val ...", "... nd To = duration of the transient, that is, the time which the transient voltage, current, etc., would last if maintained at its initial value. The duration To is the ratio of the energy-storage coefficient to the power-dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field. To = -, (2) r where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC ...", "... be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = eoe~'^\\ (4) Similar single-energy transients may occur in other systems. For instance, the transient by which a water jet approaches con- stant velocity when falling under gravitation through a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... od an increase of energy occurs, the representation still is by a decrease of the transient. This transient then is the difference between the energy storage in the permanent condition and the energy storage during the transition period. If the law of proportionality between current, voltage, magnetic flux, etc., applies, the single-energy transient is a simple exponential function : j_ y = i/oe T°, (1) where ?/o = initial value of the transient, and TO = duration of the transient, that is, the time which the transient voltage, current, etc., would last if maintained at its initial valu ...", "... nd TO = duration of the transient, that is, the time which the transient voltage, current, etc., would last if maintained at its initial value. The duration T0 is the ratio of the energy-storage coefficient to the power-dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field, T0 = £, (2) where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DI ...", "... e TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = e0e~£ct. (4) Similar single-energy transients may occur in other systems. For instance, the transient by which a water jet approaches con- stant velocity when falling under gravitation through ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 19458-20501", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... n motor -is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, arid thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having always secondary circuits in inductive relation to the primary circuit during the rotation. If with a single- coil field, these secondary circuits are constantly closed upon th ...", "... of the armature coils the cur- rent is induced so as to give a rotary effort in the one direction, and in the other half the current is induced to COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 355 give a rotary effort in the opposite direction, as shown by the arrows in Fig. 157. In the induction motor a second magnetic field is used to act upon the currents induced by the first, or inducing magnetic field, and thereby cause a rotation. That means the motor consists of a primary electric circuit, inducing Fig. 157. in the armature the secondary currents, and a primary magnetizing circuit producing the magnetism ...", "... one direction, and in the other half the current is induced to COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 355 give a rotary effort in the opposite direction, as shown by the arrows in Fig. 157. In the induction motor a second magnetic field is used to act upon the currents induced by the first, or inducing magnetic field, and thereby cause a rotation. That means the motor consists of a primary electric circuit, inducing Fig. 157. in the armature the secondary currents, and a primary magnetizing circuit producing the magnetism to act upon the secondary currents. In the polyphase induction motor both functi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "section_title": "Commutatob Motobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21339-22387", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... ion motor is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, and thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having always secondary circuits in inductive relation to the primary circuit during the rotation. If with a single- coil field, these secondary circuits are constantly closed upon th ...", "... ls the cur- rent is induced so as to give a rotary effort in the one direction, and in the other half the current is induced to 292 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 193 give a rotary effort in the opposite direction, as shown by the arrows in Fig. 141. In the induction motor a second magnetic field is used to act upon the currents induced by the first, or inducing magnetic field, and thereby cause a rotation. That means the motor consists of a primary electric circuit, inducing Fig. 14h in the armature the secondary currents, and a primary magnetizing circuit producing the magnetism ...", "... d in the other half the current is induced to 292 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 193 give a rotary effort in the opposite direction, as shown by the arrows in Fig. 141. In the induction motor a second magnetic field is used to act upon the currents induced by the first, or inducing magnetic field, and thereby cause a rotation. That means the motor consists of a primary electric circuit, inducing Fig. 14h in the armature the secondary currents, and a primary magnetizing circuit producing the magnetism to act upon the secondary currents. In the polyphase induction motor both functi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_title": "Dielectric Losses", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14334-15409", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric l ...", "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective ...", "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 37: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 37, "location": "lines 38393-40115", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "molecular friction", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... half-axis OB' downward; the complex imaginary or general numbers are represented by the points outside of the coordinate axes. INDEX Absolute values of complex quanti- ties, 37 Actual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing h ...", "... re represented by the points outside of the coordinate axes. INDEX Absolute values of complex quanti- ties, 37 Actual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating resistance, 352 volt-ampere characte ...", "... ce factor of polyphase system, 406 Brush discharge, 112 Cable, topographical characteristic, 42 Capacity, 4, 9 of line, 174 Choking coil, 96 Circuit characteristic of line and cable, 44 dielectric and dynamic, 159 factor of general wave, 383 Coefficient of eddy currents, 138 of hysteresis, 123 Combination of sine waves, 31 Compensation for lagging currents by condensance, 72 Condensance in symbolic expression, 36 Condenser as reactance and suscep- tance, 96 with distorted wave, 384 motor on distorted wave, 392 motor, single-phase induction, 249, 257 synchronous, 339 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1224-1727", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... ents, the resistance, r, and the reactance, x, or — , The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, ;r, does not r ...", "... resistance, r, and the reactance, x, or — , The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, ;r, does not represent th ...", "... , The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, ;r, does not represent the expenditure of power, as does the effect ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 963-1366", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... nce, r, and the reactance, x, or — , 0= Vr2 + Ar2. The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not re ...", "... nd the reactance, x, or — , 0= Vr2 + Ar2. The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not represent the ...", "... 2. The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not represent the expenditure of power, as does the effecti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 8555-10582", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... al Engineer- ing\" and \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" the single-phase induction motor has inherently, no torque at standstill, that is, when used without special device to produce such torque by converting the motor into an unsym- metrical ployphase motor, etc. The magnetic flux at standstill is a single-phase alternating flux of constant direction, and the line of polarization of the armature or secondary currents, that is, the resultant m.m.f. of the armature currents, coincides with the axis of magnetic flux impressed by the primary circuit. When revolving, however ...", "... e motor into an unsym- metrical ployphase motor, etc. The magnetic flux at standstill is a single-phase alternating flux of constant direction, and the line of polarization of the armature or secondary currents, that is, the resultant m.m.f. of the armature currents, coincides with the axis of magnetic flux impressed by the primary circuit. When revolving, however, even at low speeds, torque appears in the single-phase induction motor, due to the axis of armature polarization being shifted against the axis of primary impressed magnetic flux, by the rotation. That is, the armature currents, laggin ...", "... .f. of the armature currents, coincides with the axis of magnetic flux impressed by the primary circuit. When revolving, however, even at low speeds, torque appears in the single-phase induction motor, due to the axis of armature polarization being shifted against the axis of primary impressed magnetic flux, by the rotation. That is, the armature currents, lagging behind the magnetic flux which induces them, reach their maximum later than the magnetic flux, thus at a time when their conductors have already moved a distance or an angle away from coincidence with the inducing magnetic flux. That is, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2485-3386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 28, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... ansient, and therefore gradually decreases in the manner as discussed in para- graph 13, that is, with a duration T = — - The permanent current 12 may be continuous, or alternating, or may be a changing current, as a transient of long duration, etc. The same reasoning applies to the voltage, magnetic flux, etc. Thus, let, in an alternating-current circuit traversed by current i'l, in Fig. 15 A, the conditions be changed, at the moment t = 0, so as to produce the current iV The instantaneous value of the current ii at the moment t = 0 can be considered as consisting of the instantaneous value o ...", "... e sum of the instantaneous values of the resultant currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, thr ...", "... currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, three equal magnetizing coils, placed under equal a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... ring a change in the condition of an electric circuit, as a change of load; or, disturbances entering the circuit from the outside or originating in it, etc. Periodic phenomena are the alternating currents and voltages, pulsating currents as those produced by rectifiers, the distribution of the magnetic flux in the air-gap of a machine, or the distribution of voltage around the commutator of the direct-current machine, the motion of the piston in the steam-engine cylinder, the variation of the. mean daily temperature with the seasons of the year, etc. The characteristic of a periodic function, y= ...", "... resented by a mathematical expression. . It therefore is of importance in engineering to translate thejicite or the table \"^ of numerical values of a periodic function into a mathematical expression thereof. • ' , (B) If one of the engineering quantities, as the e.m.f. of an alternator or the magnetic flux in the air-gap of an electric machine, is given as a general periodic function in the form of a trigonometric series, to determine therefrom other engineer- ing quantities, as the current, the generated e.m.f., etc. A. Evaluation of the Constants of the Trigonometric Series from , the Instant ...", "... 5 120 .150 180 -3.7 -5.4 -5.8 240 270 300 -1.5 + 1.7 + 3.7 + 0.2 + 0.3 -0.2 In table X A, are given, in columns 1, 3, 5, the angles 6, from 10 deg. to 10 deg., and in columns 2, 4, 6, the correspond- ing values of the exciting current i, as derived by calculation from the hysteresis cycle of the iron, or by measuring from the TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES. 137 photographic film of the oscillograph. Column 7 then gives one-third the sum of columns 2, 4, and 6, that is, the third har- monic with its overtones, is. To find the 9th harmonic and its overtones ig, the same meth ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 12, "location": "lines 14897-17124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other words, power is transferred ...", "... ed with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other words, power is transferred through space, by magnetic energy, from primary to secondary circuit. This power finds its mechanical equivalent in a repulsive llirusi acting between primary and secondary conductors. Thus, if the secondary is not held rigidly, with regards to the primary, it will be repelled and move. This repulsion is used in the con ...", "... ts an alternating-current transformer, in which the secondary is mounted niovably with regards to the primary, in such a manner that, while set in motion, it still remains in the primary field of force. This requires, i hat the induction motor field is not constant in one direction, but that a magnetic field exists in every direction, in other words that the magnetic field successively assumes all directions, as a so- called rotating field. The induction motor and the stationary transformer thus are merely two applications of the same structure, the former using the mechanical thrust, the latter ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Unipolar Machines", "section_title": "Unipolar Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 22, "location": "lines 31716-32137", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXII UNIPOLAR MACHINES Homopolar or Acyclic Machines 247.. If a conductor, C, revolves around, one pole of a stationary magnet shown as NS in Fig. 215, a continuous voltage is induced in the conductor by its cutting of the lines of magnetic force of the pole, N, and this voltage can be supplied to an external cir- cuit, D, by stationary brushes, Bi and B2) bearing on the ends of the revolving conductor, C. The voltage is: e = /$ 10-8, where / is the number of revolutions per second, $ the magnetic flux of the magnet, cut by ...", "... its cutting of the lines of magnetic force of the pole, N, and this voltage can be supplied to an external cir- cuit, D, by stationary brushes, Bi and B2) bearing on the ends of the revolving conductor, C. The voltage is: e = /$ 10-8, where / is the number of revolutions per second, $ the magnetic flux of the magnet, cut by the conductor, C. N Fig. 215. — Diagrammatic illustration of unipolar machine with two high- speed collectors. Such a machine is called a unipolar machine, as the conductor during its rotation traverses the same polarity, in distinction of bipolar or multipolar mach ...", "... d of the magnet close to the shaft, as shown in Fig. 216, the peripheral speed of motion of brush, J32, on its collector ring can be reduced. However, at least one brush, J5i, in Fig. 216, must bear on a collector ring (not shown in Figs. 215 and 216) at full conductor speed, because the total magnetic flux cut by the conductor, C, must pass through this collector ring on which Bi bears. Thus an essential char- acteristic of the unipolar machine is collection of the current from the periphery of the revolving conductor, at its maximum speed. It is the unsolved problem of satisfactory current colle ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... ANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and ...", "... er is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rotation through the magnetic field — or, as now more usually the case, the rotation of the magnetic field through the armature circuit — the terminal voltage of the armature circuit is ^ = ^o-(r+jx)/. In Fig. 110 is shown diagrammatically the path of the field flux, in two different positions, A with an armature slot standin ...", "... actance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rotation through the magnetic field — or, as now more usually the case, the rotation of the magnetic field through the armature circuit — the terminal voltage of the armature circuit is ^ = ^o-(r+jx)/. In Fig. 110 is shown diagrammatically the path of the field flux, in two different positions, A with an armature slot standing mid- way between two field poles, B with an armature slot standing op ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2162-2971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... sient, and , therefore gradually decreases in the manner as discussed in para- graph 13, that is, with a duration T = — - The permanent current i2 may be continuous, or alternating, or may be a changing current, as a transient of long duration, etc. The same reasoning applies to the voltage, magnetic flux, etc. Thus, let, in an alternating-current circuit traversed by current t'i, in Fig. 15 A, the conditions be changed, at the moment t = 0, so as to produce the current i2. The instantaneous value of the current ii at the moment t = 0 can be considered as consisting of the instantaneous value ...", "... e sum of the instantaneous values of the resultant currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, thre ...", "... currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, three equal magnetizing coils, placed under equal an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_title": "Alternating Current Railway Motor", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 8649-9342", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "snippets": [ "... same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- nating voltage supply, the field magnetism of the motor also alternates ; the motor field must therefore be laminated, to avoid excessive energy losses and heating by eddy currents (cur- rents produced in the field iron by the alternation of the mag- netism) just as in the direct current motor the armature must be laminated. In the s ...", "... on of the mag- netism) just as in the direct current motor the armature must be laminated. In the shunt motor — in which the supply current divides between field and armature — when built for alternating voltage, arrangements must be made to have the current in the field (or rather the field magnetism) and the current in the armature, reverse simultaneously. In the series motor, in which the same current traverses field and armature, the field magnetism and the armature current are necessarily in phase with each other, or nearly so. Only the series or varying speed type of alternating curre ...", "... een field and armature — when built for alternating voltage, arrangements must be made to have the current in the field (or rather the field magnetism) and the current in the armature, reverse simultaneously. In the series motor, in which the same current traverses field and armature, the field magnetism and the armature current are necessarily in phase with each other, or nearly so. Only the series or varying speed type of alternating current commutator motor has so far become of industrial importance. In the alternating current motor in addition to the voltage consumed by the resistance of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Alternating- Current Motors In General", "section_title": "Alternating- Current Motors In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21713-23905", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... themselves, etc., and connec- tion can be made to the rotating member either by ooIIesSsi rings— that is, to fixed points of the windings — or by commutator —that is, to fixed points in space. The alternating-current motors can he subdivided into two classes — those in which the electric and magnetic relation between stationary and moving members do not vary with their relative positions, ami those in which they vary with the relatifl positions of stator and rotor. In the latter a cycle of rotation exists, and therefrom the tendency of the motor results to lock at a speed giving a definite ...", "... ernating and the other with direct current — polyphase or single-phase synchronous motors, 2. One member excited by alternating current, the other taining a single circuit closed upon itself — synchronous induction motors. 3. One member excited by alternating current, the other of different magnetic reluctance iii different direction! construction) — reaction motors. 4. One member excited by alternating current, the other by altcrnating current of different frequency or different direction of rotation- — general alternating-current transformer or fre- quency converter and synchronous-ind ...", "... and the other with direct current — polyphase or single-phase synchronous motors, 2. One member excited by alternating current, the other taining a single circuit closed upon itself — synchronous induction motors. 3. One member excited by alternating current, the other of different magnetic reluctance iii different direction! construction) — reaction motors. 4. One member excited by alternating current, the other by altcrnating current of different frequency or different direction of rotation- — general alternating-current transformer or fre- quency converter and synchronous-induction gene ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 21538-22301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the pr ...", "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other to the primary exciting circuit. In the single-p ...", "... mary exciting circuit. In the single-phase motor the one flux is produced by the primary circuit, the other by the currents produced in the secondary or armature, which are carried into quadrature posi- tion by the rotation of the armature. In consequence thereof, while in all these motors the magnetic distribution is the same at or near synchronism, and can be represented by a rotating field of uniform intensity and uniform velocity, it remains such in polyphase and monocyclic motors; but in the single-phase motor, with increasing slip — that is, decreasing speed — the quadrature field decr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "... ifier 221 current control 220 properties 249 rectification 249 rectifiers 222 resistivities 9 starting 249 Arcing ground on lines and cables, as periodic transient phenomenon . . 23 Armature reactance, reaction and short-circuit current of alternator 199 Attenuation of alternating magnetic flux in iron 361 constants 434 of traveling wave, and loading 462 Booster, response to change of load 158 Brush arc machine 221, 230, 242, 248 Building up of direct-current generator 32 of overcompounded direct-current machine 49 Cable, high-potential underground, standing waves 452 open ...", "... 3 representing electrostatic component of electric field 5 shunting direct-current circuit 133 specific, numerical values 11 suppressing pulsations in direct-current circuit 134 Cast iron, effective penetration of alternating current 378 Cathode of arcs 249 Charge of condenser 51 of magnetic field 27 Circuit, complex, see Complex circuit. control by periodic transient phenomena 220, 223 electric, speed of propagation in 422 Closed circuit transmission line 306 Col al 392, 394 Commutation and rectification 222 as transient phenomenon 40 Commutator, rectifying 229 Complex cir ...", "... oscillation 65, 72 resultant time, of complex circuit 504 Destructive voltages in cables and transmission lines 120 Dielectric constant, numerical values 11 strength, numerical values 11 Dielectric also see Electrostatic. Direct-current generator, self-excitation 32 railway, transient effective resistance 379 Disappearance of transient term in alternating-current circuit 43 Discharge of condenser , . 51 Geissler tube 9 inductive, as wave 535 into transmission line '. 542 of motor field 29 Disruptive strength, numerical values 11 voltage in opening direct-current circuit 26 Distance ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3133-3507", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... rge 8o GENERAL LECTURES short circuit currents, due to the constant potential character, and is therefore dangerous. HIGHER HARMONICS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES In synchronous machines, as alternating current genera- tors, the higher harmonics are : At No Load I St. The distribution of magnetism in the air gap depends on the shape of the field poles; it is not a sine wave; neither is the e. m. f . induced by it in an armature a sine wave. Since there are a number of conductors in series on the armature, the voltage wave is more evened out than that of a single conductor ; but still i ...", "... induced by it in an armature a sine wave. Since there are a number of conductors in series on the armature, the voltage wave is more evened out than that of a single conductor ; but still it is not a sine wave, that is, contains harmonics of which the third is the lowest. 2nd. The change of magnetic flux by the passage of open armature slots over the field pole produces harmonics of e. m. f . ; that is, when a large open armature slot stands in front of the field pole, the magnetic reluctance is high ; the magnetism is lower than when no slot is in front of the field pole ; that is, by the pas ...", "... ill it is not a sine wave, that is, contains harmonics of which the third is the lowest. 2nd. The change of magnetic flux by the passage of open armature slots over the field pole produces harmonics of e. m. f . ; that is, when a large open armature slot stands in front of the field pole, the magnetic reluctance is high ; the magnetism is lower than when no slot is in front of the field pole ; that is, by the passage of the armature slots the field magnetism pul- sates, the more so the larger the slots and the fewer they are. If there are n slots per pole, this produces the two har- monics ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "section_title": "The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 12683-13648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV. THE GENERAL ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER OR FREQUENCY CONVERTER. 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic- circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspon ...", "... a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while revolving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirectional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way is to excite t ...", "... n the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while revolving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirectional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way is to excite the primary field in one direction only, and get the cross magnetization, or the angularly displaced magnetic field, by the reaction of the secondary ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_title": "Induction Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "number": 1, "location": "lines 18949-19165", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "snippets": [ "... that is, when reversing the current in a direct-current motor the direction of rotation remains the same. Thus theoretically any continuous-current motor should operate also with alternating currents. Obviously in this case not only the armature but also the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect the field and armature ...", "... ternating currents. • The shunt motor on an alternating-current circuit has the objection that in the armature winding the current should be power current, thus in phas£ with the e.m.f., while in the field winding the current is lagging nearly 90 deg., as magnetizing current. Thus field and armature would be out of phase with each other. To overcome this objection either there is inserted in series with the field circuit a condenser of such capacity as to bring the current back into p>hase with the voltage, or the f ...", "... , and therefore is not practicable. In the latter arrangement the armature winding of the motor is fed by one, the field winding by the other phase of a quarter-phase sys- tem, and thus the current in the armature brought approximately into phase with the magnetic flux of the field. Such an arrangement obviously loads the two phases of the system unsymmetrically, the one with the armature power current, the other with the lagging field current. To balance the system two such motors may be used simultaneously and 306 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 22302-23970", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the m.m.f. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approximately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchronous ...", "... relative to the field m.m.f., or uni- FiG. 129. directional; but pulsating in a single-phase alternator. In the polyphase alternator, when evenly loaded or balanced, the result- ant m.m.f. of the armature current is more or less constant. The e.m.f. generated in the armature is due to the magnetic flux passing through and interhnked with the armature con- ductors. This flux is produced by the resultant of both m.m.fs., that of the field, and that of the armature. On open-circuit, the m.m.f. of the armature is zero, and the e.m.f. of the armature is due to the m.m.f. of the field-coils only. ...", "... of the armature is due to the m.m.f. of the field-coils only. In this case the e.m.f. is, in general, a maximum at the moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field-coils, as shown in Fig. 129, and thus incloses 259 260 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA no magnetism. The e.m.f. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception to this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the arma- ture is different in different directions; thereby, during the syn- chronous rotation of the armature, a pulsa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14089-14918", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV. THE OSNI!RAIj AIiTEBNATINa-CUBBENT TBAKBFOBMSB. 131. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspond ...", "... ts a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while moving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirec- tional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way is to excite ...", "... n the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while moving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirec- tional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way is to excite the primary field in one direction only, and get the cross magnetization, or the angularly displaced mag- netic field, by the reaction of the secondar ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_title": "Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 736-2388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... wave and the electromagnetic wave? Suppose we have a permanent bar magnet M (Fig. 2) and bring a piece of iron / near it. It is attracted, or moved; that is, a force is exerted on it. We bring a piece of copper near the magnet, and nothing happens. We say the space surrounding the magnet is a magnetic field. A field, or field of force, we define as \"a condition in space exerting a force on a body susceptible to this field.\" Thus, a piece of iron being magnetizable — that is, susceptible to a magnetic field^ — ^will be acted upon; a piece of copper, not being magnetizable, shows no action. A field ...", "... f copper near the magnet, and nothing happens. We say the space surrounding the magnet is a magnetic field. A field, or field of force, we define as \"a condition in space exerting a force on a body susceptible to this field.\" Thus, a piece of iron being magnetizable — that is, susceptible to a magnetic field^ — ^will be acted upon; a piece of copper, not being magnetizable, shows no action. A field is completely defined and characterized at any point by its intensity and its direction, and in Faraday's pictorial representation of the field by the lines of force, the direction of the lines of force ...", "... e field. To produce a field of force requires energy, and this energy is stored in the space we call the field. Thus we can go further and define the field as ''a condition of energy storage in space exerting a force on a body susceptible to this energy.'' The space surrounding a magnet is a magnetic field. If we electrify a piece of sealing wax by rubbing it, it surrounds itself by a dielectric or electrostatic field, and bodies susceptible to electrostatic forces- — such as light pieces of paper — are attracted. The earth is surrounded by a gravitational field, the lines of gravitational force ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16362-17596", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- ...", "... M.M.F. of the armature is zero, and the E.M.F. of the armature is due to the M.M.F. of the field coils only. In this case the E.M.F. is, in general, a maximum at the moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field coils, as shown in Fig. 126, and thus incloses no magnetism. The E.M.F. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception from this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the armature is different in different directions ; thereby, 298 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. during the synch ...", "... he moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field coils, as shown in Fig. 126, and thus incloses no magnetism. The E.M.F. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception from this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the armature is different in different directions ; thereby, 298 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. during the synchronous rotation of the armature, a pulsa- tion of the magnetic flux passing through it is produced. This pulsation of the magnetic flux induces E.M.F. in the fiel ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves : General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12222-12961", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... on tho insulation, and therefore transmits more energy than the sine wave. Fig. 46. Inversely, a peaked wave of voltage, such as Fig. 48, and such as the common saw-tooth wave of the uni tooth alternator, is superior in transformers and similar devices, as it transform s tho energy with less hysteresis loss. The peaked voltage wave. Fig. 4:8, gives a flat-topped wave of magnetism. Fig. 47, and therciby transforms the voltage with a lesser maximum magnetic flux, than ^ sine wave of the same effective value, that is, the same powc^r. the hysteresis loss depends on the maximum value of t\\u) mag- 5ti ...", "... 46. Inversely, a peaked wave of voltage, such as Fig. 48, and such as the common saw-tooth wave of the uni tooth alternator, is superior in transformers and similar devices, as it transform s tho energy with less hysteresis loss. The peaked voltage wave. Fig. 4:8, gives a flat-topped wave of magnetism. Fig. 47, and therciby transforms the voltage with a lesser maximum magnetic flux, than ^ sine wave of the same effective value, that is, the same powc^r. the hysteresis loss depends on the maximum value of t\\u) mag- 5tic flux, the reduction of the maximum value of tho magncitic; fl^Jx, due to ...", "... ommon saw-tooth wave of the uni tooth alternator, is superior in transformers and similar devices, as it transform s tho energy with less hysteresis loss. The peaked voltage wave. Fig. 4:8, gives a flat-topped wave of magnetism. Fig. 47, and therciby transforms the voltage with a lesser maximum magnetic flux, than ^ sine wave of the same effective value, that is, the same powc^r. the hysteresis loss depends on the maximum value of t\\u) mag- 5tic flux, the reduction of the maximum value of tho magncitic; fl^Jx, due to a peaked voltage wave, results in a lower hyHtorvMiH ioes, and thus higher effici ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 49, "number": 9, "location": "lines 27003-27760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "snippets": [ "... d in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and the voltage drop, may be of an entirely different magnitude from the values which would be found by using the usual values of resistance and induc- tance. In conductors such as are used in the connections and the discharge ...", "... stribution in the conductor (Chapter VII) and the power and voltage consumed by electric radiation, due to the finite velocity of the electric field (Chapter VIII), require con- sideration. The true ohmic resistance in high frequency conductors is usually entirely negligible compared with the effective resistance resulting from the unequal current distribution, and still greater may be, at very high frequency, the effective resistance repre- senting the power radiated into space by the conductor. The total effective resistance, or resistance representing the power consumed by the current in the conduct ...", "... ty of the electric field (Chapter VIII), require con- sideration. The true ohmic resistance in high frequency conductors is usually entirely negligible compared with the effective resistance resulting from the unequal current distribution, and still greater may be, at very high frequency, the effective resistance repre- senting the power radiated into space by the conductor. The total effective resistance, or resistance representing the power consumed by the current in the conductor, thus comprises the true ohmic resistance, the effective resistance of unequal current distribution, and the effective re ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Polyphase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17717-20445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIII POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 155. The induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary. It therefore is electromagnetically the same structure as the transformer. The difference is, that in the transformer secondary and primary are stationary, and the electromagnetic induction bet ...", "... , induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force be- tween primary and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electrical energy, and thus the secondary circuits are closed upon themselves. Hence the induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary circuit, which are movable with regard to each other. In general a number of primary and a number of secondary circuits are used, angularly displaced around the periphery of the motor, and contain ...", "... In the following discussion, as secondary quantities, the values reduced to the primary system shall be exclusively used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quan- tities have to be reduced backward again by the factor a^b ni^pi 157. Let \"J> = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole. We then have E = \\/2 TT/io/ ^ 10~^ = effective e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising mag- netic flux of mutual induction, (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary), passe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "section_title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 17025-18828", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- ...", "... .M.F. of the armature is zero, and the E.M.F. of the armature is diie to the M.M.F. of the field coils only. In this case the E.M.F. is, in general, a maximum at the moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field coils, as shown in Fig. 110, and thus incloses no magnetism. The E.M.F. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception from this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the armature is different in different directions ; thereby, 1 160] AL TERN A TING-CURRENT GENERA TOR. 235 during ...", "... he moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field coils, as shown in Fig. 110, and thus incloses no magnetism. The E.M.F. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception from this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the armature is different in different directions ; thereby, 1 160] AL TERN A TING-CURRENT GENERA TOR. 235 during the synchronous rotation of the armature, a pulsa- tion of the magnetic flux passing through it is produced. This pulsation of the magnetic flux induces E.M.F. in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... hty is very limited. While numerical values can be taken from the plotted curve, no general conclusions can be derived from it, no general investigations based on it regarding the conditions of efficiency, output, etc. An illustration hereof is afforded by the comparison of the electric and the magnetic circuit. In the electric circuit, the relation between e.m.f. and e current is given by Ohm's law, i = -, and calculations are uni- versally and easily made. In the magnetic circuit, however, the term corresponding to the resistance, the reluctance, is not a constant, and the relation betwee ...", "... he conditions of efficiency, output, etc. An illustration hereof is afforded by the comparison of the electric and the magnetic circuit. In the electric circuit, the relation between e.m.f. and e current is given by Ohm's law, i = -, and calculations are uni- versally and easily made. In the magnetic circuit, however, the term corresponding to the resistance, the reluctance, is not a constant, and the relation between m.m.f. and magnetic flux cannot be expressed by a general law, but only by an empirical curve, the magnetic characteristic, and as the result, calcula- tions of magnetic circ ...", "... rded by the comparison of the electric and the magnetic circuit. In the electric circuit, the relation between e.m.f. and e current is given by Ohm's law, i = -, and calculations are uni- versally and easily made. In the magnetic circuit, however, the term corresponding to the resistance, the reluctance, is not a constant, and the relation between m.m.f. and magnetic flux cannot be expressed by a general law, but only by an empirical curve, the magnetic characteristic, and as the result, calcula- tions of magnetic circuits cannot be made as conveniently and as general in nature as calculation ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Induction Motob", "section_title": "Induction Motob", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 14919-17024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... tem. In the following discussion, as secondary quantities ex- clusively, the values reduced to the primary system shall be used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quantities have* to be reduced backwards again by the factor np «iA 142. Let * = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole. It is then E = V2ir«iV*10\"® = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction * (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes through z ...", "... tities have* to be reduced backwards again by the factor np «iA 142. Let * = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole. It is then E = V2ir«iV*10\"® = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction * (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes through zero, in complex quantities, the magnetic flux is denoted by and the primary induced E.M.F., j5 = — ^; where e = V2 TTfiN^ 10~* may be considered as the \" Active E.M.F. of the motor ...", "... E = V2ir«iV*10\"® = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction * (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes through zero, in complex quantities, the magnetic flux is denoted by and the primary induced E.M.F., j5 = — ^; where e = V2 TTfiN^ 10~* may be considered as the \" Active E.M.F. of the motor.\" Since the secondary frequency is s Ny the secondary induced E.M.F. (reduced to primary system) is -^1 = — se. 210 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMEN ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Review", "section_title": "Review", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 23, "location": "lines 32138-32819", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "hysteresis motor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... ars. At the low frequency near synchronism, the secondary current traverses the entire rotor conductor, and the secondary resistance thus is low. At high slips, u ing, unequal current distribution in the rotor bars concentrates the current in the top of the bars, thus gives a greatly increased effective resistance, and thereby higher torque. However, the high reactance of the deep bar somewhat impairs the power- factor. The effect is very closely the same as in the double squirrel cage. (See \"Double Squirrel-cage Induction Motor. \"I Double Squirrel-cage Induction Motor.— II, 18. Induction motor having ...", "... that it is not self-starting. Eickemeyer Inductively Compensated Single-phase Series Motor. — 193. Single-phase commutating machine with series field and inductive compensating winding. Eickemeyer Inductor Alternator. — 160. Inductor alternator with field coils parallel to shaft, so that the magnetic flux disposi- tion is that of a bipolar or multipolar machine, in which the multitooth inductor takes the place of the armature of the stand- ard machine. Voltage induction then takes place in armature coils in the pole faces, and the magnetic flux in the inductor re- verses, with a frequency much ...", "... or with field coils parallel to shaft, so that the magnetic flux disposi- tion is that of a bipolar or multipolar machine, in which the multitooth inductor takes the place of the armature of the stand- ard machine. Voltage induction then takes place in armature coils in the pole faces, and the magnetic flux in the inductor re- verses, with a frequency much lower than that of the induced voltage. This type of inductor machine is specially adopted for moderately high frequencies, 300 to 2000 cycles, and used in in- ductor alternators and inductor converters. In the latter, the in- ductor carries a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-63", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 63: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 197", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 197", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 63, "number": null, "location": "lines 11795-11863", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-63/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-63/", "snippets": [ "... e demagnetizing effect of the ampere-turns armature reaction of the angle of shift of brushes TI requires an increase of field excitation by riFa. (Section VII.) 3. The distorting effect of armature reaction does not change the total m.m.f. producing the magnetic flux. If, however, mag- netic saturation is reached or approached in a part of the mag- netic circuit adjoining the air gap, the increase of magnetic density at the strengthened pole corner is less than the decrease at the weakened pole corner, and thus the ...", "... ction VII.) 3. The distorting effect of armature reaction does not change the total m.m.f. producing the magnetic flux. If, however, mag- netic saturation is reached or approached in a part of the mag- netic circuit adjoining the air gap, the increase of magnetic density at the strengthened pole corner is less than the decrease at the weakened pole corner, and thus the total magnetic flux with the same total m.m.f. is reduced, and to produce the same total magnetic flux an increased total m.m.f., that is, increase ...", "... f, however, mag- netic saturation is reached or approached in a part of the mag- netic circuit adjoining the air gap, the increase of magnetic density at the strengthened pole corner is less than the decrease at the weakened pole corner, and thus the total magnetic flux with the same total m.m.f. is reduced, and to produce the same total magnetic flux an increased total m.m.f., that is, increase of field excitation, is required. This increase depends upon the saturation of the magnetic circuit adjacent to the armature c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 48, "number": 8, "location": "lines 26095-27002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "snippets": [ "... eration only: 387 388 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (a) At extremely high frequencies, hundreds of millions of cycles per second, as given by Hertzian resonators. (6) In high frequency discharges having no return circuit or no well defined return circuit, as lightning discharges. In this case the effective resistance of radiation may be so large com- pared with the ohmic resistance, even when considering the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII), that the effect of the conductor material practically disappears. In the conductors forming the discharge path of lightning arresters this p ...", "... ne. For infinite distance lf of the return conductor, that is, a conductor without return conductor, equation (6) gives L = oo ; that is, a finite length of an infinitely long conductor without return conductor has an infinite inductance L and inversely, zero capacity C. In equation (6) the magnetic field is assumed as instantaneous, that is, the velocity of propagation of the magnetic field is neglected. With alternating currents traversing the conductor this is permissible when the distance to the return conductor is a negligible fraction of the wave length; that is, if Z' is § negligible ...", "... urn conductor, equation (6) gives L = oo ; that is, a finite length of an infinitely long conductor without return conductor has an infinite inductance L and inversely, zero capacity C. In equation (6) the magnetic field is assumed as instantaneous, that is, the velocity of propagation of the magnetic field is neglected. With alternating currents traversing the conductor this is permissible when the distance to the return conductor is a negligible fraction of the wave length; that is, if Z' is § negligible compared with -, where S = the speed of light and VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "section_title": "Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2389-3594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... stance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, character- ized by the property of exerting a force on any body susceptible to this energy — that is, a magnetic field on a magnetizable body, a gravitational field on a gravitational mass, etc. Light, or, in general, radiation, is an electromagnetic wave — ^that is, an alternation or periodic variation of the electromagnetic field^ — and the difference between the alternating fields of our transmission line ...", "... le body, a gravitational field on a gravitational mass, etc. Light, or, in general, radiation, is an electromagnetic wave — ^that is, an alternation or periodic variation of the electromagnetic field^ — and the difference between the alternating fields of our transmission lines, the electro- magnetic waves of our radio stations, the waves of visible light and the X-rays are merely those due to the differences of frequency or wave length. The energy field at any point of space is determined by two constants, the intensity and the direction, and the force exerted by the field on a susceptib ...", "... or wave length. The energy field at any point of space is determined by two constants, the intensity and the direction, and the force exerted by the field on a susceptible body is proportional to the field intensity and is in the direction of the energy field. Thus the force exerted by the magnetic field on a magnetic material is: F = HP (1) 46 GRAVITATION AND THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 47 where H is the magnetic field intensity and P the magnetic mass, the same quantity which in the days of action at a distance was called the magnetic pole strength, and which is related to the magnetic f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-02", "section_label": "Theory Section 2: Magnetism and E.m.f.", "section_title": "Magnetism and E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 910-1032", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "snippets": [ "2. MAGNETISM AND E.M.F. 11. In an electric conductor moving relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated proportional to the rate of cutting of the lines of magnetic force by the conductor. Unit e.m.f. is the e.m.f. generated in a conductor cutting one lin ...", "2. MAGNETISM AND E.M.F. 11. In an electric conductor moving relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated proportional to the rate of cutting of the lines of magnetic force by the conductor. Unit e.m.f. is the e.m.f. generated in a conductor cutting one line of magnetic force per second. 108 times unit e.m.f. is the practical unit, ...", "2. MAGNETISM AND E.M.F. 11. In an electric conductor moving relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated proportional to the rate of cutting of the lines of magnetic force by the conductor. Unit e.m.f. is the e.m.f. generated in a conductor cutting one line of magnetic force per second. 108 times unit e.m.f. is the practical unit, called the volt. Coiling the conductor n fold increases the e.m.f. n fold, by cutting ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-20", "section_label": "Theory Section 20: Nomenclature", "section_title": "Nomenclature", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 7991-8291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "snippets": [ "... cal R,r Resistance Ohm Electrical x Reactance Ohm Electrical Z,z... Impedance Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-centimeter Line; kiloline; megaline Electrical Magnetic £....... H Magnetic density Magnetic field inten- Lines per cm.2; kilo- lines per cm.2 Lines per cm 2 Magnetic Magnetic /* • • sity Permeability (magnetic Magnetic / conductivit ...", "... al Z,z... Impedance Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-centimeter Line; kiloline; megaline Electrical Magnetic £....... H Magnetic density Magnetic field inten- Lines per cm.2; kilo- lines per cm.2 Lines per cm 2 Magnetic Magnetic /* • • sity Permeability (magnetic Magnetic / conductivity) Magnetic gradient Ampere-turns per centi- Electrical F ...", "... Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-centimeter Line; kiloline; megaline Electrical Magnetic £....... H Magnetic density Magnetic field inten- Lines per cm.2; kilo- lines per cm.2 Lines per cm 2 Magnetic Magnetic /* • • sity Permeability (magnetic Magnetic / conductivity) Magnetic gradient Ampere-turns per centi- Electrical F Magnetizing force Mag ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "section_title": "Vector Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2149-2759", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... th leading current, as for instance, a synchronous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 23. As a further example, we may consider the diagram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero and rising. The magnetic flux then passes its maxi- mum at the time ?? = 90°, and the phase of the magnetic flux thus is ?? = 90 ...", "... g current, as for instance, a synchronous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 23. As a further example, we may consider the diagram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero and rising. The magnetic flux then passes its maxi- mum at the time ?? = 90°, and the phase of the magnetic flux thus is ?? = 90°, the flux ...", "... gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero and rising. The magnetic flux then passes its maxi- mum at the time ?? = 90°, and the phase of the magnetic flux thus is ?? = 90°, the flux thus represented by the vector 0* in Fig. 18, vertically downward. The e.m.f. generated by this mag- netic flux in the secondary circuit, Ei, lags ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 32540-33010", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... given circuit or with a given effective current are increased. In consequence hereof alterna- tors and synchronous motors of iron-clad unitooth construction — that is, machines giving waves with pronounced higher harmonics — may give with the same number of turns on the armature, and the same magnetic flux per field-pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 255. This explains an apparent paradox: If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the mag- netic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 188 the magnetic flux per pole = 4> ...", "... and the same magnetic flux per field-pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 255. This explains an apparent paradox: If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the mag- netic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 188 the magnetic flux per pole = 4>, the number of turns in series per circuit = n, the frequency = /, the e.m.f. between any two collector rings is E = \\/2Trf2n^ 10-^ . since 2 n armature turns simultaneously interlink with the magnetic flux, . The e.m.f. per armature circuit is e = \\/2 7r/n«J>10-8; hen ...", "... ag- netic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 188 the magnetic flux per pole = 4>, the number of turns in series per circuit = n, the frequency = /, the e.m.f. between any two collector rings is E = \\/2Trf2n^ 10-^ . since 2 n armature turns simultaneously interlink with the magnetic flux, . The e.m.f. per armature circuit is e = \\/2 7r/n«J>10-8; hence the e.m.f. between collector rings, as resultant of two e.m.fs., e, displaced by 60° from each other, is E = e\\/3 = V2 7r/V3n$10-^ 376 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA while the same e.m.f. was found from the number of t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "section_title": "Ri", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 20, "location": "lines 24560-25119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... gher harmonics — give with the same number of turns on the armature, and the same mag- netic flux per field pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 227. This explains an apparent paradox : If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the magnetic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 162, the magnetic flux per pole = J/, the number of turns in series per circuit = ;/, the frequency = N^ the E.M.F. between any two collector rings is: since 2;/ armature turns simultaneously interlink with the magnetic flux O. The E.M.F. per ar ...", "... nd the same mag- netic flux per field pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 227. This explains an apparent paradox : If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the magnetic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 162, the magnetic flux per pole = J/, the number of turns in series per circuit = ;/, the frequency = N^ the E.M.F. between any two collector rings is: since 2;/ armature turns simultaneously interlink with the magnetic flux O. The E.M.F. per armature circuit is : e == V2^iV//*10-»; hence the E.M.F. between co ...", "... d generator with the magnetic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 162, the magnetic flux per pole = J/, the number of turns in series per circuit = ;/, the frequency = N^ the E.M.F. between any two collector rings is: since 2;/ armature turns simultaneously interlink with the magnetic flux O. The E.M.F. per armature circuit is : e == V2^iV//*10-»; hence the E.M.F. between collector rings, as resultant of two E.M.Fs. c displaced by 60° from each other, is : 342 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 227 while the same E.M.F. was found by direct calculation from number of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 21983-22448", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... gher harmonics — give with the same number of turns on the armature, and the same mag- netic flux per field pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 248. This explains an apparent paradox : If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the magnetic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 162, the magnetic flux per pole = $, the number of turns in series per circuit = n, the frequency = N, the E.M.F. between any two collector rings is: E= V2~7T^2;z10-8. since 2« armature turns simultaneously interlink with the magnetic flux 3> ...", "... nd the same mag- netic flux per field pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 248. This explains an apparent paradox : If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the magnetic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 162, the magnetic flux per pole = $, the number of turns in series per circuit = n, the frequency = N, the E.M.F. between any two collector rings is: E= V2~7T^2;z10-8. since 2« armature turns simultaneously interlink with the magnetic flux 3>. The E.M.F. per armature circuit is : hence the E.M.F. between c ...", "... magnetic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 162, the magnetic flux per pole = $, the number of turns in series per circuit = n, the frequency = N, the E.M.F. between any two collector rings is: E= V2~7T^2;z10-8. since 2« armature turns simultaneously interlink with the magnetic flux 3>. The E.M.F. per armature circuit is : hence the E.M.F. between collector rings, as resultant of two E.M.Fs. e displaced by 60° from each other, is : 406 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. while the same E.M.F. was found by direct calculation from number of turns, magnetic flux, and frequ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-03", "section_label": "Theory Section 3: Generation of E.m.f.", "section_title": "Generation of E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1033-1243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "snippets": [ "i 3. GENERATION OF E.M.F. 15. A closed conductor, convolution or turn, revolving in a magnetic field, passes during each revolution through two positions of maximum inclosure of lines of magnetic force A in Fig. 5, and two positions of zero inclosure of lines of mag- netic force B in Fig. 5. 1 cm.3 refers to a cube whose side is 1 cm., and should no ...", "i 3. GENERATION OF E.M.F. 15. A closed conductor, convolution or turn, revolving in a magnetic field, passes during each revolution through two positions of maximum inclosure of lines of magnetic force A in Fig. 5, and two positions of zero inclosure of lines of mag- netic force B in Fig. 5. 1 cm.3 refers to a cube whose side is 1 cm., and should not be confused with cu. cm. 12 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Thus it cuts during e ...", "... nd thus the average generated e.m.f. is, E = 4 fn$ absolute units, = 4fn3> ID\"8 volts. FIG. 5. — Generation of e.m.f. If / is given in hundreds of cycles, <£ in megalines, E = 4n$ volts. If a coil revolves with uniform velocity through a uniform magnetic field, the magnetism inclosed by the coil at any instant is, $ COS T where $ = the maximum magnetism inclosed by the coil arid T = angle between coil and its position of maximum inclosure of magnetism. The e.m.f. generated in the coil, which varies with t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "section_title": "Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3543-5554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... , that is, inside of the first squirrel cage, and thus of higher reactance, a \"double squirrel-cage induction motor\" in derived, which to some extent combines the characteristics of the high- resistance and the low-resistance secondary. That is, at start- ing and low speed, the frequency of the magnetic flux in the arma- ture, and therefore the voltage induced in the secondary winding is high, and the high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries con- siderable current, gives good torque and torque efficiency, while the low-resistance squirrel cage is ineffective, due to its high reactance at the hig ...", "... its maximum torque at moderate speed; and the innermost squirrel cage, of low resistance ami high reactance, gives its torque at full speed, near synchronism. Mechanically, the rotor iron may be slotted down to the inner- most squirrel cage, so as to avoid the excessive reactance of a closed magnetic circuit, that is, have the magnetic leakage flux or self-inductive flux pass an air gap. 19. In the calculation of the standard induction motor, it is usual to start with the mutual magnetic flux, *, or rather with the voltage induced by this flux, the mutual inductive voltage E — e, as it is ...", "... d; and the innermost squirrel cage, of low resistance ami high reactance, gives its torque at full speed, near synchronism. Mechanically, the rotor iron may be slotted down to the inner- most squirrel cage, so as to avoid the excessive reactance of a closed magnetic circuit, that is, have the magnetic leakage flux or self-inductive flux pass an air gap. 19. In the calculation of the standard induction motor, it is usual to start with the mutual magnetic flux, *, or rather with the voltage induced by this flux, the mutual inductive voltage E — e, as it is most convenient, with the mutual in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4218-4594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetic lag", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... RONOUS MACHINES C\"^ROSS currents can flow between alternators due to dif- ferences in voltage, that is, differences in excitation; ■—^ and due to differences in phase, that is, differences in position of their rotors. Cross currents due to differences in excitation are watt- less currents, magnetizing the under-excited and demagnetiz- ing the over-excited machine. Cross currents due to differences in position are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic de ...", "... r rotors. Cross currents due to differences in excitation are watt- less currents, magnetizing the under-excited and demagnetiz- ing the over-excited machine. Cross currents due to differences in position are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of load of a ...", "... magnetizing the under-excited and demagnetiz- ing the over-excited machine. Cross currents due to differences in position are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of load of a synchronous motor) then the two machines pull each other in phase again, oscillate a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-05", "section_label": "Theory Section 5: Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 1573-1784", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "snippets": [ "5. SELF-INDUCTANCE AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE 26. The number of inter-linkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic force of the flux produced by unit current in the circuit is called the inductance of the circuit. The number of interlinkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic force of the flux produced by unit current in a second electric circuit is ...", "... E 26. The number of inter-linkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic force of the flux produced by unit current in the circuit is called the inductance of the circuit. The number of interlinkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic force of the flux produced by unit current in a second electric circuit is called the mutual inductance of the second upon the first circuit. It is equal to the mutual induc- tance of the first upon the second circuit, as will be seen, and thus is call ...", "... upon the first circuit. It is equal to the mutual induc- tance of the first upon the second circuit, as will be seen, and thus is called the mutual inductance between the two circuits. The number of interlinkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic flux produced by unit current in this circuit and not interlinked with a second circuit is called the self- inductance of the circuit. If i = current in a circuit of n turns, = flux produced thereby and interlinked with the circuit, n$ is the total num ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2012-2148", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines ...", "CHAPTER III LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of e.m.f., the volt is defined ...", "... III LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of e.m.f., the volt is defined by the e.m.f. generated in a conductor, which cuts 10^ = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic flux per sec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12398-13955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... f induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armature or primary, is sinusoidal in space. While in most eases this is sufficicntly the ease, it is not always so, and especially the space or air-gap distribution of t ...", "... d the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armature or primary, is sinusoidal in space. While in most eases this is sufficicntly the ease, it is not always so, and especially the space or air-gap distribution of the magnetic flux may sufficiently differ from sine shape, to exert an appreciable effect on the torque at lower speeds, and require consideration where motor action and braking action with considerable power is required throughout the entire range of speed. Let then: r — iji cos * + e» cos (3 * — a,) + es co ...", "... motor is a quarter-pha.se motor, the voltage of the second motor phase, which lags 90° or behind the first motor phase, is: = e,eos^«- gj + c3 + 8) eos (? 0 3*- cos(.5«- •(♦-$■ A3*- 1 . cost 3 - «■( + *}) + etcoalS - + «odb(7#-«t + 5) + *«*(&* -■•-£) + ■ • ■ W The magnetic flux produced by these (wo voltages thus con- sists of a series of component fluxes, corresponding respective]] HIGHER HARMONICS 145 to the successive components. The secondary currents induced by these component fluxes, and the torque produced by the secondary currents, thus show the same compo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "section_title": "Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 16964-17631", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... L^ only the nth harmonic, in, can pass to an appreciable extent. Such resonant wave screen, however, has the serious disadvan- tage to require very high constancy of /, since the resonance condi- tion between C» and Ln depends on the square of /, 79. Even harmonics are produced in a closed magnetic circuit by the superposition of a continuous current upon the alternating wave. With an alternating sine wave impressed upon an iron magnetic circuit, saturation, or in general the lack of proportional- 158 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ity between magnetic flux and m.m.f., produces a, wave-shape d ...", "... ire very high constancy of /, since the resonance condi- tion between C» and Ln depends on the square of /, 79. Even harmonics are produced in a closed magnetic circuit by the superposition of a continuous current upon the alternating wave. With an alternating sine wave impressed upon an iron magnetic circuit, saturation, or in general the lack of proportional- 158 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ity between magnetic flux and m.m.f., produces a, wave-shape dis- tortion, that is, higher harmonics, of voltage with a sine wave of current, of current with a sine wave of impressed voltage. The constant ...", "... . Even harmonics are produced in a closed magnetic circuit by the superposition of a continuous current upon the alternating wave. With an alternating sine wave impressed upon an iron magnetic circuit, saturation, or in general the lack of proportional- 158 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ity between magnetic flux and m.m.f., produces a, wave-shape dis- tortion, that is, higher harmonics, of voltage with a sine wave of current, of current with a sine wave of impressed voltage. The constant term of a wave, however, is the first even harmonic, and thus, if the impressed wave comprises a fundamental sine an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_title": "Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "kind": "mathematical-appendix", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "PDF pages 27-68, lines 2165-5013", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "snippets": [ "... t of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the voltage phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchronizing energy current due to the phase difference, a reactive magnetizing current due to the voltage difference without materially changing the energy relations. The EMFs of the two alternators then may be represented by: ei = E cos (0 co) 1 e2 = Ecos (0+co) / (1) and the resultant voltage in the circuit between the alternators then is : e = ei e 2 = E cos \\ ( co) cos ...", "... ected together while different from each other in frequency by 2s, that is, one alternator has the frequency (1 s) f, the other the frequency (1+s) f. We may again assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference merely superposes on the synchronizing energy current a reactive'magnetizing current, without materially changing the energy relations. The EMFs of the two alternators then may be represented by: CI=E cos (i s)j< \\ e 2 = E cos (1+s) J (9) The resultant voltage in'the circuit between the two alternators then is : e = ei e 2 = E\\ = 2E sin s0 sin ...", "... E = E | l+c sin s0 cos (s0 a) j> (16) Substituting (16) into the expression of the power of the alter- nator (12 x ), the equations still remain alternating, that is, there is no resultant synchronizing power, but equal positive and negative values of power alternate. However, (16) assumes that the magnetizing effect of the armature reaction is instantaneous, that is, that the EMF E at any moment is the value corresponding to the armature reaction existing at this moment. This, however, is not the case, and the armature reaction is not instantaneous, but requires an appreciable time, several seconds, to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1606-1742", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direct ...", "CHAPTER III. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is define ...", "... II. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is defined as the E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 108 = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic force per sec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_title": "Potential Series And Exponential Function", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3492-6063", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... one by trying different functions, until one is found which satisfies the equation. In electrical engineering, currents and voltages are dealt with as functions of time. The current and c.m.f. giving the power lost in resistance are related to each other by Ohm's law. Current also produces a magnetic field, and this magnetic field by its changes generates an e.m.f. — the e.m.f. of self- inductance. In this case, e.m.f. is related to the change of current; that is, the differential coefficient of the current, and thus also to the differential coefficient of e.m.f., since the e.m.f. POTENTIAL SE ...", "... functions, until one is found which satisfies the equation. In electrical engineering, currents and voltages are dealt with as functions of time. The current and c.m.f. giving the power lost in resistance are related to each other by Ohm's law. Current also produces a magnetic field, and this magnetic field by its changes generates an e.m.f. — the e.m.f. of self- inductance. In this case, e.m.f. is related to the change of current; that is, the differential coefficient of the current, and thus also to the differential coefficient of e.m.f., since the e.m.f. POTENTIAL SERIES AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCT ...", "... olving engineering problems. EXAMPLE 1. 54. In a 4-pole 500-volt 50-kw. direct-current shunt motor, the resistance of the field circuit, inclusive of field rheostat, is 250 ohms. Each field pole contains 4000 turns, and produces at 500 volts impressed upon the field circuit, 8 megalines of magnetic flux per pole. What is the equation of the field current, and how much time after closing the field switch is required for the field cur- rent to reach 90 per cent of its final value? Let r be the resistance of the field circuit, L the inductance of the field circuit, and i the field current, the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-106", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 106, "number": 9, "location": "lines 18813-18948", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "snippets": [ "IX. Reactors (Reactive Coils, Reactances) 129. The reactor consists of one electric circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what amounts to the same, leading voltage. While therefore theoretically we cannot speak of an ''efficiency\" of a reactor, since the ...", "... ry poor one, as its power-factor is high, that is, the efficiency low. In the transformer, the exciting ampere-turns are the (vector) difference between primary and secondary ampere-turns, are wasted, and therefore made as low as possible, by using a closed magnetic circuit. In the reactor, no secondary circuit exists, but the exciting ampere-turns are the purpose of the device, thus should be as large as possible. That is, to convert a trans- former into a reactor, the reluctance of the magnetic circuit must be incre ...", "... as low as possible, by using a closed magnetic circuit. In the reactor, no secondary circuit exists, but the exciting ampere-turns are the purpose of the device, thus should be as large as possible. That is, to convert a trans- former into a reactor, the reluctance of the magnetic circuit must be increased so as to make the exciting ampere-turns equal to the total full-load ampere-turns of the structure as transformer. This is done by inserting an air gap into the magnetic circuit. Such a gap may be either a single ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-30", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Machines: Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 30, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9554-9650", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-30/", "snippets": [ "IX. Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 ...", "IX. Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FIG. 69. — Synchronous generator magnetic 7000 characteristics. machine. It has the same general shape as the curve of mag- netic flux density, consisting of a ...", "... 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FIG. 69. — Synchronous generator magnetic 7000 characteristics. machine. It has the same general shape as the curve of mag- netic flux density, consisting of a straight part below saturation, a bend or knee, and a saturated part beyond the knee. Gener- ally the change from the unsaturated to t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "section_title": "Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1973-2121", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. IiAW OF EUCCTBO-MAONimC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is define ...", "... II. IiAW OF EUCCTBO-MAONimC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is defined as the E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 10« = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic force per sec ...", "... an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is defined as the E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 10« = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic force per second. If the conductor is closed upon itself, the induced E.M.F. produces a current. A closed conductor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 18, "location": "lines 20975-21712", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... be produced by the oscilla- tion of slip, in solid field poles, etc., a torque is produced more or less proportional to the deviation of speed from synchronism. This power assumes the form, Pi = c2s, where c is a function of the conductivity of the eddy-current circuit and the intensity of the magnetic field of the machine, c2 is the power which would be required to drive the magnetic field of the motor through the circuits of the anti-surging device at full frequency, if the same relative proportions could be retained at full fre- quency as at the frequency of slip, s. That is, Pi is the power pr ...", "... oduced more or less proportional to the deviation of speed from synchronism. This power assumes the form, Pi = c2s, where c is a function of the conductivity of the eddy-current circuit and the intensity of the magnetic field of the machine, c2 is the power which would be required to drive the magnetic field of the motor through the circuits of the anti-surging device at full frequency, if the same relative proportions could be retained at full fre- quency as at the frequency of slip, s. That is, Pi is the power produced by the motor as induction machine at slip «. In- stead of P, the power genera ...", "... , Q rnf , in b: O IT J M o This negative term represents a power: P2 = -h2s; (30) that is, a retarding torque during slow speed, or increasing £, and accelerating torque during high speed, or decreasing 0. The source of this torque may be found external to the motor, or internal, in its magnetic circuit. SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 297 External sources of negative, Pi, may be, for instance, the magnetic field of a self-exciting, direct -current generator, driven r the synchronous motor. With decrease of Speed, this field 's, due to the decrease of generated voltage, and in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... this power is dissipated, the rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A, there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \" dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy ...", "... electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A, there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \" dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy stored in the space surround- ing the line conductors. There is energy stored also in the genera- tor and in th ...", "... with other forms of energy, and the engineers have therefore been driven by necessity to their careful and extensive study. 4. The simplest form of transient occurs where the effect is directly proportional to the cause. This is generally the case in electric circuits, since voltage, current, magnetic flux, etc., are proportional to each other, and the electrical transients therefore are usually of the simplest nature. In those cases, however, where this direct proportionality does not exist, as for instance in inductive circuits containing iron, or in electrostatic fields exceed- ing the corona ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... this power is dissipated, the rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A , there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \"dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy ...", "... electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A , there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \"dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy stored in the space surround- ing the line conductors. There is energy stored also in the genera- tor and in the ...", "... with other forms of energy, and the engineers have therefore been driven by necessity to their careful and extensive study. 4. The simplest form of transient occurs where the effect is directly proportional to the cause. This is generally the case in electric circuits, since voltage, current, magnetic flux, etc., are proportional to each other, and the electrical transients therefore are usually of the simplest nature. In those cases, however, where this direct proportionality does not exist, as for instance in inductive circuits containing iron, or in electrostatic fields exceed- ing the corona ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-104", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 104, "number": 7, "location": "lines 18521-18665", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "snippets": [ "VH. Types of Transformers 123. As the transformer consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits, two constructive arrangements are possible : The electric circuits may be inside, and surrounded by the magnetic circuit as shell, shell-type transformer; or the magnetic circuit may be arranged inside, as core, ...", "VH. Types of Transformers 123. As the transformer consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits, two constructive arrangements are possible : The electric circuits may be inside, and surrounded by the magnetic circuit as shell, shell-type transformer; or the magnetic circuit may be arranged inside, as core, and sur- rounded by the electric circuits, core-type transformer. In their simplest form, Fig. 163 shows diagrammatically the core-type transformer, with the iron ...", "... s 123. As the transformer consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits, two constructive arrangements are possible : The electric circuits may be inside, and surrounded by the magnetic circuit as shell, shell-type transformer; or the magnetic circuit may be arranged inside, as core, and sur- rounded by the electric circuits, core-type transformer. In their simplest form, Fig. 163 shows diagrammatically the core-type transformer, with the iron Fe as inside circular core, built up of laminations or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-18", "section_label": "Theory Section 18: Equivalent Sine Waves", "section_title": "Equivalent Sine Waves", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 7381-7736", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "snippets": [ "... OOOiOiOO ^ rH 00 00 T-( c co\" co\"co\"co'Nco>i-r ^^^ooooooo 1— «O ..» 00 00^2 ^ ^ ^ se ^ oo oo . < r-l CO ?CI> i-H QJ CO EQUIVALENT SINE WAVES 109 Fig. 41 and Table I, the number of primary turns is 500, the length of the magnetic circuit 50 cm., and its section shall be chosen so as to give a maximum density B = 15,000. At this density the hysteretic cycle is as shown in Fig. 42 and Table II. FIG. 41. — Wave-shape of e.m.f. in example 88. What is the shape of current wave, ...", "... n so as to give a maximum density B = 15,000. At this density the hysteretic cycle is as shown in Fig. 42 and Table II. FIG. 41. — Wave-shape of e.m.f. in example 88. What is the shape of current wave, and what the equivalent sine waves of e.m.f., magnetism, and current? The calculation is carried out in attached table. TABLE II / B 0 ±8 ,000 2 + 10,400 - 2,500 4 + 11,700 + 5,800 6 + 12,400 + 9,300 8 + 13,000 + 11,200 10 + 13,500 + 12,400 12 + 13,900 + 1 ...", "... effective value, lo 110 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Since the effective value of impressed e.m.f. is = 1000, the 1 000 instantaneous values are eQ = e^-^ as given in column (4). Since the e.m.f. e0 is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux, that is, to the differential coefficient of B} B is proportional to the integral of the e.m.f., that is, to Se0 plus an integration constant. 2e0 is given in column (5), and the integration constant follows from the condition that B at 180° FIG. 42. — ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-33", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Machines: Starting of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Starting of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 33, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9749-9820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-33/", "snippets": [ "... develop torque, while the polyphase synchronous motor starts from rest and runs up to synchronism with more or less torque. In starting, the field excitation of the polyphase synchronous motor should be zero or very low. The starting torque is due to the magnetic attraction of the armature currents upon the remanent magnetism left in the field poles by the currents of the preceding phase, and to the eddy currents produced therein. Let Fig. 72 represent the magnetic circuit of a polyphase synchronous motor. The m.m. ...", "... m rest and runs up to synchronism with more or less torque. In starting, the field excitation of the polyphase synchronous motor should be zero or very low. The starting torque is due to the magnetic attraction of the armature currents upon the remanent magnetism left in the field poles by the currents of the preceding phase, and to the eddy currents produced therein. Let Fig. 72 represent the magnetic circuit of a polyphase synchronous motor. The m.m.f. of the polyphase armature currents acting upon the successive ...", "... or very low. The starting torque is due to the magnetic attraction of the armature currents upon the remanent magnetism left in the field poles by the currents of the preceding phase, and to the eddy currents produced therein. Let Fig. 72 represent the magnetic circuit of a polyphase synchronous motor. The m.m.f. of the polyphase armature currents acting upon the successive projections or teeth of the armature, 1, 2, 3, etc., reaches a maximum in them successively; that is, the armature is the seat of a m.m.f. r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "section_title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2122-2743", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ding current, as, for instance, a synchro- nous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 21. As a further example, we may consider the dia- gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero. The phase of the flux, that is, the amplitude of its maximum value, is 90° in this case, and, consequently, the phase of the in ...", "... nt, as, for instance, a synchro- nous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 21. As a further example, we may consider the dia- gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero. The phase of the flux, that is, the amplitude of its maximum value, is 90° in this case, and, consequently, the phase of the induced E.M.F. ...", "... gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero. The phase of the flux, that is, the amplitude of its maximum value, is 90° in this case, and, consequently, the phase of the induced E.M.F., is 180% §21] GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 29 since the induced E.M.F. lags 90° behind the inducing flux. Thus the secondary induced E.M.F., ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Representation", "section_title": "Graphic Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1743-2321", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ading current, as, for instance, a synchro- nous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 21. As a further example, we may consider the dia- gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero. The phase of the flux, that is, the amplitude of its maximum value, is 90° in this case, and, consequently, the phase of the in ...", "... ent, as, for instance, a synchro- nous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 21. As a further example, we may consider the dia- gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero. The phase of the flux, that is, the amplitude of its maximum value, is 90° in this case, and, consequently, the phase of the induced E.M.F. ...", "... gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero. The phase of the flux, that is, the amplitude of its maximum value, is 90° in this case, and, consequently, the phase of the induced E.M.F., is 180°, GRAPHIC REPRESEiVTA TIOiV. 29 since the induced E.M.F. lags 90° behind the inducing flux. Thus the secondary induced E.M.F., JE1 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19166-20427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "snippets": [ "II. Polyphase Induction Motor 1. INTRODUCTION 135. The typical induction motor is the polyphase motor. By gradual development from the direct-current shunt motor we arrive at the polyphase induction motor. The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocyclic, or single-phase e.m.f., is at normal condition of operation, that is, near synchronism, a polyphase field. Thus to a certain extent all induction motors can be called polyphase machines. When ...", "... ed with a polyphase system of e.m.fs. the internal reactions of the induction motor are simplest and only those of a transformer with moving second- ary, while in the single-phase induction motor at the same time a phase transformation occurs, the second or magnetizing phase being produced from the impressed phase of e.m.f. by the rota- tion of the motor, which carries the secondary currents into quadrature position with the primary current. INDUCTION MACHINES 311 The polyphase induction motor of the three-phase or quarte ...", "... sed only in so far as it differs from the typical polyphase machine. 2. CALCULATION 136. In the polyphase induction motor, Let Y = g — jb = primary exciting admittance, or admit- tance of the primary circuit with open secondary circuit; that is, ge = magnetic power current, be = wattless magnetizing current, where e = counter-generated e.m.f. of the motor; ZQ = r0 + jxQ = primary self -inductive impedance, and Zi = 7*1 + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance, reduced to the primary by the ratio of tur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-13", "section_label": "Theory Section 13: Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 4465-5263", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "snippets": [ "... ondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si refer to that magnetic flux which is interlinked with the one but not with the other circuit. Let a ratio of — — • — - turns (ratio of transformation), primary An alternating e.m.f. E0 impressed upon the primary electric circuit causes a current, which produces a magnetic flux ...", "... magnetic flux which is interlinked with the one but not with the other circuit. Let a ratio of — — • — - turns (ratio of transformation), primary An alternating e.m.f. E0 impressed upon the primary electric circuit causes a current, which produces a magnetic flux $ inter- linked with primary and secondary circuits. This flux gener- ates e.m.fs. EI and E{ in secondary and in primary circuit, which Tjl are to each other as the ratio of turns, thus Ei = — - Let E = secondary terminal voltage, I\\ = secondary ...", "... ondary e.m.f. OEi = E\\. Proportional thereto by the ratio of turns and in phase there- FIG. 34. — Vector diagram of e.m.fs. and currents in a transformer. with is the e.m.f. generated in the primary OEi = Ef where To generate e.m.f. EI and Ei} the magnetic flux 0$ = is required, 90 time degrees ahead of OE\\ and OEi. To produce flux $ the m.m.f. of F ampere-turns is required, as determined from the dimensions of the magnetic circuit, and thus the primary current /oo, represented by vector O/oo, leading 0$ b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 35: Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 35, "location": "lines 37453-37957", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... impedance of half the line, Z = ^ +j| = 26 + 44johms. Choosing the voltage at the receiving end as zero vector, e = 46,100 volts, at 90 per cent, power-factor and therefore 43.6 per cent, induc- tance factor, the current is represented by 7 = 80 (0.9 - 0.436 j) =72-35 j. ^ Or. ii fi = permeability, k = dielectric constant of the medium sur- rounding the conductor, it is hence, V [^ I = \\W or. C = (4) 452 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA This gives: Voltage at receiver circuit, e = 46,100 volts; current in receiver circuit, Z = 72 — 35 j amp. ; impedance voltage of half ...", "... hich are resultants of all the phases of the polyphase system, in the resolution of the polyphase system into its constituent single-phase systems the effective value of the constant has to be used, which corresponds to the resultant effect. This, for instance, is the case in calcu- lating the magnetic field of the induction machine — which is energized by the combination of all phases — or the armature reaction of synchronous machines, etc. For instance, in the induction machine, from the generated e.m.f., e — in Chapter XVIII — the magnetic flux of the machine is calculated, and from the magnet ...", "... , for instance, is the case in calcu- lating the magnetic field of the induction machine — which is energized by the combination of all phases — or the armature reaction of synchronous machines, etc. For instance, in the induction machine, from the generated e.m.f., e — in Chapter XVIII — the magnetic flux of the machine is calculated, and from the magnetic flux and the dimensions of the magnetic circuit: length and section of air-gap, and length and section of the iron part, follows the ampere-turns excitation, that is, the ampere turns, Fo, required to produce the magnetic flux. The resultant ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-21", "section_label": "Apparatus Introduction 21: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "apparatus-introduction", "sequence": 21, "number": null, "location": "lines 8292-8517", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "snippets": [ "... us, as adopted by the A. I. E. E. Standard- izing Committee, is used in the following discussion. It refers only to the apparatus transforming between electric and electric and between electric and mechanical power. 1st. Commutating machines, consisting of a magnetic field and a closed-coil armature, connected with a multi-segmental commutator. 121 122 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2d. Synchronous machines, consisting of a undirectional mag- netic field and an armature revolving relatively to the mag- netic field at a v ...", "... hronously with the frequency. 4th. Induction machines, consisting of an alternating mag- netic circuit or circuits interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits moving with regard to each other. 5th. Stationary induction apparatus, consisting of a magnetic circuit interlinked with one or more electric circuits. 6th. Electrostatic and electrolytic apparatus as condensers and polarization cells. Apparatus changing from one to a different form of electric energy have been defined as: A. Transformers, when using m ...", "... c circuit interlinked with one or more electric circuits. 6th. Electrostatic and electrolytic apparatus as condensers and polarization cells. Apparatus changing from one to a different form of electric energy have been defined as: A. Transformers, when using magnetism, and as B. Converters, when using mechanical momentum as inter- mediary form of energy. The transformers as a rule are stationary, the converters rotary apparatus. Motor-generators transforming from elec- trical over mechanical to electric power by two separa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-86", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 86, "number": 7, "location": "lines 15586-15734", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "snippets": [ "VII. Variable Ratio Converters (\"Split Pole\" Converters) 98. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 253 converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating voltage between two di ...", "VII. Variable Ratio Converters (\"Split Pole\" Converters) 98. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 253 converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating voltage between two diametrically opposite points of the commutator, or \"dia- metrical vol ...", "... ternating lead and neutral, or star or Y voltage of the polyphase system. A change of the direct voltage, at constant impressed alter- nating voltage, can be produced — Either by changing the position angle between the commu- tator brushes and the resultant magnetic flux, so that the direct voltage between the brushes is not the maximum diametrical alternating voltage but only a part thereof, Or by changing the maximum diametrical alternating voltage, at constant effective impressed voltage, by wave-shape distortion by the su ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "section_title": "Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25271-25604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... phase system. Higher systems, as the quarter-phase or four-phase sys- tem, have not been used, and are of little practical interest. 237. A characteristic feature of the symmetrical n- phase system is that under certain conditions it can pro- duce a M.M.F. of constant intensity. If n equal magnetizing coils act upon a point under equal angular displacements in space, and are excited by the n E.M.Fs. of a symmetrical //-phase system, a M.M.F. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let, «' = number of turns of each mag ...", "... ing coils act upon a point under equal angular displacements in space, and are excited by the n E.M.Fs. of a symmetrical //-phase system, a M.M.F. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let, «' = number of turns of each magnetizing coil. E=^ effective value of impressed E.M.F. / = effective value of current. Hence, (F =///= effective M.M.F. of one of the magnetizing coils- $237] SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 853 Then the instantaneous value of the M.M.F. of the coil acting in the direction 2 tt//;/ is : //= $FV ...", "... .M.F. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let, «' = number of turns of each magnetizing coil. E=^ effective value of impressed E.M.F. / = effective value of current. Hence, (F =///= effective M.M.F. of one of the magnetizing coils- $237] SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 853 Then the instantaneous value of the M.M.F. of the coil acting in the direction 2 tt//;/ is : //= $FV2 sin /'i8-?^'\\ = ///V2sin/'i8-?^\\ The two rectangular components of this M.M.F. are: and fi' .. 2iri =// cos n = /i'/V2cos ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 23781-24053", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... ous converters, as offering a higher output from these machines, and a symmetrical eight- phase system proposed for the same purpose. 265. A characteristic feature of the symmetrical »- phase system is that under certain conditions it can pro- duce a M.M.F. of constant intensity. If « equal magnetizing coils act upon a point under equal angular displacements in space, and are excited by the n E.M.Fs. of a symmetrical w-phase system, a M.M.F. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let, n' =• number of turns of each magn ...", "... zing coils act upon a point under equal angular displacements in space, and are excited by the n E.M.Fs. of a symmetrical w-phase system, a M.M.F. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let, n' =• number of turns of each magnetizing coil. SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 437 E= effective value of impressed E.M.F. / = effective value of current. Hence, & =n'f= effective M.M.F. of one of the magnetizing coils. Then the instantaneous value of the M.M.F. of the coil acting in the direction 2 «•*'/» is : The two rectan ...", "... uced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let, n' =• number of turns of each magnetizing coil. SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 437 E= effective value of impressed E.M.F. / = effective value of current. Hence, & =n'f= effective M.M.F. of one of the magnetizing coils. Then the instantaneous value of the M.M.F. of the coil acting in the direction 2 «•*'/» is : The two rectangular space components of this M.M.F. are ; and Hence the M.M.F. of this coil can be expressed by the symbolic formula : fi n \\ n Thus the total or resultant M.M.F. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "section_title": "Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14549-15353", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "... mited by armature reaction and armature self-inductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to a resultant m.m.f. reduces the magnetic flux from that corre- sponding to the field excitation to that corresponding to the resultant of field excitation and armature reaction, and thus reduces the generated e.m.f. from the nominal generated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnet ...", "... c flux from that corre- sponding to the field excitation to that corresponding to the resultant of field excitation and armature reaction, and thus reduces the generated e.m.f. from the nominal generated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- faces which does not interlink with the field coils, but is a true self-inductive flux, and therefore is represented by a reactance xr Combined with the effective resistance, rv of the armature winding, this gives the self-inductive impedance Zl = rl — or zt = ...", "... rated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- faces which does not interlink with the field coils, but is a true self-inductive flux, and therefore is represented by a reactance xr Combined with the effective resistance, rv of the armature winding, this gives the self-inductive impedance Zl = rl — or zt = Vr* + x*. Vectorially subtracted from the virtual generated e.m.f., ev the voltage consumed by the armature current in the self-inductive impedance Zl then gives the ter- minal voltage, e. At short circu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "... xpenditure of a current proportional to the e.m.f. and consisting of a power component in phase with the e.m.f. and a reactive com- ponent in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of power by mag- netic hysteresis, or an expenditure of e.m.f. in phase with the cur- rent, which acts as an increase of resistance. This electro- magnetic hysteresis loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and may then be very serious at high fre- quencies such as those of telephone currents. The ...", "... ve com- ponent in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of power by mag- netic hysteresis, or an expenditure of e.m.f. in phase with the cur- rent, which acts as an increase of resistance. This electro- magnetic hysteresis loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and may then be very serious at high fre- quencies such as those of telephone currents. The effect of eddy currents has already been referred to under \" mutual inductance,\" of which if is a power component. The al ...", "... ponent in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of power by mag- netic hysteresis, or an expenditure of e.m.f. in phase with the cur- rent, which acts as an increase of resistance. This electro- magnetic hysteresis loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and may then be very serious at high fre- quencies such as those of telephone currents. The effect of eddy currents has already been referred to under \" mutual inductance,\" of which if is a power component. The alternating electr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "section_title": "Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 7124-8648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... wer at high pull by a decrease of speed ; the series motor thus gives a more economical utilization of apparatus and lines than the shunt or induction motor, and is therefore almost ex- clusively used. The torque, and so the pull produced by a motor, is approximately proportional to the field magnetism and the armature current; that is, neglecting the losses in the motor, or assuming ioo% efficiency, the torque is proportional to the product of magnetic field strength and armature current 1 66 GENERAL LECTURES In a shunt motor, at constant supply voltage e, the field exciting current ...", "... , and is therefore almost ex- clusively used. The torque, and so the pull produced by a motor, is approximately proportional to the field magnetism and the armature current; that is, neglecting the losses in the motor, or assuming ioo% efficiency, the torque is proportional to the product of magnetic field strength and armature current 1 66 GENERAL LECTURES In a shunt motor, at constant supply voltage e, the field exciting current, and thus the field strength, is constant ; and the torque, when neglecting losses, is thus proportional to the armature current, as shown by the curve To in Fi ...", "... creases by the ir drop in the armature, as shown by the curve e at constant field strength, the speed decreases in the same proportion, as shown by the curve Si. The field strength, however, does not remain perfectly constant, but with MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS 167 increasing load the field magnetism slightly changes: it de- creases by field distortion and demagnetization, and the speed therefore increases in the same proportion, to the curve S. The current used as abscissae in Fig. 38 is the armature current. The total current consumed by the motor is, however, slightly greater, namely, b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-101", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 101, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17538-18397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "snippets": [ "... econdary winding of the transformer can- not occupy the same space, and in addition some insulation — more or less depending on the voltage — must be between them, there is thus a space between primary and secondary through which the primary current can send magnetic flux which does not interlink with the secondary winding, but is a self-induc- tive or leakage flux and in the same manner the secondary current sends self-inductive or leakage flux through the space between primary and secondary winding. These fluxes give rise t ...", "... nner the secondary current sends self-inductive or leakage flux through the space between primary and secondary winding. These fluxes give rise to the self -inductive or leakage reactances x\\ and Xz of the transformer. Or in other words, two paths exist for magnetic flux in the transformer: the path surrounding primary and secondary coils, through which flows the mutual magnetic flux of the transformer, which is the useful flux, that is, the flux which transfers the power from primary to secondary circuit; and the space bet ...", "... ing. These fluxes give rise to the self -inductive or leakage reactances x\\ and Xz of the transformer. Or in other words, two paths exist for magnetic flux in the transformer: the path surrounding primary and secondary coils, through which flows the mutual magnetic flux of the transformer, which is the useful flux, that is, the flux which transfers the power from primary to secondary circuit; and the space between pri- mary and secondary winding through which the self-inductive or leakage flux passes, that is, the flux int ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "... FIG. 187. — Induction generator load curves. 3. POWER-FACTOR OF INDUCTION GENERATOR 155. The induction generator differs 'essentially from a syn- chronous alternator (that is, a machine in which an armature revolves relatively through a constant or continuous magnetic field) by having a power-factor requiring leading current ; that is, in the synchronous alternator the phase relation between current and terminal voltage depends entirely upon the external circuit, and according to the nature of the circuit connected to the synchro ...", "... enerator, that is, the leading current less, the induction generator fails to excite and generate. If the power-factor of the external circuit is lower than that of the induction generator, the latter excites and its voltage rises until by saturation of its magnetic circuit and the consequent increase of exciting admittance, that is, decrease of internal power-factor, its power-factor has fallen to equality with that of the external circuit. INDUCTION MACHINES 345 In this respect the induction generator acts like the ...", "... onous motor load curves. loses its excitation and thus drops its load as soon as the voltage falls below saturation. Since, however, the field of the induction generator is alter- nating, it is usually not feasible to run at saturation, due to ex- cessive hysteresis losses, except for very low frequencies. 346 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2d. The power-factor of the external circuit depends upon the voltage impressed upon it. This, for instance, is the case if the circuit consists of a syn- chronous motor or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-22", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Machines: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 22, "number": 1, "location": "lines 8518-8657", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "snippets": [ "... n the synchronous machines the terminal voltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displaced phase armature currents, or by per- manent magnetism. The formula for the e.m.f. generated in synchronous machines, commonly called alternators, is E = S2i ...", "... rminal voltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displaced phase armature currents, or by per- manent magnetism. The formula for the e.m.f. generated in synchronous machines, commonly called alternators, is E = S2irn3> = 4. where n is the numb ...", "... These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displaced phase armature currents, or by per- manent magnetism. The formula for the e.m.f. generated in synchronous machines, commonly called alternators, is E = S2irn3> = 4. where n is the number of armature turns in series interlinked with the magnetic flux <1> (in megalines per pole), / the frequency of rota ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-46", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generated E.m.fs.", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generated E.m.fs.", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 46, "number": 3, "location": "lines 10778-10835", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-46/", "snippets": [ "... the generation of e.m.f. in a direct- current machine, as discussed in the preceding, is e = where e = generated e.m.f., / = frequency = number of pairs of poles X hundreds of rev. per sec., n = number of turns in series between brushes, and <£ = magnetic flux passing through the armature per pole, in megalines. In ring-wound machines, is one-half the flux per field pole, since the flux divides in the armature into two circuits, and each 178 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING armature turn incloses only ...", "... e total number of armature turns in a single-spiral multiple- wound armature with p poles. It is one-half as many in a double- spiral or double-reentrant, one-third as many in a triple-spiral winding, etc. By this formula, from frequency, series turns, and magnetic flux the e.m.f. is found, or inversely, from generated e.m.f., fre- quency, and series turns the magnetic flux per field pole is calculated: *--!-, 4/n From magnetic flux, and section and lengths of the different parts of the rnagnetic circuit, the densities a ...", "... as many in a double- spiral or double-reentrant, one-third as many in a triple-spiral winding, etc. By this formula, from frequency, series turns, and magnetic flux the e.m.f. is found, or inversely, from generated e.m.f., fre- quency, and series turns the magnetic flux per field pole is calculated: *--!-, 4/n From magnetic flux, and section and lengths of the different parts of the rnagnetic circuit, the densities and the ampere- turns required to produce these densities are derived, and as the sum of the ampere-turns ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-66", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 66: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 66, "number": null, "location": "lines 11981-12083", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation depends upon the in ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation depends upon the inductance and the resi ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation depends upon the inductance and the resistance of the armature coil ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-96", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 96, "number": 2, "location": "lines 16912-17026", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "snippets": [ "... Vo tage fower factor 50 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not ...", "... at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not much differ from a sine wave, and is the hysteresis energy current: /o = ih - Jim- Under load, the primary curr ...", "... alled \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not much differ from a sine wave, and is the hysteresis energy current: /o = ih - Jim- Under load, the primary current then consists of two com- ponents: the load current 7'2 which is the transformed second- ary current 7'2 = — > and the exciting, current IQ. The total «i primary current thus is: Ji = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... he foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive component of e.m.f., in quadrature with current, and = current X effective reactance, or x; power component of current, in phase with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective conductance, or g; reactive component of current, in quadrature with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective susce ...", "... he power and reactive components of current and e.m.f. — ^that is, as the effective quantities — so that the results are directly appHcable to the general electric circuit containing iron and dielectric losses. Introducing now, in Chapters VIII, to XI, instead of \"ohmic resistance,\" the term \"effective resistance,\" etc., as discussed in the preceding chapter, the results apply also — within the range discussed in the preceding chapter — to circuits containing iron and other materials producing energy losses outside of the electric conductor. 128. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing ...", "... c influence requires a current pro- portional to the e.m.f. and consisting of a power component, in phase with the e.m.f., and a reactive component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of e.m.f. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of resistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the con- ductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone current ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 34929-35255", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... verters, as offering a higher output from these machines, and a symmetrical eight-phase system proposed for the same purpose. 271. A characteristic feature of the symmetrical n-phase sys- tem is that under certain conditions it can produce a rotating m.m.f. of constant intensity. If n equal magnetizing coils act upon a point under equal angular displacements in space, and are excited by the 7i e.m.fs. of a symmetrical n-phase system, a m.m.f. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let n' = number of turns of each magn ...", "... zing coils act upon a point under equal angular displacements in space, and are excited by the 7i e.m.fs. of a symmetrical n-phase system, a m.m.f. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let n' = number of turns of each magnetizing coil. E — effective value of impressed e.m.f. 7 = effective value of current. Hence, F = n'l = effective m.m.f. of one of the magnetizing coils. Then the instantaneous value of the m.m.f. of the coil acting in the direction, , is n f. = FV2sin (^-^■) = n'l \\/2 sin (& ^) * 26 402 ...", "... m.m.f. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let n' = number of turns of each magnetizing coil. E — effective value of impressed e.m.f. 7 = effective value of current. Hence, F = n'l = effective m.m.f. of one of the magnetizing coils. Then the instantaneous value of the m.m.f. of the coil acting in the direction, , is n f. = FV2sin (^-^■) = n'l \\/2 sin (& ^) * 26 402 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA The two rectangular space components of this m.m.f. are /T r- Zirl . [^ ZTn\\ = n L \\/2 COS sin 1/3 I n \\ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... the expenditure of a current proportional to the E.M.F., and consisting of an energy component, in phase with the E.M.F., and a wattless component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of E.M.F. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of re- sistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone curren ...", "... nditure of a current proportional to the E.M.F., and consisting of an energy component, in phase with the E.M.F., and a wattless component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of E.M.F. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of re- sistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone currents. The e ...", "... y serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone currents. The effect of eddy currents has already been referred to under \"mutual inductance,\" of which it is an energy component. The alternating electrostatic field of force expends energy in dielectrics by what is called dielectric hysteresis. In concentric cables, where the electrostatic gradient in the dielectric is comparatively large, the dielectric hysteresis may at high potentials consume far greater amounts of energy than the resistance does. The dielectric hysteresis § 107] DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 157 appears in the circu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Il", "section_title": "Il", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19346-21338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... nected together into a circuit of total impedance, Z. Since in this case several E.M.Fs. are acting in circuit § 177] sy.\\ci//^ONOUs motor. 259 with the same current, it is convenient to use the current, /, as zero line 01 of the polar diagram. If I = i z= current, and Z = impedance, r = effective resistance, x = effective reactance, and s = Vr*-^ + ^2 __ absolute value of impedance, then the E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is i?i = r/, and in phase with the cur- rent, hence represented by vector 0E^\\ and the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is E^ = xi^ and 90° ahead of the current, hence the E. ...", "... or the zero line OL Hence, dropping perpendiculars, E^E^ and E^E^y from E^ and E^ upon Oly it is — I\\ = / X OE} = power supplied by induced E.M.F. of gen- erator. I\\ = / X OE^ = electric power transformed in mechanical power by the motor. P =: i X 0E\\ =? power consumed in the circuit by effective resistance. 260 AL TEKNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 1 78 Obviously P^ = P^-\\- P, Since the circles drawn with E^ and E^ around O and E respectively intersect twice, two diagrams exist. In gen- eral, in one of these diagrams shown in Fig. 122 in drawn Fig. 122. lines, current and E.M.F. are i ...", "... Let z = V/^ + x^ = impedance of the circuit of (equivalent) resistance r and (equivalent) reactance x = 2irJVZ, containing the impressed E.M.F. e^* and the counter E.M.F. tTi of the syn- chronous motor; that is, the E.M F. induced in the motor arma- ture by its rotation through the (resultant) magnetic field. Let / = current in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the C. E.M.F. e^; hence — / = />i cos (/'i ^,), (1) thus, — cos (f\\ dy) = ^ sm i„(/...) = v/i-(-4)-J ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9741-11604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... the expenditure of a current proportional to the E.M.F., and consisting of an energy component, in phase with the E.M.F., and a wattless component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of E.M'.F. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of re- sistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone curre ...", "... nditure of a current proportional to the E.M.F., and consisting of an energy component, in phase with the E.M.F., and a wattless component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of E.M'.F. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of re- sistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone currents. The ...", "... y serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone currents. The effect of eddy currents has already been referred to under \"mutual inductance,\" of which it is an energy component. The alternating electrostatic field of force expends energy in dielectrics by what is called dielectric hysteresis. In concentric cables, where the electrostatic gradient in the dielectric is comparatively large, the dielectric hysteresis may at high potentials consume considerable amounts of energy. The dielectric hysteresis appears in the circuit DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 165 as consumption of a current, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 18053-19457", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... ogether into a circuit of total impedance, Z. Since in this case several E.M.Fs. are acting in circuit 322 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. with the same current, it is convenient to use the current, /, as zero line OI of the polar diagram. Fig. 188. If I=i= current, and Z = impedance, r = effective resistance, x = effective reactance, and s = Vr2 -f x2 = absolute value of impedance, then the E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is E,, = ri, and in phase with the cur- rent, hence represented by vector OE,, ; and the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is E2 = xi, and 90° ahead of the current, hence the E. ...", "... t, or the zero line OI. Hence, dropping perpendiculars, E^EJ and E^E^, from EQ and E! upon OI, it is — P0 = iX OE^ = power supplied by induced E.M.F. of gen- erator. PI = / X OE^ = electric power transformed in mechanical power by the motor. P = / x OEl = power consumed in the circuit by effective resistance. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 323 Since the circles drawn with EQ and E± around O and K respectively intersect twice, two diagrams exist. In gen- eral, in one of these diagrams shown in Fig. 138 in drawn Fig. 138. lines, current and E.M.F. are in the same direction, repre- senting mechanical ...", "... et z = Vr2 -j- x2 = impedance of the circuit of (equivalent) resistance r and (equivalent) reactance x = 2 TT NL, containing the impressed E.M.F. e0* and the counter E.M.F. et of the syn- chronous motor; that is, the E.M.F. induced in the motor arma- ture by its rotation through the (resultant) magnetic field. Let i = current in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the C. E.M.F. e1; hence — p = *>! cos ft,^), (1) thus, — * If f0 = E.M.F. at motor terminals, z = internal im ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "section_title": "Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 14, "location": "lines 17125-18412", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... uch energy storage may be used capacity, or inductance, or momentum or a combination thereof: Energy storage by capacity, that is, in the dielectric fu Id, required per kilovolt-ampere at 60 cycles about 200O <-.•■. ol space, at a cost of about $10. Inductance, that is. energy storage by the magnetic field, requires about 1000 c.e. per kilo- volt-ampere at 60 cycles, at a cost of $1, while energy storage by momentum, as kinetic mechanical energy, assuming iron moving at 30 meter-seconds, stores 1 kva. at 60 cycles by about 3 c.c., at a cost of 0.2c, thus is by far the cheapest and least bulky me ...", "... g. Thus assuming that only a quarter of the mass of the mechanical structure (motor, etc.) is revolving, and that the energy storage takes place by a pulsation of speed of per cent., then 1 kva. at 60 cycles would require 600 c.e. of terial, at 40c, Obviously, at the limits of dielectric or magnetic field strength, or at the limits of mechanical speeds, very much larger amounts of energy per bulk could be stored. Thus for instance, at the limits of steam-turbine rotor speeds, about 400 meter-seconds, in a very heavy material as tungsten, 1 e.c. of material would store about 200 kva. of 60-cycle ...", "... , i0. is reached in that the circuit of the voltage, eo, becomes a constant-current circuit, and this case is more fully discussed in Chapter XIV of \"Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits \" as a constant-potential constant-current transforming device. Induction Phase Converter 130. The magnetic field of a single-phase induction motor at or near synchronism is a uniform rotating field, or nearly so, deviating from uniform intensity and uniform rotation only by the impedance drop of the primary winding. Thus, in any coil displaced in position from the single-phase primary coil of the inducti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "section_title": "Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 24023-27995", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... ver circuit is inductive, that is, contains, in addition to the resistance, r, an inductive reactance, x, and if this reactance is proportional to the resistance, X = kr, as is commonly the case in arc circuits, due to the inductive reactance of the regulating mechanism of the arc lamp (the effective resistance, r, and the inductive reactance, a:, in this case are both proportional to the number of lamps, hence pro- portional to each other), it is: total impedance: Z = r +j (xo + x) = r +j (xo + kr) ; or the absolute value is z = Vr^ + {xo + xy = Vr2 + {xo + kr)^; thus, the current r + j{xo + k ...", "... ent, constant. In constant-current apparatus, as trans- formers from constant potential to constant ciurent, or regula- tors, this variation of series inductive reactance with the load is usually accomplished automatically by the mechanical motion caused by the mechanical force exerted by the magnetic field of the current, upon the conductor in which the ciurent exists. For instance, in the constant-current transformer, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 114, the secondary coils, S, are arranged so that they can move away from the primary coils, P, or in- versely. Primary and secondary currents a ...", "... s. For instance, in the constant-current transformer, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 114, the secondary coils, S, are arranged so that they can move away from the primary coils, P, or in- versely. Primary and secondary currents are proportional to each other, as in any transformer, and the magnetic field between primary and secondary coils, or the magnetic stray field, in which the secondary coils float, is proportional to either current. The magnetic repulsion between primary coils and secondary coils is proportional to the current (or rather its ampere-turns), and to the magnetic stray field ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-04", "section_label": "Theory Section 4: Power and Effective Values", "section_title": "Power and Effective Values", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1244-1572", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "snippets": [ "... of the alternating V2 e.m.f., e = EQ sin 6. Since E0 = 2 irfn$, it follows that J' ; = 4.44 fn& ; is the effective alternating e.m.f. generated in a coil of turns n rotating at a frequency of / (in hundreds of cycles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated ...", "... it is the average generated e.m.f. The formula of the alternating-current generator, E = V2 *fn$, does not hold if the waves are not sine waves, since the ratios of average to maximum and of maximum to effective e.m.f. are changed. If the variation of magnetic flux is not sinusoidal, the effective generated alternating e.m.f. is, E = 7 \\/2 7 is called the form factor of the wave, and depends upon its shape, that is, the distribution of the magnetic flux in the magnetic field. Frequently form factor is defined a ...", "... ximum to effective e.m.f. are changed. If the variation of magnetic flux is not sinusoidal, the effective generated alternating e.m.f. is, E = 7 \\/2 7 is called the form factor of the wave, and depends upon its shape, that is, the distribution of the magnetic flux in the magnetic field. Frequently form factor is defined as the ratio of the effect- ive to the average value. This definition is undesirable since it gives for the sine wave, which is always considered the standard wave, a value differing from one. POW ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-38", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 17: Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 38, "number": 17, "location": "lines 10190-10429", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "snippets": [ "... phase alternator the armature current is limited only by the arma- ture self-inductance, and not by the armature reaction, and some appreciable time — occasionally several seconds — elapses before the armature reaction becomes effective. At short circuit, the magnetic field flux is greatly reduced by the demagnetizing action of the armature current, and the gen- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 161 erated e.m.f. thereby reduced from the nominal value EQ to the virtual value Ez; the latter is consumed by the armature self- inductive imp ...", "... reduced from the nominal value EQ to the virtual value Ez; the latter is consumed by the armature self- inductive impedance z, or self-inductive reactance, which is practically the same in most cases. The armature self-inductance is instantaneous, since the magnetic field rises simultaneously with the armature current which produces it; armature reaction, however, requires an appre- ciable time to reduce the magnetic flux from the open-circuit value to the much lower short-circuit value, since the magnetic field flux is surround ...", "... ance, which is practically the same in most cases. The armature self-inductance is instantaneous, since the magnetic field rises simultaneously with the armature current which produces it; armature reaction, however, requires an appre- ciable time to reduce the magnetic flux from the open-circuit value to the much lower short-circuit value, since the magnetic field flux is surrounded by the field exciting coils, which act as a short-circuited secondary opposing a rapid change of field flux; that is, in the moment when the shor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-53", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 53: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 53, "number": null, "location": "lines 11132-11213", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 185 tion produces a magnetic field at the brushes. The e.m.f. gener- ated by the rotation of the armature through this field opposes the reversal of the current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutation constants of the ma ...", "... and frequency of commutation — the machine does not commutate satisfactorily under load, with the brushes midway between the field poles, and the brushes have to be shifted to the edge of the next field poles, as shown in Fig. 95, until the fringe of the magnetic flux of the field poles reverses the armature reac- tion and so generates an e.m.f. in the armature coil, which re- verses the current and thus acts as commutating flux. The commutating e.m.f. and therefore the commutating flux should be proportional to the curre ...", "... so generates an e.m.f. in the armature coil, which re- verses the current and thus acts as commutating flux. The commutating e.m.f. and therefore the commutating flux should be proportional to the current which is to be reversed, that is, to the load. The magnetic flux of the field pole of a shunt or compound machine, however, decreases with increasing load at the pole corners toward which the brushes are shifted, by the demagnetizing action of the armature reaction, and the shift of brushes therefore has to be increased ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-57", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 57: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 57, "number": null, "location": "lines 11401-11540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "snippets": [ "... Or, if / = frequency of machine, n — number of armature slots per pair of poles, /i = nf. For instance,/ = 33.3, n = 51, thus/i = 1700. Under the assumption, width of slots equals width of teeth = 2 X width of air gap, the dis- tribution of magnetic flux at the pole face is plotted in Fig. 103. The drop of density opposite each slot consists of two curved branches equal to those in Fig. 92, that is, calculated by •B' -3 n FIG. 103.— I < « i slots on flu Iffect of B distribution. V + ...", "... f 1825. This alternating flux BQ can, as regards production of eddy currents, be replaced by the equivalent sine wave B0o, that is, a sine wave having the same effective value (or square root of mean square). The effective value is 718. The pulsation of magnetic flux farther in the interior of the field-pole face can be approximated by drawing curves equi- 192 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING distant from BQ. Thus the curves #0.5, BI> ^1.5, #2, #2.5, and B3 are drawn equidistant from B0 in the relative distances ...", "... B3 are drawn equidistant from B0 in the relative distances 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 (where la = 1 is the length of air gap). They give the effective values: BQ BQ.S BI BI.Z BZ Bz.s B3 718 373 184 119 91 69 57 That is, the pulsation of magnetic flux rapidly disappears toward the interior of the magnet pole, and still more rapidly the energy loss by eddy currents, which is proportional to the square of the magnetic density. 54. In calculating the effect of eddy currents, the magnetizing effect of eddy ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25682-29374", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... line, 01. Hence, dropping perpendiculars, EqEo^ and EiEi^, from Eo and El upon 01, it is — Po = i y. OEo^ = power supplied bj^ generator e.m.f. of gen- erator ; Pi = ? X OEi^ = electric power transformed into mechanical power by the motor; P = i X OE\\i — power consumed in the circuit by effective resistance. Obviously Po - Pi + P. Since the circles drawn with Eo and Ei around 0 and E, re- spectively, intersect twice, two diagrams exist. In general, in one of these diagrams shown in Fig. 145 in full lines, current and e.m.f. are in the same direction, representing mechanical work done by the mac ...", "... -y/r^ + x^ = impedance of the circuit of (equivalent) resistance, r, and (equivalent) reactance, x = 2 irfL, containing the impressed e.m.f., eo and the counter e.m.f., d, of the syn- chronous motor ^; that is, the e.m.f. generated in the motor arma- ture by its rotation through the (resultant) magnetic field. Let i = current in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the counter e.m.f., ei; hence ■p = iei cos {i, 6]); (1) thus, cos (t, ei) = -^> lei sin a, eO = ^1 - (|-j ...", "... i = e.m.f. consumed by impedance, ^ If Co = e.m.f. at motor terminals, z = internal impedance of the motor; if So = terminal voltage of the generator, z = total impedance of line and motor; if eo = e.m.f. of generator, that is, e.m.f. generated in generator armature by its rotation through the magnetic field, z includes the generator impedance also. 316 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA form a triangle, that is, ei and e are components of eo, it is (Figs. 159 and 160), eo' e-^ + 6^ + 2 ee\\ cos (ei, e), hence, cos (ei, e) = eo 2-ei2 2 — p,2 — j'2i'2 eo\" — ei 2''^^ 2 zie ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 17632-21381", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... new condition of the circuit. For in- u 161 162 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS stance, if a switch is closed, and thereby a load put on the circuit, the ciurent can not instantly increase to the value corresponding to the increased load, but some time elapses, diu-ing which the increase of the stored magnetic energy corresponding to the in- creased current, is brought about. Or, if a motor switch is closed, a period of acceleration intervenes before the flow of current be- comes stationary, etc. The characteristic of transients therefore is, as implied in the term, that they are of limited, usuall ...", "... voltage, ei, generated by the oscillating arc. A, the pulsations die out as oscillations. If r is less than — , the pulsations increase in amplitude, that is, current, ii, and voltage, 6i, increase, until either, by the internal reaction in the arc, the ratio, —, drops to equality with the effective resistance of the load, r, and stability of oscillation is- reached, or, if — never falls to equality with r — ^for instance, if r = 0, the oscillations increase up to the destruction of the circuit: the extinction of the arc. If, in the latter case, the voltage back of the supply current, 7, is suffi ...", "... ampere characteristic of the arc. A, as be e\" - e' bi V - i' e\\ = be thus is the voltage, made available for the condenser circuit, by the arc pulsation, and in phase with the current, ti = — bi in the condenser circuit, and p - - ^ _ g'' - ^' ^ \" bi~ i'' - i\" thus is the permissible effective resistance in the condenser circuit, that is, the maximum value of resistance, through which the pulsating arc can maintain its alternating power supply: with a larger resistance, the oscillations die out; with a smaller resistance, they increase. From the arc characteristic. A, thus can be derived a cu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... its final value i0. If the circuit contained only resistance but no inductance, this would take place instantly, that is, there would be no transition period. Every circuit, however, contains some inductance. The induc- tance L of the circuit means L interlinkages of the circuit with lines of magnetic force produced by unit current in the circuit, or iL interlinkages by current i. That is, in establishing current i0 in the circuit, the magnetic flux iQL must be produced. A change of the magnetic flux iL surrounding a circuit generates in the circuit an e.m.f., d e - * 16 INTRODUCTIO ...", "... ition period. Every circuit, however, contains some inductance. The induc- tance L of the circuit means L interlinkages of the circuit with lines of magnetic force produced by unit current in the circuit, or iL interlinkages by current i. That is, in establishing current i0 in the circuit, the magnetic flux iQL must be produced. A change of the magnetic flux iL surrounding a circuit generates in the circuit an e.m.f., d e - * 16 INTRODUCTION 17 This opposes the impressed e.m.f. e0, and therefore lowers the e.m.f. available to produce the current, and thereby the current, which then ...", "... inductance. The induc- tance L of the circuit means L interlinkages of the circuit with lines of magnetic force produced by unit current in the circuit, or iL interlinkages by current i. That is, in establishing current i0 in the circuit, the magnetic flux iQL must be produced. A change of the magnetic flux iL surrounding a circuit generates in the circuit an e.m.f., d e - * 16 INTRODUCTION 17 This opposes the impressed e.m.f. e0, and therefore lowers the e.m.f. available to produce the current, and thereby the current, which then cannot instantly assume its final value, but rises t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents,", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5312-6797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... y making the circuit of as low resist- ance as possible. 67 68 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This, however, means limited power. When generating oscillat- ing currents by condenser discharge, the load put on the circuit, that is, the power consumed in the oscillating-current circuit, represents an effective resistance, which increases the rapidity of the decay of the oscillation, and thus limits the power, and, when approaching the critical value, also lowers the frequency. This is obvious, since the oscillating current is the dissipation of the energy stored electrostatically in the condenser, and the high ...", "... ndenser requires a 100-kv-amp. reactive coil for generating oscillating currents. A 100-kv-amp. react- ive coil has approximately the same size as a 50-kw. trans- former and can indeed be made from such a transformer, of ratio 1 : 1, by connecting the two coils in series and inserting into the magnetic circuit an air gap of such length as to give the rated magnetic density at the rated current. A very large oscillating-current generator, therefore, would consist of 100-kv-amp. condenser and 100-kv-amp. reactor. 46. Assuming the condenser to be designed for 10,000 volts alternating impresse ...", "... llating currents. A 100-kv-amp. react- ive coil has approximately the same size as a 50-kw. trans- former and can indeed be made from such a transformer, of ratio 1 : 1, by connecting the two coils in series and inserting into the magnetic circuit an air gap of such length as to give the rated magnetic density at the rated current. A very large oscillating-current generator, therefore, would consist of 100-kv-amp. condenser and 100-kv-amp. reactor. 46. Assuming the condenser to be designed for 10,000 volts alternating impressed e.m.f. at 60 cycles, the 100 kv-amp. con- 70 TRANSIENT PHENO ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... lculation exact to a fraction of one per cent, while theoretically possible, thus would be practically useless, The calculation of the ampere-turns required for the shunt field excitation, or for the series field of a direct-current generator needs only moderate exactness, as variations in the magnetic material, in the speed regulation of the driving power, etc., produce differences amounting to several per cent. (c) Exact engineering calculations, as, for instance, the calculations of the efficiency of apparatus, the regulation of transformers, the characteristic curves of induction motors ...", "... Fig. 90. Curve Plotted for Use as De.sign Data. wrong impression that the variation of voltage is far greater than it really is. When curves are used to record numerical values and derive them from the curve, as, for instance, is connnonly the NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS. 259 case with magnetization curves, it is unnecessary to have the zero of the function coincide with the zero of the cross-sectioning, but rather preferable not to have it so, if thereby a better scale of the curve can be secured. It is desirable, however, to use suffi- ciently small cross-sectioning to make it possible t ...", "... ather preferable not to have it so, if thereby a better scale of the curve can be secured. It is desirable, however, to use suffi- ciently small cross-sectioning to make it possible to take numerical values from the curve with good accuracy. This is illustrated by Figs. 89 and 90. Both show the magnetic charac- teristic of soft steel, for the range above (B = 8000, in which it is usually employed. Fig. 89 shows the proper way of plotting for showing the shape of the function, Fig. 90 the proper way of plotting for use of the curve to derive numerical values therefrom. \\ V \\, \\ \\ I ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "section_title": "The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3595-6820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... 4 drift, 14 fallacy of conception, 16 illogical, 18 unnecessary, 17 waves, 18 Euclid, 71 Euclidean geometry, 64, 72, 74 F Fallacy of ether conception, 16 Faraday, 12, 17 Field, centrifugal, 47 dielectric, 18 electromagnetic, 21 electrostatic, 18 gravitational, 18, 46, 47 magnetic, 18 of energy, 22 of force, 12, 18 Finite volume of universe, 63 Force, magnetic, 46 Four-dimensional space with sphere as element, 99 Fraction, meaning of, 38 Frequencies of electromagnetic waves, 22 Friction of ether, 14 G Gauss, 71 General differential space, 115 geometry, 6 ...", "... Euclid, 71 Euclidean geometry, 64, 72, 74 F Fallacy of ether conception, 16 Faraday, 12, 17 Field, centrifugal, 47 dielectric, 18 electromagnetic, 21 electrostatic, 18 gravitational, 18, 46, 47 magnetic, 18 of energy, 22 of force, 12, 18 Finite volume of universe, 63 Force, magnetic, 46 Four-dimensional space with sphere as element, 99 Fraction, meaning of, 38 Frequencies of electromagnetic waves, 22 Friction of ether, 14 G Gauss, 71 General differential space, 115 geometry, 64 or projective geometry space, 115 Geometry, 64 of gravitational field, 69 Gravi ...", "... ce, 88 Hypothesis of ether abandoned, 16 Imaginary number, meaning, 38 rotation, meaning, 39 representing relativity, 35 Inductance and wave velocity, 23 Inertial mass, 47 Infinitely distant elements in geom- etry, 96 Intensity of dielectric field, 47 of gravitational field, 47 of magnetic field, 47 Interference of light, 13 K Kinetic energy, 44, 47 Kinks, in space, 90 Law of gravitation, 50 Length, relativity, 6 of straight line, 87 shortening by motion, 5, 28 transformation by motion, 26 INDEX 125 Light, constancy of speed, 4 as wave, 13 deflection in gravitati ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Generation", "section_title": "Generation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3781-4217", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... e-phase machine, pulsating; in the latter therefore, in machines of very large armature reaction, as turbo-alternators, pulsations of the magnet field, and thereby loss in efficiency, and heating may result. An alternator has armature reaction and self-induction. The armature reaction is the magnetic action of the arma- ture current on the field, that is, the armature current demag- netizes or magnetizes the field according to its phase, and so lowers or raises the voltage. Armature reaction therefore is expressed in ampere turns. Self-induction is the action of the armature current in p ...", "... f the arma- ture current on the field, that is, the armature current demag- netizes or magnetizes the field according to its phase, and so lowers or raises the voltage. Armature reaction therefore is expressed in ampere turns. Self-induction is the action of the armature current in producing magnetism in the armature, which magnetism does not go through the field. This magnetism induces an e. m. f. in the armature, which opposes or assists the e. m. f . produced by the field magnetism, according to the phase of the armature current, and so lowers or raises the voltage. Self-induction, or \"a ...", "... field, that is, the armature current demag- netizes or magnetizes the field according to its phase, and so lowers or raises the voltage. Armature reaction therefore is expressed in ampere turns. Self-induction is the action of the armature current in producing magnetism in the armature, which magnetism does not go through the field. This magnetism induces an e. m. f. in the armature, which opposes or assists the e. m. f . produced by the field magnetism, according to the phase of the armature current, and so lowers or raises the voltage. Self-induction, or \"armature reactance\" therefore is e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "... tant current is produced by using a very high armature reaction and relatively weak field excitation; that is, the armature ampere turns are nearly equal and opposite to the field ampere turns, and thus both very large compared with the difference, the resultant ampere turns, which produce the magnetic field. A moderate increase of current and consequent increase of armature ampere turns therefore greatly reduces the resultant ampere turns and ARC LIGHTING 221 so the field magnetism and the voltage, (that is, the machine tends to regulate for constant current. Perfect constant current regulati ...", "... turns, and thus both very large compared with the difference, the resultant ampere turns, which produce the magnetic field. A moderate increase of current and consequent increase of armature ampere turns therefore greatly reduces the resultant ampere turns and ARC LIGHTING 221 so the field magnetism and the voltage, (that is, the machine tends to regulate for constant current. Perfect constant current regulation then is secured by some governing device, as an auto- matic regulator varying a resistance shunted across the series field. It must, however, be understood .that the \"regulator\" o ...", "... other (which of the two coils is movable, is immaterial, or rather, is determined by consideration of design). Fig. 48 shows the coil S suspended and its weight partially balanced by counter-weight W. With the secondary coil S close to the coil P, that is, in the lowest position, most of the magnetism produced by the primary coil P passes through the secondary coil S, and the secondary voltage therefore is a maximum. The further the secondary coil moves away from the primary coil, the more of the magnetism passes between the coils, the less through the secondary coil, and the lower therefor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "section_title": "Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1549-2365", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "permeability", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... propagation of an electric wave is, when neglecting the energy losses in and by the con- ductor: S = -L= , (5) VLC where L is the inductance, C the capacity of the conductor per unit length (the length measured in the same measure as the speed S). The inductance L is proportional to the permeability /*, and the capacity C proportional to the dielectric constant, or specific capacity K of the medium surrounding the conductor, that is, the medium through which the electric wave propagates; that is, A V p* where A is a proportionality constant. The ratio of the speed of propagation of a ...", "... two media 1 and 2 thus is: <,, for empty space, fj. = 1 and « = 1; hence, (8) where Sl is the speed of propagation in the medium of constants /^ and jcr Comparing equation (8) with (4) it follows : Vl = d*-, (9) that is, the square of the refractive index d equals the product of permeability JJL and dielectric constant K. Since for most media the permeability /JL = 1, for all except e maneti mri the magnetic materials RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 25 This relation between the constant of the electric circuit K and the constant of optics d was one of the first eviden ...", "... ; hence, (8) where Sl is the speed of propagation in the medium of constants /^ and jcr Comparing equation (8) with (4) it follows : Vl = d*-, (9) that is, the square of the refractive index d equals the product of permeability JJL and dielectric constant K. Since for most media the permeability /JL = 1, for all except e maneti mri the magnetic materials RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 25 This relation between the constant of the electric circuit K and the constant of optics d was one of the first evidences of the identity of the meclium in which the electric field exists ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-23", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 23, "number": 2, "location": "lines 8658-8740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "snippets": [ "... ronous machine we have to distinguish between terminal voltage E, real generated e.m.f. #1, virtual generated e.m.f. EZ, and nominal generated e.m.f. EQ. The real generated e.m.f. EI is the e.m.f. generated in the alter- nator armature turns by the resultant magnetic flux, or mag- netic flux interlinked with them, that is, by the magnetic flux passing through the armature core. It is equal to the terminal voltage plus the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the arma- ture, these two e.m.fs. being taken in their proper phas ...", "... erated e.m.f. #1, virtual generated e.m.f. EZ, and nominal generated e.m.f. EQ. The real generated e.m.f. EI is the e.m.f. generated in the alter- nator armature turns by the resultant magnetic flux, or mag- netic flux interlinked with them, that is, by the magnetic flux passing through the armature core. It is equal to the terminal voltage plus the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the arma- ture, these two e.m.fs. being taken in their proper phase relation; thus Ei = E + Ir, where / = current in armature, r = ef ...", "... ux passing through the armature core. It is equal to the terminal voltage plus the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the arma- ture, these two e.m.fs. being taken in their proper phase relation; thus Ei = E + Ir, where / = current in armature, r = effective resistance. The virtual generated e.m.f. E2 is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the flux produced by the field poles, or flux corre- sponding to the resultant m.m.f., that is, the resultant of the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 129 m.m.fs. of field excitation and of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-24", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 24, "number": 3, "location": "lines 8741-8906", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "snippets": [ "III. Armature Reaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. generated by the field exciting current or the ...", "... magnet pole (in the di- rection of rotation) in an. alternating-current generator A] magnetizes the following and demagnetizes the preceding mag- net pole in a synchronous motor A' (since in a generator the rotation is against, in a synchronous motor with the magnetic attractions and repulsions between field and armature). In this case the armature current neither magnetizes nor demag- netizes the field as a whole, but magnetizes the one side, demag- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 131 netizes the other side of each field pole, ...", "... ween field and armature). In this case the armature current neither magnetizes nor demag- netizes the field as a whole, but magnetizes the one side, demag- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 131 netizes the other side of each field pole, and thus merely distorts the magnetic field. 9. If the armature current lags behind the nominal generated e.m.f., it reaches its maximum in a position where the armature coil already faces the next magnetic pole, as shown in Fig. 48, B and Br, and thus demagnetizes the field in a generator B, ma ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 79, "number": null, "location": "lines 13019-13119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "snippets": [ "... re as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the ...", "... or of the motor. Thus, to get good power-factor, the field self-inductance must be made low, that is, the field as weak and the armature as strong as possible. With such a strong armature, and weak field, the commutating pole is not sufficient to control magnetic distortion by the arma- ture reaction, and complete compensation by a distributed compensating winding, as Fig. 102, page 190, is required. 79. When in the position of commutation the armature coil is short-circuited by the commutator brush, it encloses the ...", "... ve current and cause spark- ing. No position exists on the commutator of the alternating- current motor where the armature coil does not contain an induced e.m.f., but in the position midway between the brushes the e.m.f. induced by the rotation through the magnetic field is a maximum; in the position of commutation the e.m.f. induced by the alternation of the field flux is a maximum. To overcome the destructive sparking caused by the short circuit of the latter e.m.f. by the commutator brush is the problem of making a s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15161-15475", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "snippets": [ "... tor and as synchronous motor. If the com- mutator brushes are set at right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature reaction due to the power component of the alternating current in a synchro- nous motor consists of a polarization in quadrature ahead of the field magnetism, which is opposite to the armature reaction as direct-current generator. Let m = tota ...", "... - current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature reaction due to the power component of the alternating current in a synchro- nous motor consists of a polarization in quadrature ahead of the field magnetism, which is opposite to the armature reaction as direct-current generator. Let m = total number of turns on the bipolar armature or per pair of poles of an n-phase converter, / = direct current, then the number of turns in series between the brushes = - ...", "... action is equal but opposite to the direct- current reaction. Hence, the armature reaction oscillates with twice the fre- quency of the alternating current, and with full intensity, and since it is in quadrature with the field excitation, tends to shift the magnetic flux rapidly across the field poles, and thereby tends to cause sparking and power losses. This oscillating reaction is, however, reduced by the damping effect of the mag- netic field structure. It is somewhat less in the two-circuit single-phase converter. Since ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-85", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 85, "number": 6, "location": "lines 15476-15585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "snippets": [ "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no magnetic distortion exists, and no ...", "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no magnetic distortion exists, and no armature reaction at all if the ...", "... current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no magnetic distortion exists, and no armature reaction at all if the current is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., while the- armature reaction is demagnetizing with a leading and mag- netizing with a lagging current. Thus if ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... s and commutating machines, this classification becomes difficult in considering all known apparatus, as many of them fall in two or even all three classes, or are intermediate, or their inclusion in one class depends on the particular definition of this class. Induction machines consist of a magnetic circuit inductively related, that is, interlinked with two sets of electric circuits, which are movable with regards to each other. They thus differ from transformers or in general stationary induction apparatus, in that the electric circuits of the latter are stationary with regards to each ...", "... ely related, that is, interlinked with two sets of electric circuits, which are movable with regards to each other. They thus differ from transformers or in general stationary induction apparatus, in that the electric circuits of the latter are stationary with regards to each other and to the magnetic circuit. In the induction machines, the mechanical work thus is pro- duced— or consumed, in generators — by a disappearance or appearance of electrical energy in the transformation between the two sets of electric circuits, which are movable with regards to each other, and of which one may be ...", "... o- duced— or consumed, in generators — by a disappearance or appearance of electrical energy in the transformation between the two sets of electric circuits, which are movable with regards to each other, and of which one may be called the primary cir- cuit, the other the secondary circuit. The magnetic field of the induction machine inherently must be an alternating field (usually a polyphase rotating field) excited by alternating currents. Synchronous machines are machines in which the frequency of rotation has a fixed and rigid relation to the frequency of the supply voltage. Usually the fre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7141-8510", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... hanges the alternating current of the constant-current transformer to direct current without requiring moving machinery. The Brush machine in its principle essentially is a quarter- phase constant-current alternator with rectifying commutator. An alternator of low armature reaction and strong magnetic field regulates for constant potential: the change of armature reaction, resulting from a change of load, has little effect on the field and thereby on the terminal voltage, if the armature reaction is low. An alternator of very high armature reaction and weak field, however, regulates for constant c ...", "... of load, has little effect on the field and thereby on the terminal voltage, if the armature reaction is low. An alternator of very high armature reaction and weak field, however, regulates for constant current: if the m.m.f., that is, the ampere-turns required in the field coil to produce the magnetic flux, are small compared with the field ampere-turns required to take care of the armature reaction, and the resultant or magnetism-producing field ampere-turns thus the small difference between total field excitation and armature reaction, a moderate increase of armature current and thereby of arm ...", "... high armature reaction and weak field, however, regulates for constant current: if the m.m.f., that is, the ampere-turns required in the field coil to produce the magnetic flux, are small compared with the field ampere-turns required to take care of the armature reaction, and the resultant or magnetism-producing field ampere-turns thus the small difference between total field excitation and armature reaction, a moderate increase of armature current and thereby of armature reaction makes it equal to the field excitation, and leaves no ampere-turns for producing the mag- netism; that is, the m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-48", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 48: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 48, "number": null, "location": "lines 10845-10940", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-48/", "snippets": [ "... lx from the end of the field pole on the armature surface, the distance from the next field pole is ld = Vk2 + lx2, and the density thus, approximately, B C FIG. 92. — Distribution of mganetic flux under a single pole. Herefrom the distribution of magnetic flux is calculated and plotted in Fig. 92, for a single pole BC, along the armature sur- face A, for the length of air gap la = 1, and such a m.m.f. as to L FIG. 93. — Distribution of magnetic force and flux at no load. give Bo = 8000 under the fiel ...", "... lux under a single pole. Herefrom the distribution of magnetic flux is calculated and plotted in Fig. 92, for a single pole BC, along the armature sur- face A, for the length of air gap la = 1, and such a m.m.f. as to L FIG. 93. — Distribution of magnetic force and flux at no load. give Bo = 8000 under the field pole; that is, for /0 = 6400 or HQ = 8000. Around the surface of the direct-current machine armature, alternate poles follow each other. Thus the m.m.f. is constant only under each field pole, ...", "... int D midway 180 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING between C and E} at which the m.m.f. of the field equals zero, is called the \"neutral.\" The distribution of m.m.f. of field excitation is thus given by the line F in Fig. 91. The distribu- tion of magnetic flux as shown in Fig. 91 by BQ is derived by the formula 4irF B 10 I where This distribution of magnetic flux applies only to the no-load condition. Under load, that is, if the armature carries current, the distribution of flux is changed by the m.m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-49", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 49: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 181", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 181", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 49, "number": null, "location": "lines 10941-11024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-49/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-49/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 181 With the brushes set midway between adjacent field poles, the armature m.m.f. is additive on one side and subtractive on the other side of the center of the field pole. Thus the magnetic intensity is increased on one side and decreased on the other. The total m.m.f., however, and thus, neglecting saturation, the total flux entering the armature, are not changed. Thus, arma- ture reaction, with the brushes midway between adjacent field poles, ...", "... otal flux entering the armature, are not changed. Thus, arma- ture reaction, with the brushes midway between adjacent field poles, acts distorting upon the field, but neither magnetizes nor demagnetizes, if the field is below saturation. The distortion of the magnetic field takes place by the arma- ture ampere-turns beneath the pole, or from B to C. Thus, if T = pole arc, that is, the angle covered by pole face (two poles or one complete period being denoted by 360 degrees), the dis- rFa torting ampere-turns of the armat ...", "... h considerable arma- ture reaction the brushes when set at this point are liable to spark by short-circuiting an active e.m.f. Therefore, under load, the brushes are shifted toward the following pole, that is, toward the direction in which the zero point of magnetic flux has been shifted by the armature reaction. 45. In Fig. 95, the brushes are assumed as shifted to the cor- ner of the next pole, E respectively B. In consequence thereof, the subtractive range of the armature m.m.f. is larger than the additive, and the r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-54", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 54: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 187", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 187", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 54, "number": null, "location": "lines 11214-11300", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-54/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-54/", "snippets": [ "... and 5', and is cut by the revolving armature during commutation. The use of the commutating pole or interpole thus permits controlling the commutation, with fixed brush position midway between the field poles, and commutating poles therefore are FIG. 101. — Magnetic flux distribution with commutating pole. extensively used in larger machines, especially of the high-speed type. The commutating pole makes the commutation independent of the main field strength, and therefore permits the machines to operate with equally good commu ...", "... demagnetizing component, and the only drop of voltage at load is that due to the armature resistance drop and the distortion of the main field, which at saturation produces a decrease of the total flux, as shown in Fig. 98. As is seen in Fig. 101, the magnetic flux of the commutating pole is not symmetrical, but the spread of flux is greater at the side of the main pole of the same polarity. As result thereof, the total magnetic flux is slightly increased by the commutating poles; that is, the two halves of the c ...", "... decrease of the total flux, as shown in Fig. 98. As is seen in Fig. 101, the magnetic flux of the commutating pole is not symmetrical, but the spread of flux is greater at the side of the main pole of the same polarity. As result thereof, the total magnetic flux is slightly increased by the commutating poles; that is, the two halves of the commutating flux on the two sides of the brush do not quite neutralize, and the com- mutating flux thus exerts a slight compounding action, that is, tends to raise the voltage. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-59", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 59, "number": 8, "location": "lines 11616-11694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "snippets": [ "VIII. Armature Reaction 55. At no load, that is, with no current in the armature cir- cuit, the magnetic field of the commutating machine is sym- metrical with regard to the field poles. Thus the density at the armature surface is zero at the point or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" point or \"neutral ...", "... the resultant armature reaction Fao = - - has to be used. In discussing commutating machines proper, however, the value Fa = ni is usually considered as the armature reaction. 56. The armature reaction of the commutating machine has a distorting and a magnetizing or demagnetizing action upon the magnetic field. The armature ampere-turns beneath the field poles have a distorting action as discussed under \" Magnetic Dis- tribution\" in the preceding paragraphs. The armature ampere- turns between the field poles have ...", "... has to be used. In discussing commutating machines proper, however, the value Fa = ni is usually considered as the armature reaction. 56. The armature reaction of the commutating machine has a distorting and a magnetizing or demagnetizing action upon the magnetic field. The armature ampere-turns beneath the field poles have a distorting action as discussed under \" Magnetic Dis- tribution\" in the preceding paragraphs. The armature ampere- turns between the field poles have no effect upon the resultant field if the brush ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-64", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 64, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11864-11904", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "snippets": [ "... ne which have to be considered when deriving the efficiency by adding the individual losses are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protected, and in pole faces when solid a ...", "... p in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protected, and in pole faces when solid and the air gap is small. 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and windage. 5. Load losses, due to the increase of hysteresis and of eddy currents under load, caused by the change of the magnetic dis- tribution, as local increase of magnetic density and of stray field. The friction of the brushes and the loss in the contact resist- ance of the brushes are frequently quite consid ...", "... d not protected, and in pole faces when solid and the air gap is small. 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and windage. 5. Load losses, due to the increase of hysteresis and of eddy currents under load, caused by the change of the magnetic dis- tribution, as local increase of magnetic density and of stray field. The friction of the brushes and the loss in the contact resist- ance of the brushes are frequently quite considerable, especially with low-voltage machines. Constant or approximately co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... ll. Such is the case in synchronous motors or converters: in a synchronous motor a lagging current can be produced by decreasing, a leading current by increasing, the field excitation. 81. If in a direct-current motor, at constant impressed voltage, the field excitation and therefore the field magnetism is decreased, the motor speed increases, as the armature has to revolve faster to consume the impressed e.m.f., and if the field excitation is increased, the motor slows down. A synchronous motor, however, cannot vary in speed, since it must keep in step with the impressed frequency, and if, t ...", "... e.m.f., and if the field excitation is increased, the motor slows down. A synchronous motor, however, cannot vary in speed, since it must keep in step with the impressed frequency, and if, therefore, at constant impressed voltage the field excitation is decreased below that which gives a field magnetism, that at the synchronous speed consumes the impressed voltage, the field magnetism still must remain the same, and the armature current thus changes in phase in such a manner as to magnetize the field and make up for the deficiency in the field excitation. That is, the armature current becomes ...", "... us motor, however, cannot vary in speed, since it must keep in step with the impressed frequency, and if, therefore, at constant impressed voltage the field excitation is decreased below that which gives a field magnetism, that at the synchronous speed consumes the impressed voltage, the field magnetism still must remain the same, and the armature current thus changes in phase in such a manner as to magnetize the field and make up for the deficiency in the field excitation. That is, the armature current becomes lagging. Inversely, if the field excitation of the synchronous motor is increased, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Induction Generators", "section_title": "Induction Generators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 20446-21537", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... generator. This requires that 237 238 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the power-factor either of the external circuit or of the induction generator varies with the voltage, so as to permit the generator and the external circuit to adjust themselves to equality of power-factor. Beyond magnetic saturation the power-factor decreases; that is, the lead of current increases in the induction machine. Thus, when connected to an external circuit of constant power- factor the induction generator will either not generate at all, if its power-factor is lower than that of the external circuit, ...", "... __^- <•'' so 1 1 / y 2000 40 / 4 / ^ ^ 30 1 1 v' ^ ^ 1000 20 1 1 / ^ 10 '/ -\\K JO -3( oo ■^ X) El EOT -WOO RICAL CUlTPUt.P,, -5000 1 -€000 WATTS -7000 -» 100 -« 00 -10 KX) Fig. 125. voltage will rise until by magnetic saturation in the induction generator its power-factor has fallen to equality with that of the external circuit. This, however, requires magnetic satura- tion in the induction generator, in some part of the magnetic circuit, as for instance in the armature teeth. To operate below saturation — ...", "... oo ■^ X) El EOT -WOO RICAL CUlTPUt.P,, -5000 1 -€000 WATTS -7000 -» 100 -« 00 -10 KX) Fig. 125. voltage will rise until by magnetic saturation in the induction generator its power-factor has fallen to equality with that of the external circuit. This, however, requires magnetic satura- tion in the induction generator, in some part of the magnetic circuit, as for instance in the armature teeth. To operate below saturation — that is, at constant internal power-factor — the induction generator requires an external circuit with leading current, whose power-factor varies ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "section_title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 15, "location": "lines 18413-19373", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... tified circuit, Bt thus carries a series of separate impulses of cur- rent and voltage as shown in Fig. 100 as i\\. However, in this case the current in the alternating supply circuit is unidirectional also, is the same current, i\\. This current produces in the trans- former, T, a unidirectional magnetization, and, if of appreciable 246 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS magnitude, that is, larger than the exciting current of the trans- former, it .saturates the transformer iron. Running at or beyond magnetic saturation, the primary exciting current of the trans- former then becomes excessive, the hystere ...", "... so, is the same current, i\\. This current produces in the trans- former, T, a unidirectional magnetization, and, if of appreciable 246 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS magnitude, that is, larger than the exciting current of the trans- former, it .saturates the transformer iron. Running at or beyond magnetic saturation, the primary exciting current of the trans- former then becomes excessive, the hysteresis heating due to the unsymmetrical magnetic cycle is greatly increased, and the transformer endangered or destroyed. Half-wave rectifiers thus are impracticable except for extremely small power ...", "... ization, and, if of appreciable 246 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS magnitude, that is, larger than the exciting current of the trans- former, it .saturates the transformer iron. Running at or beyond magnetic saturation, the primary exciting current of the trans- former then becomes excessive, the hysteresis heating due to the unsymmetrical magnetic cycle is greatly increased, and the transformer endangered or destroyed. Half-wave rectifiers thus are impracticable except for extremely small power. The full-wave contact-making rectifier, Fig. 97 or 98, does not have this objection. In this type ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "section_title": "Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 30429-31656", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... aky conductor of infinite length, that is, of such great length that practically no current penetrates to its end, of series resist- ance, r, and shunted conductance, g, per unit length, has an effect- ive resistance, r. = ^ (8) It is interesting to note, that a change of r or g changes the effective resistance, ro, and thus the current flowing into the con- ductor at constant impressed voltage, or the voltage consumed at constant-current input, much less than the change of r or g. (6) If the conductor is open at the end I = Zo, it is i = for I = Zo, hence, substituted into (5) and, putting it ...", "... /2 for Z = Zo, t hence, substituting (5) and (6), gives hence. Ai =^i«-2VraJojf| R Thus, >/i+« ft i = Ale-v\"-!-'- -i^ fl + xf ^g 9_ ^-(2/o-OVra } e = ^4{«-vr»' + ft - f- 176. Substituting, «+V^ OVra} (11) ro = \\/- yg (8) as the ''effective resistance of the leaky conductor of infinite length,\" i 334 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS and a = v^ (12) as the \"attenuation constant\" of the leaky conductor, it is R + ro ' (13) These equations (13) can be written in various different forms. They are interesting in showing in a direct-current ci ...", "... flection of voltage occurs, while the return current adds itself to the incoming current. If /2 = 0, the reflection of voltage is complete. If ft = ro, the second term vanishes, and equations (13) be- come those of (7), of an infinitely long conductor. That is: A resistance, 72, equal to the effective resistance, ro = \\ -,o{ the infinitely long conductor of distributed resistance and shunted conductance, as terminal of a finite conductor of this character passes current and voltage without reflection. A higher resist- ance partially reflects the current and increases the voltage, and a lower resistan ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution. 355", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution. 355", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 6, "location": "lines 904-937", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 355 48. Magnetic screening by secondary currents in alternating fields. 355 49. The differential equations of alternating magnetic flux in a lamina. 356 50. Their integral equations. 357 51. Terminal conditions, and the final equations. 358 52. Equations for very thick l ...", "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 355 48. Magnetic screening by secondary currents in alternating fields. 355 49. The differential equations of alternating magnetic flux in a lamina. 356 50. Their integral equations. 357 51. Terminal conditions, and the final equations. 358 52. Equations for very thick laminae. 360 53. Wave length, at ...", "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 355 48. Magnetic screening by secondary currents in alternating fields. 355 49. The differential equations of alternating magnetic flux in a lamina. 356 50. Their integral equations. 357 51. Terminal conditions, and the final equations. 358 52. Equations for very thick laminae. 360 53. Wave length, attenuation, depth of penetration. 361 54. Numerical example, with frequencies of 60, 1000 and 10,000 cycles per second. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "section_title": "Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13936-14548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII. TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD. 106. The resultant of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a polyphase system of m.m.fs. produces a revolving magnetic flux, or a rotating field. (\" Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" 4th edition, Chapter XXXIII, paragraph 368.) That is, if np equal mag- netizing coils are a ...", "CHAPTER XIII. TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD. 106. The resultant of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a polyphase system of m.m.fs. produces a revolving magnetic flux, or a rotating field. (\" Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" 4th edition, Chapter XXXIII, paragraph 368.) That is, if np equal mag- netizing coils are arranged under equal space angle ...", "... of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a polyphase system of m.m.fs. produces a revolving magnetic flux, or a rotating field. (\" Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" 4th edition, Chapter XXXIII, paragraph 368.) That is, if np equal mag- netizing coils are arranged under equal space angles of - np electrical degrees, and connected to a symmetrical np phase system, that is, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 4370-5278", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient c ...", "... containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient current, 60 = maximum value of transient voltage. This gives the relation between Bq and Iq, ^^ = Jl ,^ = 1, (2) where Zq is called the natural impedance or surge ...", "... ation thus is given by substi- tuting {t =F ^i) instead of t into the equations (11), where ^i is the time of propagation over the distance I. li V = velocity of propagation of the electric field, which in air, as with a transmission line, is approximately V = 3X W, (12) and in a medium of permeability fx and permittivity (specific capacity) k is v= y=-y (13) and we denote then and if we denote a = -, (14) h = at', (15) 2 tt/^i = CO = 2 Trfal, (16) we get, substituting t T k for t and 0 =F co for (/> into the equation (11), the equations of the line oscillation: i = ce-\"' ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 5279-6124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-\"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constant,\" and i0 and eQ the maximunl current and voltage respectively. ...", "... curs very frequently. For instance, it may be caused if by a lightning stroke, etc., a quantity of dielectric energy is impressed A • Fig. 39. — Starting of Impulse, or Traveling Wave. upon a part of the circuit, as shown by curve A in Fig. 39, or if by a local short circuit a quantity of magnetic energy is impressed upon a part of the circuit. This energy then gradually distributes over the circuit, as indicated by the curves B, C, etc., of Fig. 39, that is, moves along the circuit, and the dissipation of the stored energy thus occurs by a flow of power along the circuit. 90 ELECTRIC ...", "... cillation of a circuit consisting of 28 miles of line and 2500-kw. 100-kv. step-up and step-down transformers, and is produced by discon- necting this circuit by low-tension switches. In the transformer, the duration of the transient would be very great, possibly several seconds, as the stored magnetic energy (L) is very large, the dis- sipation of power (r and g) relatively small; in the line, the tran- sient is of fairly short duration, as r (and g) are considerable. Left to themselves, the line oscillations thus would die out much more rapidly, by the dissipation of their stored energy, th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_title": "Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 16485-17445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "... illumi- nant in which the flux of light issues from a point or such a small area that, at the distance considered, it can be considered as a point. \" Intensity of light \" thus is a physical quantity of the same nature as \" intensity of magnet pole,\" which latter also presupposes that the total magnetic flux issues from a point, and thus is applicable only when dealing with such distances from the source of the light flux or magnetic flux, that the flux can be assumed as issuing from a point. Frequently the inten- sity of a light source is different in different directions, and then either the dis ...", "... ed as a point. \" Intensity of light \" thus is a physical quantity of the same nature as \" intensity of magnet pole,\" which latter also presupposes that the total magnetic flux issues from a point, and thus is applicable only when dealing with such distances from the source of the light flux or magnetic flux, that the flux can be assumed as issuing from a point. Frequently the inten- sity of a light source is different in different directions, and then either the distribution curve of the light intensity is required for characterizing the illuminant, or the average of the intensities in all direct ...", "... duces a total flux of light equal to 4 n units (the surface of the sphere at unit distance from the light source). The unit of light flux is called the lumen, and one candle of light intensity thus produces 4 n lumens of light flux (just as a magnet pole of unit intensity produces 4 x lines of magnetic force). The light flux is the essential quantity which characterizes the usefulness of an illuminant, and it is the raw material from which all illuminating engineering starts. Any source of light can be measured in units of light flux or lumens — the diffused daylight entering the windows of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-06", "section_label": "Theory Section 6: Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "section_title": "Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1785-2249", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "snippets": [ "... ue. Starting of Current. If r = resistance, L = inductance of circuit, E = continuous e.m.-f. impressed upon circuit, i = current in circuit at time t after impressing e.m.f. E, and di the increase of current during time moment dt, then the increase of magnetic interlinkages during time dt is IM, and the e.m.f. generated thereby is r di ei = -L~di By Lentz's law it is negative, since it is opposite to the im- pressed e.m.f., its cause. Thus the e.m.f. acting in this moment upon the circuit is E + ei = ...", "... E be withdrawn and the circuit closed through a resistance r\\. Let the current be i at the time t after withdrawal of the e.m.f. E and the change of current during time moment dt be di. di is negative, that is, the current decreases. The decrease of magnetic interlinkages during moment dt is Ldi. Thus the e.m.f. generated thereby is Tdi ei== ~Ldi It is negative since di is negative, and e\\ must be positive, that is, in the same direction as E, to maintain the current or oppose the decrease of current, ...", "... ICAL ENGINEERING The effect at the time t of the e.m.f. of inductance in stop- ping the current is _ 2r + rif iei = io2 (r + n) c L ; thus the total energy of the generated e.m.f. >*» W = | z' Jo that is, the energy stored as magnetism in a circuit of current iQ and inductance L is 2 ' which is independent both of the resistance r of the circuit and the resistance n inserted in breaking the circuit. This energy has to be expended in stopping the current. EXAMPLES 32. (1) In the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-07", "section_label": "Theory Section 7: Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 2250-2717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "snippets": [ "... pectively the time and the corresponding angle at which the current reaches its zero value in the ascendant. If such a sine wave of alternating current i = IQ sin 2 irft or i = IQ sin 6 passes through a circuit of resistance r and induc- tance L, the magnetic flux produced by the current and thus its interlinkages with the current, iL = IoL sin 0, vary in a wave 32 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING line similar also to that of the current, as shown in Fig. 11 as $. The e.m.f. generated hereby is proporti ...", "... (1) What is the reactance per wire of a transmission line of length Z, if ld = diameter of the wire, 18 = spacing of the wires, and/ = frequency? If / = current, in absolute units, in one wire of the trans- mission line, the m.m.f. is I; thus the magnetizing force in a zone dlx at distance lx from center of wire (Fig. 12) is / = 0 7 Z TTlx and the field intensity in this zone is H = 4 irf = 2 y— Thus Lx the magnetic flux in this zone is d* . H ldli m hence, the total magnetic flux bet ...", "... nits, in one wire of the trans- mission line, the m.m.f. is I; thus the magnetizing force in a zone dlx at distance lx from center of wire (Fig. 12) is / = 0 7 Z TTlx and the field intensity in this zone is H = 4 irf = 2 y— Thus Lx the magnetic flux in this zone is d* . H ldli m hence, the total magnetic flux between the wire and the return wire is L XI* d* = $ — | CfcSF = ^.f6| -y— = 2 1 1 IQge -j — > LX I'd 2 2 neglecting the flux inside the transmission wire. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-112", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 112, "number": 6, "location": "lines 21647-21812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "snippets": [ "... equally well as motor, below synchronism, and as generator, above synchronism. In the single-phase induction machine the motor or generator action occurs in one primary circuit only, but in the direction in quadrature to the primary circuit there is a mere magnetizing current either in the secondary, in the single-phase motor proper, or in an auxiliary field-circuit, in the monocyclic motor. The motor and generator action can occur, however, simul- taneously in the same machine, some of the primary circuits acting as moto ...", "... voltage at genera- & -\\- LQ 1 L o ~~z tor circuit of phase converter. The current in the secondary of the phase converter is then /! = / + /'+ I\", where ^ I = load current = ~ „ I' = eY = exciting current of quadrature magnetic flux, €S I' = - ; — : — = current required to revolve the machi ri+jsxi and the primary current is ?•'-&> !', where /' = eY = exciting current of main magnetic flux. INDUCTION MACHINES 353 From these currents the e.m.fs. are derived in a similar ...", "... where ^ I = load current = ~ „ I' = eY = exciting current of quadrature magnetic flux, €S I' = - ; — : — = current required to revolve the machi ri+jsxi and the primary current is ?•'-&> !', where /' = eY = exciting current of main magnetic flux. INDUCTION MACHINES 353 From these currents the e.m.fs. are derived in a similar manner as in the induction motor or generator. Due to the internal losses in the phase converter, the e.m.fs. of the two circuits, the motor and generator circuits, are pr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "section_label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "section_title": "Impedance and Admittance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 6814-7380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "snippets": [ "... f. and all e.m.fs. produced by the current i in the circuit. Such counter e.m.fs. may be due to inductance, as self-induc- tance, or mutual inductance, to capacity, chemical polarization, etc. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction, or e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field produced by the alternating current i, is repre- sented by a quantity of the same dimensions as resistance, and measured in ohms: reactance x. The e.m.f. consumed by reactance x is in quadrature with the current, that consumed by resistance r in phase with ...", "... an be resolved in two components, a power component ei in phase with the current, and a wattless or reactive com- ponent e2 in quadrature with the current. The quantity e_i _ power e.m.f., or e.m.f. in phase with the current _ i current is called the effective resistance. The quantity 62 _ reactive e.m.f., or e.m.f. in quadrature with the current _ i current is called the effective reactance of the circuit. And the quantity 21 = Vr!2 + x2 or, in symbolic representation, Zi = ri + jxi is the impedance of the circu ...", "... e circuit. And the quantity 21 = Vr!2 + x2 or, in symbolic representation, Zi = ri + jxi is the impedance of the circuit. If power is consumed in the circuit only by the ohmic resist- ance r, and counter e.m.f. produced only by self-inductance, the effective resistance TI is the true or ohmic resistance r, and the effective reactance Xi is the true or inductive reactance x. 100 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING By means of the terms effective resistance, effective reactance, and impedance, Ohm's law can be expressed ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-31", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 31, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9651-9718", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "snippets": [ "... . FIG. 70. — Synchronous generator, efficiency and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in the armature is proportio ...", "... cy and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in the armature is proportional to the square of the current, I. T ...", "... e following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in the armature is proportional to the square of the current, I. The resistance loss in the field circuit is proportional to the square of the field excitation current, that is, the squar ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-50", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Saturation on Magnetic Distribution", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Saturation on Magnetic Distribution", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 50, "number": 5, "location": "lines 11025-11046", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-50/", "snippets": [ "V. Effect of Saturation on Magnetic Distribution 46. The preceding discussion of Figs. 92 to 95 omits the effect of saturation. That is, the assumption is made that the mag- netic materials near the air gap, as pole face and armature teeth, are so far below saturation that at the demagneti ...", "... e preceding discussion of Figs. 92 to 95 omits the effect of saturation. That is, the assumption is made that the mag- netic materials near the air gap, as pole face and armature teeth, are so far below saturation that at the demagnetized pole corner the magnetic density decreases, at the strengthened pole corner increases, proportionally to the m.m.f. The distribution of m.m.f. obviously is not affected by satu- ration, but the distribution of magnetic flux is greatly changed thereby. To investigate the effect of satu ...", "... so far below saturation that at the demagnetized pole corner the magnetic density decreases, at the strengthened pole corner increases, proportionally to the m.m.f. The distribution of m.m.f. obviously is not affected by satu- ration, but the distribution of magnetic flux is greatly changed thereby. To investigate the effect of saturation, in Figs. 96 to 99 the assumption has been made that the air gap is reduced to one-half its previous value, la = 0.5, thus consuming only one- half as many ampere-turns, and the other h ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-51", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 51: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 183", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 183", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 51, "number": null, "location": "lines 11047-11125", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-51/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-51/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 183 In Figs. 96, 97, 98, 99, curves are plotted corresponding to those in Figs. 92, 93, 94, and 95. As seen, the spread of mag- netic flux at the pole corners is greatly increased, but farther away from the field poles the magnetic distribution is not changed. 47. The magnetizing, or rather demagnetizing, effect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting effect FIG. 96. — Flux distribution under a single pole. of the load is, however, very greatly decreased, to ...", "... 97, 98, 99, curves are plotted corresponding to those in Figs. 92, 93, 94, and 95. As seen, the spread of mag- netic flux at the pole corners is greatly increased, but farther away from the field poles the magnetic distribution is not changed. 47. The magnetizing, or rather demagnetizing, effect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting effect FIG. 96. — Flux distribution under a single pole. of the load is, however, very greatly decreased, to a small per- centage of its previous value, and t ...", "... r rather demagnetizing, effect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting effect FIG. 96. — Flux distribution under a single pole. of the load is, however, very greatly decreased, to a small per- centage of its previous value, and the magnetic field under the field pole is very nearly uniform under load. The reason is: Even a very large increase of m.m.f. does not much increase the density, the ampere-turns being consumed by saturation of the iron, and even with a large decrease of m.m.f. the densi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-60", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Saturation Curves", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Saturation Curves", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 60, "number": 9, "location": "lines 11695-11710", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-60/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-60/", "snippets": [ "IX. Saturation Curves 57. As saturation curve or magnetic characteristic of the com- mutating machine is understood the curve giving the generated voltage, or terminal voltage at open circuit and normal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 ...", "... ating machine is understood the curve giving the generated voltage, or terminal voltage at open circuit and normal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 as A. Owing to the remanent magnetism or hysteresis of the iron part of the magnetic circuit, the saturation curve taken with decreasing field excitation usually does not coincide with that taken with increasing field excitation, but is higher, and by gradually first increasing the field excitati ...", "... is understood the curve giving the generated voltage, or terminal voltage at open circuit and normal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 as A. Owing to the remanent magnetism or hysteresis of the iron part of the magnetic circuit, the saturation curve taken with decreasing field excitation usually does not coincide with that taken with increasing field excitation, but is higher, and by gradually first increasing the field excitation from zero ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-65", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 65, "number": 13, "location": "lines 11905-11980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "snippets": [ "... sh Bz, the coil A is short- circuited by the brush, and the current iQ in the coil begins to die out, or rather to change at a rate depending upon the internal resistance and the inductance of the coil A and the e.m.f. gener- ated in the coil by the magnetic flux of armature reaction and by the field magnetic flux. The higher the internal resistance the faster is the change of current, and the higher the inductance the slower the current changes. Thus two cases have to be dis- tinguished. 1. No magnetic flux ...", "... and the current iQ in the coil begins to die out, or rather to change at a rate depending upon the internal resistance and the inductance of the coil A and the e.m.f. gener- ated in the coil by the magnetic flux of armature reaction and by the field magnetic flux. The higher the internal resistance the faster is the change of current, and the higher the inductance the slower the current changes. Thus two cases have to be dis- tinguished. 1. No magnetic flux enters the armature at the position of the brushes, ...", "... magnetic flux of armature reaction and by the field magnetic flux. The higher the internal resistance the faster is the change of current, and the higher the inductance the slower the current changes. Thus two cases have to be dis- tinguished. 1. No magnetic flux enters the armature at the position of the brushes, that is, no e.m.f. is generated in the armature coil under commutation, except that of its own self-inductance. In this case the commutation is entirely determined by the induc- tance and resistance of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-70", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 70: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 70, "number": null, "location": "lines 12319-12398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "snippets": [ "... however, are little used, except for very small sizes. By the direction of energy transformation, commutating ma- chines are subdivided into generators and motors. Of foremost importance in discussing the different types of machines is the saturation curve or magnetic characteristic; that is, a curve relating terminal voltage at constant speed to ampere-turns per pole field excitation, at open circuit. Such a curve is shown as A in Figs. 109 and 110. It has the same 1 8 9 4 5 6 78 9 1 ...", "... pen circuit. Such a curve is shown as A in Figs. 109 and 110. It has the same 1 8 9 4 5 6 78 9 19 U 12 13 H 15 16 I? J« W 20 81 FIG. 109. — Generator saturation curves. general shape as the magnetic flux density curve, except that the knee or bend is less sharp, due to the different parts of the magnetic circuit saturation successively. Thus, in order to generate voltage ac the field excitation oc is required. Subtracting from ac in a generator, Fig. 109, ...", "... 6 78 9 19 U 12 13 H 15 16 I? J« W 20 81 FIG. 109. — Generator saturation curves. general shape as the magnetic flux density curve, except that the knee or bend is less sharp, due to the different parts of the magnetic circuit saturation successively. Thus, in order to generate voltage ac the field excitation oc is required. Subtracting from ac in a generator, Fig. 109, or adding in a motor, Fig. 110, the value ab = ir, the voltage con- sumed by the resistance of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-94", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 94: Synchronous Converters: Thbee-wire Converter", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Thbee-wire Converter", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 94, "number": null, "location": "lines 16727-16803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-94/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-94/", "snippets": [ "... ormer neutral it is necessary to use such a connection that the trans- former can operate as autotransformer, that is, that the direct current in each transformer divides into two branches of equal m.m.f., otherwise the direct-current produces a unidirectional magnetization in the transformer, which superimposed upon the magnetic cycle raises the magnetic induction beyond satura- tion, and thus causes excessive exciting current and heating, except when very small. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 275 k *T. \\ FIG. 149. — Neutral ...", "... the trans- former can operate as autotransformer, that is, that the direct current in each transformer divides into two branches of equal m.m.f., otherwise the direct-current produces a unidirectional magnetization in the transformer, which superimposed upon the magnetic cycle raises the magnetic induction beyond satura- tion, and thus causes excessive exciting current and heating, except when very small. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 275 k *T. \\ FIG. 149. — Neutral of Y-connected transformers connected to neutral of thre ...", "... ate as autotransformer, that is, that the direct current in each transformer divides into two branches of equal m.m.f., otherwise the direct-current produces a unidirectional magnetization in the transformer, which superimposed upon the magnetic cycle raises the magnetic induction beyond satura- tion, and thus causes excessive exciting current and heating, except when very small. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 275 k *T. \\ FIG. 149. — Neutral of Y-connected transformers connected to neutral of three-wire system supplied from ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "section_title": "Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 16077-16520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... for this reason it may be advisable to bring the com- pensator as near as possible to the circuit to be compensated. + . . . . +Pn, 2+ . . . . +Pn\\ . +PJ. DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES 185 140. Like power, torque in alternating apparatus is a double- frequency vector product also, of magnetism and m.m.f. or current, and thus can be treated in the same way. In an induction motor, for instance, the torque is the product of the magnetic flux in one direction into the component of secondary current in phase with the magnetic flux in time, but in quadrature position therewith in space, ...", "... . . +Pn\\ . +PJ. DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES 185 140. Like power, torque in alternating apparatus is a double- frequency vector product also, of magnetism and m.m.f. or current, and thus can be treated in the same way. In an induction motor, for instance, the torque is the product of the magnetic flux in one direction into the component of secondary current in phase with the magnetic flux in time, but in quadrature position therewith in space, times the number of turns of this current, or since the generated e.m.f. is in quad- rature and proportional to the magnetic flux and the number of t ...", "... ing apparatus is a double- frequency vector product also, of magnetism and m.m.f. or current, and thus can be treated in the same way. In an induction motor, for instance, the torque is the product of the magnetic flux in one direction into the component of secondary current in phase with the magnetic flux in time, but in quadrature position therewith in space, times the number of turns of this current, or since the generated e.m.f. is in quad- rature and proportional to the magnetic flux and the number of turns, the torque of the induction motor is the product of the generated e.m.f. into the c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 36062-36514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... at consequently a balanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of energy. The energy stored as magnetism amounts in a well-designed trans- former only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy effi- ciently, a ...", "... he transformation of any polyphase system into any other polyphase system of the same balance-factor by two transformers only. 290. Let El, E^, E3 .... he the e.m.fs. of the primary sys- tem which shall be transformed into E\\, E'2, E'i .... the e.m.fs. of the secondary system. Choosing two magnetic fluxes, 4> and $, of different phases, as magnetic circuits of the two transformers, which generate the e m.fs., e and e, per turn, by the law of parallelogram the e.m.fs., El, E2, .... can be resolved into two components, Ei and El, E2 and E2, .... of the phases, e and e. Theri_ El, Ei, ... ...", "... other polyphase system of the same balance-factor by two transformers only. 290. Let El, E^, E3 .... he the e.m.fs. of the primary sys- tem which shall be transformed into E\\, E'2, E'i .... the e.m.fs. of the secondary system. Choosing two magnetic fluxes, 4> and $, of different phases, as magnetic circuits of the two transformers, which generate the e m.fs., e and e, per turn, by the law of parallelogram the e.m.fs., El, E2, .... can be resolved into two components, Ei and El, E2 and E2, .... of the phases, e and e. Theri_ El, Ei, .... are the counter e.m.fs. which have to be gen- _ e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Capacity", "section_title": "Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3872-6370", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... it. 3.) Impcilatue in sirirs with a circuit. 48. Hy the use of reactance for controlling electric circuits, a certain amount of resistance is also introduced, due to the ohmic resistance of the conductor and the hys- teretic loss, which, as will be .seen hcrenftcr, can be repre- sented as an effective resistance. S 40] RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, CAPACITY. 69 Hence the impedance of a reactive coil (choking coil) may be written thus : — where r^ is in general small compared with x^ , From this, if the impressed E.M.F. is and the impedance of the consumer circuit is we get the current, / — ^ \"*,^ ...", "... ave seen in the latter paragraphs, that in a constant potential alternating-current system, the voltage at the terminals of a receiver circuit can be varied by the use of a variable reactance in series to the circuit, without loss of energy except the unavoidable loss due to the resistance and hysteresis of the reactance ; and that, if the series reactance is very large compared with the resis- tance of the receiver circuit, the current in the receiver circuit becomes more or less independent of the resis- tance, — that is, of the power consumed in the receiver X* Fig, 62. circuit, whi ...", "... -^ r' ; ™ / -1 ,.- ^ . >i. •- ^ x i™ M .- •; lEB NC - EO VE 10 tc (T, 3 n t _ L n _ r\" _ BT ^ vJ ns flj. 5a Comfoirt-AMnltoi — eDBrtant-CBfMn* r™iMf«r«rtloji. Let — ri = 2 ohms = effective resistance of condensance ; r, = 3 ohms = effective resistance of each of the inductances. We then have : — Power consumed in condensance, /i' r, = 200 + ,02 r* ; power consumed by first inductance, /* r, = 300 ; power consumed by second inductance, /,\" r, = .03 ^. Hence, the total loss of energy is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 26428-26583", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... uently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy efficiently, as r ...", "... transformation of any polyphase system into any other polyphase system of the same balance factor by two transformers only. 266. Let £*,, ^2, ^3 .... be the E.M.Fs. of the primary system which shall be transformed into — E(, E^, E^ , , , , the E.M.Fs. of the secondary system. Choosing two magnetic fluxes, E0 = Ve02 + e0'2 and the impedance ...", "... ave seen in the latter paragraphs, that in a constant potential alternating-current system, the voltage at the terminals of a receiver circuit can be varied by the use of a variable reactance in series to the circuit, without loss of energy except the unavoidable loss due to the resistance and hysteresis of the reactance; and that, if the series reactance is very large compared with the resis- tance of the receiver circuit, the current in the receiver circuit becomes more or less independent of the resis- tance,— that is, of the power consumed in the receiver Fig. 52. circuit, which in th ...", "... • ^ ^ 1 }joo ,x X ^ IMO ^x ^> ^ 100 ,. ^ ^ =iES ST* NCE — r c F R ECE VE H Cl RCL IT, OH AS X 1) . 1 .0 1 (1 1 I. V- 1 V 1) 2 » () HM8 F/3. 50. Constant-Potential — Constant-Current Transformation. Let — ri = 2 ohms = effective resistance of condensance ; r0 = 3 ohms = effective resistance of each of the inductances. We then have : — Power consumed in condensance, I* r± = 200 + .02 r2 ; power consumed by first inductance, 72 r0 = 300 ; power consumed by second inductance, /02r0 = .03 r*. Hence, the total loss of energy is 5 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "section_title": "Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9381-9740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... source of wattless currents to be compensated for, wattless currents will flow, and for this reason it may be advisable to bring the compensator as near as possible to the circuit to be compensated. 106. Like power, torque in alternating apparatus is a double frequency vector product also, of magnetism and M.M.F. or current, and thus can be treated in the same way. In an induction motor, for instance, the torque is the product of the magnetic flux in one direction into the com- ponent of secondary induced current in phase with the magnetic flux in time, but in quadrature position therewith ...", "... near as possible to the circuit to be compensated. 106. Like power, torque in alternating apparatus is a double frequency vector product also, of magnetism and M.M.F. or current, and thus can be treated in the same way. In an induction motor, for instance, the torque is the product of the magnetic flux in one direction into the com- ponent of secondary induced current in phase with the magnetic flux in time, but in quadrature position therewith in space, times the number of turns of this current, or since the induced E.M.F. is in quadrature and proportional to the magnetic flux and the numbe ...", "... us is a double frequency vector product also, of magnetism and M.M.F. or current, and thus can be treated in the same way. In an induction motor, for instance, the torque is the product of the magnetic flux in one direction into the com- ponent of secondary induced current in phase with the magnetic flux in time, but in quadrature position therewith in space, times the number of turns of this current, or since the induced E.M.F. is in quadrature and proportional to the magnetic flux and the number of turns, the torque of the induction motor is the product of the induced E.M.F. into the compone ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 24805-25135", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... uently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy efficiently, as r ...", "... sformation of any polyphase system into any other polyphase system of the same balance factor by two transformers only. 284. Let Elt E2, Ez . . . . be the E.M.Fs. of the primary system which shall be transformed into — E{, £2', £s' . . . . the E.M.Fs. of the secondary system. Choosing two magnetic fluxes, <£ and <£, of different TRANSFORMATION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 461 phases, as magnetic circuits of the two transformers, which induce the E.M.Fs., e and ?, per turn, by the law of paral- lelogram the E.M.Fs., Elf E^, . . . . can be dissolved into two components, El and Elt E^ and Ez, ...", "... two transformers only. 284. Let Elt E2, Ez . . . . be the E.M.Fs. of the primary system which shall be transformed into — E{, £2', £s' . . . . the E.M.Fs. of the secondary system. Choosing two magnetic fluxes, <£ and <£, of different TRANSFORMATION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 461 phases, as magnetic circuits of the two transformers, which induce the E.M.Fs., e and ?, per turn, by the law of paral- lelogram the E.M.Fs., Elf E^, . . . . can be dissolved into two components, El and Elt E^ and Ez, .... of the phases* \"e and J. Then, - E!, £2, • • ' • are the counter E.M.Fs. which have to be ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 21382-22633", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... le condition to a stable condition or to stand- still, etc. Oscillatory instability in induction-motor circuits, as the result of the relation of load to speed and electric supply, is rare. It has been observed, especially in single-phase motors, in cases of considerable oversaturation of the magnetic circuit. Oscillatory instability, however, is typical of the synchronous machine, and the hunting of synchronous machines has probably been the first serious problem of cimiulative oscillations in electric circuits, and for a long time has limited the industrial use of syn- chronous machines, ...", "... rom pi corresponding to the pre- vious load to p2 the position further forward corresponding to the decreased load. V then shows the oscillation of speed corresponding to the oscillation of position. The dotted curve, Wi, then shows the energy losses resulting from the oscillation of speed (hysteresis and eddies in the pole faces, currents in damper windings), that is, the damping power, assumed as proportional to the square of the speed. If there is no lag of the synchronizing force behind the position displacement, the synchronizing force, that is, the force which tends to bring the roto ...", "... he drawn curve, wi, in Fig. 104, that is, inductivity of the damper winding is very harmful, and it is essential to design the damper winding as non- inductive as possible to give efficient damping. With the change of position, p, the current, and thus the ar- mature reaction, and with it the magnetic flux of the machine, changes. A flux change can not be brought about instantly, as it represents energy stored, and as a result the magnetic flux of the machine does not exactly correspond with the position, p, but lags behind it, and with it the synchronizing force, F, as shown in Fig. 104, lags m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-40", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification", "section_title": "Arc Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 40, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17755-19259", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "snippets": [ "... on from a mean of 20 to 25 per cent is permissible in an arc circuit. The total variation of the rectified current then is 2 aiOJ i.e., the alternating component of the direct current has the maximum value ai0, hence the effective value — i_ i0 (or for a = 0.2, 0.141 10) and the frequency 2/. Hysteresis and eddy losses in the direct-current reactive coil, therefore, correspond to an alternating current of frequency 2f and effective value a -—— i0, or about 0.141 -iQ, i.e., are small even at relatively high densities. 256 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA In the alternating-current reactive coils ...", "... 256 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA In the alternating-current reactive coils the current varies, unidirectionally, between 0 and i0 (1 + a), i. e., its alternating i0 and the effec- component has the maximum value tive value-— = iQ (or, for a = + 0.2, 0.425 i0) and the fre- JU quency/. The hysteresis loss, therefore, corresponds to an alternating current of frequency / and effective value %> or about 0.425 i0. With decreasing load, at constant alternating-current supply, the rectified direct current slightly increases, due to the increas- ing overlap of the rectifying arcs, and to give consta ...", "... = —/=- and zero value during the angle of overlap 00, or rather a value = ea, the e.m.f. con- sumed by the rectifying arc (13 to 18 volts). ii in IV VI VII viii Fig. 78. E.m.f. and current curves in a mercury arc rectifier system. The direct voltage e0, when neglecting the effective resistance of the reactive coils, is then the mean value of the rectified voltage, e2, of curve III, hence is en = elf. = — : - / SI v/2 *V* sin d dd ARC RECTIFICATION _ e (1 + cos 00) m y> — — 0 fy C/. 269 If ea = the mercury arc voltage, r0 = the effective resistance of reacti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "number": 1, "location": "lines 19260-19338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "snippets": [ "... line with those at the receiving end of the line, or current density at the surface of a solid conductor carrying alternating current, as the rail return of a single-phase railway, with the current density at the center or in general inside of the conductor, or the distribution of alternating magnetism inside of a solid iron, as a lamina of an alternating-current transformer, etc. In such transient phenom- ena in space, the electric quantities, which appear as functions of space or distance, are not the instantaneous values, as in the preceding chapters, but are alternating currents, e.m.fs., ...", "... and self-induc- tance, as long-distance energy transmission lines, long-distance telephone circuits, multiple spark-gaps, as used in some forms of high potential lightning arresters (multi-gap arrester), etc. (b) The distribution of alternating current in solid conductors and the increase of effective resistance and decrease of effective inductance resulting therefrom. (c) The distribution of alternating magnetic flux in solid iron, or the screening effect of eddy currents produced in the iron, and the apparent decrease of permeability and increase of power consumption resulting therefrom. (d) The ...", "... -gaps, as used in some forms of high potential lightning arresters (multi-gap arrester), etc. (b) The distribution of alternating current in solid conductors and the increase of effective resistance and decrease of effective inductance resulting therefrom. (c) The distribution of alternating magnetic flux in solid iron, or the screening effect of eddy currents produced in the iron, and the apparent decrease of permeability and increase of power consumption resulting therefrom. (d) The distribution of the electric field of a conductor through space, resulting from the finite velocity of propaga ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "section_title": "General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "number": 1, "location": "lines 27761-28694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. GENERAL EQUATIONS. 1. The energy relations of an electric circuit can be charac- terized, as discussed in Section III, by the four constants, namely : r = effective resistance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the current, tfr; or the power component of the e.m.f. consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating current, the voltage, ir, in phase with the current. L = effective inductance, representing the energy storage i2 ...", "... merely to different values of the integration constants. 2. In a circuit or a section of a circuit containing distributed resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacity, as a trans- mission line, cable, high-potential coil of a transformer, telephone or telegraph circuit, etc., let r = the effective resistance per unit length of circuit; L = the effective inductance per unit length of circuit; g = the effective shunted conductance per unit length of circuit; C = the effective capacity per unit length of circuit; t = the time, I = the distance, from some starting point; e =•- the voltage, 'and i = th ...", "... r that is, the phase of the oscillation or alternation moves along the circuit with the speed — *., or, in other words, (15) is the speed of propagation of the electric phenomenon in the cir- cuit. (If no energy losses occur, r = 0, g = 0, in a straight con- ductor in a medium of unit magnetic and dielectric constant, that is, unit permeability and unit inductive capacity, S is the velocity of light.) 4. Since (11) is a quadratic equation, several pairs or corre- sponding values of a and b exist, which, in the most general case, are complex imaginary. The terms with conjugate compl ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3956-4744", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "permeability", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum tra ...", "... on thus is given by substi- tuting (t T ti) instead of t into the equations (11), where t\\ is the time of propagation over the distance I. If v = velocity of propagation of the electric field, which in air, as with a transmission line, is approximately v = 3 X 1010, (12) and in a medium of permeability /z and permittivity (specific capacity) K is 3 X 1010 ( . v =5 - T=^> (13) VfUJ and we denote ;•; • .v •'.,. a-j, ffifil (14) then ti = al; (15) and if we denote co = 27rM (16) we get, substituting t =F t\\ for Z and 0 =F co for $ into the equation (11), the equations of the ...", "... sually is difficult to calculate, while the inductance is easily de- rived, equation (35) is useful in calculating the capacity by means of the inductance. This equation (35) also allows the calculation of the mutual capacity, and thereby the static induction between circuits, from the mutual magnetic inductance. The reverse equation, - (36) is useful in calculating the inductance of cables from their meas- ured capacity, and the velocity of propagation equation (13). 31. If li is the length of a line, and its two ends are of different electrical character, as the one open, the other ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Methods Of Approximation", "section_title": "Methods Of Approximation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15156-16482", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... of the primary circuit of the motor, and ri — jxi the impedance of the secondary circuit of the motor at full frequency, and the exciting current of the motor is neglected; assuming s to be a small quantity; that is, the motor running at full speed? Let E be the e.m.f. generated by the mutual magnetic flux, that is, the magnetic flux which interlinks with primary and with secondary circuit, in the primary circuit. Since the fre- quency of the secondary circuit is the fraction 8 of the frequency 192 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. of the primary circuit, the generated e.m.f. of the secondary circuit ...", "... e motor, and ri — jxi the impedance of the secondary circuit of the motor at full frequency, and the exciting current of the motor is neglected; assuming s to be a small quantity; that is, the motor running at full speed? Let E be the e.m.f. generated by the mutual magnetic flux, that is, the magnetic flux which interlinks with primary and with secondary circuit, in the primary circuit. Since the fre- quency of the secondary circuit is the fraction 8 of the frequency 192 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. of the primary circuit, the generated e.m.f. of the secondary circuit is sE. Since x\\ is the rea ...", "... distance along the line, from some starting point; E^ the voltage; 7, the current at point I, expressed as vector quantities or general numbers; Zo^ro—jxo, the line impedance per unit length (for instance, per mile); Yo=^go—jhQ = Hne admittance, shunted, per unit length; then, rn is the ohmic effective resistance; .To, the self-inductive reactance; &o, the condensive susceptance, that is, wattless charging current divided by volts, and go = energy component of admit- tance, that is, energy component of charging current, divided by volts, per unit length, as, per mile. Considering a line element dl, th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... GH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the former varying with the voltage, the latter with the current in the line. Any change of the voltage on the line, or the curren ...", "... e. Any change of the voltage on the line, or the current in the line, or the relation between volt- age and current, therefore requires a corresponding change of the stored energy; that is, a readjustment of the stored energy e^C in the system, the electrostatic energy and the electro- i'L magnetic energy — — , from the previous to the changed cir- cuit conditions. This readjustment occurs by an oscillation, that is, a series of waves of voltage and of current, which gradually decreases in intensity, that is, dies out. ' These oscillating voltages and currents are the result of the read ...", "... le the power of these oscillations ulti- mately conies from the generators, it is not the generator wave nor one of its harmonics which builds up, as discussed in the previous lectures; but the generator merely supplies the energy, which is stored as electrostatic charge of the capacity and as magnetic field of the inductance, and the readjustment of this stored energy to the change of circuit conditions then gives the oscillation. These oscillating voltages and currents, adding to the generator voltage and current, thus increase the voltage and the current the more, the greater the intensity of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-114", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 114, "number": 8, "location": "lines 21923-22191", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "snippets": [ "... second motor, neglecting the drop of e.m.f. in the internal impedance of the first motor, equal those of the first motor. With increasing speed, the frequency and the e.m.f. impressed upon the second motor decrease proportionally to each other, and thus the magnetic flux and the magnetic density in the second motor, and its ex- citing current, remain constant and equal to those of the first motor, neglecting internal losses; that is, when connected in con- catenation the magnetic density, current input, etc., and thus the to ...", "... the drop of e.m.f. in the internal impedance of the first motor, equal those of the first motor. With increasing speed, the frequency and the e.m.f. impressed upon the second motor decrease proportionally to each other, and thus the magnetic flux and the magnetic density in the second motor, and its ex- citing current, remain constant and equal to those of the first motor, neglecting internal losses; that is, when connected in con- catenation the magnetic density, current input, etc., and thus the torque developed by ...", "... oportionally to each other, and thus the magnetic flux and the magnetic density in the second motor, and its ex- citing current, remain constant and equal to those of the first motor, neglecting internal losses; that is, when connected in con- catenation the magnetic density, current input, etc., and thus the torque developed by the second motor, are approximately equal to those of the first motor, being less because of the internal losses in the first motor. Hence, the motors in concatenation share the work in approx ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-36", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 15: Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 36, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9918-10123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetization", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "snippets": [ "... e with the e.m.fs. OE\\ and OE2 of the machines, if these latter two e.m.fs. are equal to each other. The cross current between the machines lags behind the e.m.f. producing it, OE* ', by the angle co, where tan w = — , and XQ = 7*0 reactance, r0 = effective resistance of alternator armature. The energy component of this cross current, or component in phase with OEfj is thus in quadrature with the machine voltages OEi and OE2, that is, transfers no power between them. The power transfer or equalization of load between th ...", "... with the machine vol- tages and the crosscurrents thus in quadrature with the machine voltages OEi and OE%, and hence do not transfer energy, but are wattless. In one machine the cross current is a lagging or demagnetizing, and in the other a leading or magnetizing, current. Hence two kinds of cross currents may exist in parallel opera- tion of alternators — currents transferring power between the machines, due to phase displacement between their e.m.fs., and wattless currents transferring magnetization between the ma- chin ...", "... he other a leading or magnetizing, current. Hence two kinds of cross currents may exist in parallel opera- tion of alternators — currents transferring power between the machines, due to phase displacement between their e.m.fs., and wattless currents transferring magnetization between the ma- chines, due to a difference of their induced e.m.fs. In compound-wound alternators, that is, alternators in which the field excitation is increased with the load by means of a series field excited by the rectified alternating current, it is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "section_title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1684-2011", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ulsating waves are produced only by commutating and unipolar machines (or by the super- position of alternating upon direct currents, etc.). All inductive apparatus without commutation give exclusively alternating waves, because, no matter what conditions may exist in the circuit, any line of magnetic force which during a complete period is cut by the circuit, and thereby generates an e.m.f., must during the same period be cut again in the opposite direc- tion, and thereby generate the same total amount of e.m.f. (Ob- viously, this does not apply to circuits consisting of different / p- ...", "... to its average variation the same ratio as the av- erage variation of the arc to that of the sine , that is, 1 -^ -, and since the variations of a sine function are sinusoidal also, we have Mean value of sine wave -r- maximum value = — ^ 1 = 0.63663. TT The quantities, \"current,\" \"e.m.f.,\" \"magnetism,\" etc., are in reality mathematical fictions only, as the components of the entities, \"energy,\" \"power,\" etc.; that is, they have no inde- pendent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, ...", "... be derived from the curve of instantaneous values, as determined by wave-meter or oscillograph. Measurement of the alternating wave after rectification by a unidirectional conductor, as an arc, gives the inean value with direct-current instruments, that is, instruments employing a permanent magnetic field, and the effective value with alternating- current instruments. Voltage determination by spark-gap, that is, by the striking distance, gives a value approaching the maximum, especially with spheres as electrodes of a diameter larger than the spark- gap." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "section_title": "Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 10583-12397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... hood of half speed, and a considerable increase of voltage, and thereby of motor torque, is required to bring the machine beyond the dead point, or rather \"dead range,\" of speed and make it run up to synchronism. In this case, however, the phenomenon is complicated by the effects due to varying magnetic reluctance (magnetic locking), inductor machine effect, etc. Instability of such character as here described occurs in elec- tric circuits in many instances, of which the most typical is the electric arc in a constant-potential supply. It occurs whenever the effect produced by any cause incre ...", "... alf speed, and a considerable increase of voltage, and thereby of motor torque, is required to bring the machine beyond the dead point, or rather \"dead range,\" of speed and make it run up to synchronism. In this case, however, the phenomenon is complicated by the effects due to varying magnetic reluctance (magnetic locking), inductor machine effect, etc. Instability of such character as here described occurs in elec- tric circuits in many instances, of which the most typical is the electric arc in a constant-potential supply. It occurs whenever the effect produced by any cause increases the ca ...", "... d a considerable increase of voltage, and thereby of motor torque, is required to bring the machine beyond the dead point, or rather \"dead range,\" of speed and make it run up to synchronism. In this case, however, the phenomenon is complicated by the effects due to varying magnetic reluctance (magnetic locking), inductor machine effect, etc. Instability of such character as here described occurs in elec- tric circuits in many instances, of which the most typical is the electric arc in a constant-potential supply. It occurs whenever the effect produced by any cause increases the cause and the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 959-3894", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... n abnormally high temperature coefficient, about 30 per cent, higher than other pure metals, and at red heat, when approaching the temperature where the iron ceases to be magnetizable, the temperature coefficient becomes still higher, until the temperature is reached where the iron ceases to be magnetic. At this point its temperature coefficient becomes that of other pure metals. Iron wire — usually mounted in hydrogen to keep it from oxidizing — ^thus finds a use as series resistance for current limitation in vacuum arc circuits, etc. Electrolytic Conductors 4. The conductors of the secon ...", "... atic capacity, or \"effective capacity,\" but can stand low voltage only — 1 volt or less — and therefore is of limited industrial value. As chemical action requires appreciable time, such electrolytic condensers show at commercial frequencies high losses of power by what may be called \" chemical hysteresis,\" and therefore low efficiences, but they are alleged to become efficient at very low frequencies. For this reason, they have 10 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS been proposed in the secondaries of induction motors, for power- factor compensation. Iron plates in alkaline solution, as sodium carbonate, ar ...", "... \\ ' m \\ I' \\ \\ ^ \\ ^\\ a ' \\ S S 1(10 \\ \" \\ k\\ 200 ^T\"E \\ \\ kN , \\ \\ 1 , u a K.SO0. x)^c » I >i>flSQ_9O0J_ WoltOO-KOOJ. ffiU M acteristic derived therefrom, with log r as ordinates, of a magnetic rod 6 in. long and % in. in diameter, consisting of 90 per cent, magnetite (FejOO, 9 per cent, chromite (FeCr204) and 1 per cent, sodium silicate, sintered together. 10. As result of these volf^ampere characteristics. Figs. 4 to 10, pyroelectric conductors as structural elements of an electri ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "section_title": "Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 27996-29301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... tance would get five times as much current as at load, and thus have five times as high a voltage at its terminals. The latter, however, is not feasible, except by making the reactance abnormally large and therefore uneconomical. In general, long before five times normal voltage is reached, magnetic saturation will have occurred, and the reactance thereby decreased, that is, the susceptance, 6, increased, as more fully dis- cussed in Chapter VIII. This actual condition would correspond to a value, 6i, of the shunted susceptance when shunted by the lamp^ and a different, higher value, 62, ...", "... usceptance when shunted by the lamp^ and a different, higher value, 62, of the shunted susceptance when the lamp is burned out. The question then arises, whether such values of 61 and 62 can be found, as to give voltage regulation. The increase of 62 over 61 naturally depends on the degree of magnetic saturation in the re- actance, that is, on the value of magnetic density chosen, and thus can be made anything, depending on the design. 167. Let then, as heretofore. ^0 — 60 = constant-supply voltage. / = current in series circuit. n = number of consuming devices (lamps) in series. p ...", "... e, 62, of the shunted susceptance when the lamp is burned out. The question then arises, whether such values of 61 and 62 can be found, as to give voltage regulation. The increase of 62 over 61 naturally depends on the degree of magnetic saturation in the re- actance, that is, on the value of magnetic density chosen, and thus can be made anything, depending on the design. 167. Let then, as heretofore. ^0 — 60 = constant-supply voltage. / = current in series circuit. n = number of consuming devices (lamps) in series. p = fraction of burned-out lamps. g a= conductance of lamp. (15 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 8, "location": "lines 972-1013", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... the field is of industrial importance. 387 68. Equations of decrease of electric field with the dis- tance. 388 69. Effect of return conductor on distance decrement of field. 389 70. Inductance of length I of infinitely long conductor with- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia- tion, inductance and impedance. 391 72. Evaluation of functions sil al and col al. 394 73. Self-inductive impedance, and numerical example. 395 74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as function of frequency. 396 75. Mutual inductance ...", "... of industrial importance. 387 68. Equations of decrease of electric field with the dis- tance. 388 69. Effect of return conductor on distance decrement of field. 389 70. Inductance of length I of infinitely long conductor with- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia- tion, inductance and impedance. 391 72. Evaluation of functions sil al and col al. 394 73. Self-inductive impedance, and numerical example. 395 74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as function of frequency. 396 75. Mutual inductance of two distant conduct ...", "... I of infinitely long conductor with- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia- tion, inductance and impedance. 391 72. Evaluation of functions sil al and col al. 394 73. Self-inductive impedance, and numerical example. 395 74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as function of frequency. 396 75. Mutual inductance of two distant conductors of finite length. 398 76. Example. 399 77. Capacity of a sphere in space. 400 78. Example. 401 79. Sphere at a distance from ground. 402" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "section_title": "Standing Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 52, "number": 3, "location": "lines 29316-30243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "permeability", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "snippets": [ "... t which the phenomenon ceases to be oscillatory in time and becomes a gradual dying out, is given by (63) as 27T 2, (122) m Vie In an undamped wave, that is, in a circuit of zero r and zero g, in which no energy losses occur, the speed of propagation is and if the medium has unit permeability and unit inductivity, it is the speed of light, S0 = 3 X 1010. (124) In an undamped circuit, this wave length lWo would correspond to the frequency, STANDING WAVES 447 hence, from (62), '•-,Vr.- <125> The frequency at the wave length lWo is zero, since at this wave length the phenom ...", "... circuit, this wave length lWo would correspond to the frequency, STANDING WAVES 447 hence, from (62), '•-,Vr.- <125> The frequency at the wave length lWo is zero, since at this wave length the phenomenon ceases to be oscillatory ; that is, due to the energy losses in the circuit, by the effective resistance r and effective conductance g, the frequency / of the wave is reduced below the value corresponding to the wave length lw, the more, the greater the wave length, until at the wave length lWo the frequency becomes zero and the phenomenon thereby non-oscillatory. This means that with increasing ...", "... etween conductors. Choosing the mile as unit length, r = 0.41 ohm per mile. The inductance of a conductor is given by = I (2 loge lf 10~9, in henrys, (131) where I = the length of conductor, in cm.; lr = the radius of conductor; ld = the distance from return conductor, and /* = the permeability of conductor material. For copper, fi = 1. As one mile equals 1.61 X 105 cm., substituting this, and reducing the natural logarithm to the common logarithm, by the factor 2.3026, gives L = f 0.7415 log ^ + 0.0805\\ in mh. per mile. (132) , For lr = 0.1825 inch and ld = 60 inches, L = 1.95 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 33528-34202", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "snippets": [ "... he circuit, or received by the section from the rest of the circuit, is proportional to the length of the section, A', to its trans- fer constant, s, and to the sum of the power of main wave and reflected wave. 51. The energy stored by the inductance L of a circuit element dXj that is, in the magnetic field of the circuit, is 'LV dwl =-^~A where U = inductance per unit length of circuit expressed by the distance coordinate A. Since L = the inductance per unit length of circuit, of distance coordinate Z, and X = — - — 4 1000 ^ .- •\"J **** ^ S. X * d2-2«50n ^, _i- •\"\" ~- ^X .// 1 B o •<3 ...", "... 2 \\^ ^'\\V 30 40 50 60 70 80 80 1QO UO Degrees > Fig. 59. Quarter-phase rectification. small compared with the total field m.m.f. and the armature reaction, and so greatly varies with a small variation of armature current. As result, a very great distortion of the field occurs, and the magnetic flux is concentrated at the pole corner. This gives an e.m.f. wave which has a very sharp and high peak, with very long flat zero, and so cannot be approximated by an equiva- lent sine wave, but the actual e.m.f. curves have to be used in a more exact investigation." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... thereby gives a periodic fluc- tuation of voltage. As, however, the armature reaction requires an appreciable time to develop, the voltage fluctuation is not in phase with the fluctuating current, but lags behind it, by an angle depending on the time required for the armature reaction to exert its magnetizing effect. The result thereof is that the power interchange between the two alternators is not entirely alternating with the frequency of the slip, that is, alternately accelerating each machine and then again slowing it down by the same amount, but has a constant though small component, which is posi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The General Number", "section_title": "The General Number", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 915-3491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... hey are of importance, however, since solutions of differential equations frequently appear in this form, and then are reduced to the polar or the rectangular form. 37. For instance, the differential equation of the distribu- tion of alternating current in a flat conductor, or of alternating magnetic flux in a flat sheet of iron, has the form : and is integrated by y = A£~^'^, where. V=\\/-2jc^=±{l-j)c; hence, 2/=^£+(i-^*)\"^+A2£-^^~^*K This expression, reduced to the polar form, is y = Aie'^''^(cos ex -j sin ex) +A2£~''''(cos ex+j sin ex). THE GENERAL NUMBER. 51 Logarithmation. 38. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Long Distance Transmission", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2562-3132", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... y to have the system statically balanced or symmetrical, that is, have the same potential differences from all the conductors to the ground. Any electric circuit, and so also the transmission line, contains inductance and capacity, and therefore stores energy as electromagnetic energy in the magnetic field due to the cur- rent, and as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge, due to the voltage. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION 69 If: e = voltage, C = capacity. i = current, L = inductance. the electrostatic energy is : e*C 2 and the electromagnetic energy : i'L 2 In a high potenti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Regulation And Control", "section_title": "Regulation And Control", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 4595-4930", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... imary coil is in shunt and a stationary secondary coil is in series and at right angles to the primary ; an iron shuttle moves inside of the coils and so turns the mag- netism of the primary coil into the secondary coil either one way or the other. On the dotted position the primary sends the magnetism through the secondary in opposite direction as in the drawn position, in Fig. 26. 134 GENERAL LECTURES Fife. 26 Advantage — Uniform variation. Disadvantage — More expensive than compensator regulator." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_title": "Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 608-1548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... ntinues. 16 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. The electric waves used in wireless telegraphy range in wave lengths from 100 feet or less to 10,000 feet or more, corresponding to 107 to 105 cycles per sec. Still very much longer waves are the fields of alternating cur- rent circuits: the magnetic and electrostatic field of an alterna- ting current progresses as a wave of radiation from the conductor. But as the wave length is very great, due to the low frequency, — 3 X 1010 a 60-cycle alternating current gives a wave length of ^ = 500 X 10\" cm. or 3100 miles — the distance to which t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-105", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 105, "number": 8, "location": "lines 18666-18812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "snippets": [ "... the number of turns and turn sections, that is, by e\\ X ii + £2 X iz FIG. 172. — Diagram of trans- former. FIG. 173. — Diagram of auto- transformer. (the turns being proportional to the voltage, the turn section to the current, the same magnetic flux assumed). But since 61 = aez and i\\ = — , e\\i\\ = e2i2, and the size of the transformer Fig. 172 thus is proportional to 2 e-#2, that is, to 2 P, or twice the output. In the autotransformer Fig. 173, the nz common turns are tra- versed by th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-15", "section_label": "Theory Section 15: Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "section_title": "Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 5832-6221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "snippets": [ "... ion of maximum 'power delivered over the line '• i| f-* on that is, substituting (3): '! V#o2 - x*i* = e + ri, and expanding, gives e* = (r2 + x2) i2 (8) = z2i2; hence, e — zi, and - = z. (9) -T- = 7*1 is the resistance or effective resistance of the receiving circuit; that is, the maximum power is delivered into a non- LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 87 inductive receiving circuit over an inductive line upon which is impressed a constant e.m.f., if the resistance of the receiving circ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-16", "section_label": "Theory Section 16: Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6222-6813", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "snippets": [ "... i = io, ii = 0. Between i = 0 and i = io, e > eo, and the current is lagging. Above i = io, e < eQ, and the current is leading. By the reaction of the variation of e from eo upon the receiving apparatus producing reactive current z'i, and by magnetic satura- tion in the receiving apparatus, the deviation of e from eo is reduced, that is, the regulation improved. 2. Over-compounding of Transmission Lines 78. The impressed voltage at the generator end of the line was found in the preceding, eo = V(e 4 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-25", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 25, "number": 4, "location": "lines 8907-9034", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "snippets": [ "... inductance is ^ similar to that of armature reaction, FlQ 50._Diagram of e m fs> and depends upon the phase relation in loaded generator, in the same manner. If EI = real generated voltage, 0i = lag of current behind generated voltage EI, the magnetic flux produced by the arma- ture current I is in phase with the current, and thus the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance is in quadrature behind the current, and therefore the e.m.f. consumed by self-inductance is in quadrature ahead of the current. Thus in Fig. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-26", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 26, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9035-9169", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "snippets": [ "... s of the polyphase machine is higher than that with the same current in one phase only, and so also the self- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 137 inductive flux, as resultant flux of several phases, and thus rep- resents a higher synchronous reactance. Let r = effective resistance, XQ = synchronous reactance of armature, as discussed in Section II. Let E = terminal voltage, / = current, 0 = angle of lag of the current behind ' the terminal vol- tage. It is in vector diagram, Fig. 55. OE = E = terminal voltage assumed as ze ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-34", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 34, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9821-9878", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetizing", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "snippets": [ "... currents. If the frequencies of two alternators are identically the same, but the field excitation not such as would give equal terminal voltage when operated in parallel, there is a local current between the two machines which is wattless and leading or magnetizing in the machine of lower field excitation, lagging or demagnetiz- ing in the machine of higher field excitation. At load this watt- less current is superimposed upon the currents from the machines into the external circuit. In consequence thereof the current i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-67", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 67: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 67, "number": null, "location": "lines 12084-12199", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "snippets": [ "... inductance of the armature coil. Therefore, with low-resistance brushes, resistance commutation is not permissible except with machines of extremely low arma- FIG. 108. — Brush commutating coil A. ture inductance, that is, armature inductance so low that the magnetic energy -7^—, which appears as \"spark\" in this case, is & harmless. Voltage commutation is feasible with low-resistance brushes, but requires a commutating e.m.f. e proportional to current z'o; that is, requires shifting of brushes proportionally to the load, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-74", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 74: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 74, "number": null, "location": "lines 12660-12763", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "snippets": [ "... corresponding to curves E and F in Fig. 116. Above a certain external resistance the series generator loses its excitation, while the shunt generator loses its excitation below a certain external resistance. Compound Generator 73. The saturation curve or magnetic characteristic A, and the load saturation curves D and G of the compound generator, are shown in Fig. 118 with the ampere-turns of the shunt field 214 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING as abscissas. A is the same curve as in Fig. 109, while D ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-77", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 77: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 77, "number": null, "location": "lines 12929-13007", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic flux", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-77/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-77/", "snippets": [ "... values iq, the demagnetizing effect of arma- ture reaction. 10 60 FIG. 121 100 120 _110 160 ISO -Series motor speed curve. The torque of the series motor is shown also in Fig. 121, derived as proportional to A X i, that is, current X magnetic flux. Compound Motors 76. Compound motors can be built with cumulative com- pounding and with differential compounding. Cumulative compounding is used to a considerable extent, as in elevator motors, etc., to secure economy of current in starting and at high loa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-80", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 80: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 80, "number": null, "location": "lines 13120-13188", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetism", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "snippets": [ "... by compensation either by introducing a leading current, as from condenser or overexcited synchronous motor, or by in- troducing a lagging voltage. In the commutating machines, the voltage induced in the armature by its rotation is in phase with the field magnetism, and by lagging the field exciting current, 222 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the commutating machines thus can be made to give a lagging voltage, that is, to compensate for low power-factor due to lagging current. Thus, by inserting such a commut ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-98", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 98, "number": 2, "location": "lines 17030-17323", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "snippets": [ "... ss 1 per cent. 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current and losses are frequently given in per cent, of the full-load output of the transformer. The curves correspond to non-inductive load. The core loss comprises hysteresis, which varies with the 1.6 power of the induced voltage and eddies proportional to the square of induced voltage. Hence, within the narrow range of variation of the induced voltage between no load and full load of a constant poten- tial transformer, the co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3267-3618", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... the reactance of the Hne element, 90° ahead of the current, Oh, and proportional thereto. In the same Hne element we have a current, hh^, in phase with the voltage, OEi, and proportional thereto, representing 44 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the loss of current by leakage, dielectric hysteresis, etc., and a current, /i^ /i^\\ 90° ahead of the voltage, 0E-[, and proportional thereto, the charging current of the line element as condenser; and in this manner passing along the line, element by element, we ultimately reach the generator terminal voltages, Ei^, E^^, £'3\", THREE PHASE CIRC ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2774-3131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "hysteresis", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... , and an E.M.F. E^, Ef con- sumed by the reactance of the line element, 90° ahead of the current OIV and proportional thereto. In the same line element we have a current IJ^ in phase with the E.M.F. OEV and proportional thereto, representing the loss of energy current by leakage, dielectric hysteresis, etc., and a current ^V/', 90° ahead of the E.M.F. OEV and proportional thereto, the charging current of the line ele- ment as condenser, and in this manner passing along the line, element by element, we ultimately reach the generator terminal voltages E°, E°, Es°, and generator currents //, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... w inductance factor; that is, a low power factor exists without corresponding phase displace- ment, the circuit factor being less than one-half. Such circuits, for instance, are those including alternat- ing arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, reactances with over-saturated magnetic circuit, high poten- tial lines in which the maximum difference of potential ex- ceeds the voltage at which brush discharges begin, polariza- tion cells, and in general electrolytic conductors above the dissociation voltage of the electrolyte, etc. Such circuits cannot correctly, and in many c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Synchronous Induction Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 9, "location": "lines 14466-14550", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "reluctance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... synchronism such a motor represents an electric circuit of an admittance varying with twice the periodicity of the primary frequency, since twice per period the axis of the armature coil and that of the primary coil coincide. A varying admittance is obviously identical in effeel with a varying reluctance, which will be discussed in the chapter on reaction machines. That is, the induction motor with one closed armature circuit is, at synchronism, nothing but a reaction machine, and consequently gives zero torque at synchronism if the maxima and minima of the periodically varying admittance coin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 2, "location": "lines 755-835", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279 3. Relation of wave length of impressed frequency to natural frequency of line, and limits of approximate line cal- culations. 279 4. Electrical and magnetic phenomena in transmission line. 281 5. The four constants of the transmission line : r, L, g, C. 282 6. The problem of the transmission line. 283 7. The differential equations of the transmission line, and their integral equations. 8. Different forms of the transmission line equations. 28 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 7, "location": "lines 1228-1261", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "magnetic field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric fiel ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "section_title": "General System Of Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 40, "location": "lines 12217-12884", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "magnetic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... rrents in the system, these transient terms of impressed or counter e.m.fs. are given as linear functions of the currents or of their differential coefficients, that is, the rate of change of the currents. (3) That resistance, inductance, and capacity are constant quantities, and for instance magnetic saturation does not appear. The determination of the transient terms requires the solution of an equation of 2 nth degree, which is lowered by one degree for every independent circuit which contains no capacity. Thus, for instance, a divided circuit having capacity in either branch leads to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity", "section_title": "Distributed Series Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 45, "number": 5, "location": "lines 23586-23947", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "effective resistance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "snippets": [ "... the lightning discharge.* Only a general outline can be given in the following. 45. In a circuit containing distributed resistance, conductance, inductance, shunt, and series capacity, as the multigap lightning arrester, Fig. 90, represented electrically as a circuit in Fig. 91, let r = the effective resistance per unit length of circuit, or per circuit element, that is, per arrester cylinder; g = the shunt conductance per unit length, representing leakage, brush dis- charge, electrical radiation, etc.; L = the inductance per unit length of circuit; C = the series capacity per unit length of cir- cui ..." ] } ] }, { "id": "ether-field-language", "label": "Ether And Field Language", "description": "Source-located passages where Steinmetz uses ether, field, force, stress, strain, pressure, tension, medium, displacement, or related older field vocabulary.", "aliases": [ "ether", "aether", "field", "fields", "field of force", "field of forces", "medium", "stress", "strain", "pressure", "tension", "elastic", "displacement" ], "modern_prompt": "Read these passages first as historical electrical field language. Translate only after checking whether Steinmetz is describing a mathematical field, a material medium, an analogy, or a physical ontology.", "interpretive_boundary": "Ether-field readings may compare this language with later nonstandard vocabularies, but the page itself only proves that the words occur in the processed Steinmetz text.", "total_occurrences": 4352, "matching_source_count": 15, "matching_section_count": 283, "source_totals": [ { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "occurrence_count": 684, "section_count": 79 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "occurrence_count": 651, "section_count": 20 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "occurrence_count": 478, "section_count": 31 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 402, "section_count": 28 }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "occurrence_count": 309, "section_count": 14 }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "occurrence_count": 292, "section_count": 3 }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "occurrence_count": 278, "section_count": 10 }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "occurrence_count": 272, "section_count": 10 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 259, "section_count": 22 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "occurrence_count": 234, "section_count": 15 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 219, "section_count": 19 }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "occurrence_count": 149, "section_count": 10 }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "occurrence_count": 57, "section_count": 6 }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "occurrence_count": 37, "section_count": 4 }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "occurrence_count": 31, "section_count": 12 } ], "alias_totals": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3583 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 224 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 114 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 111 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 108 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 80 }, { "alias": "ether", "count": 66 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "strain", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "stress", "count": 29 } ], "section_hits": [ { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 306, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 297 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... econom- ical, due to their very low speed, resultant from the low frequency. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt or series motor, remains the same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and ...", "... ir very low speed, resultant from the low frequency. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt or series motor, remains the same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautions are tak ...", "... h reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautions are taken to have the field reverse simul- taneously with the armature. If the reversal of field magnetism should occur later than the reversal of armature current, during the time after the armature current has reversed, but before the field has reversed, the motor torque would be in opposite direc- tion and thus subtra ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2485-3386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 137, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 134 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... the instantaneous values of the resultant currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, thr ...", "... dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, three equal magnetizing coils, placed under equal angles and excited by three-phase currents, produce a result- ant magnetic field which is constant in i ...", "... ermanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, three equal magnetizing coils, placed under equal angles and excited by three-phase currents, produce a result- ant magnetic field which is constant in intensity, but revolves synchronously in space, and th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_title": "Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 736-2388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 134, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 78 }, { "alias": "ether", "count": 52 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... e become dependent on the conditions of obser- vation. The law of conservation of matter thus had to be abandoned and mass became a manifestation of energy. The law of gravitation has been recast, and the force of gravitation has become an effect of inertial motion, like centrifugal force. The ether has been abandoned, and the field of force of Faraday and Maxwell has become the fundamental conception of physics. The laws of mechanics ^ have been changed, and time and space have been bound' together in the four-dimensional world space, the dimen- sions of which are neither space nor time, ...", "... s of obser- vation. The law of conservation of matter thus had to be abandoned and mass became a manifestation of energy. The law of gravitation has been recast, and the force of gravitation has become an effect of inertial motion, like centrifugal force. The ether has been abandoned, and the field of force of Faraday and Maxwell has become the fundamental conception of physics. The laws of mechanics ^ have been changed, and time and space have been bound' together in the four-dimensional world space, the dimen- sions of which are neither space nor time, but a symmetrical combination of both. W ...", "... and of the new conceptions are so small that they usually cannot be observed even by the most accurate scientific investigation, and in the few instances where the differences have been measured, as in the disturbances of Mercury's orbit, the bending of the beam of light in the gravitational field, etc., they are close to the limits of observation. 12 CONCLUSIONS FROM RELATIVITY THEORY 13 We have seen that the length of a body and the time on it change with the relative velocity of the observer. The highest velocities which we can produce (outside of ionic velocities) are the veloc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2162-2971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 133, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 130 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... the instantaneous values of the resultant currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, thre ...", "... dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, three equal magnetizing coils, placed under equal angles and excited by three-phase currents, produce a result- ant magnetic field which is constant in in ...", "... ermanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As is well known, three equal magnetizing coils, placed under equal angles and excited by three-phase currents, produce a result- ant magnetic field which is constant in intensity, but revolves synchronously in space, and thu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_title": "Alternating Current Railway Motor", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 8649-9342", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 129, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 129 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "snippets": [ "FOURTEENTH LECTURE ALTERNATING CURRENT RAILWAY MOTOR. mN a direct current motor, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- nating voltage supply, the field magnetism of the motor also alternates ; the motor field must th ...", "... in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- nating voltage supply, the field magnetism of the motor also alternates ; the motor field must therefore be laminated, to avoid excessive energy losses and heating by eddy currents (cur- rents produced in the field iron by the alternation of the mag- netism) just as in the direct current motor the armature must be laminated. ...", "... sed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- nating voltage supply, the field magnetism of the motor also alternates ; the motor field must therefore be laminated, to avoid excessive energy losses and heating by eddy currents (cur- rents produced in the field iron by the alternation of the mag- netism) just as in the direct current motor the armature must be laminated. In the shunt motor — in which the supply current divides ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "section_title": "Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2389-3594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 102, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 99 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "ether", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE III GRAVITATION AND THE GRAVITATIONAL FLELD A. THE IDENTITY OF GRAVITATIONAL, CENTRIFUGAL AND INERTIAL MASS As seen in the preceding lecture, the conception of the ether as the carrier of radiation had to be abandoned as incompatible with the theory of relativity; the conception of action at a distance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a stor ...", "... AND INERTIAL MASS As seen in the preceding lecture, the conception of the ether as the carrier of radiation had to be abandoned as incompatible with the theory of relativity; the conception of action at a distance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, character- ized by the property of exerting a force on any body susceptible to this energy — that is, a magnetic field on a magnetizable body, a gravitational field on a gravitational mass, etc. Light, ...", "... cture, the conception of the ether as the carrier of radiation had to be abandoned as incompatible with the theory of relativity; the conception of action at a distance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, character- ized by the property of exerting a force on any body susceptible to this energy — that is, a magnetic field on a magnetizable body, a gravitational field on a gravitational mass, etc. Light, or, in general, radiation, is an elect ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 91, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 91 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXII ARMATURE REACTIONS OF ALTERNATORS 192. The change of the terminal voltage of an alternating current generator, resulting from a change of load at constant field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which produces the resultant magnetic field in the field ...", "... nal voltage of an alternating current generator, resulting from a change of load at constant field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which produces the resultant magnetic field in the field poles and generates in the armature an e.m.f. called the \"virtual generated e.m.f.,\" since it has no actual existence, but is merely a mathematical fiction. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction of the ...", "... at constant field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which produces the resultant magnetic field in the field poles and generates in the armature an e.m.f. called the \"virtual generated e.m.f.,\" since it has no actual existence, but is merely a mathematical fiction. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction of the armature current, that is, e.m.f. generated by the armature current by a local m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 77, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 76 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... YNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and ...", "... ng dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rotation through the magnetic field — or, as now more usually the case, the rotation of the magnetic field through the armature circuit — the terminal voltage of the armature circuit is ^ = ^o-(r+jx)/. In Fig. 110 is shown diagrammatically the path of the field flux, in two different positions, A with an armature slot standin ...", "... ; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rotation through the magnetic field — or, as now more usually the case, the rotation of the magnetic field through the armature circuit — the terminal voltage of the armature circuit is ^ = ^o-(r+jx)/. In Fig. 110 is shown diagrammatically the path of the field flux, in two different positions, A with an armature slot standing mid- way between two field poles, B with an armature slot standing op ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "section_title": "Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14549-15353", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 72, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 72 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "... CURRENTS OF ALTERNATORS. 112. The short-circuit current of an alternator is limited by armature reaction and armature self-inductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to a resultant m.m.f. reduces the magnetic flux from that corre- sponding to the field excitation to that corresponding to the resultant of field excitation and armature reaction, and thus reduces the generated e.m.f. from the nominal generated e.m.f., eO ...", "... ductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to a resultant m.m.f. reduces the magnetic flux from that corre- sponding to the field excitation to that corresponding to the resultant of field excitation and armature reaction, and thus reduces the generated e.m.f. from the nominal generated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- ...", "... m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to a resultant m.m.f. reduces the magnetic flux from that corre- sponding to the field excitation to that corresponding to the resultant of field excitation and armature reaction, and thus reduces the generated e.m.f. from the nominal generated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- faces which does not interlink with the field coils, but is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Mutual Inductance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 10, "location": "lines 10475-12216", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 66, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 65 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... vely related to each other symmetrically, or reduced thereto; that is, where the mutual inductance is due to coils enclosed in the first circuit, interlinked magnetically with coils enclosed in the second circuit, as the primary and the secondary coils of a transformer, or a shunt and a series field winding of a generator, 144 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the two coils are assumed as of the same number of turns, or reduced thereto. ri, No. turns second circuit If a = — = — =rr— — - -- : - r— , the currents in the nA No. turns first circuit second circuit are multiplied, the e.m.fs. divided ...", "... uation of voltage, actually an appreciable time must elapse. A 600-kw. 8-pole direct-current generator overcompounds from 500 volts at no load to 600 volts at terminals at full load of 1000 amperes. The circuit constants are: resistance of armature winding, r0 = 0.01 ohm; resistance of series field winding, r2' = 0.003 ohm; number of turns per pole in shunt field winding, n1= 1000, and magnetic flux per pole at 500 volts, 4> = 10 megalines. At 600 volts full load terminal voltage (or voltage from brush to brush) the generated e.m.f. is e + irQ = 610 volts. From the saturation curve or ...", "... 0-kw. 8-pole direct-current generator overcompounds from 500 volts at no load to 600 volts at terminals at full load of 1000 amperes. The circuit constants are: resistance of armature winding, r0 = 0.01 ohm; resistance of series field winding, r2' = 0.003 ohm; number of turns per pole in shunt field winding, n1= 1000, and magnetic flux per pole at 500 volts, 4> = 10 megalines. At 600 volts full load terminal voltage (or voltage from brush to brush) the generated e.m.f. is e + irQ = 610 volts. From the saturation curve or magnetic characteristics of the machine, we have: At no load and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_title": "Fields of Force", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 7737-7990", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 54 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "snippets": [ "19. FIELDS OF FORCE 89. When an electric current flows through a conductor, power is consumed and heat produced inside of the conductor. In the space outside and surrounding the conductor, a change has taken place also, and this space is not neutral and inert any ...", "... s in chains; a magnetic needle is moved and places itself in a definite direction. Due to the passage of the current in the conductor, there are therefore in the spaces outside of the con- ductor — where the current does not flow — forces exerted, and FIELDS OF FORCE 113 this space then is not neutral space, but has become a field of force, and the cause of the field, in this case the electric current in the conductor, is its \"motive force.\" As in this case the actions exerted in the field of force are ...", "... tion. Due to the passage of the current in the conductor, there are therefore in the spaces outside of the con- ductor — where the current does not flow — forces exerted, and FIELDS OF FORCE 113 this space then is not neutral space, but has become a field of force, and the cause of the field, in this case the electric current in the conductor, is its \"motive force.\" As in this case the actions exerted in the field of force are magnetic, the space surrounding a conductor traversed by a current is a field of magne ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 61, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 58 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space su ...", "... flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE EL ...", "... nductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 883-1530", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 61, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 58 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surr ...", "... r flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE E ...", "... conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conduct ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 48, "number": 8, "location": "lines 26095-27002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD. 67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in p ...", "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD. 67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the elec ...", "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD. 67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the electric field starts at the conductor and propa- gates from there t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1317-1992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 50 }, { "alias": "stress", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... uctive receiver circuit, the flow of energy always decreases from generating to receiving circuit, and the power gradient therefore is characteristic of the direc- tion of the flow of energy.) In the space outside of the conductor, during the flow of energy through the circuit, a condition of stress exists which is called the electric field of the conductor. That is, the surrounding space is not uniform, but has different electric and magnetic properties in different directions. No power is required to maintain the electric field, but energy 3 4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is required to p ...", "... always decreases from generating to receiving circuit, and the power gradient therefore is characteristic of the direc- tion of the flow of energy.) In the space outside of the conductor, during the flow of energy through the circuit, a condition of stress exists which is called the electric field of the conductor. That is, the surrounding space is not uniform, but has different electric and magnetic properties in different directions. No power is required to maintain the electric field, but energy 3 4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is required to produce the electric field, and this energy ...", "... ng the flow of energy through the circuit, a condition of stress exists which is called the electric field of the conductor. That is, the surrounding space is not uniform, but has different electric and magnetic properties in different directions. No power is required to maintain the electric field, but energy 3 4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is required to produce the electric field, and this energy is returned, more or less completely, when the electric field dis- appears by the stoppage of the flow of energy. Thus, in starting the flow of electric energy, before a perma- nent condition ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "section_title": "The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3595-6820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "ether", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IV THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPACE A. THE GEOMETRY OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD The starting point of the relativity theory is that the laws of nature, including the velocity of light in empty space, are the same everywhere and with regard to any system to which they may be referred — whether on the revolving platform of the earth or in the speeding railway train or in ...", "... een the fixed stars. From this it follows that the length of a body is not a fixed property of it, but is relative, depending on the conditions of obser- vation— the relative velocity of the observer with regard to the body. It also is shown that the laws of motion of bodies in a gravitational field are identical with the laws of inertial motion with regard to an accelerating system (as exemplified by the billiard ball in the speeding railway train, Lecture I). From these two conclusions it follows that in the gravitational field the circumference of a circle is not equal to tt times its ...", "... shown that the laws of motion of bodies in a gravitational field are identical with the laws of inertial motion with regard to an accelerating system (as exemplified by the billiard ball in the speeding railway train, Lecture I). From these two conclusions it follows that in the gravitational field the circumference of a circle is not equal to tt times its diameter, as we have learned to prove in our school geometry, but it is less than w times the diameter. As the theorems of mathematics depend upon each other, a change in one theorem involves a change in others. Thus from the theorem w ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2659-3514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... circuits to reduce the inductance than in alternating-current circuits, where the inductance usually causes a drop of voltage, and direct-current circuits as a rule have higher inductance, especially if the circuit is used for producing magnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a transient term connecting the current values i0 and iv and into the equation of the ...", "... it. That is, an inductive circuit cannot be opened instantly, but the arc following the break maintains the circuit for some time, and the voltage generated in opening an inductive circuit is the higher the quicker the break. Hence in a highly inductive circuit, as an electromagnet or a machine field, the insulation may be punctured by excessive generated e.m.f. when quickly opening the circuit. As example, some typical circuits may be considered. CONTINUOUS-CURRENT CIRCUITS 27 21. Starting of a continuous-current lighting circuit, or non-in- ductive load. Let e0 = 125 volts = impre ...", "... t = 0.00069 seconds. The time during which the current reaches 90 per cent of its full value, or i = 900 amperes, is t = 0.0023 seconds, that is, the current is established in the circuit in a practically inappre- ciable time, a fraction of a hundredth of a second. 22. Excitation of a motor field. Let, in a continuous-current shunt motor, e0 = 250 volts = impressed e.m.f., and the number of poles = 8. Assume the magnetic flux per pole, 0 = 12.5 megalines, and the ampere-turns per pole required to produce this magnetic flux as $ = 9000. Assume 1000 watts used for the excitation o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-01", "section_label": "Theory Section 1: Magnetism and Electric Current", "section_title": "Magnetism and Electric Current", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 477-909", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 55, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "snippets": [ "1. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of force, or magnetic field. The magnetic field at unit distance from a unit magnet pole is called a unit magnetic field, and is represented by one line of magnetic force (or shortly \"one line\") per square centimeter, and from a unit magnet pole thus issue a to ...", "... SM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of force, or magnetic field. The magnetic field at unit distance from a unit magnet pole is called a unit magnetic field, and is represented by one line of magnetic force (or shortly \"one line\") per square centimeter, and from a unit magnet pole thus issue a total of 4 TT lines ...", "... NT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of force, or magnetic field. The magnetic field at unit distance from a unit magnet pole is called a unit magnetic field, and is represented by one line of magnetic force (or shortly \"one line\") per square centimeter, and from a unit magnet pole thus issue a total of 4 TT lines of magnetic force. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_title": "Dielectric Losses", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14334-15409", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 40 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "stress", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... tive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating magnetic field, power is consumed by mag- netic hysteresis. This is proportional to the frequency, and to the 1.6*'' power of the magnetic density, and is considerable, amounting in a closed magnetic circuit to 40 to 60 per cent, of the total volt-amperes. In the dielectric field, the energy losses usually ...", "... In the alternating magnetic field, power is consumed by mag- netic hysteresis. This is proportional to the frequency, and to the 1.6*'' power of the magnetic density, and is considerable, amounting in a closed magnetic circuit to 40 to 60 per cent, of the total volt-amperes. In the dielectric field, the energy losses usually are very much smaller, rarely amounting to more than a few per cent., though they may at high temperature in cables rise as high as 40 to 60 per cent. The foremost such losses are: leakage, that is, ih loss of the current passing by conduction (as \"dynamic current\") ...", "... temperature in cables rise as high as 40 to 60 per cent. The foremost such losses are: leakage, that is, ih loss of the current passing by conduction (as \"dynamic current\") through the resistance of the dielectric; corona, that is, losses due to a partial or local breakdown of the electrostatic field, and dielectric hysteresis or phenomena of similar nature. It is doubtful whether a true dielectric hysteresis, that is, a molecular dielectric friction, exists. A dielectric loss, propor- tional to the- frequency and to the 1.6*^' power of the dielectric field: P = njD'-^ has been observ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 52 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactiv ...", "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always laggi ...", "... , that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part of the total current is given by the magnetizing current. To secure good power-factor in an induction motor, the magnetizing current, that i«, the current which produces the magnetic field flux, must be kept as small as possible. This means as small an air gap between stator and rotor as mechanic- ally permissible, and as large a number of primary turns per pole, that is, as large a pole pitch, as economically permissible. In motors, in which the speed — compared to the motor ou ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 22302-23970", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 48, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the m.m.f. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approximately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchronous ...", "... 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the m.m.f. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approximately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchronous motion relatively to the former; hence fixed in space relative to the field m.m.f., or uni- FiG. 129. directional; but ...", "... ernating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the m.m.f. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approximately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchronous motion relatively to the former; hence fixed in space relative to the field m.m.f., or uni- FiG. 129. directional; but pulsating in a sin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Inductor Machines", "section_title": "Inductor Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 17, "location": "lines 20294-20974", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 47 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII INDUCTOR MACHINES Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, but has practically ...", "CHAPTER XVII INDUCTOR MACHINES Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, but has practically gone out of use except for special Fia. 134. — Revolving armature alternator Fig. ...", "CHAPTER XVII INDUCTOR MACHINES Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, but has practically gone out of use except for special Fia. 134. — Revolving armature alternator Fig. 135.— Revolving field al ternator. purposes, and for syn ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Regulating Pole Converters", "section_title": "Regulating Pole Converters", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 21, "location": "lines 30088-31715", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... constant impressed alternating voltage, is in- 424 EL ECTRIC A L A PPA RA T f '8 dependent of the wave shape, and thus run be produced whether the alternating voltage is a sine wave or any other wave. It is obvious that, instead of shifting the brushes on the com- mutator, the magnetic field poles may \\k< shifted, in the opposite direction, by the same angle, as shown in Fig. 198, A, B, C. Instead of mechanically shifting the field poles, they can bt shifted electrically, by having each field pole consist of a numUr of sections, and successively reversing the polarity of these sec ...", "... ether the alternating voltage is a sine wave or any other wave. It is obvious that, instead of shifting the brushes on the com- mutator, the magnetic field poles may \\k< shifted, in the opposite direction, by the same angle, as shown in Fig. 198, A, B, C. Instead of mechanically shifting the field poles, they can bt shifted electrically, by having each field pole consist of a numUr of sections, and successively reversing the polarity of these sec- tions, as shown in Fig. 199, A, B, C, D. by mechanically shifting llie poles. Instead of having a large number of field pole sections, ob ...", "... . It is obvious that, instead of shifting the brushes on the com- mutator, the magnetic field poles may \\k< shifted, in the opposite direction, by the same angle, as shown in Fig. 198, A, B, C. Instead of mechanically shifting the field poles, they can bt shifted electrically, by having each field pole consist of a numUr of sections, and successively reversing the polarity of these sec- tions, as shown in Fig. 199, A, B, C, D. by mechanically shifting llie poles. Instead of having a large number of field pole sections, obvi- ously two sections are sufficient, and the same gradual ch ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16362-17596", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 43 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- ...", "... 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F., or uni-directional, but pulsating ...", "... ternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F., or uni-directional, but pulsating in a single-pha ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "stress", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "ether", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "... either direct current or alternating current. For direct current constant current supply, separate arc light machines have been built, and are still largely used. In these machines, inherent regulation for constant current is produced by using a very high armature reaction and relatively weak field excitation; that is, the armature ampere turns are nearly equal and opposite to the field ampere turns, and thus both very large compared with the difference, the resultant ampere turns, which produce the magnetic field. A moderate increase of current and consequent increase of armature ampere ...", "... separate arc light machines have been built, and are still largely used. In these machines, inherent regulation for constant current is produced by using a very high armature reaction and relatively weak field excitation; that is, the armature ampere turns are nearly equal and opposite to the field ampere turns, and thus both very large compared with the difference, the resultant ampere turns, which produce the magnetic field. A moderate increase of current and consequent increase of armature ampere turns therefore greatly reduces the resultant ampere turns and ARC LIGHTING 221 so th ...", "... ent is produced by using a very high armature reaction and relatively weak field excitation; that is, the armature ampere turns are nearly equal and opposite to the field ampere turns, and thus both very large compared with the difference, the resultant ampere turns, which produce the magnetic field. A moderate increase of current and consequent increase of armature ampere turns therefore greatly reduces the resultant ampere turns and ARC LIGHTING 221 so the field magnetism and the voltage, (that is, the machine tends to regulate for constant current. Perfect constant current regulati ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25682-29374", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 42, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 20 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... ion that loading the motor reduces, unloading increases, the current within the range between 1 and 12. The condition of maximum output is 3, current in phase with impressed e.m.f. Since at constant current the loss is constant, this is at the same time the condition of maximum efficiency; no displacement of phase of the impressed e.m.f., or self-induction of the circuit compensated by the effect of the lead of the motor current. This condition of maximum efficiency of a circuit we have found already in Chapter XL 216. B. £\"0 and Ei constant, I variable. Obviously Eq lies again on the circle ...", "... ^ = impedance of the circuit of (equivalent) resistance, r, and (equivalent) reactance, x = 2 irfL, containing the impressed e.m.f., eo and the counter e.m.f., d, of the syn- chronous motor ^; that is, the e.m.f. generated in the motor arma- ture by its rotation through the (resultant) magnetic field. Let i = current in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the counter e.m.f., ei; hence ■p = iei cos {i, 6]); (1) thus, cos (t, ei) = -^> lei sin a, eO = ^1 - (|-j ...", "... rent in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the counter e.m.f., ei; hence ■p = iei cos {i, 6]); (1) thus, cos (t, ei) = -^> lei sin a, eO = ^1 - (|-j (2) The displacement of phase between current i, and e.m.f. e = zi consumed by the impedance, z, is r cos {i, e) = ~ . X sm (i, e) - - (3) Since the three e.m.fs. acting in the closed circuit, ep = e.m.f. of generator, ei = counter e.m.f. of synchronous motor, e = zi = e.m.f. consumed by impedance ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "section_title": "Commutatob Motobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21339-22387", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... sence of commu- tators. The main subdivisions of commutator motors are the repulsion motor, the series motor, and the shunt motor. REPULSION MOTOR. 193. The repulsion motor is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, and thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having alwa ...", "... pulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having always secondary circuits in inductive relation to the primary circuit during the rotation. If with a single- coil field, these secondary circuits are constantly closed upon themselves as in the induction motor, the primary circuit will not exert a rotary effect upon the armature while at rest, since in half of the armature coils the cur- rent is induced so as to give a rotary effort in the one direction, and in ...", "... r- rent is induced so as to give a rotary effort in the one direction, and in the other half the current is induced to 292 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 193 give a rotary effort in the opposite direction, as shown by the arrows in Fig. 141. In the induction motor a second magnetic field is used to act upon the currents induced by the first, or inducing magnetic field, and thereby cause a rotation. That means the motor consists of a primary electric circuit, inducing Fig. 14h in the armature the secondary currents, and a primary magnetizing circuit producing the magnetism ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 19458-20501", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... ence of commu- tators. The main subdivisions of commutator motcrs are the repulsion motor, the series motor, and the shunt motor. REPULSION MOTOR. 214. The repulsion motor -is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, arid thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having alw ...", "... pulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having always secondary circuits in inductive relation to the primary circuit during the rotation. If with a single- coil field, these secondary circuits are constantly closed upon themselves as in the induction motor, the primary circuit will not exert a rotary effect upon the armature while at rest, since in half of the armature coils the cur- rent is induced so as to give a rotary effort in the one direction, and in ...", "... mature coils the cur- rent is induced so as to give a rotary effort in the one direction, and in the other half the current is induced to COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 355 give a rotary effort in the opposite direction, as shown by the arrows in Fig. 157. In the induction motor a second magnetic field is used to act upon the currents induced by the first, or inducing magnetic field, and thereby cause a rotation. That means the motor consists of a primary electric circuit, inducing Fig. 157. in the armature the secondary currents, and a primary magnetizing circuit producing the magnetism ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "section_title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 17025-18828", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- ...", "... 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F., or uni-directional, but pulsating ...", "... ternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F., or uni-directional, but pulsating in a single-phas ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 36, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... t requires a receiving circuit in which, independent of the load, a lagging or leading component of current can be produced at will. Such is the case in synchronous motors or converters: in a synchronous motor a lagging current can be produced by decreasing, a leading current by increasing, the field excitation. 81. If in a direct-current motor, at constant impressed voltage, the field excitation and therefore the field magnetism is decreased, the motor speed increases, as the armature has to revolve faster to consume the impressed e.m.f., and if the field excitation is increased, the mot ...", "... mponent of current can be produced at will. Such is the case in synchronous motors or converters: in a synchronous motor a lagging current can be produced by decreasing, a leading current by increasing, the field excitation. 81. If in a direct-current motor, at constant impressed voltage, the field excitation and therefore the field magnetism is decreased, the motor speed increases, as the armature has to revolve faster to consume the impressed e.m.f., and if the field excitation is increased, the motor slows down. A synchronous motor, however, cannot vary in speed, since it must keep in ...", "... at will. Such is the case in synchronous motors or converters: in a synchronous motor a lagging current can be produced by decreasing, a leading current by increasing, the field excitation. 81. If in a direct-current motor, at constant impressed voltage, the field excitation and therefore the field magnetism is decreased, the motor speed increases, as the armature has to revolve faster to consume the impressed e.m.f., and if the field excitation is increased, the motor slows down. A synchronous motor, however, cannot vary in speed, since it must keep in step with the impressed frequency, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "section_title": "Luminescence", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5077-6608", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "pressure", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... ot follow Ohm's law; it is zero below the disruptive voltage, while with a supply voltage exceeding the disruptive voltage of the gas between the terminals, current exists, but the terminal voltage is apparently indepen- dent of the current, that is, if the other conditions as temperature, gas pressure, etc., remain the same, the terminal voltage of the Geissler tube or the spark gap remains the same and independent of the current, and the current is determined by the impedance between the. Geissler tube or spark gap and the source of 100 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. e.m.f., or by ...", "... ower, but requires a current limiting im- pedance in series with it, or a source of limited power, that is, a source in which the voltage drops with increase of cur- rent, as a constant current transformer or an electrostatic machine, etc. The disruptive voltage essentially depends on the gas pressure in the space between the electrodes, and also on the chemical nature, and on the temperature of the gas. It is over a wide range, directly proportional to the gas pressure. Thus, at n atmospheres pressure the voltage required to jump a spark between two terminals is n times as great as at one ...", "... as a constant current transformer or an electrostatic machine, etc. The disruptive voltage essentially depends on the gas pressure in the space between the electrodes, and also on the chemical nature, and on the temperature of the gas. It is over a wide range, directly proportional to the gas pressure. Thus, at n atmospheres pressure the voltage required to jump a spark between two terminals is n times as great as at one atmosphere. This law seems to hold from the highest pressures which have been investigated down to pressures of a few mm. mercury, that is, down to about T^ atmosphere. Whe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "... 5.5; 7 = v'7*0' (cos qX - 24.65 sin gfl; E = 8732 1>-^ (cos qX + 0.040 sin gj). 544 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (6) Three-half wave: 541.94°. & = 20,920; UQ = 105.6; 7 = if-** (cos qX- 29.6 sin gd); jE/ = 10,460 v~Wo< (cos g>l + 0.033 sin qX). APPENDIX VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN the study of the propagation of the electric field through space (wireless telegraphy and telephony), a number of new functions appear (Section III, Chapter VIII). . By the following equations these functions are defined, and related to the \" Sine-Integral\" Si x, the \" Cosine-Integral\" Ci ...", "... ^ (cos qX + 0.040 sin gj). 544 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (6) Three-half wave: 541.94°. & = 20,920; UQ = 105.6; 7 = if-** (cos qX- 29.6 sin gd); jE/ = 10,460 v~Wo< (cos g>l + 0.033 sin qX). APPENDIX VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN the study of the propagation of the electric field through space (wireless telegraphy and telephony), a number of new functions appear (Section III, Chapter VIII). . By the following equations these functions are defined, and related to the \" Sine-Integral\" Si x, the \" Cosine-Integral\" Ci x, and the \" Exponential Integral,\" Ei x, of which tab ...", "... 1 80 j»fe 79 X sil|s=(-l) + 1 2~2 INDEX PAGE Acceleration constant of traveling wave 466 Air blast, action in oscillating-current generator 75 pressure required in oscillating-current generator 75 Alternating-current circuit and transient term of fundamental frequency 473 distribution in conductor 369 transformer operating oscillating-current generator 87 transmission, equations of traveling wave 477 wave as traveling wave without attenu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-38", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 17: Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 38, "number": 17, "location": "lines 10190-10429", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 34 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "snippets": [ "... ternator the armature current is limited only by the arma- ture self-inductance, and not by the armature reaction, and some appreciable time — occasionally several seconds — elapses before the armature reaction becomes effective. At short circuit, the magnetic field flux is greatly reduced by the demagnetizing action of the armature current, and the gen- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 161 erated e.m.f. thereby reduced from the nominal value EQ to the virtual value Ez; the latter is consumed by the armature self- inductive imp ...", "... from the nominal value EQ to the virtual value Ez; the latter is consumed by the armature self- inductive impedance z, or self-inductive reactance, which is practically the same in most cases. The armature self-inductance is instantaneous, since the magnetic field rises simultaneously with the armature current which produces it; armature reaction, however, requires an appre- ciable time to reduce the magnetic flux from the open-circuit value to the much lower short-circuit value, since the magnetic field flux is surround ...", "... nce the magnetic field rises simultaneously with the armature current which produces it; armature reaction, however, requires an appre- ciable time to reduce the magnetic flux from the open-circuit value to the much lower short-circuit value, since the magnetic field flux is surrounded by the field exciting coils, which act as a short-circuited secondary opposing a rapid change of field flux; that is, in the moment when the short-circuit current starts it begins to demagnetize the field, and the magnetic field flux the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_title": "Potential Series And Exponential Function", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3492-6063", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ying different functions, until one is found which satisfies the equation. In electrical engineering, currents and voltages are dealt with as functions of time. The current and c.m.f. giving the power lost in resistance are related to each other by Ohm's law. Current also produces a magnetic field, and this magnetic field by its changes generates an e.m.f. — the e.m.f. of self- inductance. In this case, e.m.f. is related to the change of current; that is, the differential coefficient of the current, and thus also to the differential coefficient of e.m.f., since the e.m.f. POTENTIAL SE ...", "... until one is found which satisfies the equation. In electrical engineering, currents and voltages are dealt with as functions of time. The current and c.m.f. giving the power lost in resistance are related to each other by Ohm's law. Current also produces a magnetic field, and this magnetic field by its changes generates an e.m.f. — the e.m.f. of self- inductance. In this case, e.m.f. is related to the change of current; that is, the differential coefficient of the current, and thus also to the differential coefficient of e.m.f., since the e.m.f. POTENTIAL SERIES AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCT ...", "... e coefficients, is called the method of indeterminate coefficients. It is one of the most convenient 72 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. and most frequently used methods of solving engineering problems. EXAMPLE 1. 54. In a 4-pole 500-volt 50-kw. direct-current shunt motor, the resistance of the field circuit, inclusive of field rheostat, is 250 ohms. Each field pole contains 4000 turns, and produces at 500 volts impressed upon the field circuit, 8 megalines of magnetic flux per pole. What is the equation of the field current, and how much time after closing the field switch is required fo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "section_title": "Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 7124-8648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 33 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... ing power at high pull by a decrease of speed ; the series motor thus gives a more economical utilization of apparatus and lines than the shunt or induction motor, and is therefore almost ex- clusively used. The torque, and so the pull produced by a motor, is approximately proportional to the field magnetism and the armature current; that is, neglecting the losses in the motor, or assuming ioo% efficiency, the torque is proportional to the product of magnetic field strength and armature current 1 66 GENERAL LECTURES In a shunt motor, at constant supply voltage e, the field exciti ...", "... therefore almost ex- clusively used. The torque, and so the pull produced by a motor, is approximately proportional to the field magnetism and the armature current; that is, neglecting the losses in the motor, or assuming ioo% efficiency, the torque is proportional to the product of magnetic field strength and armature current 1 66 GENERAL LECTURES In a shunt motor, at constant supply voltage e, the field exciting current, and thus the field strength, is constant ; and the torque, when neglecting losses, is thus proportional to the armature current, as shown by the curve To in Fi ...", "... to the field magnetism and the armature current; that is, neglecting the losses in the motor, or assuming ioo% efficiency, the torque is proportional to the product of magnetic field strength and armature current 1 66 GENERAL LECTURES In a shunt motor, at constant supply voltage e, the field exciting current, and thus the field strength, is constant ; and the torque, when neglecting losses, is thus proportional to the armature current, as shown by the curve To in Fig. 38. From ^ ^ H \"■\" /7 if \"\" pf ft — __ \"^ ■\" ' __ e _ — — — — — _ — ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19374-20293", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... ion by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circum- stances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter e.m.f., E,, reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter e.m.f., £.',. made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the current and the e.m.f. of a generator do not disappear if the gene ...", "... us motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circum- stances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter e.m.f., E,, reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter e.m.f., £.',. made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the current and the e.m.f. of a generator do not disappear if the generator field circuit is broken, or even reversed to a small negative value, in which tatter case the current is ag ...", "... ing circuit is broken, and thereby the counter e.m.f., E,, reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter e.m.f., £.',. made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the current and the e.m.f. of a generator do not disappear if the generator field circuit is broken, or even reversed to a small negative value, in which tatter case the current is against the e.m.f., Ea, of the generator. Furthermore, a shuttle armature without any winding (Fig. 120) will in an alternating magnetic field revolve when once brought up to synchronism, and d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Review", "section_title": "Review", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 23, "location": "lines 32138-32819", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... with increasing load. 459 400 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS Brush Arc Machine. — (Sec1 \"Are Machines.'1} Compound Alternator. — 138. Alternator with rectifying com- mutator, connected in Beriea to the armature, either con- ductive!}-, or inductively through transformer, and exciting a scries field winding by the rectified current. The limitation of l he power, which can be rectified, and the need of readjusting the brushes with a change of the inductivity of the load, hasmade njGfl compounding unsuitahie for the modern high-power altcrnu- ton. Condenser Motor. — 77. Single-phase induc ...", "... - factor, due to the high reactance of the lower squirrel i get close speed regulation near synchronism, together with high torque over a very wide speed range, for instance, down to full speed in reverse direction (motor brake), a triple sgt may be used, one high resistance low reactance, one medium resistance and reactance, and one very low resistance and high reactance (24). Double Synchronous Machine. — 110, 119. An induction ma- chine, in which the rotor, running at double synchronism, is connected with the stator, either in series or in parallel, but with reverse phase rotation of ...", "... very low resistance and high reactance (24). Double Synchronous Machine. — 110, 119. An induction ma- chine, in which the rotor, running at double synchronism, is connected with the stator, either in series or in parallel, but with reverse phase rotation of the rotor, so that the two rotating fields coincide and drop into step at double synchronism. The machine requires a supply of lagging current for excitation, just tike ;itr. induction machine. It may be used as synchronous induction generator, or as synchronous motor. As generator, the armature reaction neutralizes at non-inductive, b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an a ...", "... T OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is ...", "... lecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is produced, which makes solid masses of iron unsuitable f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_title": "Induction Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "number": 1, "location": "lines 18949-19165", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "snippets": [ "... , when reversing the current in a direct-current motor the direction of rotation remains the same. Thus theoretically any continuous-current motor should operate also with alternating currents. Obviously in this case not only the armature but also the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect the field and armature ...", "... any continuous-current motor should operate also with alternating currents. Obviously in this case not only the armature but also the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect the field and armature circuits in series as alternating-current series motor. Such motors are used to a considerable extent, but, like th ...", "... the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect the field and armature circuits in series as alternating-current series motor. Such motors are used to a considerable extent, but, like the shunt motor, have the dis- advantage of a commutator carrying alternating currents. • The shunt motor on an alternating-current c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an a ...", "... EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is ...", "... lecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is produced, which makes solid masses of iron unsuitable f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 5445-6941", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... dominates the reluctivity at lower magnetizing forces, and thereby the initial rate of rise of the magnetization curve, which is characteristic of the \"magnetic hardness\" of the material, it is called the coefficient of magnetic hardness. 30. When investigating flux densities, B, at very high field intensities, H, it was found that B does not reach a finite satura- tion value, but increases indefinitely; that, however, Bo = B-H (6) reaches a finite saturation value S, which with iron usually is not far from 20 kilolines per cm.^, and that therefore Frohlich's and Kennelly's laws apply ...", "... ^ ^ / / y ^ ^ / ■^ \\ y ^^ '. ^_, ^■^ ^ / c ■^ ^ H /^ '^ Fia. 23. Space flux, /f, or flux carried by space independent of the material in apace. The best evidence seems to corroborate, that with the excep- tion of very low field intensities (where the customary magneti- zation curve usually has an inward bend, which will be discussed later) in perfectly pure miagnetic materials, iron, nickel, cobalt. 46 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS etc., the linear law of reluctivity (5) and (3) is rigidly obeyed by the metallic induction Bq. ...", "... induction Bq. In the more or less impure commercial materials, however, the p — H relation, while a straight line, often has one, and occasion- ally two points, where its slope, and thus the values of a and a change. Fig. 23 shows an average magnetization curve, of good standard iron, with field intensity, H, as abscissae, and magnetic induction, B, as ordinates. The total induction is shown in drawn lines, the metallic induction in dotted lines. The ordinates are given in kilolines per cm.^, the abscissae in units for 5i, in tens for B2, and in hundreds for £3. The reluctivity curve ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 13649-16361", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... otation a reaction of primary frequency. 152. Let the primary system consist of /0 equal circuits, displaced angulary in space by 1 //0 of a period, that is, 1 //„ of the width of two poles, and excited by /»0 E.M.Fs. displaced in phase by 1 //0 of a period ; that is, in other words, let the field circuits consist of a symmetrical /0-phase system. Analogously, let the armature or secondary circuits consist of a symmetrical /rphase system. Let n0 = number of primary turns per circuit or phase ; «a = number of secondary turns per circuit or phase ; a = -^ = ratio of total primary turn ...", "... e following discussion, as secondary quantities, the values reduced to the primary system shall be exclusively used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quantities have to be reduced backwards again by the factor a = ?*£-. «iA 153. Let $ = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole, We then have E— V2 77-72 TV^ 10 ~8 = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction & (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes thro ...", "... ively used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quantities have to be reduced backwards again by the factor a = ?*£-. «iA 153. Let $ = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole, We then have E— V2 77-72 TV^ 10 ~8 = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction & (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes through zero, in complex quantities, the magnetic flux is denoted by and the primary induced E.M.F., 24 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 12, "location": "lines 14897-17124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... n the induction motor, this mechanical force is made use of for doing the work: the induction motor represents an alternating-current transformer, in which the secondary is mounted niovably with regards to the primary, in such a manner that, while set in motion, it still remains in the primary field of force. This requires, i hat the induction motor field is not constant in one direction, but that a magnetic field exists in every direction, in other words that the magnetic field successively assumes all directions, as a so- called rotating field. The induction motor and the stationary transformer ...", "... of for doing the work: the induction motor represents an alternating-current transformer, in which the secondary is mounted niovably with regards to the primary, in such a manner that, while set in motion, it still remains in the primary field of force. This requires, i hat the induction motor field is not constant in one direction, but that a magnetic field exists in every direction, in other words that the magnetic field successively assumes all directions, as a so- called rotating field. The induction motor and the stationary transformer thus are merely two applications of the same st ...", "... ernating-current transformer, in which the secondary is mounted niovably with regards to the primary, in such a manner that, while set in motion, it still remains in the primary field of force. This requires, i hat the induction motor field is not constant in one direction, but that a magnetic field exists in every direction, in other words that the magnetic field successively assumes all directions, as a so- called rotating field. The induction motor and the stationary transformer thus are merely two applications of the same structure, the former using the mechanical thrust, the latter ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "section_title": "Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1549-2365", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "medium", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "ether", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... , glass, etc., the velocity of light is less and, as will be seen, is different for different frequencies. 22 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. Assume then, in Fig. 15, a beam of light B striking under an angle the boundary between two media, as air A and water W, the vibration of the ether particles in the beam of light is at right angles to the direction of propagation BC, and successively the waves thus reach at blf a2 bz . . . As soon, however, as the back edge of the beam reaches the boundary at D its speed changes FIG. 15. by entering the medium W — decreases in the pres ...", "... r W, the vibration of the ether particles in the beam of light is at right angles to the direction of propagation BC, and successively the waves thus reach at blf a2 bz . . . As soon, however, as the back edge of the beam reaches the boundary at D its speed changes FIG. 15. by entering the medium W — decreases in the present instance. Let then Sl = speed of propagation in medium A, S2 = speed of propagation in medium W. Then, while the center of the beam moves the distance EC, the back edge, in the denser medium, a moves only the distance DI = -^EC, and the wave front of the »i ba ...", "... o the direction of propagation BC, and successively the waves thus reach at blf a2 bz . . . As soon, however, as the back edge of the beam reaches the boundary at D its speed changes FIG. 15. by entering the medium W — decreases in the present instance. Let then Sl = speed of propagation in medium A, S2 = speed of propagation in medium W. Then, while the center of the beam moves the distance EC, the back edge, in the denser medium, a moves only the distance DI = -^EC, and the wave front of the »i back half of the beam thus changes to CI while that of the front half of the beam, wh ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 79, "number": null, "location": "lines 13019-13119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 26 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 219 In the alternating-current commutator motor, the field struc- ture as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and wit ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 219 In the alternating-current commutator motor, the field struc- ture as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must ...", "... C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 219 In the alternating-current commutator motor, the field struc- ture as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3895-5444", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "pressure", "count": 26 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... trons existing in the space, or produced at the terminals (hot cathode), are the conductors. Such conduction thus exists also in a perfect vacuum, and may be accompanied by practically no luminescence. 28 ELECTRIC CONDUCTION . 29 Disruptive Conduction 19. Spark conduction at atmospheric pressure is the disruptive spark, streamers, and corona. In a partial vacuum, it is the Geissler discharge or glow discharge. Spark conduction is dis- continuous, that is, up to a certain voltage, the \"disruptive voltage,\" no conduction exists, except perhaps the extremely small true electronic conduct ...", "... s, or, if the source of power is capable of maintaining considerable current, the spark conduction changes to arc conduction, by the heat de- veloped at the negative terminal supplying the conducting arc vapor stream. The current usually is small and the voltage high. Especially at atmospheric pressure, the drop of the volt- ampere characteristic is extremely steep, so that it is practically impossible to secure stability by series resistance, but the con- duction changes to arc conduction, if sufficient current is avail- able, as from power generators, or the conduction ceases by the voltag ...", "... the supply source, and then starts again by the recovery of voltage, as with an electrostatic machine. Thus spark conduction also is called disruptive conduction and discon- tinuous conduction. Apparently continuous — though still interipittent — spark con- duction is produced at atmospheric pressure by capacity in series to the gaseous conductor, on an alternating-voltage supply, as corona, and as Geissler tube conduction at a partial vacuum, by an alternating-supply voltage with considerable reactance or resistance in series, or from a direct-current source of very high voltage and very ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves : General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12222-12961", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "strain", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stress", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... or all those pm-poses, where the energy developed by the cur- rent in a resistance is the object, as for incandescent lighting, heating, etc., any wave form is equally satisfactory, as the energy of the wave depends only on its effective value, but not on it^ shape. With regards to insulation stress, as in high-voltage systems, a flat-top wave of voltage and current, such as shown in Fig. 47, would be preferable, as it has a higher effective value, with tho same maximimi value and therefore with the same strain on tho insulation, and therefore transmits more energy than the sine wave. Fig ...", "... only on its effective value, but not on it^ shape. With regards to insulation stress, as in high-voltage systems, a flat-top wave of voltage and current, such as shown in Fig. 47, would be preferable, as it has a higher effective value, with tho same maximimi value and therefore with the same strain on tho insulation, and therefore transmits more energy than the sine wave. Fig. 46. Inversely, a peaked wave of voltage, such as Fig. 48, and such as the common saw-tooth wave of the uni tooth alternator, is superior in transformers and similar devices, as it transform s tho energy with less ...", "... transformation. This reduc- ^i^on of loss may amount to as much as 15 to 25 p(;r cent, of the ^^otal hysteresis loss, in extreme cases. Inversely, a peaked voltage wave like Fig. 48 would be obj(i(j- t-xonable in high- voltage transmission apparatus, by giving an un- necessary high insulation strain, and a flat-top wave of voltage ^vke Fig. 47, when impressed upon a transformer, would give a ^^^ed wave of magnetism and thereby an increased hyHteresis Ill 112 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS The advantage of the sine wave is, that it remains unch&nged in shape under most conditions, while this i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_title": "Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "kind": "mathematical-appendix", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "PDF pages 27-68, lines 2165-5013", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "strain", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "snippets": [ "... cuit between the alternators contains no reactance, but only resistance. For phase angles w up to 45 degrees, that is, phase displacements between the two alternators up to 2 w = 90 degrees, the synchronizing power increases ; beyond this it decreases again and becomes zero for 2w=180 degrees phase displacement. [[END_PDF_PAGE:30]] [[PDF_PAGE:31]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz 25 The average value of p may be approximated by: E 2 . 2 (l-cos2a> ) E 2 . avg. p=^r sin a - -- =- sin a (1 cos 2a> ) 2Z 7T COo 7TCOZ where coo denotes the maximum value of co and as the duration of one half cycle of oscillation ...", "... gives the effective values : Resultant voltage: e = 2E sinco (2 1 ) Current: 2F io= - sin w (3 1 ) z Power transfer: F 2 p= sin a sin 2co (6 l ) z Energy transfer during each half cycle of oscillation or beat: W= ^-sin a (1-cos 2 Wo ) (8 1 ) TrpfwoZ where : co=cooo sin p< (5) is the angle of phase displacement of either machine, from the average ; [[END_PDF_PAGE:31]] [[PDF_PAGE:32]] 26 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz z= Vr 2+x 2 t an a = - r r= resistance of circuit. x = reactance of circuit. p= frequency ratio of beat or oscillation, that is, pf= frequency of oscillation, and E = effective value of mach ...", "... tion of the armature reaction, and decreases with decreasing s, that is, increasing approach to synchronism, c sin a and thus the synchronizing power p (18), thus should be a maximum at some moderate slip s, and decrease for larger as well as smaller sh'ps. Assuming that it takes to seconds for the field to build up to correspond to the armature reaction. With the current fluctuating with the frequency 2sf, and assuming that the magnetizing effect of the armature reaction is sinoidal which at best is but a very crude approximation, it would be: 1 ~4sft and: thus: [[END_PDF_PAGE:39]] [[PDF_PAGE:40] ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6804-8485", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... he energy for the next oscillation. If then, with an overlap of successive oscillations, no dead period occurs, during which the energy, which oscillates during the next wave train, is supplied to the line, this energy must be supplied during the oscillation, that is, there must be such a phase displacement or lag within the oscil- lation, which gives a negative energy cycle, or reversed hysteresis loop. Thus, essential for such a continual oscillation is the 124 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES existence of a hysteresis loop, formed by the lag of the effect be- hind the cause. Such a ...", "... and Geissler tube con- duction passes the current through the residual vapor stream. Other hysteresis cycles than those of the arc are instrumental in the energy supply to other systems of continual oscillation. Thus, for instance, the hysteresis cycle between synchronizing force and position displacement supplies the energy of the con- tinual or cumulative oscillation, called hunting, in synchronous machines, as alternators, synchronous motors and converters. The mechanism, by which the hysteresis cycle supplies the energy of continual oscillations, has been investigated in the case of the hun ...", "... the lines of magnetic and dielectric force are crowded together between the conductors, and the former become eccentric circles, the latter circles intersecting in two points (the foci) inside of the con- ductors, as shown in Fig. 9, page 11. With more than one return conductor, and with phase displacement between the return currents, as in a three-phase three-wire circuit, the path of the 128 ROUND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS. 129 lines of force is still more complicated, and varies during the cyclic change of current. The calculation of such more complex magnetic and dielectric fields becom ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-24", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 24, "number": 3, "location": "lines 8741-8906", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 23 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "snippets": [ "III. Armature Reaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. generated by the field exciting current or the nominal gener ...", "III. Armature Reaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. generated by the field exciting current or the nominal generated e.m.f. reaches a maxi- mum when the armature coil faces the position midwa ...", "... eaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. generated by the field exciting current or the nominal generated e.m.f. reaches a maxi- mum when the armature coil faces the position midway between FIG. 48. — Model for study of armature reaction. Armature coils in position of maximum current. the field poles, as shown in Fi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Il", "section_title": "Il", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19346-21338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... that loading the motor reduces, unloading increases, the current within the range between 1 and 12. The condition of maximum output is 3, current in phase with impressed E.M.F. Since at constant current the loss is constant, this is at the same time the condition of max- imum efficiency : no displacement of phase of the impressed 2iW A/. TKHA-A rti\\G-CURRE.VT P//F..VO.VKXA. [| 181 Iv.M.I\"'., or Kclf-induction of the circuit compensated by the effect of the lead of the motor current. This condition of iiiiiximum t-fficiency of a circuit we have found already in Chapter VIII. on Inductanc ...", "... V/^ + x^ = impedance of the circuit of (equivalent) resistance r and (equivalent) reactance x = 2irJVZ, containing the impressed E.M.F. e^* and the counter E.M.F. tTi of the syn- chronous motor; that is, the E.M F. induced in the motor arma- ture by its rotation through the (resultant) magnetic field. Let / = current in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the C. E.M.F. e^; hence — / = />i cos (/'i ^,), (1) thus, — cos (f\\ dy) = ^ sm i„(/...) = v/i-(-4)-J ...", "... ..) = v/i-(-4)-J (2) ♦ If i\\y = E.M.F. at motor terminals, z = internal impedances of the motor; if eo= terminal voltage of the generator, s = total impedance of line and motor; if ^f^ = E.M.F. of generator, that is, E.M.F. induced in generator armature by its rotation through the magnetic field, z includes the generator impedance also. f6 ALTERNATJNG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [S 184 The displacement of phase between current i and E.M.F. = si consumed by the impedance s is : cos (*>) = sin (»>) = Since the three E.M.Fs. acting in the closed circuit: e^ = E.M.F. of generator, tx = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 18053-19457", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... that loading the motor reduces, unloading increases, the current within the range between 1 and 12. The condition of maximum output is 3, current in phase with impressed E.M.F. Since at constant current the loss is constant, this is at the same time the condition of max- imum efficiency : no displacement of phase of the impressed SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 329 E.M.F., or self-induction of the circuit compensated by the effect of the lead of the motor current. This condition of maximum efficiency of a circuit we have found already in the Chapter on Inductance and Capacity. 202. B. EQ and El c ...", "... 2 -j- x2 = impedance of the circuit of (equivalent) resistance r and (equivalent) reactance x = 2 TT NL, containing the impressed E.M.F. e0* and the counter E.M.F. et of the syn- chronous motor; that is, the E.M.F. induced in the motor arma- ture by its rotation through the (resultant) magnetic field. Let i = current in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the C. E.M.F. e1; hence — p = *>! cos ft,^), (1) thus, — * If f0 = E.M.F. at motor terminals, z = internal im ...", "... >! cos ft,^), (1) thus, — * If f0 = E.M.F. at motor terminals, z = internal impedance of the motor; if eo= terminal voltage of the generator, z = total impedance of line and motor; if t0= E.M.F. of generator, that is, E.M.F. induced in generator armature by its rotation through the magnetic field, z includes the generator impedance also. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 339 The displacement of phase between current i and E.M.F. = z i consumed by the impedance z is : cos (ie) = - sin (/'9teui, 417 I>emagnetizing effect of eddy cur- rents, 142 Diametrical connection of trans- formers, six -phase, 429 Dielectric circuit, 159 density, 152 field, 1.50 hysteresis, 112, 1.50 strength. 161 Direct-current system, erhciency, 441 Displacement current. 152 Disruptive gradient. 165 Distortion by magnetic field, resist- ance and reactance pulsa- tion. a42 of magnetizing current. 117 of wave, see Harmonics by hysteresis, 116 Distribut ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "section_title": "Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 23274-24559", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... ir equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and no longer, and it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equiv- alent sine wave, since the angle of phase displacement of the equivalent sine wave becomes indefinite. Thus it becomes desirable to investigate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be represented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the investigation of distortion of wa ...", "... impressed E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 213. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the vel ...", "... tant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field ; pulsation of the resis- tance ; or pulsation of the reactance. The first two cases, lack of uniformity of the rotation or of the magnetic field, cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. at open circuit. The last, pulsation of resistance and reac- tance, causes higher harmonics only with a current f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 18, "location": "lines 20975-21712", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 14 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... upon the initial conditions of oscillation, and a period, which for small oscillations gives the frequency of oscillation: f „f _ //ee0 sin (a - 0) As instance, let: T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constant,\" and i0 and eQ the maximunl current and voltage respectively. ...", "... occur in a circuit containing sections of different dissipation constants u. For instance, if a circuit consists of an unloaded transformer and a transmission line, as indicated in Fig. 40, that is, at no load on the step-down trans- ^> Line Transformer Line Fig. 40. former, the high-tension switches are opened at the generator end of the transmission line. The energy stored magnetically and dielectrically in line and transformer then dissipates by a transient, as shown in the oscillogram Fig. 41. This gives the oscillation of a circuit consisting of 28 miles of line and 2500-kw. 1 ...", "... and dielectrically in line and transformer then dissipates by a transient, as shown in the oscillogram Fig. 41. This gives the oscillation of a circuit consisting of 28 miles of line and 2500-kw. 100-kv. step-up and step-down transformers, and is produced by discon- necting this circuit by low-tension switches. In the transformer, the duration of the transient would be very great, possibly several seconds, as the stored magnetic energy (L) is very large, the dis- sipation of power (r and g) relatively small; in the line, the tran- sient is of fairly short duration, as r (and g) are considera ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-06", "section_label": "Theory Section 6: Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "section_title": "Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1785-2249", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "snippets": [ "... uit of current iQ and inductance L is 2 ' which is independent both of the resistance r of the circuit and the resistance n inserted in breaking the circuit. This energy has to be expended in stopping the current. EXAMPLES 32. (1) In the alternator field in Section 1, Example 4, Sec- tion 2, Example 2, and Section 5, Example 1, how long a time after impressing the required e.m.f. E = 230 volts will it take for the field to reach (a) J/£ strength, (b) %Q strength? (2) If 500 volts are impressed upon ...", "... y has to be expended in stopping the current. EXAMPLES 32. (1) In the alternator field in Section 1, Example 4, Sec- tion 2, Example 2, and Section 5, Example 1, how long a time after impressing the required e.m.f. E = 230 volts will it take for the field to reach (a) J/£ strength, (b) %Q strength? (2) If 500 volts are impressed upon the field of this alternator, and a non-inductive resistance inserted in series so as to give the required exciting current of 6.95 amp., how long after impressing the ...", "... Section 1, Example 4, Sec- tion 2, Example 2, and Section 5, Example 1, how long a time after impressing the required e.m.f. E = 230 volts will it take for the field to reach (a) J/£ strength, (b) %Q strength? (2) If 500 volts are impressed upon the field of this alternator, and a non-inductive resistance inserted in series so as to give the required exciting current of 6.95 amp., how long after impressing the e.m.f. E = 500 volts will it take for the field to reach (a) y% strength, (b) %o strength, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "... 7. — Induction generator load curves. 3. POWER-FACTOR OF INDUCTION GENERATOR 155. The induction generator differs 'essentially from a syn- chronous alternator (that is, a machine in which an armature revolves relatively through a constant or continuous magnetic field) by having a power-factor requiring leading current ; that is, in the synchronous alternator the phase relation between current and terminal voltage depends entirely upon the external circuit, and according to the nature of the circuit connected to the synchro ...", "... nly at saturation, but .Z^O.I + O.Sjl ATFULL V«0.01— O.lj I FREQUENCY FIG. 189. — Induction generator and synchronous motor load curves. loses its excitation and thus drops its load as soon as the voltage falls below saturation. Since, however, the field of the induction generator is alter- nating, it is usually not feasible to run at saturation, due to ex- cessive hysteresis losses, except for very low frequencies. 346 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2d. The power-factor of the external circuit depend ...", "... e.m.f. equals the counter e.m.f. of the motor plus the internal loss of voltage. It is leading if the impressed e.m.f. is less, and lagging if the impressed e.m.f. is more. Thus when connecting an induction generator with a synchronous motor, at constant field excitation of the latter the 01 02 0,3 04 05 06 017 0.8 019 IjO 11. 12 13 14 lf.5 FIG. 190. — Induction generator and synchronous converter, phase control, no line impedance. vol ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-33", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Machines: Starting of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Starting of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 33, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9749-9820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-33/", "snippets": [ "... g but has to be brought to complete syn- chronism, or in step with the generator, by external means before it can develop torque, while the polyphase synchronous motor starts from rest and runs up to synchronism with more or less torque. In starting, the field excitation of the polyphase synchronous motor should be zero or very low. The starting torque is due to the magnetic attraction of the armature currents upon the remanent magnetism left in the field poles by the currents of the preceding phase, and to th ...", "... synchronism with more or less torque. In starting, the field excitation of the polyphase synchronous motor should be zero or very low. The starting torque is due to the magnetic attraction of the armature currents upon the remanent magnetism left in the field poles by the currents of the preceding phase, and to the eddy currents produced therein. Let Fig. 72 represent the magnetic circuit of a polyphase synchronous motor. The m.m.f. of the polyphase armature currents acting upon the successive projections or tee ...", "... otating synchro- nously in the direction of the arrow A. The magnetism in the 1 Since with lower impressed voltage the current is leading, with higher impressed voltage lagging, in a synchronous motor. 152 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING face of the field pole opposite to the armature projections lags behind the m.m.f., due to hysteresis and eddy currents, and thus is still remanent, while the m.m.f. of the projection 1 decreases, and is attracted by the rising m.m.f. of projection 2, etc., or, in other wo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-59", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 59, "number": 8, "location": "lines 11616-11694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "snippets": [ "VIII. Armature Reaction 55. At no load, that is, with no current in the armature cir- cuit, the magnetic field of the commutating machine is sym- metrical with regard to the field poles. Thus the density at the armature surface is zero at the point or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" point or \"neutral ...", "VIII. Armature Reaction 55. At no load, that is, with no current in the armature cir- cuit, the magnetic field of the commutating machine is sym- metrical with regard to the field poles. Thus the density at the armature surface is zero at the point or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" point or \"neutral\" range of the commutating machine. Under load the armature current ...", "... load, that is, with no current in the armature cir- cuit, the magnetic field of the commutating machine is sym- metrical with regard to the field poles. Thus the density at the armature surface is zero at the point or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" point or \"neutral\" range of the commutating machine. Under load the armature current represents a m.m.f. acting in the direction from commutator brush to commutator brush of opposite polarity, that is, in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-66", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 66: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 66, "number": null, "location": "lines 11981-12083", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation depends upon the in ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation depends upon the inductance and the resi ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation depends upon the inductance and the resistance of the armature coil ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-89", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 89, "number": 11, "location": "lines 15893-15982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "snippets": [ "... ating current are not in opposition as in the latter, but in the same direction, and the resultant armature polarization thus the sum of the armature polarization of the direct current and of the alternating current. Since at the same output and the same field strength the arma- ture polarization of the direct current and that of the alternating current are the same, it follows that the resultant armature polari- zation of the double-current generator is proportional to the load regardless of the proportion in which ...", "... ides. The heating of the armature due to its resistance depends upon the sum of the two currents, that is, upon the total load on the machine. Hence, the output of the double-current generator is limited by the current heating of the armature and by the field distortion due to the armature reaction, in the same way as in a direct-current generator or alternator, and is consequently much less than that of a converter. In double-current generators, owing to the existence of arma- ture reaction and consequent field ...", "... field distortion due to the armature reaction, in the same way as in a direct-current generator or alternator, and is consequently much less than that of a converter. In double-current generators, owing to the existence of arma- ture reaction and consequent field distortion, the commutator brushes are more or less shifted against the neutral, and the 260 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING direction of the continuous-current armature polarization is thus shifted against the neutral by the same angle as the brushes. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 8555-10582", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ality it is less by the impedance drop of the exciting current in the armature conductors) and the magnetic disposition of the single-phase induction motor thus becomes at synchronism iden- tical with that of the polyphase induction motor, and approxi- mately so near synchronism. The magnetic field of the single-phase induction motor thus may be said to change from a single-phase alternating field at standstill, over an unsymmetrical rotating field at intermediate speeds, to a uniformly rotating field at full speed. At synchronism, the total volt-ampere excitation of the single- phase m ...", "... gnetic disposition of the single-phase induction motor thus becomes at synchronism iden- tical with that of the polyphase induction motor, and approxi- mately so near synchronism. The magnetic field of the single-phase induction motor thus may be said to change from a single-phase alternating field at standstill, over an unsymmetrical rotating field at intermediate speeds, to a uniformly rotating field at full speed. At synchronism, the total volt-ampere excitation of the single- phase motor thus is the same as in the polyphase motor at the same induced voltage, and decreases to half th ...", "... or thus becomes at synchronism iden- tical with that of the polyphase induction motor, and approxi- mately so near synchronism. The magnetic field of the single-phase induction motor thus may be said to change from a single-phase alternating field at standstill, over an unsymmetrical rotating field at intermediate speeds, to a uniformly rotating field at full speed. At synchronism, the total volt-ampere excitation of the single- phase motor thus is the same as in the polyphase motor at the same induced voltage, and decreases to half this value at stand- still, where only one of the two ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_title": "Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 22634-23465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Ev ...", "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, ...", "... measured in ohms, and differs from the ohmic resistance, r, merely by being wattless or reactive, that is, representing not dissipation of energy, but surging of energy. Every alternating-current circuit thus has a resistance and a reactance, the latter representing the effect of the magnetic field of the current in the conductor. When dealing with alternating-current apparatus, especially those having several circuits, it must be realized, however, that the magnetic field of the circuit may have no independent exist- ence, but may merge into and combine with other magnetic fields, so ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "section_title": "Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 12, "location": "lines 12885-13935", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "... of the transformer. The most convenient way of dealing with such a case is to resolve the magnetic flux density, (B, in the iron into the \" metallic MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS 183 600— WIOCO- -1400- -1800- -2200 Fig. 43. Magnetic cycle of a transformer starting with low stray field. Fig. 44. Magnetic cycle of a transformer starting with high stray field. 184 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA flux density,\" ($>' = & - X, which reaches a finite limiting value, and the density in space, oe. The total magnetic flux then consists of the flux carried by the molecules of the iron, ...", "... to resolve the magnetic flux density, (B, in the iron into the \" metallic MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS 183 600— WIOCO- -1400- -1800- -2200 Fig. 43. Magnetic cycle of a transformer starting with low stray field. Fig. 44. Magnetic cycle of a transformer starting with high stray field. 184 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA flux density,\" ($>' = & - X, which reaches a finite limiting value, and the density in space, oe. The total magnetic flux then consists of the flux carried by the molecules of the iron, $>' = A'(B', where A' is the section of the iron circuit, and the space flu ...", "... e total section interlinked with the electric circuit, including iron as well as other space. If then A\" = &A/, that is, the total space inside of the coil is k times the space filled by the iron, we have $ - A' (&' + te), or the total magnetic flux even in a case where considerable stray field exists, that is, magnetic flux can pass also outside of ^m -55 500 — -45 400- -25 200- -15 100- -5 -0 —5 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Degrees Fig. 45. Starting current of a transformer. Low stray field. the iron, can be calculated by considering only the ir ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... r is dissipated, the rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A, there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \" dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy ...", "... e the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A, there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \" dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy stored in the space surround- ing the line conductors. The ...", "... power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A, there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \" dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy stored in the space surround- ing the line conductors. There is energy stored also in the genera- tor and in th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... is dissipated, the rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A , there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \"dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy ...", "... the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A , there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \"dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy stored in the space surround- ing the line conductors. Ther ...", "... power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A , there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \"dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy stored in the space surround- ing the line conductors. There is energy stored also in the genera- tor and in the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "pressure", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... — 8- / / o c L/ ■ i2 / / o / X ^ } i \\ 1 0 1 2 1 t 1 5 1 i 2 »- i 1 i 28 3Q Fig. 51. Magnetization Curve. Example i. Determine that magnetic density (B, at which tlie permeability /it of a sample of iron is a maximum. The relation between magnetic field intensity 5C, magnetic density (35 and permeability jk cannot be expressed in a mathematical equation, and is therefore usually given in the form of an 1400 1200 ^ , -■ b. ■V -\"ml ^ N \\ -800- -600- ^ X ■ s \\, / / \\ \\, / \\ £B ■ I \\ \\ i 1 > ( ...", "... nergy of the steam available between the two pressures between which the nozzle operates, is given in Fig. 54, as determined by experiment. As abscissas are used the nozzle mouth opening, that is, the widest part of the nozzle at the exhaust end, as fraction of that corresponding to the exhaust pressure, while the nozzle throat, that is, the narrowest part of the nozzle, is assumed as constant. As ordinates are plotted the efficiencies. This curve is not symmetrical, 'but falls off from the maximum, on the sides of larger nozzle mouth, far more rapidly than on the side of smaller nozzle mouth ...", "... re plotted the efficiencies. This curve is not symmetrical, 'but falls off from the maximum, on the sides of larger nozzle mouth, far more rapidly than on the side of smaller nozzle mouth. The reason is that wdth too large a nozzle mouth the expansion in the nozzle is carried below the exhaust pressure p2, and steam eddies are produced by this overexpansion. The maximum efficiency of 94.6 per cent is found at the point Po, at which the nozzle mouth corresponds to the exhaust pressure. If, however, the maximum is determined as mid- way between two points Pi and P2, on each side of the maximu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Regulation And Control", "section_title": "Regulation And Control", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 4595-4930", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... voltage drop is uneconomical and railway boosters are therefore used only for small sections for which it does not pay to install a separate station, especially where the load is very temporary, as for instance, heavy Sunday load, etc. Railway boosters are series machines, that is, the series field and the machine voltage therefore are proportional to the current. In such railway boosters it is necessary to take care in the booster design that it does not build up as series generator 128 GENERAL LECTURES * feeding a current through the local circuit between a short feeder and a long f ...", "... onal apparatus, etc. Instanteous. Disadvantages — Larger and more expensive generators and when of very close regulation, more difficult to run in parallel. 2nd. Rectifying Commutator. The main current goes over a commutator, is rectified, and the rectified current sent through a series field. This ar- rangement is not used any more. Advantage — Permits compounding and over-compounding without any elaborate apparatus. Disadvantages — Only limited power can be rectified, therefore suitable only for smaller machines. Compounds correctly only for constant power factoi ; that ...", "... ate apparatus. Disadvantages — Only limited power can be rectified, therefore suitable only for smaller machines. Compounds correctly only for constant power factoi ; that is, if compounded for non-inductive load, the voltage drops on inductive load, since inductive load requires a greater field excitation than non-inductive load. 130 GENERAL LECTURES Brushes have to be shifted with change of power factor, that is, change from motor load to lighting load, etc. ; other- wise commutator sparks badly. These machines therefore were good in the early days when all the load was lighti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "section_title": "Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2366-3638", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "strain", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... intensities. As this automatic action takes an appreciable, though short time, a flash light photograph shows the pupil of the eye fully open and thereby gives a staring impression to the faces which is avoided by keep- ing a photographically inactive light, as a candle, burning outside of the field of the camera when preparing for a flash light photo- graph. (2). By the fatigue of the optic nerves, exposed to high inten- sity of illumination, the nerves becomes less sensitive, while at low intensity they rest and thus become more sensitive, and the differences of sensation are hereby ma ...", "... this law of sensation is that the physiological effect is not proportional to the physical effect, as exerted, for instance, on the photographic plate. The range of intensities permissible on the same photographic plate, therefore, is far more restricted. A variation of illumination within the field of vision of 1 to 1000, as between the ground and the sky, would not be seriously felt by the eye, that is, not give a very great difference in the sensation. On the photographic plate, the brighter portions would show 1000 times more effect than the darker portions and thus give bad halation ...", "... at difference in the sensation. On the photographic plate, the brighter portions would show 1000 times more effect than the darker portions and thus give bad halation while the latter are still under exposed. A photographic plate, therefore, requires much smaller variations of intensity in the field of vision than permissible to the eye. In the same man- ner the variations of intensity of the voice, used in speaking, are far beyond the range of impression which the phonograph cylin- der can record, and when speaking into the phonograph a more uniform intensity of the voice is required to p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-02", "section_label": "Theory Section 2: Magnetism and E.m.f.", "section_title": "Magnetism and E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 910-1032", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "snippets": [ "2. MAGNETISM AND E.M.F. 11. In an electric conductor moving relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated proportional to the rate of cutting of the lines of magnetic force by the conductor. Unit e.m.f. is the e.m.f. generated in a conductor cutting one line of magnetic force per second. 108 times unit e.m.f. is the practical unit, ...", "... material, varying with the temperature. The resistance r of a conductor of length I, area or section A, ... lp and resistivity p is r = -7\" 12. If the current in the electric circuit changes, starts, or stops, the corresponding change of the magnetic field of the current generates an e.m.f in the conductor carrying the current, which is called the e.m.f. of self-induction. If the e.m.f. in an electric circuit moving relatively to a magnetic field produces a current in the circuit, the magnetic field produced ...", "... es, starts, or stops, the corresponding change of the magnetic field of the current generates an e.m.f in the conductor carrying the current, which is called the e.m.f. of self-induction. If the e.m.f. in an electric circuit moving relatively to a magnetic field produces a current in the circuit, the magnetic field produced by this current is called its magnetic reaction. The fundamental law of self-induction and magnetic reaction is that these effects take place in such a direction as to oppose their cause (Lentz ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-49", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 49: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 181", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 181", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 49, "number": null, "location": "lines 10941-11024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-49/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-49/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 181 With the brushes set midway between adjacent field poles, the armature m.m.f. is additive on one side and subtractive on the other side of the center of the field pole. Thus the magnetic intensity is increased on one side and decreased on the other. The total m.m.f., however, and thus, neglecting saturati ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 181 With the brushes set midway between adjacent field poles, the armature m.m.f. is additive on one side and subtractive on the other side of the center of the field pole. Thus the magnetic intensity is increased on one side and decreased on the other. The total m.m.f., however, and thus, neglecting saturation, the total flux entering the armature, are not changed. Thus, arma- ture reaction, with the brushes midway betwee ...", "... the magnetic intensity is increased on one side and decreased on the other. The total m.m.f., however, and thus, neglecting saturation, the total flux entering the armature, are not changed. Thus, arma- ture reaction, with the brushes midway between adjacent field poles, acts distorting upon the field, but neither magnetizes nor demagnetizes, if the field is below saturation. The distortion of the magnetic field takes place by the arma- ture ampere-turns beneath the pole, or from B to C. Thus, if T = pole arc, tha ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-53", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 53: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 53, "number": null, "location": "lines 11132-11213", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 185 tion produces a magnetic field at the brushes. The e.m.f. gener- ated by the rotation of the armature through this field opposes the reversal of the current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutation constants of the ma ...", "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 185 tion produces a magnetic field at the brushes. The e.m.f. gener- ated by the rotation of the armature through this field opposes the reversal of the current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutation constants of the machines are not abnormally good — high field strength, low armature reaction, low self-in- duc ...", "... ted by the rotation of the armature through this field opposes the reversal of the current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutation constants of the machines are not abnormally good — high field strength, low armature reaction, low self-in- ductance and frequency of commutation — the machine does not commutate satisfactorily under load, with the brushes midway between the field poles, and the brushes have to be shifted to the edge of the next field p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-87", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 87, "number": 9, "location": "lines 15735-15810", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "snippets": [ "... nge either from alter- nating to direct current or as inverted converters from direct to alternating current. While the former use is by far the more 256 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING frequent, sometimes inverted converters are desirable. Thus in low-tension direct-current systems outlying districts have been supplied by converting from direct to alternating, transmitting as alternating, and then reconverting to direct current. Or in a station containing direct-current generators for short-distance supply and alternato ...", "... stribution of load on the system. Or inverted operation may be used in emergencies to produce alternating current. When converting from alternating to direct current, the speed of the converter is rigidly fixed by the frequency, and cannot be varied by its field excitation, the variation of the latter merely changing the phase relation of the alternating current. When converting, however, from direct to alternating current as the only source of alternating current, that is, not running in multiple with engine- or tur ...", "... converting, however, from direct to alternating current as the only source of alternating current, that is, not running in multiple with engine- or turbine-driven alternating-current generators, the speed of the converter as direct-current motor depends upon the field strength; thus it increases with decreasing and decreases with increasing field strength. As alternating-current generator, however, the field strength depends upon the intensity and phase relation of the alternating current, lagging current reducing the field st ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Unipolar Machines", "section_title": "Unipolar Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 22, "location": "lines 31716-32137", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... of two or more miles per Fia. 216. — Diagrammatic illustration of unipolar machine with one high- speed collector. minute, which has stood in the way of the commercial intro- duction of unipolar machines. Electromagnetic induction is due to the relative motion of con- ductor and magnetic field, and every electromagnetic device is thus reversible with regards to stationary and rotary elements. Howeyer, the hope of eliminating high-speed collector rings in the unipolar machine, by having the conductor standstill and the magnet revolve, is a fallacy: in Figs. 215 and 216, the con- duct ...", "... lve, equal and opposite voltages are induced in ( and D, and the voltage in circuit, CD, is zero just the wum. However, the question whether the lines of force of a revolving magnet rotate or not, is meaningless for this reason: the lines <>i force are a pictorial representation of the magnetic field in space. The magnetic field at any point is characterized by an intensity and a direction, and as long as intensity and direction at ;inv point arc constant or stationary, the magnetic field is constant or sta- tionary. This is the case in Figs. 215 and 210, regardJesa vht&ht i the magnet rev ...", "... es are induced in ( and D, and the voltage in circuit, CD, is zero just the wum. However, the question whether the lines of force of a revolving magnet rotate or not, is meaningless for this reason: the lines <>i force are a pictorial representation of the magnetic field in space. The magnetic field at any point is characterized by an intensity and a direction, and as long as intensity and direction at ;inv point arc constant or stationary, the magnetic field is constant or sta- tionary. This is the case in Figs. 215 and 210, regardJesa vht&ht i the magnet revolves around its axis or not, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-38", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "section_title": "Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 38, "number": 2, "location": "lines 15626-15962", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by t ...", "... a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as to short circuit resistance, rv if the alternating potential is below, to throw resistance rl ...", "... omatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as to short circuit resistance, rv if the alternating potential is below, to throw resistance rl into circuit again, if the potential is above normal. With a single resistance step, rv in the one position ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3387-3720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRA.NSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, o ...", "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRA.NSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field ...", "... ric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc.; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2972-3286", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, o ...", "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field ...", "... ric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc. ; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "section_title": "Lightning Protection", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 4931-5294", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "pressure", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... eries resistance was introduced in the arrester. Series resistance, however, also limited the discharge current, and with very heavy discharges, such lightning arresters with series resistance failed to protect the circuits, that is, failed to discharge the abnormal voltage without destructive pressure rise. This difficulty was solved by the introduction of shunted resistances, that is, resistances shunt- ing a part of the spark gaps. All the minor discharges then pass over the resistances and the unshunted spark gaps, the LIGHTNING PROTECTION 139 resistance assisting in opening the machi ...", "... roblem of lightning protection therefore is essentially that of protecting against excessive voltages. The performance of the lightning arrester on an electric circuit is analogous to that of the safety valve on the steam boiler, that is, to protect against dangerous pressures — whether steam pressure or electric pressure — ^by opening a discharge path as soon as the pressure approaches the danger limit. Therefore absolute reliability is required in its operation, and discharge with as little shock as possible, but over a path amply large to discharge practically unlimited power without dang ...", "... rotection therefore is essentially that of protecting against excessive voltages. The performance of the lightning arrester on an electric circuit is analogous to that of the safety valve on the steam boiler, that is, to protect against dangerous pressures — whether steam pressure or electric pressure — ^by opening a discharge path as soon as the pressure approaches the danger limit. Therefore absolute reliability is required in its operation, and discharge with as little shock as possible, but over a path amply large to discharge practically unlimited power without danger- ous pressure ris ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-29", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 29, "number": 8, "location": "lines 9399-9553", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "snippets": [ "VIII. Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor 17. In Fig. 66 are shown, at constant impressed e.m.f. E, the nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ and thus the field excitation FQ required, 1. At no phase displacement, 6 = 0, or for the condition of minimum input; 144 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2. For 0 = + 60, or 60 deg. lag: p = 0.5, q = + 0.866, and 3. For 0 = - 60, or 60 deg. lead: p = 0 ...", "VIII. Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor 17. In Fig. 66 are shown, at constant impressed e.m.f. E, the nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ and thus the field excitation FQ required, 1. At no phase displacement, 6 = 0, or for the condition of minimum input; 144 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2. For 0 = + 60, or 60 deg. lag: p = 0.5, q = + 0.866, and 3. For 0 = - 60, or 60 deg. lead: p = 0.5, q = - 0.866, with the current I as abscissas, ...", "... i (Ep — ir) — (iron loss and friction) as abscissas, and the same constants 1= E = =0.1, 000 XQ= 1100 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 FIG. 66. — Synchronous motor compounding curves. r = 0.1, XQ = 5, E = 1000, and constant field excitation F0' that is, constant nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ = 1109 (corresponding to p = 1, # = 0 at 7 = 100), the values of current I and power-factor p. As iron loss is assumed 3000 watts, as friction 2000 watts. Such curves are called load ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-48", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 48: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 48, "number": null, "location": "lines 10845-10940", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-48/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 179 acting upon the air gap between armature and field pole, la = length of air gap, from iron to iron, the density under the magnet pole, that is, in the range BC of Fig. 90, is At a point having the distance lx from the end of the field pole on the armature surface, the distance from the next field ...", "... MACHINES 179 acting upon the air gap between armature and field pole, la = length of air gap, from iron to iron, the density under the magnet pole, that is, in the range BC of Fig. 90, is At a point having the distance lx from the end of the field pole on the armature surface, the distance from the next field pole is ld = Vk2 + lx2, and the density thus, approximately, B C FIG. 92. — Distribution of mganetic flux under a single pole. Herefrom the distribution of magnetic flux is calculated and ...", "... field pole, la = length of air gap, from iron to iron, the density under the magnet pole, that is, in the range BC of Fig. 90, is At a point having the distance lx from the end of the field pole on the armature surface, the distance from the next field pole is ld = Vk2 + lx2, and the density thus, approximately, B C FIG. 92. — Distribution of mganetic flux under a single pole. Herefrom the distribution of magnetic flux is calculated and plotted in Fig. 92, for a single pole BC, along the armature ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-83", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 83, "number": 4, "location": "lines 13889-15160", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "snippets": [ "... e in the whole section ai a2, and in phase with the rectangular current in the coil d, it becomes more and more out of phase with the rectangular current when passing from coil d toward ai or a2, as shown in Figs. 130 to 133, until the maximum phase displacement between alternating and rectangular current is reached at the alternating leads ai and a2, and is equal to -• li 89. Thus, if E = direct voltage, and I = direct current, in an armature coil displaced by angle T from the position d, mid- way between ...", "... in opposition in the armature coil d midway between adjacent leads, Fig. 127, and the resultant current is a minimum and of the shape shown in Fig. 128, at a point of the armature winding displaced from mid position d by angle r = 0. At the leads the displacement between alternating cur- 7T • 7T rent and direct current then is not -, but - + 8 at the n n one, 6 at the other lead, and thus at the other side of the same n lead. The resultant current is thus increased at the ...", "... two coils adjacent to the commutator lead are displaced SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 239 respectively by- + & = 75 deg. and by - — d = 15 deg., and so of very different shape, as shown by Figs. 135 and 136, giving very different local heating. Phase displacement thus increases the heating at the one, decreases it at the other side of each commutator lead. Let again, I = direct current per commutator brush. The effective value of the alternating power current in the armature winding, or ring current, correspondin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... apparatus are economically preferable wherever they can be used, it is ohvious that with the rapid expansion of the industry, new types of apparatus will be developed, introduced and become standard, to meet new conditions, and for this reason, aa Btated above, I knowledge of the entire known field of apparatus is to the engineer. CONCLUSION 475 Most of the less-known and less-used types of apparatus have been discussed in the preceding, and a comprehensive list of them is given in Chapter XXIII, together with their definitions and short characterization. While electric machines ar ...", "... — or consumed, in generators — by a disappearance or appearance of electrical energy in the transformation between the two sets of electric circuits, which are movable with regards to each other, and of which one may be called the primary cir- cuit, the other the secondary circuit. The magnetic field of the induction machine inherently must be an alternating field (usually a polyphase rotating field) excited by alternating currents. Synchronous machines are machines in which the frequency of rotation has a fixed and rigid relation to the frequency of the supply voltage. Usually the fre ...", "... f electrical energy in the transformation between the two sets of electric circuits, which are movable with regards to each other, and of which one may be called the primary cir- cuit, the other the secondary circuit. The magnetic field of the induction machine inherently must be an alternating field (usually a polyphase rotating field) excited by alternating currents. Synchronous machines are machines in which the frequency of rotation has a fixed and rigid relation to the frequency of the supply voltage. Usually the frequency of rotation is the same as the frequency of the. supply vo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Long Distance Transmission", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2562-3132", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "tension", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... the system statically balanced or symmetrical, that is, have the same potential differences from all the conductors to the ground. Any electric circuit, and so also the transmission line, contains inductance and capacity, and therefore stores energy as electromagnetic energy in the magnetic field due to the cur- rent, and as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge, due to the voltage. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION 69 If: e = voltage, C = capacity. i = current, L = inductance. the electrostatic energy is : e*C 2 and the electromagnetic energy : i'L 2 In a high potenti ...", "... voltages may be produced, by the reactance of the transformer building up with the line capacity. In those transformer connections in which several high 74 GENERAL LECTURES potential coils of different transformers are connected between the transmission wires, this may occur if the low tension coil of one of the transformers accidentally opens and the high potential coil of this transformer then acts as inductive react- ance in series with the line capacity in the circuit of the other transformer. ~r I ^ T Fife. 21. This may occur for instance in transformer connection 2, F ...", "... ntally opens and the high potential coil of this transformer then acts as inductive react- ance in series with the line capacity in the circuit of the other transformer. ~r I ^ T Fife. 21. This may occur for instance in transformer connection 2, Fig. 19, if as shown in Fig. 21, the low tension coil c opens. Then the high tension coil C is an inductive reactance in series ;c<> Fife. 22. with the line capacity from 3 to i, energized by transformer A; and C is a high inductive reactance in series with the line capacity from 3 to 2 in a circuit of voltage B. That is, from 3 to I ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-25", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 25, "number": 4, "location": "lines 8907-9034", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "snippets": [ "... d to produce -this e.m.f. Ez is OF = F, Fa I E, FIG. 52. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for non-reactive load. 90 deg. ahead of OE2. It is the resultant of the armature m.m.f. or armature reaction and of the impressed m.m.f. or field excita- tion. The armature m.m.f. is in phase with the cur- rent 7, and is nl in a single-phase machine, n \\/2 / in a quarter-phase machine, 1.5 \\/2 nl in a three- phase machine, if n = number of armature turns per pole and phase. The m.m.f. of armatu ...", "... e, n \\/2 / in a quarter-phase machine, 1.5 \\/2 nl in a three- phase machine, if n = number of armature turns per pole and phase. The m.m.f. of armature reaction is represented in the diagram by OFa of Fa in phase with 01, and the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation OFo = FQ is the side of a parallelogram with OF as diag- onal and OFa as other side; or, the m.m.f. consumed by armature reaction is represented by OF'a = Fa in opposition to 01. Combining OF'a and OF gives OFQ = FQ, the field excitation. ...", "... ed m.m.f. or field excitation OFo = FQ is the side of a parallelogram with OF as diag- onal and OFa as other side; or, the m.m.f. consumed by armature reaction is represented by OF'a = Fa in opposition to 01. Combining OF'a and OF gives OFQ = FQ, the field excitation. F, FIG. 53. — Diagram of generator, e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for lagging reac- tive load. Power-factor 0 . 50. FIG. 54. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for leading reac- tive load. Power-factor 0.50. 136 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIN ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-51", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 51: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 183", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 183", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 51, "number": null, "location": "lines 11047-11125", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-51/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-51/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 183 In Figs. 96, 97, 98, 99, curves are plotted corresponding to those in Figs. 92, 93, 94, and 95. As seen, the spread of mag- netic flux at the pole corners is greatly increased, but farther away from the field poles the magnetic distribution is not changed. 47. The magnetizing, or rather demagnetizing, effect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting effect FIG. 96. — Flux distribution under a single pole. of the load is, however, very gre ...", "... demagnetizing, effect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting effect FIG. 96. — Flux distribution under a single pole. of the load is, however, very greatly decreased, to a small per- centage of its previous value, and the magnetic field under the field pole is very nearly uniform under load. The reason is: Even a very large increase of m.m.f. does not much increase the density, the ampere-turns being consumed by saturation of the iron, and even with a large decrease of m.m.f. the densi ...", "... fect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting effect FIG. 96. — Flux distribution under a single pole. of the load is, however, very greatly decreased, to a small per- centage of its previous value, and the magnetic field under the field pole is very nearly uniform under load. The reason is: Even a very large increase of m.m.f. does not much increase the density, the ampere-turns being consumed by saturation of the iron, and even with a large decrease of m.m.f. the density is not decrea ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-61", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 61: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 61, "number": null, "location": "lines 11711-11773", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-61/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-61/", "snippets": [ "... own in Fig. 105 as A and as central curve in Fig. 106. Direct-current generators are usually operated at a point of the saturation curve above the bend, that is, at a point where the terminal voltage increases considerably less than proportionally to the field excitation. This is necessary in self-exciting direct- current generators to secure stability. The ratio increase of field excitation total field excitation that is, corresponding increase of voltage total voltage F* de FIG. 105. — Saturation character ...", "... saturation curve above the bend, that is, at a point where the terminal voltage increases considerably less than proportionally to the field excitation. This is necessary in self-exciting direct- current generators to secure stability. The ratio increase of field excitation total field excitation that is, corresponding increase of voltage total voltage F* de FIG. 105. — Saturation characteristics. is called saturation factor s, and is plotted in Fig. 105. It is the ratio of a small percentage increase in fie ...", "... the bend, that is, at a point where the terminal voltage increases considerably less than proportionally to the field excitation. This is necessary in self-exciting direct- current generators to secure stability. The ratio increase of field excitation total field excitation that is, corresponding increase of voltage total voltage F* de FIG. 105. — Saturation characteristics. is called saturation factor s, and is plotted in Fig. 105. It is the ratio of a small percentage increase in field excitation to a cor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-70", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 70: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 70, "number": null, "location": "lines 12319-12398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 207 and compound machines. Magneto machines and separately excited machines are very similar in their characteristics. In either, the field excitation is of constant, or approximately constant, impressed m.m.f. Magneto machines, however, are little used, except for very small sizes. By the direction of energy transformation, commutating ma- chines are subdivided into generators and motors. Of forem ...", "... ma- chines are subdivided into generators and motors. Of foremost importance in discussing the different types of machines is the saturation curve or magnetic characteristic; that is, a curve relating terminal voltage at constant speed to ampere-turns per pole field excitation, at open circuit. Such a curve is shown as A in Figs. 109 and 110. It has the same 1 8 9 4 5 6 78 9 19 U 12 13 H 15 16 I? J« W 20 81 FIG. 109. — Generator saturation curves. gener ...", "... 1 FIG. 109. — Generator saturation curves. general shape as the magnetic flux density curve, except that the knee or bend is less sharp, due to the different parts of the magnetic circuit saturation successively. Thus, in order to generate voltage ac the field excitation oc is required. Subtracting from ac in a generator, Fig. 109, or adding in a motor, Fig. 110, the value ab = ir, the voltage con- sumed by the resistance of the armature, commutator, etc., gives the terminal voltage be at current i, and adding ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Polyphase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17717-20445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... f rotation a reaction of primary frequency. 156. Let the primary system consist of po equal circuits, displaced angularly in space by — of a period, that is, — of Vo Po the width of two poles, and excited by po e.m.fs. displaced in phase by — of a period; that is, in other words, let the field Po circuits consist of a symmetrical po-phase system. Analo- gously, let the armature or secondary circuits consist of a sym- metrical pi-phase system. Let no = number of primary turns per circuit or phase; Hi = number of secondary turns per circuit or phase; no a = — ni Pi Since ...", "... ollowing discussion, as secondary quantities, the values reduced to the primary system shall be exclusively used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quan- tities have to be reduced backward again by the factor a^b ni^pi 157. Let \"J> = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole. We then have E = \\/2 TT/io/ ^ 10~^ = effective e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising mag- netic flux of mutual induction, (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary), passe ...", "... ly used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quan- tities have to be reduced backward again by the factor a^b ni^pi 157. Let \"J> = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole. We then have E = \\/2 TT/io/ ^ 10~^ = effective e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising mag- netic flux of mutual induction, (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary), passes through zero, in complex quantities, the magnetic flux is denoted by $ = - i$, and the primary gene ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 26584-27052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "strain", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... y of the maximum potential difference in the system ; or 2d. On the basis of the minimum potential difference in the system, or the potential difference per circuit or phase of the system. In low potential circuits, as secondary networks, where the potential is not limited by the insulation strain, but by the potential of the apparatus connected into the system, as incandescent lamps, the proper basis of comparison is equality of the potential per branch of the system, or per phase. On the other hand, in long distance transmissions where the potential is not restricted by any consider ...", "... a certain maximum potential only, but where the limitation of potential depends upon the problem of insulating the conductors against disruptive discharge, the proper comparison is on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential in the system ; that is, equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from wires or high differences of potential. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is ...", "... ^ 8 8 8 per cent of the copper of the single-phase system. Hence the quarter-phase system with common return saves 2 per cent more copper than the three-phase system, but is inferior to the single-phase three-wire system. The inverted three-phase system, consisting of two E.M.Fs. ^ at 60® displacement, and three equal currents /g in the three lines of equal resistance rg, gives the out- put 2^*/3, that is, compared with the single-phase system, /g = //2. The loss in the three lines is 3 i^ ^3 = 3 ^^ 's- Hence, to give the same loss 2 /^ ;- as the single-phase sys- tem, it must be rg = 5 r, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 21983-22448", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "strain", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... 5°) sin ft — .3 sin (3 ft — 90°) s'm ft - .3 sin (3 ft - 135°) sin ft — .3 sin (3/3 — 180°). • As seen, the effect of the triple harmonic is in the first figure to flatten the zero values and point the maximum values of the wave, giving what is called a peaked wave. With increasing phase displacement of the triple harmonic, the flat zero rises and gradually changes to a second peak, giving ultimately a flat-top or even double-peaked wave with sharp zero. The intermediate positions represent what is called a saw-tooth wave. In Fig. 176 are shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex w ...", "... peaked wave with sharp zero. The intermediate positions represent what is called a saw-tooth wave. In Fig. 176 are shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by superposition of a quintuple harmonic of 20 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacement of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, represented by the equations : sin ft sin ft — .2 sin 5 ft sin/3- .2 sin (5,8-45°) sin/3- .2 sin (5/3-90°) smft- .2 sin (5/3- 135°) sin/3- .2 sin (5/8- 180°). The quintuple harmonic causes a flat -topped or even double-peaked wave with flat zero. With increa ...", "... 90°, 135°, 180°, represented by the equations : sin ft sin ft — .2 sin 5 ft sin/3- .2 sin (5,8-45°) sin/3- .2 sin (5/3-90°) smft- .2 sin (5/3- 135°) sin/3- .2 sin (5/8- 180°). The quintuple harmonic causes a flat -topped or even double-peaked wave with flat zero. With increasing phase displacement, the wave becomes of the type called saw- tooth wave also. The flat zero rises and becomes a third peak, while of the two former peaks, one rises, the other 400 AL TERN A TING- CURRENT PHENOMENA. decreases, and the wave gradually changes to a triple- peaked wave with one main peak, and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 25136-25597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "strain", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... y of the maximum potential difference in the system ; or 2d. On the basis of the minimum potential difference in the system, or the potential difference per circuit or phase of the system. In low potential circuits, as secondary networks, where the potential is not limited by the insulation strain, but by the potential of the apparatus connected into the system, as incandescent lamps, the proper basis of comparison is equality of the potential per branch of the system, or per phase. On the other hand, in long distance transmissions where the potential is not restricted by any consider ...", "... certain maximum potential only, but where the limitation of potential depends upon the problem of insulating the conductors against disruptive discharge, the proper comparison is on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential in the system ; that is, •equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from live wires entering human habitations. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is ...", "... ~T~ ~T~~ per cent of the copper of the single-phase system. Hence the quarter-phase system with common return saves 2 per cent more copper than the three-phase system, but is inferior to the single-phase three-wire system. The inverted three-phase system, consisting of two E.M.Fs. e at 60° displacement, and three equal currents /8 in the three lines of equal resistance r3, gives the out- put 2^z'3, that is, compared with the single-phase system, /8 = z'/2. The loss in the three lines is 3 z'32 r3 = | z2 rs. Hence, to give the same loss 2 z'2 r as the single-phase sys- tem, it must be rs = f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "section_title": "Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3543-5554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... at full speed backward, or at or near slip s — 2. In this case, a triple squirrel cage may be used, that is, three squirrel cages inside of each other: the outermost, of high resistance and low reactance, gives maximum torque below standstill, at backward rotation; the second squirrel cage, of medium resistance and medium reactance, gives its maximum torque at moderate speed; and the innermost squirrel cage, of low resistance ami high reactance, gives its torque at full speed, near synchronism. Mechanically, the rotor iron may be slotted down to the inner- most squirrel cage, so as to avo ...", "... , or at or near slip s — 2. In this case, a triple squirrel cage may be used, that is, three squirrel cages inside of each other: the outermost, of high resistance and low reactance, gives maximum torque below standstill, at backward rotation; the second squirrel cage, of medium resistance and medium reactance, gives its maximum torque at moderate speed; and the innermost squirrel cage, of low resistance ami high reactance, gives its torque at full speed, near synchronism. Mechanically, the rotor iron may be slotted down to the inner- most squirrel cage, so as to avoid the excessive react ...", "... is latter thus receives the secondary current from the n-polar winding and acts as n'-polar primary to the short-circuited stator winding as secondary. This gives an n-polar motor concatenated to an n'-polar, and the magnetic structure simultaneously carries an n-polar and an n'-polar magnetic field. With this arrangement of \"internal concatenation,\" it is essential to choose the number of poles, n and n', so that the two rotating fields do not interfere with each other, that is, the n'-polar field does not induce in the n-polar winding, nor the n-polar field in the n'-polar winding. This ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... ng load, as given by the starting of synchronous machines. f) Sufficiently sensitive synchronoscopes between the station sec- tions would indicate whether the station sections are in phase with each other or out of synchronism, whether they are hunting against each other, and whether and what phase displacement exists between the station sections. [[END_PDF_PAGE:21]] [[PDF_PAGE:22]] 16 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz HI OPERATION Momentum of Alternators The emergency steam cut offs of the turbo-alternators are stated to he set for an excess speed of about 10%. Considering the 12,000 KW units typical and o ...", "... in successive tests of the same ma- chine. With the steam valve wide open during acceleration, an appre- ciably higher excess speed may be expected. The rate of slowing down, after the steam is cut off, varied from 4% to 13.4% per minute at no excitation and from 6.75% to 20.4% per minute with the field excited. It follows herefrom: suppose by a short circuit lasting an appre- ciable time, the load is dropped, and the turbo-alternators speed up and trip their emergency steam valves and then begin to slow down. Then the individual turbo-alternators in the different station sections, and even in the ...", "... rrent between the machines fluctuates between a maximum value at maximum phase difference, and zero or a minimum value when machines are in phase. If there were no damping effects, this oscillation would con- tinue with constant amplitude. Due to the damping effects exerted mainly by the lag of the field flux behind the resultant field excitation (the armature reaction component of the synchronous impedance), the amplitude of the oscillation steadily diminishes, until the oscillation disappears. That is, the interchange current between two alternators which are in synchronism but out of phase, puls ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... per cent, due to variations of the length of air gap, so small as to be beyond the limits of constructive accuracy, and a calculation exact to a fraction of one per cent, while theoretically possible, thus would be practically useless, The calculation of the ampere-turns required for the shunt field excitation, or for the series field of a direct-current generator needs only moderate exactness, as variations in the magnetic material, in the speed regulation of the driving power, etc., produce differences amounting to several per cent. (c) Exact engineering calculations, as, for instance, ...", "... ength of air gap, so small as to be beyond the limits of constructive accuracy, and a calculation exact to a fraction of one per cent, while theoretically possible, thus would be practically useless, The calculation of the ampere-turns required for the shunt field excitation, or for the series field of a direct-current generator needs only moderate exactness, as variations in the magnetic material, in the speed regulation of the driving power, etc., produce differences amounting to several per cent. (c) Exact engineering calculations, as, for instance, the calculations of the efficiency ...", "... of exactness which is feasible and desirable, it is equally wrong to give numerical values with a number of NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS. 255 ciphers greater than the method or the purpose of the calcula- tion warrants. For instance, if in the design of a direct-current generator, the calculated field ampere-turns are given as 9738, such a numerical value destroys the confidence in the work of the calculator or designer, as it implies an accuracy greater than possible, and thereby shows a lack of judgment. The number of ciphers in which the result of calculation is given should signify the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "section_title": "Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 17446-17956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... as related to size, location and number of light sources, while the relation, to the satisfac- tory character of the illumination, of the direction of the light, its subdivision and diffusion, etc., are physiological questions. Very little, however, is known on the latter, although the entire field of the physiological effects of the physical methods of illumination is still largely unexplored. As result thereof, illuminating engineering is not yet an exact science, as is, for instance, apparatus design, but much further physiological investigation is needed to determine the requirements ...", "... ts. Some of these are well understood and such that they can be taken into consideration in the physical design of the illumina- tion, and thus no excuse exists to fail in their fulfillment, though it is frequently done. Such, for instance, is the requirement of low intrinsic brilliancy in the field of vision, of the color of the light, etc. Other physiological requirements are still very little 277 278 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. understood or entirely unknown, while on others not sufficient quantitative data are available for exact engineering calculation. Thus, for instan ...", "... diffused light- ing. Where such change has resulted in a great improvement of the illumination, it frequently has been attributed to the change from directed to diffused lighting, while in reality the improve- ment may have been due to the elimination of high brilliancy light sources from the field of vision, and engineers thereby led to the mistaken conclusion that perfectly diffused lighting is the preferable form. Again, in other instances such a change from direct to indirect lighting has not resulted in the expected im- provement, but the indirect lighting been found physiologically ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-03", "section_label": "Theory Section 3: Generation of E.m.f.", "section_title": "Generation of E.m.f.", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1033-1243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "snippets": [ "i 3. GENERATION OF E.M.F. 15. A closed conductor, convolution or turn, revolving in a magnetic field, passes during each revolution through two positions of maximum inclosure of lines of magnetic force A in Fig. 5, and two positions of zero inclosure of lines of mag- netic force B in Fig. 5. 1 cm.3 refers to a cube whose side is 1 cm., and should no ...", "... the average generated e.m.f. is, E = 4 fn$ absolute units, = 4fn3> ID\"8 volts. FIG. 5. — Generation of e.m.f. If / is given in hundreds of cycles, <£ in megalines, E = 4n$ volts. If a coil revolves with uniform velocity through a uniform magnetic field, the magnetism inclosed by the coil at any instant is, $ COS T where $ = the maximum magnetism inclosed by the coil arid T = angle between coil and its position of maximum inclosure of magnetism. The e.m.f. generated in the coil, which varies with t ...", "... e e.m.f. in the external circuit is pulsating between zero and EQ, but has the same average value E. If a number of coils connected in series follow each other H ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING successively in their rotation through the magnetic field, as the armature coils of a direct-current machine, and the connections of each coil with the external circuit are reversed at the moment of reversal of its e.m.f., their pulsating e.m.fs. superimposed in the external circuit make a more or less steady or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-109", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 109, "number": 3, "location": "lines 20428-21157", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "snippets": [ "... belongs to the class of reaction machines. A single-phase induction motor will not start from rest, but when started in either direction will accelerate with increasing torque and approach synchronism. When running at or very near synchronism, the magnetic field of the single-phase induction motor is practically identical with that of a polyphase motor, that is, can be represented by the theory of the rotating field. Thus, in a turn wound under angle r to the primary winding of the single-phase induction motor, a ...", "... h increasing torque and approach synchronism. When running at or very near synchronism, the magnetic field of the single-phase induction motor is practically identical with that of a polyphase motor, that is, can be represented by the theory of the rotating field. Thus, in a turn wound under angle r to the primary winding of the single-phase induction motor, at synchronism an e.m.f. is generated equal to that generated in a turn of the primary winding, but differing therefrom by angle 6 = T in time phase. In a ...", "... output is from two-thirds to three-quarters that of the poly- phase motor. 148. The preceding discussion of the single-phase induction motor is approximate, and correct only at or near synchronism, 332 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING where the magnetic field is practically a uniformly rotating field of constant intensity, that is, the quadrature flux produced by the armature magnetization equal to the main magnetic flux produced by the impressed e.m.f. If an accurate calculation of the motor at intermediate spee ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-23", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 23, "number": 2, "location": "lines 8658-8740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "snippets": [ "... he arma- ture, these two e.m.fs. being taken in their proper phase relation; thus Ei = E + Ir, where / = current in armature, r = effective resistance. The virtual generated e.m.f. E2 is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the flux produced by the field poles, or flux corre- sponding to the resultant m.m.f., that is, the resultant of the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 129 m.m.fs. of field excitation and of armature reaction. Since the magnetic flux produced by the armature, or flux of armature self-inductance, combi ...", "... r = effective resistance. The virtual generated e.m.f. E2 is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the flux produced by the field poles, or flux corre- sponding to the resultant m.m.f., that is, the resultant of the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 129 m.m.fs. of field excitation and of armature reaction. Since the magnetic flux produced by the armature, or flux of armature self-inductance, combines with the field flux to the resultant flux, the flux produced by the field poles does not pass through the armature completely ...", "... ux corre- sponding to the resultant m.m.f., that is, the resultant of the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 129 m.m.fs. of field excitation and of armature reaction. Since the magnetic flux produced by the armature, or flux of armature self-inductance, combines with the field flux to the resultant flux, the flux produced by the field poles does not pass through the armature completely, and the virtual e.m.f. and the real gener- ated e.m.f. differ from each other by the e.m.f. of armature self- inductance; but the virtual genera ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-36", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 15: Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 36, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9918-10123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "snippets": [ "... is time run ahead of its mean posi- tion by 1/4 per cent, of 20 or 1/20 pole, that is, 180/20 = 9 elec- trical space degrees. If the armature of the other alternator at this moment is behind its average position by 9 electrical space degrees, the phase displacement between the alternator e.m.fs. is 18 electrical time degrees; that is, the alternator e.m.fs. are represented by OEi and OEZ in Fig. 71, and when running in parallel the e.m.f. OEf = E\\E^ is short circuited through the synchronous impedance of the two alt ...", "... most entirely a problem of the regulation of their prime movers, especially steam A ^^ engines. With alternators driven by gas engines, the problem of parallel operation is made more difficult by the more jerky nature of the gas-engine ^ 73._Phase displacement between impulse. In such machines, alternators to be synchronized, therefore, squirrel-cage wind- ings in the field-pole faces are commonly used, to assist synchron- izing by the currents induced in this short-circuited winding, on the principle of the i ...", "... n by gas engines, the problem of parallel operation is made more difficult by the more jerky nature of the gas-engine ^ 73._Phase displacement between impulse. In such machines, alternators to be synchronized, therefore, squirrel-cage wind- ings in the field-pole faces are commonly used, to assist synchron- izing by the currents induced in this short-circuited winding, on the principle of the induction machine. From Fig. 73 it is seen that the e.m.f. OEr or EiE2, which causes the cross current between two alte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-55", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 55: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 189", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 189", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 55, "number": null, "location": "lines 11301-11386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-55/", "snippets": [ "... COMMUTATING MACHINES 189 netic flux at the armature circumference therefore always has the same shape, and its intensity is proportional to the current, except as far as saturation limits it. As the result thereof, shifting the brushes to the edge of the field poles, as in Fig. 95, brings them in a field which is proportional to the armature cur- rent and thus has the proper intensity as a commutating field. Therefore with series-wound machines commutating poles are not necessary for good commutation, but the shi ...", "... mature circumference therefore always has the same shape, and its intensity is proportional to the current, except as far as saturation limits it. As the result thereof, shifting the brushes to the edge of the field poles, as in Fig. 95, brings them in a field which is proportional to the armature cur- rent and thus has the proper intensity as a commutating field. Therefore with series-wound machines commutating poles are not necessary for good commutation, but the shifting of the brushes gives the same result. How ...", "... except as far as saturation limits it. As the result thereof, shifting the brushes to the edge of the field poles, as in Fig. 95, brings them in a field which is proportional to the armature cur- rent and thus has the proper intensity as a commutating field. Therefore with series-wound machines commutating poles are not necessary for good commutation, but the shifting of the brushes gives the same result. However, in cases where the direc- tion of rotation frequently reverses, as in railway motors, the direction ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-80", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 80: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 80, "number": null, "location": "lines 13120-13188", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "snippets": [ "... d distribution. For railroading generally the series motor type is used, either the plain compensated series motor, or inductive modifications thereof, as the repulsion motor etc. In the repul- sion motor the armature, instead of being connected in series with field and compensating winding, is closed on itself and thus traversed by a secondary current induced by the compensating winding as primary that is, the armature is connected inductively in series. 2. As constant-speed motor where considerable starting t ...", "... w synchronism, by arma- ture resistance, is inefficient and gives a speed which varies with the load. By changing the number of poles, or by concatena- tion, multi-speed induction motors can be produced. The gradual speed adjustment, as given by field control of direct- current motors, requires, however, a commutator on the al- ternating-current motor. If into the secondary of the induction motor an e.m.f. is introduced, the speed of the motor can be varied by varying the introduced e.m.f.; and lowered ...", "... raised by compensation either by introducing a leading current, as from condenser or overexcited synchronous motor, or by in- troducing a lagging voltage. In the commutating machines, the voltage induced in the armature by its rotation is in phase with the field magnetism, and by lagging the field exciting current, 222 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the commutating machines thus can be made to give a lagging voltage, that is, to compensate for low power-factor due to lagging current. Thus, by inserting such ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 21538-22301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... t, the other by the currents produced in the secondary or armature, which are carried into quadrature posi- tion by the rotation of the armature. In consequence thereof, while in all these motors the magnetic distribution is the same at or near synchronism, and can be represented by a rotating field of uniform intensity and uniform velocity, it remains such in polyphase and monocyclic motors; but in the single-phase motor, with increasing slip — that is, decreasing speed — the quadrature field decreases, since the secondary armature cur- rents are not carried to complete quadrature positio ...", "... e magnetic distribution is the same at or near synchronism, and can be represented by a rotating field of uniform intensity and uniform velocity, it remains such in polyphase and monocyclic motors; but in the single-phase motor, with increasing slip — that is, decreasing speed — the quadrature field decreases, since the secondary armature cur- rents are not carried to complete quadrature position; and thus only a component is available for producing the quadrature flux. Hence, approximately, the quadrature flux of a single-phase motor can be considered as proportional to its speed; that is ...", "... Devices. Two or more primary circuits are used, displaced in position from each other, and either in series or in shunt with each other, or in any other way related, as by transformation. The impedances of these circuits are made different from each other as much as possible to produce a phase displacement between them. This can be done either by inserting external impedances in the circuits, as a condenser and a reactive coil, or by making the internal impedances of the motor circuits different, as by making one coil of high and the other of low resistance. 2. Inductive Devices. The different ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 32540-33010", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "strain", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... sin )8 - 0.3 sin (3 /S - 135°) sin ^ - 0.3 sin (3 ^ - 180°). ^^.^. 4i^ ft Fig. 186. As seen, the effect of the triple harmonic is, in the first figure, to flatten the zero values and point the maximum values of the wave, giving what is called a peaked wave. With increasing phase displacement of the triple harmonic, the flat zero rises and gradually changes to a second peak, giving ultimately a flat-top or even double-peaked wave with sharp zero. The intermediate positions represent what is called a saw-tooth wave. In Fig. 186 are shown the fundamental sine wave and the EFFECTS ...", "... ate positions represent what is called a saw-tooth wave. In Fig. 186 are shown the fundamental sine wave and the EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS 371 complex waves produced by superposition of a quintuple har- monic of 20 per cent, the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacement of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, represented by the equations: sin /3 sin iS - 0.2 sin 5 jS sin ^ - 0.2 sin (5 /S - 45°) sin /3 - 0.2 sin (5 ^S - 90°) sin 13 - 0.2 sin (5 /S - 135°) sin 13 - 0.2 sin (5 i3 - 180°). Fig. 187. — Some characteristic wave-shapes. The quintuple harmonic ca ...", "... in 5 jS sin ^ - 0.2 sin (5 /S - 45°) sin /3 - 0.2 sin (5 ^S - 90°) sin 13 - 0.2 sin (5 /S - 135°) sin 13 - 0.2 sin (5 i3 - 180°). Fig. 187. — Some characteristic wave-shapes. The quintuple harmonic causes a flat-topped or even double- peaked wave with flat zero. With increasing phase displacement the wave becomes of the type called saw-tooth wave also. The flat zero rises and becomes a third peak, while of the two former 372 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA peaks, one rises, the otlier decreases, and the wave gradually changes to a triple-peaked wave with one main peak, and a sharp ze ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14089-14918", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... former, it will be repelled and move away from the primary. This mechanical effect is made use of in the indAiction motor, which represents a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while moving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirec- tional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by excitin ...", "... h represents a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while moving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirec- tional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way ...", "... s mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while moving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirec- tional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way is to excite the primary field in one direct ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Induction Motob", "section_title": "Induction Motob", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 14919-17024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... same position, with regard to the primary current. 141. Let the primary system consist of/ equal circuits, displaced angularly in space by 1 // of a period, that is, 1// of the width of two poles, and excited by/ E.M.Fs. displaced in phase by 1// of a period; that is, in other words, let the field circuits consist of a symmetrical /-phase system. Analogously, let the armature or secondary circuits con- sist of a symmetrical /^phase system. Let n = number of primary turns per circuit or phase ; «, = number of secondary turns per circuit or phase ; a = — ^ = ratio of total primary t ...", "... the following discussion, as secondary quantities ex- clusively, the values reduced to the primary system shall be used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quantities have* to be reduced backwards again by the factor np «iA 142. Let * = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole. It is then E = V2ir«iV*10\"® = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction * (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes through z ...", "... system shall be used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quantities have* to be reduced backwards again by the factor np «iA 142. Let * = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole. It is then E = V2ir«iV*10\"® = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction * (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary) passes through zero, in complex quantities, the magnetic flux is denoted by and the primary induced E.M.F., j5 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "section_title": "Ri", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 20, "location": "lines 24560-25119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "strain", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... — .3 s — .3 s — .3 « — .3 s n3)3 n (3)3 n(3)3 n(3)3 n(3^ 45°) 90°) 135°) 180°). As seen, the effect of the triple harmonic is in the first figure to flatten the zero values and point the maximum values of the wave, giving what is called a peaked wave. With increasing phase displacement of the triple harmonic, the flat zero rises and gradually changes to a second peak, giving ultimately a flat-top or even double-peaked wave with sharp zero. The intermediate positions represent what is called a saw-tooth wave. In Fig. 160 are shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex w ...", "... peaked wave with sharp zero. The intermediate positions represent what is called a saw-tooth wave. In Fig. 160 are shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by superposition of a quintuple harmonic of 20 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacement of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, represented by the equations : s s s s s s n)3 n)3 n)3 n)3 n)3 n)3 .2 sin 5 )5 .2 sin (5 fi .2 sin (5 fi .2 sin (5 ^ .2 sin (5 ^ 45°) 90°) 135°) 180°). The quintuple harmonic causes a flat-topped or even double-peaked wave with flat zer ...", "... 80°, represented by the equations : s s s s s s n)3 n)3 n)3 n)3 n)3 n)3 .2 sin 5 )5 .2 sin (5 fi .2 sin (5 fi .2 sin (5 ^ .2 sin (5 ^ 45°) 90°) 135°) 180°). The quintuple harmonic causes a flat-topped or even double-peaked wave with flat zero. With increasing phase displacement, the wave becomes of the type called saw- tooth wave also. The flat zero rises and becomes a third peak, while of the two former peaks, one rises, the other r 336 AL TERN A TING- CURRENT PHENOMENA, [ § 223 decreases, and the wave gradually changes to a triple- peaked wave with one ma ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "section_title": "The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 12683-13648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... sformer, it will be repelled and move away from the primary. This mechanical effect is made use of in the induction motor, which represents a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while revolving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirectional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by excitin ...", "... represents a transformer whose secondary is mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while revolving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirectional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way is ...", "... mounted movably with re- gard to the primary in such a way that, while set in rota- tion, it still remains in the primary field of force. The condition that the secondary circuit, while revolving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirectional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way is to excite the primary field in one directio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1368-3542", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... with the hysteresis device inserted, as without it, requires a rewinding of the motor for higher magnetic density, the same as would be produced in 7\" by increasing the voltage y/2 times. It is interesting to note in comparing Fig. 2 with Fig. 1, that the change in the torque curve at low and medium speed, pro- duced by the hysteresis starting device, is very similar to that produced by temperature rise of the secondary resistance; at 8 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS speed, however, the hysteresis device reduces the slip, while the temperature device leaves it unchanged. The foremost disad ...", "... decreasing slightly with increasing load, from synchronism at no-load. It thus has the same speed characteristics as the direct- current shunt motor, and in principle is a shunt motor. In the direct-current shunt motor, the speed may be changed by: resistance in the armature, resistance in the field, change of the voltage supply to the armature by a multivolt supply circuit, as a three-wire system, etc. In the induction motor, the s]>eed can be reduced by inserting resistance into the armature or secondary, just as in the direct- current shunt motor, and involving the same disadvantages: ...", "... e decreases by its increase of temperature, and thus keeps approximately constant speed over a wide range of load. Neither of these methods, however, avoids the loss of efficiency incident to the decrease of speed. 9. There is no method of speed variation of the induction motor analogous to field control of the shunt motor, or change of the armature supply voltage by a multivolt supply system. The field excitation of the induction motor is by what may be called armature reaction. That is, the same voltage, impressed upon the motor primary, gives the energy current and the field excitin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Hysteresis Motor", "section_title": "Hysteresis Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 10, "location": "lines 14551-14761", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X HYSTERESIS MOTOR 98. In it revolving magnetic field, a circular iron disk, or iron cylinder of uniform magnetic reluctance in the direction of the revolving field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the revolving disk or cylinder, and such ...", "CHAPTER X HYSTERESIS MOTOR 98. In it revolving magnetic field, a circular iron disk, or iron cylinder of uniform magnetic reluctance in the direction of the revolving field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the revolving disk or cylinder, and such a motor may thus be called a hysteresis motor. Let / be the iron disk exposed to a rotating magnetic field or ...", "... ing field, is set in rotation, even if subdivided so as to preclude the production of eddy currents. Thin rotation is due to the effect of hysteresis of the revolving disk or cylinder, and such a motor may thus be called a hysteresis motor. Let / be the iron disk exposed to a rotating magnetic field or resultant m.m.f. The axis of resultant magnetization in the disk, /, does not coincide with the axis of the rotating field, but lags behind the latter, thus producing a couple. That is, the component of magnetism in a direction of the rotating disk, /, ahead of the axis of rotating m.m.f., ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... duration of the transient, that is, the time which the transient voltage, current, etc., would last if maintained at its initial value. The duration To is the ratio of the energy-storage coefficient to the power-dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field. To = -, (2) r where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC ...", "... ipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field. To = -, (2) r where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductan ...", "... of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = eoe~'^\\ (4) Similar single-energy transients may occ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... duration of the transient, that is, the time which the transient voltage, current, etc., would last if maintained at its initial value. The duration T0 is the ratio of the energy-storage coefficient to the power-dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field, T0 = £, (2) where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DI ...", "... dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field, T0 = £, (2) where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conducta ...", "... f power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = e0e~£ct. (4) Similar single-energy transients may oc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-39", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Direct-current Commutating Machines: General", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 39, "number": 1, "location": "lines 10430-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-39/", "snippets": [ "I. General 35. Commutating machines are characterized by the combina- tion of a continuously excited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric power into mechani ...", "... power. Since the most important class of the latter are the synchronous converters, which combine features of the synchronous machines with those of the commutating machines, they shall be treated in a sepa- rate chapter. By the excitation of their mag- net fields, commutating machines are divided into magneto machines, in which the field consists of permanent magnets; separately excited machines; shunt machines, in which the field is excited by an electric circuit shunted across the machine terminals, and thus receives ...", "... erters, which combine features of the synchronous machines with those of the commutating machines, they shall be treated in a sepa- rate chapter. By the excitation of their mag- net fields, commutating machines are divided into magneto machines, in which the field consists of permanent magnets; separately excited machines; shunt machines, in which the field is excited by an electric circuit shunted across the machine terminals, and thus receives a small branch current at full machine voltage, as shown diagrammatically i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-81", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Converters: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 81, "number": 1, "location": "lines 13189-13795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "snippets": [ "... for distribution, alternating currents, either polyphase or single-phase, are extensively used. For many applications, however, as especially for electrolytic work, direct currents are required, and are usually preferred also for electrical railroading and for low-tension distribution on the Edison three- wire system. Thus, where power is derived from an alternating system, transforming devices are required to convert from alternating to direct current. This can be done either by a direct-current generator driven by an alternat ...", "... driven by a syn- chronous motor the power has to be transmitted mechanically through the shaft. EC. Ratio of e.m.fs. and of Currents 83. In its structure the synchronous converter consists of a closed-circuit armature, revolving in a direct-current excited field, and connected to a segmental commutator as well as to collector rings. Structurally it thus differs from a direct- current machine by the addition of the collector rings, from certain (now very little used) forms of synchronous machines by the addition of ...", "... differs from a direct- current machine by the addition of the collector rings, from certain (now very little used) forms of synchronous machines by the addition of the segmental commutator. In consequence hereof, regarding types of armature windings and of field windings, etc., the same rule applies to the converter as to all commutating machines, except that in the converter the total number of armature coils with a series-wound armature, and the number of armature coils per pair of poles with a multiple- wound ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2012-2148", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines ...", "CHAPTER III LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of e.m.f., the volt is defined ...", "... OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of e.m.f., the volt is defined by the e.m.f. generated in a conductor, which cuts 10^ = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic flux per sec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25135-25681", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... trains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be con- sidered as synchronizing, since it allows no flexibility or phase adjustment between the alternators, but makes them essentially one machine. If connected in parallel, a difference in the field- excitation, and thus the generated e.m.f. of the machines, may cause large cross-current, since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the machines. Thus rigid mechanical connection is not desirable for parallel operation of alternators. 205. The second important condition of pa ...", "... of the revolving structure, the effect is made cumulative. This diffi- culty as a rule does not exist with turbine or water-wheel driving, but is specially severe with gas-engine drive, and special pre- cautions are then often taken, by the use of a short-circuited squirrel cage winding in the field pole faces. 206. In synchronizing alternators, we have to distinguish the phenomena taking place when throwing the machines in parallel or out of parallel, and the phenomena when running in synchronism. When connecting alternators in parallel, they are first brought approximately to the sam ...", "... o destroy the machine by the mechanical shock; and sometimes the machines are so sensitive in this respect that it is difficult to operate them in parallel. The same applies in getting out of step. 207. When running in synchronism, nearly all types of ma- chines will operate satisfactorily; a medium amount of armature 294 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA reaction is preferable, however, such as is given by modern alter- nators— not too high to reduce the synchronizing power too much, nor too low to make the machine unsafe in case of accident, such as falling out of step, etc. If the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "section_title": "Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1973-2121", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. IiAW OF EUCCTBO-MAONimC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines o ...", "CHAPTER III. IiAW OF EUCCTBO-MAONimC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is define ...", "... W OF EUCCTBO-MAONimC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is defined as the E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 10« = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic force per sec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1606-1742", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines o ...", "CHAPTER III. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is define ...", "... OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is defined as the E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 108 = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic force per sec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11051-12221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "fields", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these ...", "... primary and the secondary coils of the transformer, between conductor and return conductor of an electric circuit, etc., such mechanical forces appear. The electromagnet, and all electrodynamic machinery, are based on the use of these mechanical forces between electric conductors and magnetic fields. So also is that type of trans- former which transforms constant alternating voltage into con- stant alternating current. In most other cases, however, these mechanical forces are not used, and therefore are often neglected in the design of the apparatus, under the assumption that the construc ...", "... construction used to withstand the ordinary mechanical strains to which the apparatus may be exposed, is sufficiently strong to withstand the magnetic mechanical forces. In the large appara- tus, operating in the modern, huge, electric generating systems, these mechanical forces due to magnetic fields may, however, especially imder abnormal, though not infrequently occurring, conditions of operation (as short-circuits), assume such formi- dable values, so far beyond the normal mechanical strains, as to re- quire consideration. Thus generators and large transformers on big generating systems ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "section_title": "Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 24023-27995", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... tant. In constant-current apparatus, as trans- formers from constant potential to constant ciurent, or regula- tors, this variation of series inductive reactance with the load is usually accomplished automatically by the mechanical motion caused by the mechanical force exerted by the magnetic field of the current, upon the conductor in which the ciurent exists. For instance, in the constant-current transformer, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 114, the secondary coils, S, are arranged so that they can move away from the primary coils, P, or in- versely. Primary and secondary currents a ...", "... instance, in the constant-current transformer, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 114, the secondary coils, S, are arranged so that they can move away from the primary coils, P, or in- versely. Primary and secondary currents are proportional to each other, as in any transformer, and the magnetic field between primary and secondary coils, or the magnetic stray field, in which the secondary coils float, is proportional to either current. The magnetic repulsion between primary coils and secondary coils is proportional to the current (or rather its ampere-turns), and to the magnetic stray field ...", "... tically in Fig. 114, the secondary coils, S, are arranged so that they can move away from the primary coils, P, or in- versely. Primary and secondary currents are proportional to each other, as in any transformer, and the magnetic field between primary and secondary coils, or the magnetic stray field, in which the secondary coils float, is proportional to either current. The magnetic repulsion between primary coils and secondary coils is proportional to the current (or rather its ampere-turns), and to the magnetic stray field, hence is proportional to the square of the current, but indepen ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 31657-33200", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "stress", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... mi chines, 211 Danger of higher harmonics, 121 Decrement of oscillating wave, 34J Demagnetization by alternating ci^ :y, rent, 54 temperature, 78 Diffusion current of polarization, S Direct current producing even har- monics, 159 Discharges, oscillating, 352 Discontinuous conduction, 29 Displacement of field poles elimmat- ing harmonics, 120 of position in synchronous ma- chme, 210 Disruptive conduction, 29, 42 Distortion of wave improving regu- lation in series circuits, 311 of voltage by bridged magnetic gap, 148 in constant potential con- stant current transforma- tion, 290 Dist ...", "... Danger of higher harmonics, 121 Decrement of oscillating wave, 34J Demagnetization by alternating ci^ :y, rent, 54 temperature, 78 Diffusion current of polarization, S Direct current producing even har- monics, 159 Discharges, oscillating, 352 Discontinuous conduction, 29 Displacement of field poles elimmat- ing harmonics, 120 of position in synchronous ma- chme, 210 Disruptive conduction, 29, 42 Distortion of wave improving regu- lation in series circuits, 311 of voltage by bridged magnetic gap, 148 in constant potential con- stant current transforma- tion, 290 Distributed l ...", "... ive very high harmonics in distortion by magnetic sat- uration, 140 Exciting current of transformer de- pending on wave shape, 137 Exponent of hysteresis, 66 Face conductor in alternator, 114 Faraday's law of electrolytic con- duction, 6 Ferrites, magnetic, 80 Ferromagnetic density, 45 Field flux of alternator, 232 Film cutout in series circuits, 298 Flat top wave, 111 Flicker of lamps and wave shape, 124 Flux distribution of alternator field, 114 Fluxes, magnetic of alternator, 232 Forces, mechanical magnetic, 91, 107 Form factor of magnetic wave dis- tortion, 127 Fractiona ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-02-discussion-of-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 3: Discussion of Recommendations", "section_title": "Discussion of Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "PDF pages 12-16, lines 721-1138", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "fields", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... f Charles P. Steinmetz ample synchronizing power, at full voltage, to keep the station section in synchronism with the rest of the system, even at no load but full steam supply, so that it could break out of synchronism only if the short circuit lasts sufficiently long to demagnetize the alternator fields and thereby drop the voltage. Therefore it is recommended to tie all the stations by power limiting reactors into ring connection. If a short circuit occurs at or near the busbars of a station section, it necessarily drops the busbar voltage to zero. It takes, however, a number of seconds for the s ...", "... mmended to tie all the stations by power limiting reactors into ring connection. If a short circuit occurs at or near the busbars of a station section, it necessarily drops the busbar voltage to zero. It takes, however, a number of seconds for the short circuit current to demagnetize the alternator fields, and if therefore the short circuit is opened quickly, the alternator field magnetism is still there, at least partly, and the station voltage thus comes back instantly, at least partly. If then the station section has sufficient synchronizing power against the adjacent section, it is probable that ...", "... on. If a short circuit occurs at or near the busbars of a station section, it necessarily drops the busbar voltage to zero. It takes, however, a number of seconds for the short circuit current to demagnetize the alternator fields, and if therefore the short circuit is opened quickly, the alternator field magnetism is still there, at least partly, and the station voltage thus comes back instantly, at least partly. If then the station section has sufficient synchronizing power against the adjacent section, it is probable that it would remain in synchronism, no further trouble would occur, and it woul ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 4370-5278", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... h expressions of (11), with {t — ^i) and with {t + ^i), will occur. The general form of the line oscillation thus is given by substi- tuting {t =F ^i) instead of t into the equations (11), where ^i is the time of propagation over the distance I. li V = velocity of propagation of the electric field, which in air, as with a transmission line, is approximately V = 3X W, (12) and in a medium of permeability fx and permittivity (specific capacity) k is v= y=-y (13) and we denote then and if we denote a = -, (14) h = at', (15) 2 tt/^i = CO = 2 Trfal, (16) we get, substitu ...", "... ine oscillation thus is given by substi- tuting {t =F ^i) instead of t into the equations (11), where ^i is the time of propagation over the distance I. li V = velocity of propagation of the electric field, which in air, as with a transmission line, is approximately V = 3X W, (12) and in a medium of permeability fx and permittivity (specific capacity) k is v= y=-y (13) and we denote then and if we denote a = -, (14) h = at', (15) 2 tt/^i = CO = 2 Trfal, (16) we get, substituting t T k for t and 0 =F co for (/> into the equation (11), the equations of the line oscillati ...", "... onditions in station- ary waves, as oscillations and surges; the former is often more convenient to show the relation to traveling waves. In Figs. 35 and 36 are shown oscillograms of such line oscilla- tions. Fig. 35 gives the oscillation produced by switching 28 miles of 100-kv. line by high-tension switches onto a 2500-kw. step-up transformer in a substation at the end of a 153-mile three- phase line; Fig. 36 the oscillation of the same system caused by switching on the low-tension side of the step-up transformer. 29. As seen, the phase of current i and voltage e changes pro- gressively ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3956-4744", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... th expressions of (11), with (t — t\\) and with (t + ti), will occur. The general form of the line oscillation thus is given by substi- tuting (t T ti) instead of t into the equations (11), where t\\ is the time of propagation over the distance I. If v = velocity of propagation of the electric field, which in air, as with a transmission line, is approximately v = 3 X 1010, (12) and in a medium of permeability /z and permittivity (specific capacity) K is 3 X 1010 ( . v =5 - T=^> (13) VfUJ and we denote ;•; • .v •'.,. a-j, ffifil (14) then ti = al; (15) and if we denote ...", "... oscillation thus is given by substi- tuting (t T ti) instead of t into the equations (11), where t\\ is the time of propagation over the distance I. If v = velocity of propagation of the electric field, which in air, as with a transmission line, is approximately v = 3 X 1010, (12) and in a medium of permeability /z and permittivity (specific capacity) K is 3 X 1010 ( . v =5 - T=^> (13) VfUJ and we denote ;•; • .v •'.,. a-j, ffifil (14) then ti = al; (15) and if we denote co = 27rM (16) we get, substituting t =F t\\ for Z and 0 =F co for $ into the equation (11), the e ...", "... onditions in station- ary waves, as oscillations and surges; the former is often more convenient to show the relation to traveling waves. In Figs. 35 and 36 are shown oscillograms of such line oscilla- tions. Fig. 35 gives the oscillation produced by switching 28 miles of 100-kv. line by high-tension switches onto a 2500-kw. step-up transformer in a substation at the end of a 153-mile three- phase line; Fig. 36 the oscillation of the same system caused by switching on the low-tension side of the step-up transformer. 29. As seen, the phase of current i and voltage e changes pro- gressively ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Methods Of Approximation", "section_title": "Methods Of Approximation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15156-16482", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... pparently simple engineer- ing problems frequently leads to expressions which are so complicated as to make the numerical calculations of a series of values very cumbersonme and almost impossible in practical work. Fortunately in many such cases of engineering prob- lems, and especially in the field of electrical engineering, the different quantities which enter into the problem are of very different magnitude. Many apparently compHcated expres- sions can frequently be greatly simplified, to such an extent as to permit a quick calculation of numerical values, by neglect- ing terms which a ...", "... g stroke on a primary distribution circuit, the normal line voltage of 2200 may be neglected as small compared with the voltage impressed by lightning, etc. 126. Example. In a direct-current shunt motor, the im- pressed voltage is eo = 125 volts; the armature resistance is ro = 0.02 ohm; the field resistance is ri = 50 ohms; the power consumed by friction is pf=^300 watts, and the power consumed by iron loss is pi= iOO watts. What is the power output of the motor at ^o = 50, 100 and 150 amperes input? The power produced at the armature conductors is the product of the voltage e generat ...", "... at ^o = 50, 100 and 150 amperes input? The power produced at the armature conductors is the product of the voltage e generated in the armature conductors, and the current i through the armature, and the power output at the motor pulley is, p = ei-pf-pi. ....... (3) The current in the motor field is — , and the armature current n therefore is, ^ = ^0--, (4) where — is a small quantity, compared with 2*0. The voltage consumed by the armature resistance is roi, and the voltage generated in the motor armature thus is: e = eo — roi, (5) where roi is a small quantity compared with ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Light And Power Distribution", "section_title": "Light And Power Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 983-1526", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... sed in small and moderate sizes — such as come into consideration for power distribution from a general supply system — is the induction motor. The single-phase induction motor, however, is so inferior to the polyphase induction motor, that single-phase motors are used only in small sizes; for medium and larger sizes the three-phase or two-phase motor is preferred. This however, introduces a complication in the distribution system, and the three-wire single-phase system therefore is less suited for motor supply, but additional conductors have to be added to give a polyphase power supply to ...", "... system decreases with decrease of load, while that of a direct current system increases. Compared with the direct current motor, the polyphase induction motor has the disadvantage of being less flexible: its speed cannot be varied economically, as that of a direct current motor by varying the field excitation. Speed variation of the induction motor produced by a rheostat in the armature or secondary circuit, in the so-called form \"M\" motor is accomplished by wasting power : the power input of an induc- tion motor always corresponds to full speed; if the speed is reduced by running on the ...", "... the motor operates economically as \"multi- speed\" motor. The starting torque of the polyphase induction motor with starting rheostat in the armature (Form L motor) is the same as the running torque at the same current input, just as in the case of the direct current shunt motor with constant field excitation. In the squirrel cage induction motor, how- ever, (Form K motor) the starting torque is far less than the running torque at the same current input; or inversely, to produce the same starting torque, a greater starting current is required. In starting torque or current, the squirrel c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-04", "section_label": "Theory Section 4: Power and Effective Values", "section_title": "Power and Effective Values", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1244-1572", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "snippets": [ "... lternating V2 e.m.f., e = EQ sin 6. Since E0 = 2 irfn$, it follows that J' ; = 4.44 fn& ; is the effective alternating e.m.f. generated in a coil of turns n rotating at a frequency of / (in hundreds of cycles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated ...", "... changed. If the variation of magnetic flux is not sinusoidal, the effective generated alternating e.m.f. is, E = 7 \\/2 7 is called the form factor of the wave, and depends upon its shape, that is, the distribution of the magnetic flux in the magnetic field. Frequently form factor is defined as the ratio of the effect- ive to the average value. This definition is undesirable since it gives for the sine wave, which is always considered the standard wave, a value differing from one. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES ...", "... magnetic flux, then is e4 VT6 T = e3 = ^T = 1.006; that is, practically unity. (6) While the collector leads a, b move from the position F, C, as shown in Fig. 6, to B, E, constant voltage E exists between them, the conductors which leave the field at C being replaced 20 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING by the conductors entering the field at B. During the motion of the leads a, b from B, E to C, F, the voltage steadily decreases, reverses, and rises again, to — E, as the conductors ente ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-27", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 27, "number": 6, "location": "lines 9170-9291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "snippets": [ "VI. Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator 15. In Fig. 59 are shown, at constant terminal voltage E, the values of nominal generated e.m.f. E0, and thus of field excitation FQ, with the current 7 as abscissas and for the three conditions, 1. Non-inductive load, p = 1, q = 0. 2. Inductive load of 0 = 60 degrees lag, p = 0.5, q = 0.866. 3. Anti-inductive load of — 6 = 60 degrees lead, p = 0.5, q = -0.86 ...", "... = -0.866. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 139 The values r = 0.1, XQ = 5, E = 1000, are assumed. These curves are called the compounding curves of the synchronous generator. In Fig. 60 are shown, at constant nominal generated e.m.f. EQ, that is, at constant field excitation F0, the values of terminal vol- E = 000 £=5, '•*& z EO.F, 500 20 10 00 80 100 120 UO 160 180 200AMP. FIG. 59. — Synchronous generator compounding curves. tage E with the current I as abscissas and for the sa ...", "... TRICAL ENGINEERING 3. Anti-inductive load of 60 degrees lead, p = 0.5, q = -0.866, E0 = 628. The values of EQ (and thus of FQ) are assumed so as to give E = 1000 at I = 100. These curves are called the regulation curves of the alternator, or the field characteristics of the syn- chronous generator. In Fig. 61 are shown the load curves of the machine, with the 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 AMP. FIG. 60. — Synchronous generator regulation curves. current I as abscissas a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-46", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generated E.m.fs.", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generated E.m.fs.", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 46, "number": 3, "location": "lines 10778-10835", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-46/", "snippets": [ "... m.f., / = frequency = number of pairs of poles X hundreds of rev. per sec., n = number of turns in series between brushes, and <£ = magnetic flux passing through the armature per pole, in megalines. In ring-wound machines, is one-half the flux per field pole, since the flux divides in the armature into two circuits, and each 178 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING armature turn incloses only half the flux per field pole. In ring- wound armatures, however, each armature turn has only one con- ductor lyi ...", "... armature per pole, in megalines. In ring-wound machines, is one-half the flux per field pole, since the flux divides in the armature into two circuits, and each 178 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING armature turn incloses only half the flux per field pole. In ring- wound armatures, however, each armature turn has only one con- ductor lying on the armature surface, or face conductor, while in a drum-wound machine each turn has two face conductors. Thus, with the same . number of face conductors — that is, ...", "... ne con- ductor lying on the armature surface, or face conductor, while in a drum-wound machine each turn has two face conductors. Thus, with the same . number of face conductors — that is, the same armature surface — the same frequency, and the same flux per field pole, the same e.m.f. is generated in the ring-wound as in the drum-wound armature. The number of turns in series between brushes, n, is one-half the total number of armature turns in a series-wound armature, - the total number of armature turns in a s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-62", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Compounding", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 62, "number": 10, "location": "lines 11774-11794", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-62/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-62/", "snippets": [ "X. Compounding 59. In the direct-current generator the field excitation re- quired to maintain constant terminal voltage has to be increased with the load. A curve giving the field excitation in ampere- turns per pole, as function of the load in amperes, at constant terminal voltage, is called the compounding curve ...", "X. Compounding 59. In the direct-current generator the field excitation re- quired to maintain constant terminal voltage has to be increased with the load. A curve giving the field excitation in ampere- turns per pole, as function of the load in amperes, at constant terminal voltage, is called the compounding curve of the machine. The increase of field excitation required with load is due to : 1. The internal resistance of the machin ...", "... constant terminal voltage has to be increased with the load. A curve giving the field excitation in ampere- turns per pole, as function of the load in amperes, at constant terminal voltage, is called the compounding curve of the machine. The increase of field excitation required with load is due to : 1. The internal resistance of the machine, which consumes e.m.f. proportional to the current, so that the generated e.m.f., and thus the field m.m.f. corresponding thereto, has to be greater under load. If p = r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-64", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 64, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11864-11904", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "snippets": [ "... ncy and Losses 61. The losses in a commutating machine which have to be considered when deriving the efficiency by adding the individual losses are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when ...", "... he losses in a commutating machine which have to be considered when deriving the efficiency by adding the individual losses are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protec ...", "... 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and windage. 5. Load losses, due to the increase of hysteresis and of eddy currents under load, caused by the change of the magnetic dis- tribution, as local increase of magnetic density and of stray field. The friction of the brushes and the loss in the contact resist- ance of the brushes are frequently quite considerable, especially with low-voltage machines. Constant or approximately constant losses are: friction of bearings and of commutator brushes, and wi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... e line conductors are of 1 cm. diameter, and at a distance from each other of 50 cm,, and that the length of transmission is 50 km., we get the capacity of the transmission line from the formula — C = 1.11 X 10-« kl H- 4 loge 2- microfarads, where k = dielectric constant of the surrounding medium = 1 in air; I = length of conductor = 5 X 10\" cm.; ■ d = distance of conductors from each other = 50 cm.; 5 = diameter of conductor = 1 cm. Hence C = 0.3 microfarad, the condensive reactance is x = ^ — 7f< ohms, where/ = frequency; hence at/ = 60 cycles, X = 8,900 ohms; and the chargin ...", "... circuit, which retain corresponding opposite charges on the line wires. This electrostatic influence requires a current pro- portional to the e.m.f. and consisting of a power component, in phase with the e.m.f., and a reactive component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of e.m.f. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of resistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the con- ductor proper if iron wires are used, a ...", "... the con- ductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone currents. The effect of eddy currents has already been referred to under \"mutual inductive reactance,\" of which it is a power component. The alternating electrostatic field of force expends energy in dielectrics by corona and dielectric hysteresis. In concentric cables, where the electrostatic gradient in the dielectric is com- paratively large, the dielectric losses may at high potentials consume appreciable amounts of energy. The dielectric loss appears in the circuit a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "section_title": "Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 18829-19345", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... ins on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be considered as synchronizing ; since it allows no flexibility or phase adjustment between the alternators, but makes them essentially one machine. If connected in parallel, a differ- ence in the field excitation, and thus the induced E.M.F*. of the machines, must cause large cross-current ; since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the machines. Thus rigid mechanical connection is not desirable for parallel operation of alternators. 170. The second important condition of par ...", "... y the machine by the mechanical shock ; and sometimes the machines are so sensitive in this respect that it is prefer- able not to operate them in parallel. The same applies in getting out of step. 172. When running in synchronism, nearly all types of machines will operate satisfactorily ; a medium amount of armature reaction is preferable, however, such as is given by modern alternators — not too high to reduce the synchronizing power too much, nor too low to make the machine unsafe in case of accident, such as falling out of step, etc. If the armature reaction is very low, an acciden ...", "... ven by modern alternators — not too high to reduce the synchronizing power too much, nor too low to make the machine unsafe in case of accident, such as falling out of step, etc. If the armature reaction is very low, an accident, — such as a short circuit, falling out of step, opening of the field circuit, etc., — may destroy the machine. If the armature reaction is very high, the driving-power has to be adjusted very carefully to constancy ; since the synchronizing power of the alternators is too weak to hold them in step, and carry them over irregularities of the driving-power. 173. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9741-11604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... ne conductors are of 1 cm. diameter, and at a distance from each other of 50 cm., and that the length of transmission is 50 km., we get the capacity of the transmission line from the formula — C = 1.11 X 10 -«K/ -=- 4 loge 2 d/ 8 microfarads, where K = dielectric constant of the surrounding medium = 1 in air ; / = length of conductor = 5 x 106 cm. ; d = distance of conductors from each other = 50 cm. ; 8 = diameter of conductor = 1 cm. Since C = .3 microfarads, the capacity reactance is x — 106 / 2 TT NC ohms, 160 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. where N '= frequency; hence, at ...", "... corresponding opposite charges on the line wires. This electrostatic influence re- quires the expenditure of a current proportional to the E.M.F., and consisting of an energy component, in phase with the E.M.F., and a wattless component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of E.M'.F. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of re- sistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, ...", "... place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone currents. The effect of eddy currents has already been referred to under \"mutual inductance,\" of which it is an energy component. The alternating electrostatic field of force expends energy in dielectrics by what is called dielectric hysteresis. In concentric cables, where the electrostatic gradient in the dielectric is comparatively large, the dielectric hysteresis may at high potentials consume considerable amounts of energy. The dielectric hysteresis appears in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17597-18052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... ins on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be considered as synchronizing ; since it allows no flexibility or phase adjustment between the alternators, but makes them essentially one machine. If connected in parallel, a differ- ence in the field excitation, and thus the induced E.M.F. of the machines, must cause large cross-current ; since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the machines. Thus rigid mechanical connection is not desirable for parallel operation of alternators. 191. The second important condition of para ...", "... y the machine by the mechanical shock ; and sometimes the machines are so sensitive in this respect that it is prefer- able not to operate them in parallel. The same applies in getting out of step. 193. When running in synchronism, nearly all types of machines will operate satisfactorily ; a medium amount of armature reaction is preferable, however, such as is given by modern alternators — not too high to reduce the synchronizing power too much, nor too low to make the machine unsafe in case of accident, such as falling out of step, etc. If the armature reaction is very low, an acciden ...", "... ven by modern alternators — not too high to reduce the synchronizing power too much, nor too low to make the machine unsafe in case of accident, such as falling out of step, etc. If the armature reaction is very low, an accident, — such as a short circuit, falling out of step, opening of the field circuit, etc., — may destroy the machine. If the armature reaction is very high, the driving-power has to be adjusted very carefully to constancy ; since the synchronizing power of the alternators is too weak to hold them in step, and carry them over irregularities of the driving-power. 194. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Alternating- Current Motors In General", "section_title": "Alternating- Current Motors In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21713-23905", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... gle be- tween e.m.f., #o and #i, and 0i ■» position angle lwtween the stator and rotor circuits. The e.m.fH., #o and — j#0, produce the same rotating e.m.f. as two e.m.fH. of equal intensity, but dis- placed in phase and in position by angle 0O from #», and jf/l,,, and instead of considering a displacement of phase, 0,h arid a dis- placement of position, 0i, between stator and rotor circuits, we can, therefore, assume zero-phase displacement and diMplacemeut in position by angle 0O + 0i = 0. Phase diMplaecmcnf l*etween stator and rotor e.m.fH. is, therefore, equivalent to n fluff of brushes, hen ...", "... ame rotating e.m.f. as two e.m.fH. of equal intensity, but dis- placed in phase and in position by angle 0O from #», and jf/l,,, and instead of considering a displacement of phase, 0,h arid a dis- placement of position, 0i, between stator and rotor circuits, we can, therefore, assume zero-phase displacement and diMplacemeut in position by angle 0O + 0i = 0. Phase diMplaecmcnf l*etween stator and rotor e.m.fH. is, therefore, equivalent to n fluff of brushes, hence gives no additional feature beyond those pro- duced by a shift of the commutator bru«he*. 320 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS Without losing i ...", "... z»~+ zzT+ ZoZi (78) ' ' \" *0 izz7+\"zzr+~z^' ( ' 9) for c = o, this gives: , _ „ *Z_+ Z\\ /0 \" *\" sZZ* + ZZ\\ + ZoZi j - v sZ ' *l-'r«0szz0-+zzl + z0zi' (74) ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS 321 that is, the polyphase induction-motor equations, a = cos 0 + j sin 0 = 1» representing the displacement of position between stator and rotor currents. This shows the polyphase induction motor as a special case of the polyphase shunt motor, for c = o. The e.m.fs. of rotation are: £'i = -jSZ (- jh + h sin 0 + j/o cos 0) - SZ (*h- I i)i hence : &l ^'iZZl+ZZx + ZtZt' (80) The power output ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 7, "location": "lines 1228-1261", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric fiel ...", "... X CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit section. ...", "... 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit section. 519 55. Relations between power supplied by the electric field of a circuit section, pow ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-39", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Mechanical Rectification", "section_title": "Mechanical Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 39, "number": 3, "location": "lines 15963-17754", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "snippets": [ "... ircuit its current differs from zero, and an arc still appears at the rectifier. 229 230 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA cases where the voltage of the rectified circuit is only a small part of the total voltage, and thus the current not controlled thereby, as when rectifying for the supply of series fields of alternators. 2. r = r0 = oo , or open circuit rectification. This is feasible only if the rectified circuit contains practically no self -inductance, but a constant counter e.m.f., e, (charging storage batteries), so that in the moment when the alternating impressed e.m.f. falls to e, and ...", "... tic representation of a two- pole model of such a rectifier in Fig. 54. In this case the space angles TT -f TJ and TT — r2 and the time angles TT -f Ol and TT - 02 are identical. This represents the conditions ex- isting in compound-wound alter- nators, that is, alternators feeding a series field winding through a rectifier. Let, during the period from Ol to n - 02, i = current in impedance Z, and il = current in resistance rlt then: i + i1 = i0 sin 0. However, di Fig. 54. Single-phase current rectifier commutator. (1) ^1r1=^r (2) and substituting (1) in (2) gives t ...", "... nd er It follows then, 90.2° 88.6C 91.7C 248 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA The actual curves of an arc machine differ, however, very greatly from those of Fig. 59. In the arc machine, inherent regu- lation for constant current is produced by opposing a very high armature reaction to the field excitation, so that the resultant m.m.f., or m.m.f. which produces the effective magnetic flux, is .40 5D 90 100 110 120 16 y '^ 12 ''/' 10 t2 r ' — •— — — . --*^ 'x/' \\\\ 8 2000 £ ^ X <^ — -I — - •~~^ t*-\"- —- h^ f ^> — - — 4 1000 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "... retain corresponding opposite charges on the line wires. This electrostatic influence requires the expenditure of a current proportional to the e.m.f. and consisting of a power component in phase with the e.m.f. and a reactive com- ponent in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of power by mag- netic hysteresis, or an expenditure of e.m.f. in phase with the cur- rent, which acts as an increase of resistance. This electro- magnetic hysteresis loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used ...", "... e place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and may then be very serious at high fre- quencies such as those of telephone currents. The effect of eddy currents has already been referred to under \" mutual inductance,\" of which if is a power component. The alternating electrostatic field of force expends power in dielectrics by what is called dielectric hysteresis. In concentric cables, where the electrostatic gradient in the dielectric is com- paratively large, the dielectric hysteresis may at high potentials consume considerable amounts of power. The dielectric hystere- sis appears i ...", "... es this there is the apparent increase of ohmic resistance due to unequal distribution of current, which, however, is usually not large enough to be noticeable at low frequencies. Also, especially at very high frequency, energy is radiated into space, due to the finite velocity of the electric field, and can be represented by power components of current and of voltage respectively. 5. This gives, as the most general case and per unit length of line, LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE 283 E.m.fs. consumed in phase with the current, I, and = r/, repre- senting consumption of power, and d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Germany in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "Germany in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2776-3206", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... our prosperity by in- terfering with the industries' most effective tool, the corporation, has never appeared in Ger- many, but consolidation has proceeded un- checked. The educational system was reorganized, and the university idea extended Into the industrial field, and a universal system of industrial edu- cation established, from the vocational school which takes the graduate of the public schools and does in a more efficient manner what the apprenticeship of former times did, the teaching of a trade, up to the lar ...", "... ation established, from the vocational school which takes the graduate of the public schools and does in a more efficient manner what the apprenticeship of former times did, the teaching of a trade, up to the large polytechnic schools leading to the highest fields of engineering. Thus the individualistic age of everybody for himself gradually gave way before a co-opera- tive organization of the nation, giving every- 80 GERMANY IN THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA body the best opportunities for his or her devel- opment as an ...", "... ains that tlie war was inevitable, just as that of the feudal nations against the French Republic at the end of the eighteenth century, Germany, organized as a co-operative central- ized industrial nation, could not be defeated in the industrial or financial field by the individual- istic industrial capitalism of England and the other nations. Thus the present world's war is the conflict between the passing era of individualistic in- dustrialism and the coming era of co-operative industrial organization, the former repre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Evolution: Industrial Government", "section_title": "Evolution: Industrial Government", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 13, "location": "lines 5798-6232", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... ingle physician in preference to any majority vote. Should the industrial officials, then, be ap- pointed? But who appoints the appointer.^^ Within certain limits, however, in offices re- quiring professional qualifications, appointment gives better results. In a medium-sized town, for instance, the administration may employ a thousand people. If they all were elected not a single elector could devote enough time to find out the qualifications of every candidate for every place — even if he were capable pro- fessionally to ...", "... nterested in engineering would naturally drift into engineering positions, those with ^^ 175 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH administrative ability into administrative po- sitions; those with knowledge and experience beyond the individual industry, into the field of correlation between the industries; the most capable organizers finally into the industrial senate. The whole organism would be essen- tially self-governing, consisting of a number of groups and sub-groups, and further sub-groups within the latter, each self- ...", "... anizers finally into the industrial senate. The whole organism would be essen- tially self-governing, consisting of a number of groups and sub-groups, and further sub-groups within the latter, each self-governing within its own activities, supreme within its own field of activity, subordinate in any other activity to the group into which the other activity be- longs, and correlated with any co-ordinate group through joint committees or through the larger group of which both are parts. There is nothing new in such organi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 16: The Future Corporation", "section_title": "The Future Corporation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6975-7567", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... re extensive social work was done for the employees, often under the immediate personal supervision of the owner of the corporation. Excellent sanitary facilities, recreation-rooms, li- braries and reading-rooms, lectures and lecture- rooms, gynmasium and athletic fields, social centers and lounging-rooms, parks and play- grounds, in short, anything that could make the employees happy and contented, were provided 204 THE FUTURE CORPORATION by the corporation, regardless of expense, and quite likely the thanks was a genera ...", "... to thirty- four competing companies, and so reduced the price of gasoline — and if you do not believe the latter, kick yourself, because there is no more a large corporation to hold responsible, as Stand- ard Oil is dissolved. And so throughout the en- tire field of industrial production, our Govern- ment, backed by public opinion, is still \"trust- 211 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH busting,\" while all other civilized nations are organizing their industrial production. But the industrial corporation was to a large exten ...", "... riters who are not connected wilh corporations nor with the muck-raking crowd, but have retained an attitude of independence and fairness, and therefore are listened to by the fair-minded. And there is within the huge modern industrial corporation a wonderful field of romance and interest, still unknown and un- touched by any writer, which in the hands of a Kipling or a Jack London would give most wonderful stories, more interesting and fasci- nating than any of the tales or novels of bygone ages of the world's his ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: General Distribution", "section_title": "General Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 566-982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "tension", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... e reactance of one conductor No. ooo is .109 ohms, and so 1.88 times as great as the reactance of two con- ductors of No. I in multiple, which latter is half that of one conductor No. i, or .058 ohms, provided that the two con- ductors are used as separate circuits. In alternating current low tension distribution, the size of the conductor and so the current per conductor, is limited by the self -inductive drop, and alternating current low tension networks are therefore of necessity of smaller size than those of direct current distribution. As regards economy of distribution, this is not ...", "... is half that of one conductor No. i, or .058 ohms, provided that the two con- ductors are used as separate circuits. In alternating current low tension distribution, the size of the conductor and so the current per conductor, is limited by the self -inductive drop, and alternating current low tension networks are therefore of necessity of smaller size than those of direct current distribution. As regards economy of distribution, this is not a serious objection, as the alternating current transformer and primary distribution permits the use of numerous secondary circuits. In alternating ...", "... primary distribution system of 2200 volts is used, feeding step-down transformers. The different arrangements are — a. A separate transformer for each customer. This is necessary in those cases where the customers are so far apart from each other that they cannot be reached by the same low tension or secondary circuit ; every alternating current system therefore has at least a number of instances where individual transformers are used. This is the most uneconomical arrangement. It requires the use of small transformers, which are necessarily less efficient and more expensive per kilowa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-08", "section_label": "Theory Section 8: Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 2718-2864", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "snippets": [ "... wer, and the e.m.f. of self-inductance is a wattless or reactive e.m.f., while the e.m.f. of resistance is a power or active e.m.f. The wattless e.m.f. is in quadrature, the power e.m.f. in phase with the current. In general, if 0 = angle of time-phase displacement between the resultant e.m.f. and the resultant current of the circuit, / = current, E = impressed e.m.f., consisting of two com- ponents, one, EI = E cos 0, in phase with the current, the other, 1£2 = E sin 0, in quadrature with the current, the power ...", "... nto the line, and the efficiency of transmission with non- inductive load, with 45-time-degree lagging load and 45-degree leading load? The power received per line with non-inductive load is P = El = 3170 X 44 = 139 kw. With a load of 45 degrees phase displacement, P = El cos 45° = 98 kw. The power lost per line PI = PR = 442 X 7.6 = 14.7 kw. Thus the input into the line P0 = P + PI = 151.7 kw. at non-inductive load, and = 111.7 kw. at load of 45 degrees phase displacement. The efficiency with no ...", "... ad of 45 degrees phase displacement, P = El cos 45° = 98 kw. The power lost per line PI = PR = 442 X 7.6 = 14.7 kw. Thus the input into the line P0 = P + PI = 151.7 kw. at non-inductive load, and = 111.7 kw. at load of 45 degrees phase displacement. The efficiency with non-inductive load is P 14 7 Po = l - 15T7 = )0-3 p and with a load of 45 degrees phase displacement is P 14.7 ^- = 1 — 111 -, = 86.8 per cent. L Q 111./ The total output is 3 P = 411 kw. and 291 kw., respectively. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-28", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 28, "number": 7, "location": "lines 9292-9398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "snippets": [ "VII. Synchronous Motor 16. As seen in the preceding, in an alternating-current gen- erator the field excitation required for a given terminal voltage and current depends upon the phase relation of the external circuit or the load. Inversely, in a synchronous motor the phase relation of the current into the armature at a given ter- minal voltage depends upo ...", "... tion required for a given terminal voltage and current depends upon the phase relation of the external circuit or the load. Inversely, in a synchronous motor the phase relation of the current into the armature at a given ter- minal voltage depends upon the field excitation and the load. Thus, if E = terminal voltage or impressed e.m.f., I = current, 6 = lag of current behind impressed e.m.f. in a synchronous motor of resistance r and synchronous reactance XQ, the polar diagram is as follows, Fig. 62. OE = E ...", "... ot shown), equal and opposite OE0, would thus be the nominal counter-generated e.m.f. of the synchronous motor. In Figs. 63 to 65 are shown the polar diagrams of the syn- chronous motor for 6 = 0 deg., 6 = 60 deg., 6 = — 60 deg. It is seen that the field excitation has to be higher with lead- d E' FIG. 62. — Vector diagram of synchronous motor. FIG. 63. — Vector diagram of synchronous motor. 0=0 ing and lower with lagging current in a synchronous motor, while the opposite is the case i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-31", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 31, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9651-9718", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "snippets": [ "... ISO 150 200 KW. FIG. 70. — Synchronous generator, efficiency and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in t ...", "... windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in the armature is proportional to the square of the current, I. The resistance loss in the field circuit is proportional to the square of the field excitation current, that is, the square of the nominal generated or counter-generated e.m.f., EQ. 10 150 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The hysteresis loss is proportional to the 1.6th power of the ...", "... losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in the armature is proportional to the square of the current, I. The resistance loss in the field circuit is proportional to the square of the field excitation current, that is, the square of the nominal generated or counter-generated e.m.f., EQ. 10 150 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The hysteresis loss is proportional to the 1.6th power of the real generated e.m.f., El = E ± Ir. The eddy cu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-60", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Saturation Curves", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Saturation Curves", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 60, "number": 9, "location": "lines 11695-11710", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-60/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-60/", "snippets": [ "IX. Saturation Curves 57. As saturation curve or magnetic characteristic of the com- mutating machine is understood the curve giving the generated voltage, or terminal voltage at open circuit and normal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 as A. Owing to the remanent magnetism or hysteresis of the iron part of the magnetic circuit, the saturation curve taken with decreasing field excitation usually does not coincide with that taken ...", "... rmal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 as A. Owing to the remanent magnetism or hysteresis of the iron part of the magnetic circuit, the saturation curve taken with decreasing field excitation usually does not coincide with that taken with increasing field excitation, but is higher, and by gradually first increasing the field excitation from zero to maximum and then decreasing again, the looped curve in Fig. 106 is derived, giving", "... h curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 as A. Owing to the remanent magnetism or hysteresis of the iron part of the magnetic circuit, the saturation curve taken with decreasing field excitation usually does not coincide with that taken with increasing field excitation, but is higher, and by gradually first increasing the field excitation from zero to maximum and then decreasing again, the looped curve in Fig. 106 is derived, giving" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-76", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 76: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Motors Shunt Motor", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Motors Shunt Motor", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 76, "number": null, "location": "lines 12780-12928", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-76/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-76/", "snippets": [ "... p, q of the motor load saturation curve, Fig. 110. Their derivation is as follows: At constant impressed ir,0 1100 WOO £00 (•00 w 50 100 150 200250 300 350 400 450 500 FIG. 119. — Shunt motor speed curves, constant impressed e.m.f. e.m.f. e the field excitation is constant and equals FQ, and at current i the generated e.m.f. must be e — ir. The resultant field excitation is F0 — iqt and corresponding hereto at constant speed the generated e.m.f. taken from saturation curve A in Fig. 110 is e\\. Since ...", "... 100 WOO £00 (•00 w 50 100 150 200250 300 350 400 450 500 FIG. 119. — Shunt motor speed curves, constant impressed e.m.f. e.m.f. e the field excitation is constant and equals FQ, and at current i the generated e.m.f. must be e — ir. The resultant field excitation is F0 — iqt and corresponding hereto at constant speed the generated e.m.f. taken from saturation curve A in Fig. 110 is e\\. Since it must be e — ir, the speed is changed in , . e - ir the proportion • At a certain voltage the speed ...", "... output, that is, constant product, current times generated e.m.f. If i = current and P = constant output, the generated e.m.f. p must be approximately e\\ = — , and thus the terminal voltage e = e\\ + ir. Proportional hereto is the field excitation FQ. The resultant m.m.f. of the field is thus F = FQ — iq, and corre- sponding thereto from curve A in Fig. Ill is derived the e.m.f. eQ which would be generated at constant speed by the m.m.f. F. Since, however, the generated e.m.f. must b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 35256-35691", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... is called an unbalanced system if the flow of energy varies periodically, as in the single-phase system; and the ratio of the minimum value to the maximum value of power is called the halance-J actor of the system. Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance-factor is zero; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes equal to — 1 if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 275. Obviously, in a polyphase system the balance of the system is a function of the distri ...", "... nce of the system is a function of the distribution of load between the different branch circuits. A balanced system in particular is called a polyphase system, whose flow of energy is constant, if all the circuits are loaded equally with a load of the same character^ that is, the same phase displacement. POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 407 276. All the symmetrical systems from the three-phase system upward are balanced systems. Many unsymmetrical systems are balanced systems also. 1. Three-phase system: Let ei = E v^ sin ^, and ii = I \\/2 sin (/? - 6), 62 = ^ \\/2 sin {^ - 120), 12 = I V2 sin {(3 - ...", "... is is an unsymmetrical system, but the instantaneous value of power is p = 2 EI {sin i8 sin (^ - 9) + cos /S cos (/3 - 0) } = 2 EI cos 9 = P, or constant. Hence the quarter-phase system is an unsymmetrical balanced system. 3. The symmetrical n-phase system, with equal load and equal phase-displacement in all n branches, is a balanced system. For, let e.- = E\\/2 sin I (3 ^j = e.m.f . ; ii = /\\/2 sin 1^ — 9 j = current; 408 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the instantaneous value of power is p = Si Biii 1 = 2 EI h sin (p - ^~) sin (i3 - 0 ^) ' \" \" / 4 7rA 1 = £7 I Si cos e - Si cos ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 35: Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 35, "location": "lines 37453-37957", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... ED SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 303. In most applications of polyphase systems the system is a balanced symmetrical system, or as nearly balanced as possible. That is, it consists of n equal e.m.fs. displaced in phase from each other by - period, and producing equal currents of equal phase displacement against their e.m.fs. In such systems, each e.m.f. and its current can be considered separately as constituting a single-phase system, that is, the polyphase system can be resolved into n equal single-phase systems, each of which consists of one conductor of the polyphase system, with zero impe ...", "... from the inductance. If C is the capacity of the circuit, of which the inductance is L, then is the fundamental frequency of oscillation, or natural period, that is, the frequency which makes the length, I, of the line a quarter-wave length. Since the velocity of propagation of the electric field is the ve- ^ \"Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering.\" BALANCED SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 451 locity of light, v, with a wave-length, 4 I, the number of waves per second, or frequency of oscillation of the line, is f - — and herefrom then follows: hence, for V I V ...", "... + 44johms. Choosing the voltage at the receiving end as zero vector, e = 46,100 volts, at 90 per cent, power-factor and therefore 43.6 per cent, induc- tance factor, the current is represented by 7 = 80 (0.9 - 0.436 j) =72-35 j. ^ Or. ii fi = permeability, k = dielectric constant of the medium sur- rounding the conductor, it is hence, V [^ I = \\W or. C = (4) 452 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA This gives: Voltage at receiver circuit, e = 46,100 volts; current in receiver circuit, Z = 72 — 35 j amp. ; impedance voltage of half the line, ZI = 3410 + 2260 j volts. H ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... instance, that the line conductors are of 1 cm diameter, and at a distance from each other of 50 cm, and that the length of transmission is 50 km, we get the capacity of the transmission line from the formula — c = microfarads, 4 log nat -^ where K = dielectric constant of the surrounding medium = 1 in air ;. / = length of conductor = 5 X 10* cm. ; d = distance of conductors from each other = 50 cm. ; 8 = diameter of conductor = 1 cm. Since C = .3 microfarads, the capacity reactance is 10« . 152 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [$ 104 where N = frequency ; hence, at iV ...", "... corresponding opposite charges on the line wires. This electrostatic influence re- quires the expenditure of a current proportional to the E.M.F., and consisting of an energy component, in phase with the E.M.F., and a wattless component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of E.M.F. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of re- sistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, a ...", "... place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telephone currents. The effect of eddy currents has already been referred to under \"mutual inductance,\" of which it is an energy component. The alternating electrostatic field of force expends energy in dielectrics by what is called dielectric hysteresis. In concentric cables, where the electrostatic gradient in the dielectric is comparatively large, the dielectric hysteresis may at high potentials consume far greater amounts of energy than the resistance does. The dielectri ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "section_title": "Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 25605-26027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... gy varies periodically, as in the single-phase sys- tem ; and the ratio of the minimum value to the maximum value of power is called the balance factor of ttie system. 358 ALTERNATIXG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§§241,242 Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance factor is zero ; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes = — 1, if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 241. Obviously, in a polyphase systeiji the balance of the system is a function of the distribut ...", "... nce of the system is a function of the distribution of load between the different branch circuits. A balanced system in particular is called a polyphase system, whose flow of energy is constant, if all the circuits are loaded equally with a load of the same character, that is, the same phase displacement. 242. All the symmetrical systems from the three-phase system upward are balanced systems. Many unsymmetrical systems are balanced systems also. 1.) Three-phase system : Let ^i=^V2sin)3, and /i = /V2 sin ()8 - u») ; e^ = E V2 sin ()3 - 120), i^ = I V2 sin (^ - = nE I = I\\ or con ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 24054-24488", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... flow of energy varies periodically, as in the single-phase sys- tem ; and the ratio of the minimum value to the maximum value of power is called the balance factor of the system. 442 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance factor is zero ; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes = — 1, if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 269. Obviously, in a polyphase system the balance of the system is a function of the distributio ...", "... nce of the system is a function of the distribution of load between the different branch circuits. A balanced system in particular is called a polyphase system, whose flow of Energy is constant, if all the circuits are loaded equally with a load of the same character, that is, the same phase displacement. 270. All the symmetrical systems from the three-phase system upward are balanced systems. Many unsymmetrical systems are balanced systems also. 1.) Three-phase system : Let ^ = E V2 sin ft, and t\\ = I V2 sin (ft — w) ; ez = E V2 sin (ft - 120), /2 = / V2 sin (0 - « - 120) ; ez = E V2 ...", "... is an unsymmetrical\" system, but the instantaneous flow of power is : / = 2 £I(sm J3 sin (/? — 5) + cos ft cos (0 — £>)) = 2 £Scos w = P, or constant. Hence the quarter-phase system is an unsymmetrical bal- anced system. 3.) The symmetrical «-phase system, with equal load and equal phase displacement in all n branches, is a bal- anced system. For, let : e( = E V2 sin ( ft - — \"\\ = E.M.F. ; V » / / 2 IT A *',- = 7V2 sin O — S — = current V » V the instantaneous flow of power is : l V « 7 \\ » EI \\ yr cos a -57-035^2 /?-£- — or p = n E I cos w = T7, or constant. 271. An unbal ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Synchronous Induction Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 9, "location": "lines 14466-14550", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... circuit in any direction and at any position of the armature or secondary, with regards to the primary system. In consequence thereof the induction motor can be considered as a transformer, having to each primary circuit a corresponding secondary cir- cuit— a secondary coil, moving out of the field of the primary coil,* being replaced by another secondary coil moving into the field. In such a motor the torque is zero a) synchronism, positive below, and negative above, synchronism. If, however, the movable armature contains one closed cir- cuit only, it offers a closed secondary circui ...", "... rds to the primary system. In consequence thereof the induction motor can be considered as a transformer, having to each primary circuit a corresponding secondary cir- cuit— a secondary coil, moving out of the field of the primary coil,* being replaced by another secondary coil moving into the field. In such a motor the torque is zero a) synchronism, positive below, and negative above, synchronism. If, however, the movable armature contains one closed cir- cuit only, it offers a closed secondary circuit only in the direc- tion of the axis of the armature coil, but no secondary circuit a ...", "... t synchronism if the maxima and minima of the periodically varying admittance coincide with the SYNCHRONOUS INDUCTION MOTOR 167 and zero values of the primary circuit, but gives a definite torque if they are displaced therefrom. This torque may be positive or negative according to the phase displacement between ad- mittance and primary circuit; that is, the lag or lead of the maximum admittance with regard to the primary maximum. Hence an induction motor with single-armature circuit at syn- chronism acts either as motor or as alternating-current generator according to the relative position of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "section_title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 15, "location": "lines 18413-19373", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... nd supply circuit both are non-inductive, the current in the receiver circuit is a pulsating unidirectional current, shown as i0 in dotted lines in Fig. 74, and derived from the alternating current, i, Fig. 72, in the supply circuit. If, however, the receiver circuit is inductive, as a machine field, then the current, i«, in Fig. 75, pulsates less than the voltage, ee, which produces it, and the current thus does not go down in wo, but is continuous, and its pulsation the less, the higher the in- ductance. The current, i, in the alternating supply circuit, how- 234 SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIE ...", "... i considerable power and finally increases sparking SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER 237 by the increase of rectified current; if it is high, it has little effect. Furthermore, this resistance should vary with the current. The belt-driven alternators of former days frequently had a compounding series field excited by such a rectifying commutator on the machine shaft, and by shunting 40 to 50 per cent, of the power through the two resistance shunts, with careful setting of brushes as much as 2000 watts have been rectified from single- phase 125-cycle supply. Single-phase synchronous motors were ...", "... ft, and by shunting 40 to 50 per cent, of the power through the two resistance shunts, with careful setting of brushes as much as 2000 watts have been rectified from single- phase 125-cycle supply. Single-phase synchronous motors were started by such recti- fying commutators through which the field current passed, in series with the armature, and the first long-distance power trans- o Fio. 79. — Open-circuit rectifier. Fig. 80. — Short-circuit rectifier. mission in America (Telluride) was originally operated with single-phase machines started by rectifying commutator — the commutat ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 959-3894", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stress", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I ELECTRIC CONDUCTION. SOLED AND LIQUID CONDUCTORS 1, When electric power flows through a circuit, we find phe- nomena taking place outside of the conductor which directs the flow of power, and also inside thereof. The phenomena outside of the conductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the con ...", "... ED AND LIQUID CONDUCTORS 1, When electric power flows through a circuit, we find phe- nomena taking place outside of the conductor which directs the flow of power, and also inside thereof. The phenomena outside of the conductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into hea ...", "... ower flows through a circuit, we find phe- nomena taking place outside of the conductor which directs the flow of power, and also inside thereof. The phenomena outside of the conductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into heat; that is, electric power is consumed in the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 8, "location": "lines 972-1013", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OP ELECTRIC FIELD. 387 67. Conditions, under which the velocity of propagation of the field is of industrial importance. 387 68. Equations of decrease of electric field with the dis- tance. 388 69. Effect of return conductor on distance decrement of field. 389 70. Inductance of length I of infinitely l ...", "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OP ELECTRIC FIELD. 387 67. Conditions, under which the velocity of propagation of the field is of industrial importance. 387 68. Equations of decrease of electric field with the dis- tance. 388 69. Effect of return conductor on distance decrement of field. 389 70. Inductance of length I of infinitely long conductor with- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic fl ...", "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OP ELECTRIC FIELD. 387 67. Conditions, under which the velocity of propagation of the field is of industrial importance. 387 68. Equations of decrease of electric field with the dis- tance. 388 69. Effect of return conductor on distance decrement of field. 389 70. Inductance of length I of infinitely long conductor with- out return conductor. 390 71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia- tion, inductance and impedance. 391 72. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "number": 3, "location": "lines 21721-23178", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "tension", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "snippets": [ "... e frequency of oscillation of a localized inductance L0 and localized capacity (70, that is, the frequency of discharge of a condenser CQ through an inductance L0, is / = ^= • d3) The difference is due to the distributed character of L0 and C0 in the transmission line and the resultant phase displacement between the elements of the line, which causes the inductance and capacity of the line elements, in their effect on the frequency, not to add but to combine to a resultant, which is the projection 2 of the elements of a quadrant, on the diameter, or - times the n sum, just as, for instan ...", "... of transmission lines or oscillations produced by sudden changes of circuit conditions are complex waves of many harmonics, which in their relative magnitude depend upon the initial charge and its distribution — that is, in the case of the lightning discharge, upon the atmospheric electrostatic field of force. NATURAL PERIOD OF TRANSMISSION LINE 329 The fundamental frequency of the oscillating discharge of a transmission line is relatively low, and of not much higher mag- nitude than frequencies in commercial use in alternating-current circuits. Obviously, the more nearly sinoidal the distributi ...", "... pping out of step of a syn- chronous converter, causes the circuit to open at the generating station, the dissipation of the stored energy — in this case that of the excessive current in the system — occurs as a full-wave oscillation, if the line cuts off from the generating station on the low-tension side of the step-up transformers, and the oscillating circuit comprises the high-tension coils of the step-up trans- formers, the transmission line, step-down transformers, and load. If the line disconnects from the generating system on the high- NATURAL PERIOD OF TRANSMISSION LINE 341 pote ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "section_title": "The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 3, "location": "lines 874-1745", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... d chaos, but you cannot re- store competition. It is dead, just as dead as the feudalism of the Middle Ages. Co-operation is taking its place. This, here in America, many of our leaders 32 FROM COMPETITION TO CO-OPERATION of thought in the theoretical field, in our uni- versities, in our political offices, have not real- ized, neither do the mass of the people realize it yet, and consequently they mistake the effect for the cause. They imagine industrial consoli- dation is killing competition, and try to stop c ...", "... part of the industry, and a number of smaller corporations, which, while financially and administratively independent, by tacit understanding accepted the prices fixed by the dominating corporation. Usually, how- ever, with a number of large corporations in the field, the destructive competition was elimi- nated by agreements limiting production to that conforming with the demand, and agree- ing upon prices maintaining a fair margin of profit. Such CO - operative agreements varied in nature from practical consolidation FRO ...", "... ers, so that the final purpose of all is the welfare of societj^ \\ The realization of \"social work\" as one of the essential activities of the corporation has come last. It is just being approached by many corporations. Sometimes it is the result of the pressure exerted by independent and often hostile employees' associations — labor unions. Or where the corporation has succeeded in suppressing organized action of its employees, by spontaneous outbreaks — syndicalism. But whatever the reasons may be for entering social wo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 8: America in the Past", "section_title": "America in the Past", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3741-4267", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "fields", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... which the latter two largely overlap; the period of ex- ploitation, the period of the classic civilization of the South, and the period of the individual- istic civilization of the North. For centuries after the discovery of America the new continent was a field of forcible exploit- ation, but no serious attempts at settlement and organization of new communities were made. The European nations, Spaniards, Portu- guese, etc., attracted by the treasures of gold and silver, came to plunder, but not to settle and stay; ...", "... English-speaking nation: the Dutch, French, Spanish, etc., colonies were absorbed or forced into a position where they coidd no longer threaten the supremacy of the English colonies, and wars between European nations could no longer be waged on American battle-fields. Hereby the American colonies were withdrawn from all direct interest in the controversies 8 111 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH fought out between European nations, and their relations with the \"Mother Country,\" England, thus became the predominant issue ...", "... ransferred it to New England, as nearer to the source of supply of raw materials and of denuind for the finished products, these same laws now began to withdraw the cotton industries from New England and locate it in the Southern States witliin the cotton-fields, and the New England mills began to languish, the Southern colLou-mills increased and nudti- IIG AMERICA IN THE PAST plied. In 1894 tlie first electrically driven cotton-mill in the South started at Columbia, N. C, built with Northern capital. The next ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 17, "location": "lines 7568-8027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "strain", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... Anglo-Saxon would prob- ably score at first; by his greater initiative, by his control of much of the political and indus- trial machinery, he would, by organizing the Slav and Mediterranean, by political, indus- ^2i / CONCLUSION trial, anu social pressure, drive tlie citizens of Celtic and German descent from power, and practically, if not even legally, disfranchise them. But then, deprived of the organizing ability of the German, the administrative ability of the Celt, and with the Anglo-Saxon's tontempt for ...", "... trol of the co-operative industrial system by the political government, as it exists, for instance, in Germany. However, it will be a matter of generations before our national temperament, by collectiv- istic immigration and elimination of the individ- ualistic strain, has changed sufficiently; and industrial progress and reorganization in the co-operative era is so rapid abroad, that long 226 \\ t CONCLUSION before America's national character could have changed so far as to make industrial reorgani- zation by a ...", "... take our place as one of the leading industrial nations organized for the highest efficiency possible under co-operative 228 CONCLUSION industrial production, or wc fall by the wayside, cease to be one of the world's leading nations, and merely become a field of exploitation, a sphere of European influence, to be parceled out like China. THE END 4v'0CH II I K •;q University of California Library Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. UCLA YRL ILL I>UE: JAN 0 2 Z305 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-05", "section_label": "Theory Section 5: Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 1573-1784", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "snippets": [ "... ed by a change of current di in time dt is e = — -j-. L 108 absolute units r dt = — -T.L volts. at A change of current of 1 amp. per second in the circuit of 1 h. inductance generates 1 volt. EXAMPLES 28. (1) What is the inductance of the field of a 20-pole alternator, if the 20 field spools are connected in series, each spool contains 616 turns, and 6.95 amp. produces 6.4 mega- lines per pole? The total number of turns of all 20 spools is 20 X 616 = 12,320 Each is interlinked with 6.4 X 1 ...", "... is e = — -j-. L 108 absolute units r dt = — -T.L volts. at A change of current of 1 amp. per second in the circuit of 1 h. inductance generates 1 volt. EXAMPLES 28. (1) What is the inductance of the field of a 20-pole alternator, if the 20 field spools are connected in series, each spool contains 616 turns, and 6.95 amp. produces 6.4 mega- lines per pole? The total number of turns of all 20 spools is 20 X 616 = 12,320 Each is interlinked with 6.4 X 106 lines, thus the total number of interli ...", "... dis- tances of 1.20 and 1.50 m. At the distance lx from the telephone wire the length of mag- netic circuit is 2irlz. The magnetizing force / = —- if 7 = 24 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING current in telephone wire in amperes, and the field intensity d the 0.27 H = 0.4 TT/ = — — , and the flux in the zone dlx is j dlx. lx I = 10 miles = 1610 X 103 cm. thus, f1500.2// = I — i — dlx Jl20 *» = 322 X 10371ogei||° = 72 7 103; or, 72 7 103 interlink ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19166-20427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "snippets": [ "II. Polyphase Induction Motor 1. INTRODUCTION 135. The typical induction motor is the polyphase motor. By gradual development from the direct-current shunt motor we arrive at the polyphase induction motor. The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocyclic, or single-phase e.m.f., is at normal condition of operation, that is, near synchronism, a polyphase field. Thus to a certain extent all induction motors can be called polyphase machines. When ...", "... the direct-current shunt motor we arrive at the polyphase induction motor. The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocyclic, or single-phase e.m.f., is at normal condition of operation, that is, near synchronism, a polyphase field. Thus to a certain extent all induction motors can be called polyphase machines. When supplied with a polyphase system of e.m.fs. the internal reactions of the induction motor are simplest and only those of a transformer with moving second- ary, while in th ...", "... e no internal losses in the motor. The \"apparent efficiency\" or \"apparent power efficiency\" is the ratio of the mechanical output of the motor to the output which it would give at the same volt-ampere input if there were neither internal losses nor phase displacement in the motor. The \"torque efficiency\" is the ratio of the torque of. the motor to the torque which it would give at the same power input if there were no internal losses in the motor. The \"apparent torque efficiency\" is the ratio of the torque of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "section_label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "section_title": "Impedance and Admittance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 6814-7380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "snippets": [ "... ll e.m.fs. produced by the current i in the circuit. Such counter e.m.fs. may be due to inductance, as self-induc- tance, or mutual inductance, to capacity, chemical polarization, etc. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction, or e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field produced by the alternating current i, is repre- sented by a quantity of the same dimensions as resistance, and measured in ohms: reactance x. The e.m.f. consumed by reactance x is in quadrature with the current, that consumed by resistance r in phase with ...", "... the quarter-phase motor, the relative torque is D_ = 11,100 a Do 12,100 a and the relative torque per volt-ampere, or relative apparent torque efficiency, is it 0.39 a 0.388 a = 1.005. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 105 86. (2) At constant field excitation, corresponding to a nominal generated e.m.f. JSQ — 12,000, a generator of synchro- nous impedance ZQ = r0 + J^o = 0.6 + 60 j feeds over a trans- mission line of impedance Z\\ = ri + jx\\ = 12 '+ 18 j, and of capacity susceptance 0.003, a non ...", "... d = 3327. P )WER CURRENT REC'D AMP V *OLT8 5000 3000 5000 3000 2000 10 20 JO 40 50 DO 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 FIG. 40. — Reactive load characteristics of a transmission line fed by synchronous generator with constant field excitation. Substituting different values for i gives i ' ei i e ei 0 15,133 14,700 100 10,050 11,100 25 14,488 14,400 125 7,188 8,800 50 13,525 13,800 150 2,325 4,840 75 12,063 12,730 155.6 0 3,327 which values are plotted ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-20", "section_label": "Theory Section 20: Nomenclature", "section_title": "Nomenclature", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 7991-8291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "snippets": [ "... ization Rules of the A. I. E. E., but as far as possible standard letters have been used, and script letters avoided as impracticable or at least inconvenient in writing and still more in typewriting. Therefore F has been chosen for m.m.f., and dielectric field intensity changed to K. Also, a few symbols not contained in the Standardization Rules had to be added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential difference Electromotive force ...", "... ance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-centimeter Line; kiloline; megaline Electrical Magnetic £....... H Magnetic density Magnetic field inten- Lines per cm.2; kilo- lines per cm.2 Lines per cm 2 Magnetic Magnetic /* • • sity Permeability (magnetic Magnetic / conductivity) Magnetic gradient Ampere-turns per centi- Electrical F Magnetizing force Magnetomotive force meter. ...", "... S .. . resistance) Inductance Mutual inductance Self-inductance Henry; milhenry Henry; milhenry Henry; milhenry Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic *,Q D K Leakage inductance Dielectric flux Electric quantity or charge Dielectric density Dielectric field inten- Lines of dielectric force Coulombs Dielectric lines per cm.2 Coulombs per cm.2 Dielectric Dielectric Dielectric k sity Permittivity Dielectric Specific capacity 120 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TABLE OF SYMBOLS. Continued Symbol Name ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-22", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Machines: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 22, "number": 1, "location": "lines 8518-8657", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "snippets": [ "... nchronous machines the terminal voltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displaced phase armature currents, or by per- manent magnetism. The formula for the e.m.f. generated in synchronous machines, commonly called alternators, is E = S2i ...", "... ltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displaced phase armature currents, or by per- manent magnetism. The formula for the e.m.f. generated in synchronous machines, commonly called alternators, is E = S2irn3> = 4. where n is the numb ...", "... 0° = 180°, or oppo- sition for the third harmonic; that is, the third harmonics in those two Y voltages, which combine to the delta or terminal voltage, are opposite, and so neutralize each other. Even in a single turn, harmonics existing in the magnetic field and thus in the single conductor can be eliminated by fractional pitch. Thus, if the pitch of the armature turn is not 180 de- grees, but less by -> the e.m.fs. generated in the two conductors n of a single turn are not exactly in phase, but differ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-37", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 16: Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 37, "number": 16, "location": "lines 10124-10189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "snippets": [ "... ensity of the harmonic is low, that is, the voltage nearly a sine wave, and with machines of massed armature winding, as uni- tooth alternators, the reactance is high. These cross currents thus usually are noticeable only at no load, and when adjusting the field excitation of the machines for minimum current. Thus in a synchronous motor or converter, at no load, the minimum current, reached by adjusting the field, while small compared with full-load current, may be several times larger than the minimum point of the ...", "... ance is high. These cross currents thus usually are noticeable only at no load, and when adjusting the field excitation of the machines for minimum current. Thus in a synchronous motor or converter, at no load, the minimum current, reached by adjusting the field, while small compared with full-load current, may be several times larger than the minimum point of the \" V\" curve in Fig. 68, that is, the value of the energy current supplying the losses in the machine. It is only in the parallel operation of very l ...", "... ng the neutrals, a cross current flows between the machines over the neutral, which may reach very high values. Even in machines of the same wave shape, such a triple frequency current appears between the machines over the neutral, when by a difference in field excitation a difference in the phase of the third harmonic is produced. It therefore is often undesirable to ground or connect together, without any resistance, the neutrals of three-phase machines, but in systems of grounded neutral either the neutral should ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-40", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 40: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 40, "number": null, "location": "lines 10475-10519", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-40/", "snippets": [ "... lad type has the ad- vantage of greater mechanical strength, but the disadvantage of higher self-inductance in commutation, and thus requires high- resistance, carbon or graphite, commutator brushes. The iron- clad type has the advantage of lesser magnetic stray field, due FIG. 78. — Series machine. FIG. 79. — Compound machine. to the shorter gap between field pole and armature iron, and of lesser magnet distortion under load, and thus can with carbon brushes be operated with constant position of brushes at all loads ...", "... ductance in commutation, and thus requires high- resistance, carbon or graphite, commutator brushes. The iron- clad type has the advantage of lesser magnetic stray field, due FIG. 78. — Series machine. FIG. 79. — Compound machine. to the shorter gap between field pole and armature iron, and of lesser magnet distortion under load, and thus can with carbon brushes be operated with constant position of brushes at all loads. In consequence thereof, for large multipolar machines the iron- clad type of armature is best ad ...", "... s the iron- clad type of armature is best adapted; the smooth-core type is hardly ever used nowadays. Either of these types can be drum wound or ring wound. The drum winding has the advantage of lesser self-inductance and lesser distortion of the magnetic field, and is generally less difficult to construct and thus mostly preferred. By the arma- ture winding, commutating machines are divided into multiple- wound and series-wound machines. The difference between multiple and series armature winding, and their modificatio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-73", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 73: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 73, "number": null, "location": "lines 12492-12659", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-73/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-73/", "snippets": [ "... ture reaction. It is seen that at a certain definite resistance the voltage becomes zero, and for lower resistance the machine cannot generate but loses its excitation. The variation of the terminal voltage of the shunt generator with the speed at constant field resistance is shown in Fig. 115, at no load as A, and at constant current i as B. These curves are derived from the preceding ones. They show that below a certain speed, which is much higher at load than at no load, the r 50 100 150 200 ...", "... at no load, the r 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 FIG. 113. — Shunt generator load characteristic. machine cannot generate, and cannot be realized. The lower part of curve B is unstable Series Generator 72. In the series generator the field excitation is proportional to the current i, and the saturation curve A in Fig. 116 can thus be plotted with the current i as abscissas. Subtracting ab = ir, the resistance drop, from the voltage, and adding bd = iq, the armature reaction, gives a load ...", "... A / 4 I / / / v / •*- — — • A / / SO ( 10 / SPEE ->• I 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 FIG. 115. — Shunt generator speed characteristic at constant field circuit resistance." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-74", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 74: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 74, "number": null, "location": "lines 12660-12763", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "snippets": [ "... f faster at high load. A still further shift of brushes near the maximum current value even overturns the curve as shown in F. Curves E and F correspond to a very great shift of brushes, and an armature demagnetizing effect of the same magnitude as the field excitation, as realized in arc-light machines, in which the last part of the curve is used to secure inherent regulation for constant current. The resistance characteristic, that is, the dependence of the current and of the terminal voltage of the series g ...", "... loses its excitation below a certain external resistance. Compound Generator 73. The saturation curve or magnetic characteristic A, and the load saturation curves D and G of the compound generator, are shown in Fig. 118 with the ampere-turns of the shunt field 214 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING as abscissas. A is the same curve as in Fig. 109, while D and G in Fig. 118 are the corresponding curves of Fig. 109 shifted to 7000 50001 8000 1000 \\ RE ISTA.NCE ANCE \\ 200 400 60 ...", "... 1400 1600 180 FIG. 117. — Series generator resistance characteristic. ;>OQOOMMS 400 3000 1000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 FIG. 118. — Compound generator saturation curve. the left by the distance iqQ, the m.m.f. of ampere-turns of the series field. At constant position of brushes the compound generator, when" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "section_title": "Vector Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2149-2759", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ernating-current circuit is represented in vector representation by the product of the current, I, into the projection of the e.m.f., E, upon the current, or by the e.m.f., E, into the projection of the current, I, £3 Eo upon the e.m.f., or by IE cos d, where A ^,--^^'' ^ ~ angle of phase displacement. ^J,.^--^ / 19. Suppose, as an example, that in ^^ *E ^' a line having the resistance, r, and the reactance, x = 2 irfL — where / = fre- quency and L = inductance — there p, ,r> exists a current of / amp., the line being connected to a non-inductive circuit operating at a voltage of E vol ...", "... while the difference of phase in the primary cir- cuit is found to be 00 = EoOFo. 24. Thus, in Figs. 18 to 20, the diagram of a transformer is drawn for the same secondary e.m.f., E^, secondary current, /i, and therefore secondary m.m.f., Fi, but with different conditions of secondary phase displacement: VECTOR REPRESENTATION 29 In Fig. 18 the secondary current, /i, lags 60° behind the sec- ondary e.m.f., El. In Fig. 19, the secondary current, /i, is in phase with the sec- ondary e.m.f., El. In Fig. 20 the secondary current, /i, leads by 60° the secondary e.m.f.. El. These diagra ...", "... tive load. Ei-* At the same time we see that a difference of phase existing in the secondary circuit of a transformer reappears in the primary circuit, somewhat decreased, if the current is leading, and slightly increased if lagging in phase. Later we shall see that hysteresis reduces the displacement in the primary circuit, so that, with an excessive lag in the secondary circuit, the lag in the primary circuit may be less than in the secondary. A conclusion from the foregoing is that the transformer is not suitable for producing currents of displaced phase, since primary and secondary cur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "section_title": "Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 10583-12397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... r effect on the overload capacity, and reduces the maximum output so that the motor drops out of step, or starts surging, due to the approach to the stability limit of the entire system. In this case, with syn- INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION 143 chronous motors and converters, increase of their field excita- tion frequently restores their steadiness by producing leading currents and thereby increasing the power-carrying capacity of the supply system, while with surging caused by instability of the synchronous motor the leading currents produced by increase of field excitation increase the ...", "... rters, increase of their field excita- tion frequently restores their steadiness by producing leading currents and thereby increasing the power-carrying capacity of the supply system, while with surging caused by instability of the synchronous motor the leading currents produced by increase of field excitation increase the surging, and lowering the field excitation tends toward steadiness.", "... estores their steadiness by producing leading currents and thereby increasing the power-carrying capacity of the supply system, while with surging caused by instability of the synchronous motor the leading currents produced by increase of field excitation increase the surging, and lowering the field excitation tends toward steadiness." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 21382-22633", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... of the speed curve unstable, and on other kinds of load no instability may exist, or a different form of instability. Thus, considering a load requiring a torque proportional to 206 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS the speed, such as would be given, approximately, by an electric generator at constant field excitation and constant resistance as load. The load-torque curves, then, would be straight lines going through the origin, as shown by D'l, D'i,D't, etc., for increasingly larger values of load, in Fig. 103. The motor-torque curve, D, ia the same as in Fig. 102. As seen, all the lines, ly, i ...", "... e, Wi, then shows the energy losses resulting from the oscillation of speed (hysteresis and eddies in the pole faces, currents in damper windings), that is, the damping power, assumed as proportional to the square of the speed. If there is no lag of the synchronizing force behind the position displacement, the synchronizing force, that is, the force which tends to bring the rotor back from a position behind or ahead of the position corresponding to the load, would be — or may ap- proximately be assumed as — proportional to the position dis- placement, p, but with reverse sign, positive for accel ...", "... ECTRIC CIRCUITS Let P = lag of synchronizing force behind position displace- ment p (12) and /3 = (joto (13) where ^0 = time lag of synchronizing force. (14) The synchronizing force then is F = bpoe-*'* cos (<^ - /3) (15) where 6 = — = ratio of synchronizing force to po- sition displacement, or specific synchronizing force. (16) The synchronizing power then is W2 = Fv = bcopoAe-^\"^ sin (0 + a) cos (<^ - /3). (17) The oscillating mechanical power is d mv^ dv dt e d4 = mco/Spo'^A^e-^ «* sin (0 + a) {cos {4i-\\' a) - a sin (<^ + a)} (18) where m = moving mass reduced to th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 29302-30428", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... versed value, between f (cos a + 1) and F(cos a — 1), where cos a is the power-factor of the single-phase load. Especially in alternators of very high armature reaction, as modern steam-turbine alternators, a pulsation of the armatiu^ reaction is very objectionable. It causes a pulsation of the field flux, leading to excessive eddy-current losses and consequent re- duction of the output. The use of a squirrel-cage winding in the 314 LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 315 field pole faces of the single-phase alternator reduces the pulsation of the field flux, but also increases the mome ...", "... -turbine alternators, a pulsation of the armatiu^ reaction is very objectionable. It causes a pulsation of the field flux, leading to excessive eddy-current losses and consequent re- duction of the output. The use of a squirrel-cage winding in the 314 LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 315 field pole faces of the single-phase alternator reduces the pulsation of the field flux, but also increases the momentary short-circuit stresses. Thus, it is of interest to study the question of balancing unbal- anced polyphase circuits by stationary energy-storing devices, as reactor or condenser. ...", "... ble. It causes a pulsation of the field flux, leading to excessive eddy-current losses and consequent re- duction of the output. The use of a squirrel-cage winding in the 314 LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 315 field pole faces of the single-phase alternator reduces the pulsation of the field flux, but also increases the momentary short-circuit stresses. Thus, it is of interest to study the question of balancing unbal- anced polyphase circuits by stationary energy-storing devices, as reactor or condenser. 164. Let a voltage, e = E cos (1) be impressed upon a non-inductive ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "section_title": "Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 30429-31656", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "medium", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 172. If an uninsulated electric circuit is immersed in a high- resistance conducting medium, such as water, the current does not remain entirely in the \"circuit,*' but more or less leaks through the surrounding medium. The current, then^ is not the same throughout the entire circuit, but varies from point to point: the currents at two points of the circuit differ from each other by t ...", "CHAPTER XVII CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 172. If an uninsulated electric circuit is immersed in a high- resistance conducting medium, such as water, the current does not remain entirely in the \"circuit,*' but more or less leaks through the surrounding medium. The current, then^ is not the same throughout the entire circuit, but varies from point to point: the currents at two points of the circuit differ from each other by the current which leaks from the circuit between these two points. Such circuits with distributed leakage are the rail return c ...", "... n- ditions such a circuit thus is one of distributed series resistance and shunted conductance. Inductance also is absent with the current induced in the cable armor by an alternating current traversing the cable conductor, 330 CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 331 and with all low- and medium-voltage conductors, with the com- mercial frequencies of alternating currents, the capacity effects are so small as to be negligible. In high-voltage conductors, such as transmission lines, etc., in general, capacity and inductance require consideration as well as resistance and shunted condu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents,", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5312-6797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "pressure", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... and in units of larger size frequencies from 10 to 125 cycles. Frequencies below 10 cycles are available by commutating machines with low frequency excitation. Above 125 cycles the difficulties rapidly increase, due to the great number of poles, high periph- eral speed, high power required for field excitation, poor regu- lation due to the massing of the conductors, which is required because of the small pitch per pole of the machine, etc., so that 1000 cycles probably is the limit of generation of constant potential alternating currents of appreciable power and at fair efficiency. For sm ...", "... ting products of the spark in the gap e0 to dissipate. This latter takes a con- siderable time, and an air blast directed against the spark gap e0, by carrying away the products of the discharge, permits a more rapid recurrence of the discharge. The velocity of the air blast (and therefore the pressure of the air) must be such as to carry the ionized air or the metal vapors which the discharge forms in the gap e0 out of the discharge path faster than the con- denser recharges. Assuming, for instance, the spark gap, e0, set for 20,000 volts, or about 0.75 in., the motion of the air blast dur ...", "... discharges then should be large compared with 0.75 in., hence at least 3 to 6 in. With 1000 discharges per second, this would require an air velocity of v = 250 to 500 feet per second, with 5000 discharges per second an air velocity of v = 1250 to 2500 feet per second, corresponding to an air pressure of approximately p = 14.7 { (1 + 2 w2 10 - 7)3'5 - 1 } lb. per sq. in., or 0.66 to 2.75 Ib. in the first, 23 to 230 lb. in the second case. 76 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA While the condenser charge may be oscillatory or logarithmic, efficiency requires a low value of r, that is, an oscillatory char ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 1, "location": "lines 15354-15625", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... ifiers. Mechanical rectification by a commutator driven by a separate synchronous motor has not yet found any industrial application. Rectification by a commuta- tor driven by the generator of the alternating voltage has found very extended and important industrial use in the excitation of the field, or a part of the field (the series field) of alternators and synchronous motors, and especially in the constant-current arc machine. The Brush arc machine is a quarter-phase alternator connected to a rectifying commutator on the armature shaft, and the Thomson-Houston arc machine is a star-con ...", "... fication by a commutator driven by a separate synchronous motor has not yet found any industrial application. Rectification by a commuta- tor driven by the generator of the alternating voltage has found very extended and important industrial use in the excitation of the field, or a part of the field (the series field) of alternators and synchronous motors, and especially in the constant-current arc machine. The Brush arc machine is a quarter-phase alternator connected to a rectifying commutator on the armature shaft, and the Thomson-Houston arc machine is a star-connected three-phase alte ...", "... mutator driven by a separate synchronous motor has not yet found any industrial application. Rectification by a commuta- tor driven by the generator of the alternating voltage has found very extended and important industrial use in the excitation of the field, or a part of the field (the series field) of alternators and synchronous motors, and especially in the constant-current arc machine. The Brush arc machine is a quarter-phase alternator connected to a rectifying commutator on the armature shaft, and the Thomson-Houston arc machine is a star-connected three-phase alternator connected t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-46", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 46, "number": 6, "location": "lines 23948-24980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "fields", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "snippets": [ "... e change of magnetic flux in the iron, and to avoid energy losses and demagnetization by the currents produced by these e.m.fs. the iron has to be subdivided in the direction in which the currents would exist, that is, at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. Hence, alternating magnetic fields and magnetic structures desired to respond very quickly to changes of m.m.f. are built of thin wires or thin iron sheets, that is, are laminated. Since the generated e.m.fs. are proportional to the frequency of the alternating magnetism, the laminations must be finer the higher the frequency. ...", "... .f., the resultant m.m.f. decreases, due to the increase of the demagnetizing secondary currents, this simulates the effect of a viscous hysteresis. Frequently also, for mechanical reasons, iron sheets of greater thickness than would give uniform flux density have to be used in an alternating field. Since rapidly varying magnetic fields usually are alternating, and the subdivision of the iron is usually by lamination, it will be sufficient to consider as illustration of the method the dis- tribution of alternating magnetic flux in iron laminations. 49. Let Fig. 92 represent the section ...", "... to the increase of the demagnetizing secondary currents, this simulates the effect of a viscous hysteresis. Frequently also, for mechanical reasons, iron sheets of greater thickness than would give uniform flux density have to be used in an alternating field. Since rapidly varying magnetic fields usually are alternating, and the subdivision of the iron is usually by lamination, it will be sufficient to consider as illustration of the method the dis- tribution of alternating magnetic flux in iron laminations. 49. Let Fig. 92 represent the section of a lamination. The alternating magnet ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "section_title": "General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "number": 1, "location": "lines 27761-28694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "medium", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "snippets": [ "... or the power component of the e.m.f. consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating current, the voltage, ir, in phase with the current. L = effective inductance, representing the energy storage i2L depending upon the current, - — , as electromagnetic component & of the electric field; or the voltage generated due to the change of the current, L — , that is, with an alternating current, the at reactive voltage consumed in the circuit - jxi, where x = 2 nfL and / = frequency. g = effective (shunted) conductance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depend ...", "... age, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating voltage, the current, eg, in phase with the voltage. C = effective capacity, representing the energy storage e*C depending upon the voltage, — , as electrostatic component of the electric field; or the current consumed by a change of the de voltage, C — , that is, with an alternating voltage, the (leading) dt reactive current consumed in the circuit - jbe, where 6 = 2 and / = frequency. 417 418 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA In the investigation of electric circuits, these four consta ...", "... **+•••*> or that is, the phase of the oscillation or alternation moves along the circuit with the speed — *., or, in other words, (15) is the speed of propagation of the electric phenomenon in the cir- cuit. (If no energy losses occur, r = 0, g = 0, in a straight con- ductor in a medium of unit magnetic and dielectric constant, that is, unit permeability and unit inductive capacity, S is the velocity of light.) 4. Since (11) is a quadratic equation, several pairs or corre- sponding values of a and b exist, which, in the most general case, are complex imaginary. The terms wit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 2: The Epoch of the French Revolution", "section_title": "The Epoch of the French Revolution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 2, "location": "lines 627-873", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... Europe's most aristocratic rulers of to-day are the descendants of common folk, put on the throne by the country lawyer's son. The Russian winter — not the Russian army — broke the spell of victory of France, and on the AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH battle-field of Waterloo finally tlie Prussian army under Blueclier saved tlie British army and turned defeat into victory, and France was conquered. But not so the new idea. The defeat of France had become possible only by the adop- tion of the new idea of liberty ...", "... d is the history of in- dustry, arts, and commerce, and war and revo- lution, conquest and defeat, are merely the out- 17 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH ward appearances, the signs or mark-stones of the true history of the human race, which is made on the fields and farms, in the factories and workshops, in the business houses and shipping-offices. Ill THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA: FROM COMPETITION TO CO-OPERATION THE epoch of the French Revolution, ush- ered in by the declaration of the rights of man — liherte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 7: The Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "The Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3207-3740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... ndustrial nations. Though France was unable to compete with England or Germany in supplying the standard industrial products to the world's markets, the inborn artistic temperament of the French na- tion made France successful in a limited but very profitable field, and in all those industries in which an artistic sense is necessary France became, and is to-day, predominant in the markets of the world, and has no competition to fear. Thus the waves of the conflict for industrial supremacy between England, Germany, a ...", "... member, had to be pulled along by her two stronger neighbors, Germany 9G OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS and Hungary. Thus when in the first year of the war Austria's military organization broke down, Germany reorganized the armies; when, later on, the economic pressure resulting from the food blockade threatened Austria, Germany again had to organize Austria's internal economy. Austria, however, was the leading nation in central Europe before Germany. Her emperor is of the oldest and most exclusive roj^al family-, her nobil ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 9: America in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "America in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4268-4715", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... rly competing corporations came, and the individualistic era seemed to approach its end, the co-operative era to arrive. The fundamental jirinciple of industrial co- operation between corporations in the same or 120 AMERICA IN THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA similar fields comprise control of production; control of prices; interchange of information. Control of production 7neans: Elimination of the constantly recurring periods of business depression and business boom, by restricting excessive production in boom times, and main- ...", "... pervisory U5 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH power, in our country, as was represented by the central Govermncnt in Germany; our Govern- ments, from the federal down to the municipal, are not organized for constructive activity, and thus their entrance in the field is largely inhibi- tory, liable to disorganize by interference. The tariff wall excluded the check afforded by com- petition with other nations. Thus over-capi- talization was frequent, and seriously handi- capped some corporations for years, until their business ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Evolution: Political Government", "section_title": "Evolution: Political Government", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 12, "location": "lines 5328-5797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... undertaken and accomplished by American national engineering societies, and from here has spread to other countries and is now concentrally beginning to reach our Gov- ernment. The movement for industrial safety originated and developed in this manner. In the field of morality and temperance, national societies have been active, also, though perhaps not always wisely. However, the organization of even the largest national societies necessarily is so limited that with the exceptions of certain definite fields of activity ...", "... nner. In the field of morality and temperance, national societies have been active, also, though perhaps not always wisely. However, the organization of even the largest national societies necessarily is so limited that with the exceptions of certain definite fields of activity they cannot be counted upon for more than assistance and co-operation in the indus- trial reorganization of the nation." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6125-6803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "tension", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... resented a circuit consist- ing of step-up transformer, transmission line, and load. (The load, consisting of step-down transformer and its secondary cir- cuit, may for convenience be considered as one circuit section.) Assume now that the circuit is disconnected from the power sup- ply by low-tension switches, at A. This leaves transformer, line, and load as a compound oscillating circuit, consisting of four sections : the high-tension coil of the step-up transformer, the two lines, and the load. Let then Xi = length of line, X2 = length of transformer circuit, and X3 = length of load cir ...", "... s secondary cir- cuit, may for convenience be considered as one circuit section.) Assume now that the circuit is disconnected from the power sup- ply by low-tension switches, at A. This leaves transformer, line, and load as a compound oscillating circuit, consisting of four sections : the high-tension coil of the step-up transformer, the two lines, and the load. Let then Xi = length of line, X2 = length of transformer circuit, and X3 = length of load circuit, in velocity measure.* If then * If Zi = length of circuit section in any measure, and Lo = inductance, Co = capacity per unit of le ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5521-6088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "tension", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... resented a circuit consist- ing of step-up transformer, transmission line, and load. (The load, consisting of step-down transformer and its secondary cir- cuit, may for convenience be considered as one circuit section.) Assume now that the circuit is disconnected from the power sup- ply by low-tension switches, at A. This leaves transformer, line, and load as a compound oscillating circuit, consisting of four sections: the high-tension coil of the step-up transformer, the two lines, and the load. Let then Xi = length of line, X2 = length of transformer circuit, and Xs = length of load circ ...", "... ts secondary cir- cuit, may for convenience be considered as one circuit section.) Assume now that the circuit is disconnected from the power sup- ply by low-tension switches, at A. This leaves transformer, line, and load as a compound oscillating circuit, consisting of four sections: the high-tension coil of the step-up transformer, the two lines, and the load. Let then Xi = length of line, X2 = length of transformer circuit, and Xs = length of load circuit, in velocity measure.* If then * If Zi = length of circuit section in any measure, and L0 = inductance, Co = capacity per unit of le ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... NCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the former varying with the voltage, the latter with the current in the line. Any change of the voltage on the line, or the curren ...", "... wer of these oscillations ulti- mately conies from the generators, it is not the generator wave nor one of its harmonics which builds up, as discussed in the previous lectures; but the generator merely supplies the energy, which is stored as electrostatic charge of the capacity and as magnetic field of the inductance, and the readjustment of this stored energy to the change of circuit conditions then gives the oscillation. These oscillating voltages and currents, adding to the generator voltage and current, thus increase the voltage and the current the more, the greater the intensity of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Electric Railway", "section_title": "Electric Railway", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 5295-7123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "snippets": [ "... is always in control. In elevator work the series motor is objectionable, due to the unlimited speed ; therefore a limited speed motor is neces- sary. In elevators frequent stops, and so efficient acceleration are necessary; therefore a compound motor is best, that is, a motor having a shunt field to limit the speed and a series field (which is ait out after starting) to give efficient acceleration.", "... ork the series motor is objectionable, due to the unlimited speed ; therefore a limited speed motor is neces- sary. In elevators frequent stops, and so efficient acceleration are necessary; therefore a compound motor is best, that is, a motor having a shunt field to limit the speed and a series field (which is ait out after starting) to give efficient acceleration." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "section_title": "Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 8511-9388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "pressure", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... ht caused by minor fluctuations of sup- ply voltage eliminate by appearing in both sources L and S. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 171 For similar reasons, when testing gas lamps or other flames, L, as S, a flame standard, as the pentane lamp, is used, so that the effect of barometric pressure, humidity of the air, etc., appears in both lamps and thereby does not appreciably affect the comparison of their light. A quick and approximate method of comparison of sources of light is given by the shadow photometer by moving an object between the two lamps until the two shadows of the o ...", "... satisfactory. The only primary standard which has found extensive and international use is the amyl-acetate lamp of Hefner. This is a lamp burning arnyl acetate at a definite rate, with a definite 178 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. height of flame and definite conditions regarding air pressure and humidity. This Hefner lamp, or German candle, equals about 90 per cent of the British candle and equals 90 per cent of the international candle. Amyl acetate has been chosen, as it can easily be produced in chemical purity, and gives a good luminous flame. The flame, however, is somewhat r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Light Flux And Distribution", "section_title": "Light Flux And Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9389-12573", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... 1.47 1.90 2.09 5.44 4.88 4.98 90 0 0.75 1.37 2.00 5.51 4.94 4.94 100 0.39 1.00 110 0 09 0 07 120 0 0.04 130 0 02 140 0 005 150 0 77. SHADOWS. 93. The radiator of an illuminant can rarely be arranged so that no opaque bodies exist in its field of light flux and obstruct some light, that is, cast shadows. As the result of shadows, the distribution of intensity of the illuminant differs more or less from that of its radiator, and the total light flux is less. The most common form of shadow is the round shadow sym- metrical with the a ...", "... ite arc, which is designed of the type of Fig. 89 for the purpose of giving more nearly uniform illumination in street lighting. LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. 221 IV. DIFFRACTION, DIFFUSION, AND REFRACTION. 99. Many radiators are of too high a brilliancy to permit their use directly in the field of vision when reasonably good illumination is desired. A reduction of the brilliancy of the illuminant by increasing the size of the virtual radiator thus becomes necessary. This is accomplished by surrounding the radiator by a diffracting, diffusing, or prismatically refracting envelope. D ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-112", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 112, "number": 6, "location": "lines 21647-21812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "snippets": [ "... induction machine the motor or generator action occurs in one primary circuit only, but in the direction in quadrature to the primary circuit there is a mere magnetizing current either in the secondary, in the single-phase motor proper, or in an auxiliary field-circuit, in the monocyclic motor. The motor and generator action can occur, however, simul- taneously in the same machine, some of the primary circuits acting as motor, others as generator circuits. Thus, if one of the two circuits of a quarter-phase inducti ...", "... y unity over the whole range of load. At the same time, since the condenser current is derived by double 354 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING transformation in the multitooth structure of the induction machine, which has a practically uniform magnetic field, irre- spective of the shape of the primary impressed e.m.f. wave, the application of the condenser becomes feasible irrespective of the wave shape of the generator. Usually the tertiary circuit in this case is arranged on an angle of 60 deg. with the pri ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-13", "section_label": "Theory Section 13: Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 4465-5263", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "snippets": [ "... — • In triangle EOEi we have sin E\\OE -T- sin E\\EO = .E^n -f- EiO ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 71 thus, writing £ E&E = 0\", we have sin 0\" -4- sin (0' - 0i) = hz + Ei, wherefrom we get % 6\", and £ E1OIl = 6 = 0, + 0\", the phase displacement between secondary current and secondary e.m.f. FIG. 37. — Vector diagram of transformer with leading load current. In triangle O/oo/o we have since and 0/02 = O/oo2 + /oo/o2 - 2 O/oo/oo/o COS O/oo/o, £ #i00 = 90°, $ O/oo/o = 90 + 0 + a, J00/ ...", "... 9 I *^UO*0 /„ / „ s £V = ^2\" + ^02^02 H COS (00 — 02). In triangle OE'EQ sin E'OEo -T- sin thus, writing we have sin Q'\\ + sin (0'0 - 02) = /o£o ^ ^0; herefrom we get ^ 0\"i, and ^ 00 = 02 + 0\"l, the phase displacement between primary current and impressed e.m.f. As seen, the trigonometric method of transformer calculation is rather complicated. 62. Somewhat simpler is the algebraic method of resolving into rectangular components. Considering first the secondary circuit, of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-56", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 11387-11400", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-56/", "snippets": [ "... etic Flux 53. With slotted armatures the pole face density opposite the armature slots is less than that opposite the armature teeth, due to the greater distance of the air path in the former case. Thus, with the passage of the armature slots across the field pole a local pulsation of the magnetic flux in the pole face is produced, which, while harmless with laminated field pole faces, generates eddy currents in solid pole pieces. The frequency of this pul- sation is extremely high, and thus the energy loss due ...", "... armature teeth, due to the greater distance of the air path in the former case. Thus, with the passage of the armature slots across the field pole a local pulsation of the magnetic flux in the pole face is produced, which, while harmless with laminated field pole faces, generates eddy currents in solid pole pieces. The frequency of this pul- sation is extremely high, and thus the energy loss due to eddy currents in the 'pole faces may be considerable, even with pul- sations of small amplitude. If S = peripheral ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-57", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 57: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 57, "number": null, "location": "lines 11401-11540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "snippets": [ "... •B' -3 n FIG. 103.— I < « i slots on flu Iffect of B distribution. V + 1*2 The average flux is 7525; that is, by cutting half the armature surface away by slots of a width equal to twice the length of air gap, the total flux under the field pole is reduced only in the proportion 8000 to 7525, or about 6 per cent. The flux B pulsating between 8000 and 5700 is equivalent to a uniform flux B\\ = 7525 superposed with an alternating flux FIG. 104. — Effect of slots on flux distribution. BO, ...", "... rds production of eddy currents, be replaced by the equivalent sine wave B0o, that is, a sine wave having the same effective value (or square root of mean square). The effective value is 718. The pulsation of magnetic flux farther in the interior of the field-pole face can be approximated by drawing curves equi- 192 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING distant from BQ. Thus the curves #0.5, BI> ^1.5, #2, #2.5, and B3 are drawn equidistant from B0 in the relative distances 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 (where ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-65", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 65, "number": 13, "location": "lines 11905-11980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "snippets": [ "... brush, and the current iQ in the coil begins to die out, or rather to change at a rate depending upon the internal resistance and the inductance of the coil A and the e.m.f. gener- ated in the coil by the magnetic flux of armature reaction and by the field magnetic flux. The higher the internal resistance the faster is the change of current, and the higher the inductance the slower the current changes. Thus two cases have to be dis- tinguished. 1. No magnetic flux enters the armature at the position o ...", "... der commutation, except that of its own self-inductance. In this case the commutation is entirely determined by the induc- tance and resistance of the armature coil A, and is called re- sistance commutation. 2. Commutation takes place in an active magnetic field; that" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-72", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 72: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generators", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generators", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 72, "number": null, "location": "lines 12400-12491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-72/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-72/", "snippets": [ "A. GENERATORS 209 Separately Excited and Magneto Generator 70. In a separately excited or magneto machine, that is, a machine with constant field excitation FQ) a demagnetization \\ \\\\ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 FIG. 111. — Separately excited or magneto-generator demagnetization curve and load characteristic with constant shift of brushes. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ...", "... or constant coefficient of armature reaction, and as B for a coefficient of armature reac- tion varying with the voltage in the way as shown in G, Fig. 109. The construction of these curves is as follows: In Fig. 109, og is the straight line giving the field excitation oh as function of the terminal voltage hg (the former obviously being proportional to the latter in the shunt machine). The open-circuit or no-load voltage of the machine is then kq. Drawing gl parallel to da (assuming constant coefficient of ar ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-75", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 75: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 75, "number": null, "location": "lines 12764-12779", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-75/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-75/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 215 adjusted for the same voltage at no load and at full load, under- compounds at higher and over-compounds at lower voltage, and even at open circuit of the shunt field gives still a voltage op as series generator. When shifting the brushes under load, at lower voltage a second point g is reached where the machine compounds correctly, and below this point the machine under-compounds and loses its excitation when the shunt ...", "... gives still a voltage op as series generator. When shifting the brushes under load, at lower voltage a second point g is reached where the machine compounds correctly, and below this point the machine under-compounds and loses its excitation when the shunt field decreases below a certain value; that is, it does not excite itself as series generator." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-77", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 77: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 77, "number": null, "location": "lines 12929-13007", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-77/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-77/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 217 This speed curve corresponds to a constant position of brushes midway between the field poles, as generally used in railway motors and other series motors. If the brushes have a constant shift or are shifted proportionally to the load, instead of the saturation curve A in Fig. 121 a curve is to be used correspond- ing to the position of br ...", "... differential compounding. Cumulative compounding is used to a considerable extent, as in elevator motors, etc., to secure economy of current in starting and at high loads at the sacrifice of speed regulation; that is, a compound motor with cumulative series field stands in its speed and torque characteristic intermediate between the shunt motor and the series motor. 218 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Differential compounding is used to secure constancy of speed with varying load, but to a small extent only, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-95", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Alternating-current Transformer: General", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 95, "number": 1, "location": "lines 16804-16911", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "medium", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "snippets": [ "... higher. Instead of the expression \"primary\" and \"secondary,\" constructively it therefore is preferable to speak of \"high voltage winding\" and \"low voltage winding.\" 111. The foremost use of the transformer therefore is for changing of the voltage: From the medium high primary distribution voltage (2300) to the low secondary consumer voltage (110, 220). From the high transmission (30 to 150 kilovolts) to the primary distribution voltage (2300) or the voltage required by syn- chronous motor, synchronous converter, etc. ...", "... tribution voltage (2300) to the low secondary consumer voltage (110, 220). From the high transmission (30 to 150 kilovolts) to the primary distribution voltage (2300) or the voltage required by syn- chronous motor, synchronous converter, etc. From the low or medium high generator voltage to the high transmission voltage. Other occasional uses of transformers are: To electrically tie systems together, so as to permit exchange of power between them, and synchronous operation. In this case, depending on the distribution o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1120-1683", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... rrounding each n turns of the n 1/ conductor, and thereby giving ^ = ~^ interlinkages between Oi. the magnetic and electric circuits. Hence the inductance is _ $ _ n^ ~ i ~ (R ' The fundamental law of electromagnetic induction is, that the e.m.f. generated in a conductor by a magnetic field is pro- portional to the rate of cutting of the conductor through the magnetic field. Hence, if i is the current and L is the inductance of a cir- cuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, i, is Li, and 4/L* is consequently the average rate of cutting; that is, the numbe ...", "... s between Oi. the magnetic and electric circuits. Hence the inductance is _ $ _ n^ ~ i ~ (R ' The fundamental law of electromagnetic induction is, that the e.m.f. generated in a conductor by a magnetic field is pro- portional to the rate of cutting of the conductor through the magnetic field. Hence, if i is the current and L is the inductance of a cir- cuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, i, is Li, and 4/L* is consequently the average rate of cutting; that is, the number of lines of force cut by the conductor per second, where / = frequency, or number of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 10718-13483", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... r other magnetic material, energy is expended outside of the con- ductor in the iron, by a kind of molecular friction, which, when the energy is supplied electrically, appears as magnetic hysteresis, and is caused by the cyclic reversals of magnetic flux in the iron in the alternating magnetic field. To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductive reactance, but negligible true ohmic resistance; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. ...", "... are of the number of turns, n. 100. In a circuit containing iron, the reluctance, (R, varies with the magnetization; that is, with the e.m.f. Hence the admittance of such a circuit is not a constant, but is also variable. In an ironclad electric circuit — that is, a circuit whose mag- netic field exists entirely within iron, such as the magnetic cir- cuit of a well-designed alternating-current transformer — (R is the reluctance of the iron circuit. Hence, if /* = permeability since Fk and and ^= $ F IF ^ ^ IH ^ m.m.f., $ = A(B = fiAH =^ magnetic flux, 10 Z . (R = 4: ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Induction Generators", "section_title": "Induction Generators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 20446-21537", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... enerator. When operating self-exciting, that is, shunt-wound, con- verters from the induction generator, below saturation of both the converter and the induction generator, the conditions are unstable also, and the voltage of one of the two machines must rise beyond saturation of its magnetic field. When operating in parallel with synchronous alternating cur- rent generators, the induction generator obviously takes its leading exciting current from the synchronous alternator, which thus carries a lagging wattless current. 175. To generate constant frequency, the speed of the in- ducti ...", "... 0.01 - 0.1 i; Zq = 0.1 + 0.3 j, and Zi = 0.1 + 0.3i. 176. As an example may be considered a power transmission from an induction generator of constants Yq, Zq, Zi, over a line of impedance, Z = r + jx, into a synchronous motor of synchronous impedance, Z2 = r2 -\\- JX2, operating at constant- field excitation. Let Co = counter e.m.f. or nominal generated e.m.f. of syn- chronous motor at full frequency; that is, frequency of synchro- nism with the speed of the induction generator. By the preced- ing paragraph the primary current of the induction generator was, 7o = e(bi - J62) ; the pr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 33011-34776", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... the waves as replaced by their equivalent sine waves, from the sine wave formula, p^ + qo^ = 1, the inductance factor would be, Qo = 0.914, and the phase angle, tan d = ^ = ^-^I^ = 2.8, 6 = 65.4°, p 0.418 ' 25 386 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA giving apparently a very great phase displacement, while in reality, of the 41.85 amp. total current, 40 amp. (the current of the third harmonic) are in phase with their e.m.f. We thus have here a case of a circuit with complex harmonic waves which cannot be represented by their equivalent sine waves. The relative magnitudes of the different ...", "... y their equivalent sine waves. The relative magnitudes of the different harmonics in the wave of current and of e.m.f. differ essentially, and the circuit has simultaneously a very low power-factor and a very low inductance factor; that is, a low power-factor exists without corresponding phase displacement, the circuit-factor being less than one-half. Such circuits, for instance, are those including alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, react- ances with over-saturated magnetic circuit, high potential lines in which the maximum difference of potential exceeds the co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1224-1727", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... rounding each n turns of the conductor, and thereby giving ^ = n^i I (^ interlinkages between the magnetic and electric circuits. Hence the inductance is L = ^ / 1 = n^ / iR. The fundamental law of electro-magnetic induction is, that the E.M.F. induced in a conductor by a varying mag- netic field is the rate of cutting of the conductor through the magnetic field. Hence, if / is the current, and L is the inductance of a circuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, /, is Lt, and 4 NLt is consequently the average rate of cutting ; that is, the number of lines of forc ...", "... i I (^ interlinkages between the magnetic and electric circuits. Hence the inductance is L = ^ / 1 = n^ / iR. The fundamental law of electro-magnetic induction is, that the E.M.F. induced in a conductor by a varying mag- netic field is the rate of cutting of the conductor through the magnetic field. Hence, if / is the current, and L is the inductance of a circuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, /, is Lt, and 4 NLt is consequently the average rate of cutting ; that is, the number of lines of force cut by the conductor per second, where JV= frequency, or number ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "section_title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2122-2743", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... he primary circuit is found to be >^ a»^ = EjOA, 22. Thus, in Figs. 18, 19, and 20, the diagram of an ^temating-current transformer is drawn for the same sec- 122] GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 31 •ondary E.M.F., E^^ and secondary current, /j, but with dif- ferent conditions of secondary displacement : -. — In Fig. 18, the secondary current, f^ , lags 60° behind the sec- ondary E.M.F., Ex, In Fig. 19, the secondary current, /i, is in phase with the secondary E.M.F., Ey. In Fig. 20, the secondary current, I^ , leads by 60** the second- ary E.M.F., E^, Ef« — -« — These diagrams sho ...", "... me time we see that a difference of phase existing in the secondary circuit of a transformer reappears / V 82 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 22 in the primary circuit, somewhat decreased if leading, and slightly increased if lagging. Later we shall see that hysteresis reduces the displacement in the primary circuit, so that, with an excessive lag in the secondary circuit, the lag in the primary circuit may be less than in the secondary. A conclusion from the foregoing is that the transformer is not suitable for producing currents of displaced phase ; since primary and secondary cur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: F", "section_title": "F", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 8269-10499", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "field of force", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... or other magnetic material, energy is expended outside of the conductor in the iron, by a kind of molecular friction, which, when the energy is supplied electrically, appears as magnetic hysteresis, and is caused by the cyclic reversals of magnetic flux in the iron in the alternating magnetic field of force. To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductance, but negligible true ohmic resistance ; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave ...", "... square of the number of tums^ n. 82. In a circuit containing iron, the reluctance, (R, varies with the magnetization; that is, with the E.M.F. Hence the admittance of such a circuit is not a constant, but is also variable. In an ironclad electric circuit, — that is, a circuit whose magnetic field exists entirely within iron, such as the mag- netic circuit of a well-designed alternating-current trans- J 82] EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 123 former, — (R is the reluctance of the iron circuit. Hence, if ;x = permeability, since — and $F^ = Z-F= :?^Z3C = M.M.F., * = 5CB = /A 5 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "section_title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 27501-29124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... .414 YZ + 2.414 K*Z« (5> Hence, the balanced quarter-phase system with common return is unbalanced with regard to voltage and phase rela- tion, or in other words, even if in a quarter-phase system with common return both branches or phases are loaded equally, with a load of the same phase displacement, nevertheless, the system becomes unbalanced, and the two E.M.Fs. at the end of the line are neither equal in magnitude, nor in quadrature with each other. »2ee] QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM. 397 B. One branch loaded^ one unloaded, /^\\ ^= ^2 ^= ^ \\ K, = 0, i; = K r, = K, Kj = 0. Subst ...", "... the expansion of the system of numbers has become neces- sary, into Positive and negative numbers. Integral numbers and fractions. Rational and irrational numbers. S 274] COMPLEX IMAGINARY QUANTITIES, 405 Real and imaginary numbers and complex imagmary numbers. ^ Therewith closes the field of algebra, and all the alge- braic operations and their reverse operations can be carried out irrespective of the values of terms entering the opera- tion. Thus within the range of algebra no further extension of the system of numbers is necessary or possible, and the most general number is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 963-1366", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... rounding each n turns of the conductor, and thereby giving <1> =: ;/2//(R interlinkages between the magnetic and electric circuits. Hence the inductance is L = $/ i = ;/2/(R. The fundamental law of electro-magnetic induction is, that the E.M.F. induced in a conductor by a varying mag- netic field is the rate of cutting of the conductor through the magnetic field. Hence, if / is the current, and L is the inductance of a circuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, z, is Li, and 4 NLi is consequently the average rate of cutting ; that is, the number of lines of forc ...", "... ;/2//(R interlinkages between the magnetic and electric circuits. Hence the inductance is L = $/ i = ;/2/(R. The fundamental law of electro-magnetic induction is, that the E.M.F. induced in a conductor by a varying mag- netic field is the rate of cutting of the conductor through the magnetic field. Hence, if / is the current, and L is the inductance of a circuit, the magnetic flux interlinked with a circuit of current, z, is Li, and 4 NLi is consequently the average rate of cutting ; that is, the number of lines of force cut by the conductor per second, where N ' = frequency, or numbe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Representation", "section_title": "Graphic Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1743-2321", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... se in the primary circuit is found to be <30 = E0OF0. 22. Thus, in Figs 18 to 20, the diagram of a trans- former is drawn for the same secondary E.M.F., Ev sec- GRAPHIC REPRESENTA TION. 31 ondary current, 7L and therefore secondary M.M.F., &v but with different conditions of secondary displacement : — In Fig. 18, the secondary current, /i , lags 60° behind the sec- ondary E.M.F., EI. In Fig. 19, the secondary current, 71} is in phase with the secondary E.M.F., El. In Fig. 20, the secondary current, 7: , leads by 60° the second- ary E.M.F., £lf These diagrams show that lag in the ...", "... oad. At the same time we see that a difference of phase existing in the secondary circuit of a transformer reappears 32 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. in the primary circuit, somewhat decreased if leading, and slightly increased if lagging. Later we shall see that hysteresis reduces the displacement in the primary circuit, so that, with an excessive lag in the secondary circuit, the lag in the primary circuit may be less than in the secondary. A conclusion from the foregoing is that the transformer is not suitable for producing currents of displaced phase ; since primary and secondary cur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6957-8383", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... or other magnetic material, energy is expended outside of the conductor in the iron, by a kind of molecular friction, which, when the energy is supplied electrically, appears as magnetic hysteresis, and is caused by the cyclic reversals of magnetic flux in the iron in the alternating magnetic field. To examine this phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductance, but negligible true ohmic resistance ; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave ...", "... uare of the number of turns, n. 82. In a circuit containing iron, the reluctance, (R, varies with the magnetization ; that is, with the E.M.F. Hence the admittance of such a circuit is not a constant, but is also variable. In an ironclad electric circuit, — that is, a circuit whose magnetic field exists entirely within iron, such as the mag- netic circuit of a well-designed alternating-current trans- EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACl^ANCE. 123 former, — (R is the reluctance of the iron circuit. Hence, if p. = permeability, since — and g:A = jr/7=Zge = M.M.F., and The frequency at the wave length lWo is zero, since at this ...", "... eed of light, and d = the allow- ance for capacity of insulation, tie wires, supports, etc., assumed as 5 per cent. Substituting £0, and reducing to one mile and common loga- rithm, gives mf.; (134) logf lr hence, in this instance, C = 0.0162 mf. Estimating the loss in the static field of the line as 400 watts per mile of conductor gives an effective conductance, which gives the line constants per mile as r = 0.41 ohm; L = 1.95X10-3 henry; g = 0.25 X 10~6 mho, and C = 0.0162 X lO\"6 farad. Herefrom then follows :>-i.S-.S-'* a- = VLC = V31.6 X 10~6 = 5.62 X lO\"6, &0 = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-54", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations", "section_title": "Free Oscillations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 54, "number": 5, "location": "lines 31451-32708", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "snippets": [ "... omena occurring in an electric circuit or part of the circuit to which neither electric energy is supplied by some outside source nor from which electric energy is abstracted. Free oscillations thus are the transient phenomena resulting from the dissipation of the energy stored in the electric field of the circuit, or inversely, the accumulation of the energy of the electric field; and their appearance therefore presupposes the possibility of energy storage in more than one form so as to allow 478 FREE OSCILLATIONS 479 an interchange or surge of energy between its different forms, e ...", "... ric energy is supplied by some outside source nor from which electric energy is abstracted. Free oscillations thus are the transient phenomena resulting from the dissipation of the energy stored in the electric field of the circuit, or inversely, the accumulation of the energy of the electric field; and their appearance therefore presupposes the possibility of energy storage in more than one form so as to allow 478 FREE OSCILLATIONS 479 an interchange or surge of energy between its different forms, electromagnetic and electrostatic energy. Free oscillations occur only in circuits co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Eras in the World's History", "section_title": "Eras in the World's History", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 1, "location": "lines 234-626", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... gh one of those historical epochs which have clianged the organization of human society, an epoch Hke that which, begin- ning in the August night of 1789, with the declaration of the rights of man, liberie, egal- ite, f rater 7iiie, and ending on the battle-field of Waterloo, changed the world from feudalism to industrial capitalism, or that earlier epoch of the migration of the German tribes, which buried the classic civilization of ancient times under the ruins of the Roman Empire and es- tablished the feudal socie ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The American Nation", "section_title": "The American Nation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 15, "location": "lines 6598-6974", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "strain", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... -pot of the nations will be in temperament and characteristic like the British-American, will have the British view- point— or that of any other constituent nation — however much this may disappoint us. Inversely, however, we must realize that the Anglo-Saxon strain is one of the largest in the composition of the American race; that his- torically, by the previous preponderance of the Anglo-Saxon, it has exerted more influence on the molding of the new nation than any other race, and that, therefore, at least for som ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-01-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 2: Recommendations", "section_title": "Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "PDF pages 7-12, lines 145-720", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... the operation of the substations, but it would limit the short circuit to about 100,000 KVA. If then the circuit breakers can be made to open this short in less than a second, the station voltage will be only a little affected during the short, due to the great sluggishness of the turbo-alternator fields, and immediately come back to practically normal, so that it may be expected that no synchronous apparatus will be dropped out, that is, the trouble limited to the short circuited feeder cable and its substations. If, however, the short circuit holds on for several seconds, an appreciable voltage d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The General Number", "section_title": "The General Number", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 915-3491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... pressed by the plus si^n, and the result of combination thereby expressed by OB^-BP = 3+2j. THE GENERAL NUMBER. 17 Such a combination of an ordinary number and a quadra- ture number is called a general number or a complex quantity. The quadrature number jh thus enormously extends the field of usefulness of algebra, by affording a numerical repre- sentation of two-dimensional systems, as the plane, by the general number a-\\-jh. They are especially useful and impor- tant in electrical engineering, as mdst problems of alternating currents lead to vector representations in the plane, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... d values of Pi are marked by circles. As seen, the agreement is satisfactory, with the exception of the two highest values, at which apparently an additional loss appears, which does not exist at lower voltages. This loss probably is due to eddy currents caused by the increasing magnetic stray field resulting from magnetic saturation. 244 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. i57» As a final example may be considered the resolution of the magnetic characteristic, plotted as curve I in Fig. 83, and given in the first two columns of Table VII as OC and (B. Table VIL MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTIC. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-07", "section_label": "Theory Section 7: Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 2250-2717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "snippets": [ "... pacing of the wires, and/ = frequency? If / = current, in absolute units, in one wire of the trans- mission line, the m.m.f. is I; thus the magnetizing force in a zone dlx at distance lx from center of wire (Fig. 12) is / = 0 7 Z TTlx and the field intensity in this zone is H = 4 irf = 2 y— Thus Lx the magnetic flux in this zone is d* . H ldli m hence, the total magnetic flux between the wire and the return wire is L XI* d* = $ — | CfcSF = ^.f6| -y— = 2 1 1 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-103", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 103, "number": 6, "location": "lines 18461-18520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "pressure", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "snippets": [ "... irculation. Cooling water is pumped through a system of pipes located under the oil at the top of the trans- former tank. This is the most common design of large trans- formers. (c) Air blast. Coils and iron are subdivided by ventilating ducts, and a low-pressure air blast forced through the ventilating ducts. This is the cleanest method, as no oil is used. However, it is limited to low and moderate voltages — up to about 33,000; at higher voltage, the mechanical and chemical action of corona appearing at the coils ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-12", "section_label": "Theory Section 12: Impedance of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Impedance of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 3761-4464", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "snippets": [ "... s, the voltage EQ required at the sending end of a line of resistance r and reactance x, delivering current / at vol- tage E} and the voltage drop in the line, do not depend upon current and line constants only, but depend also upon the angle of phase displacement of the current delivered over the line. If 0 = o, that is, non-inductive receiving circuit, FIG. 29. — Locus of the generator and receiver e.m.fs. in a transmission line with varying load phase angle. E0 = - 4 EIz sin21; that is, less than E + ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-16", "section_label": "Theory Section 16: Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6222-6813", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "snippets": [ "... i'0 xe0 = io2 (r2 + x2) + 2 iQre0. (13) This equation gives i'o as function of io, e0, r, x. If now the reactive current i\\ varies as linear function of the power current i, as in case of compounding by rotary converter with shunt and series field, it is Substituting this value in the general equation (eo + n0)2 + *V = (e + ri + a»i)» + (rii - xz)2 gives e as function of i; that is, gives the voltage at the receiving end as function of the load, at constant voltage 60 at the gener- atin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-18", "section_label": "Theory Section 18: Equivalent Sine Waves", "section_title": "Equivalent Sine Waves", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 7381-7736", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "snippets": [ "... Fig. 41 and hysteretic cycle in Fig. 42. FIG. 44. — Corresponding sine waves for e.m.f. and exciting current in Fig. 43. Since p' = i'e'Q cos 0, where e'0 and i' are the equivalent sine waves of e.m.f. and of current respectively, and 0 their phase displacement, substitut- ing these numerical values of p', er, and i', we have 264.8 = 1000 X 1.198 cos 6. hence, cos 0 = 0.221, 6 = 77.2°, 112 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING and the angle of hysteretic advance of phase, a = 90° - 0 = 12.8°. The hyst ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-26", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 26, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9035-9169", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "snippets": [ "... f. consumed by the synchronous reactance, 90 degrees ahead of the_current OI. OE'i and OE'Q combined give OE' = E' the e.m.f. consumed by the synchronous impedance. Combining OE'i, OE'o, OE gives the nominal generated e.m.f. OEo = EQ, corresponding to the field excitation FQ. In Figs. 56, 57, 58, are shown the diagrams for 6 = 0 or non- inductive load, 6 = 60 degrees lag or inductive load, and & — — 60 degrees or anti-inductive load. Resolving all e.m.fs. into components in phase and in quad- rature with t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-45", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 45: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 177", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 177", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 45, "number": null, "location": "lines 10737-10777", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-45/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-45/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 177 since the one side of the coil enters or leaves the field before the other. Therefore, in commutating machines it is seldom that a pitch is used that falls short of full pitch by more than one or two teeth, while in induction and synchronous machines occasionally as low a pitch as 50 per cent, is used, and tw ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-47", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Distribution of Magnetic Flux", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Distribution of Magnetic Flux", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 47, "number": 4, "location": "lines 10836-10844", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-47/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-47/", "snippets": [ "... of magnetic flux in the air gap or at the armature surface can be calculated approximately by assuming the density at any point of the armature surface as proportional to the m.m.f. acting thereon, and inversely proportional to the nearest distance from a field pole. Thus, if FQ = ampere-turns" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-52", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Commutating Poles", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Commutating Poles", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 52, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11126-11131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-52/", "snippets": [ "VI. Effect of Commutating Poles 48. With the commutator brushes of a generator set midway between the field poles, as in Fig. 94, the m.m.f. of armature reac-" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-67", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 67: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 67, "number": null, "location": "lines 12084-12199", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "snippets": [ "... shifting of brushes proportionally to the load, or a commutating pole. In the preceding, the e.m.f. e.has been assumed constant dur- ing the commutation. In reality it varies somewhat, usually increasing with the approach of the commutated coil to a denser field. It is not possible to consider this variation in general, and e is thus to be considered the average value during commutation. 66. (b) High-resistance brush contact. Fig. 108 represents a brush B commutating armature coil A. 204 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICA ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-88", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 88, "number": 10, "location": "lines 15811-15892", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "snippets": [ "... have a width sufficient for mechanical strength. With the smaller pitch required for high frequency, this may become impossible, and the limits of conservative design thus may have to be exceeded. In a converter, due to the absence of armature reaction and field distortion, a higher voltage per commutator segment can be 258 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING . allowed than in a direct-current generator. Assuming 17 volts as limit of conservative design would give for a 600-volt con- verter 36 segments from b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-91", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 91, "number": 13, "location": "lines 16065-16540", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "snippets": [ "... on, the total current at the brushes is the same in the converter as in the generator, the only advantage of the former being the better commutation due to the absence of armature reaction. The limit of output set by armature reaction and correspond- ing field excitation in a motor or generator obviously does not exist at all in a converter. It follows herefrom that a direct- current motor or generator does not give the most advantageous direct-current converter, but that in the direct-current converter just as i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "section_title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1684-2011", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ed from the curve of instantaneous values, as determined by wave-meter or oscillograph. Measurement of the alternating wave after rectification by a unidirectional conductor, as an arc, gives the inean value with direct-current instruments, that is, instruments employing a permanent magnetic field, and the effective value with alternating- current instruments. Voltage determination by spark-gap, that is, by the striking distance, gives a value approaching the maximum, especially with spheres as electrodes of a diameter larger than the spark- gap." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3267-3618", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... ular coordinates with the distance as abscissas, counting from the receiving circuit toward the generator. As seen from Fig. 35, voltage and current periodically but alternately rise and fall, a maximum of one approximately coinciding with a minimum of the other, and with a point of zero phase displacement. The phase angle between current and e.m.f. changes from 90° lag to 72° lead, 44° lag, 34° lead, etc., gradually decreasing in the amplitude of its variation." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "section_title": "Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3619-4087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... power of an alternating- current circuit is represented in polar coordinates by the product of the current, I, into the projec- tion of the e.m.f., E, upon the current, or by the e.m.f., E, into the projection of the current, /, upon the e.m.f., or by IE cos d, where 9 = angle of time- phase displacement. 45. The instances represented by the vector representation of the crank diagram in Chapter IV as Figs. IG, 17, 18, 19, 20, ^i Fig. 41. Fig. 42. then appear in the vector representation of the time diagram or polar coordinate diagram, in the form of Figs. 41, 42, 43, 44, 45. Thes ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6993-9766", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... ed reactance, so that a much larger output can be transmitted over the Hne with no drop, or even with a rise, of voltage. Shunted susceptance, therefore, is extensively used for voltage control of transmission lines, by means of synchronous condensers, or by synchronous converters with compound field winding. 5. Maximum Rise of Voltage at Receiver Circuit 78. Since, under certain circumstances, the voltage at the receiver circuit may be higher than at the generator, it is of interest to determine what is the maximum value of voltage, E, that can be produced at the receiver circuit with ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 34777-34928", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... placed from each other by 60°, and derived from two phases of a three-phase system by transformation with two transformers, of which the secondary of one is reversed with regard to its primary (thus changing the phase difference from 120° to 180° — 120° = 60°) finds a hmited application in low-tension distribution." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 36: Three-Phase System", "section_title": "Three-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 36, "location": "lines 37958-38392", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXXVI THREE-PHASE SYSTEM 308. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special featm-es over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such; since the mutual reactions between the three phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, since each phase is acte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Thbkb-Fhase System", "section_title": "Thbkb-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 27053-27500", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIX. THBKB-FHASE SYSTEM. 263. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special features over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such ; since the mutual reactions between the three-phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, since each phase is act ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2774-3131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... ular co-ordinates with the distance as abscissae, counting from the receiving circuit towards the generator. As seen from Fig. 35, E.M.F. and current periodically but alternately rise and fall, a maximum of one approximately coinciding with a minimum of the other and with a point of zero phase displacement. The phase angle between current and E.M.F. changes from 90° lag to 72° lead, 44° lag, 34° lead, etc., gradually decreasing in the amplitude of its variation. 52 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "displacement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... , and of the fifth harmonic ft = - -0203. Considering the waves as replaced by their equivalent sine waves, from the sine wave formula, f + qf = 1 the inductance factor would be, ft = -914 and the phase angle, tan a, = ^= '-^=2.8 « = 65.4° p .41o giving apparently a very great phase displacement, while in reality, of the 41.85 amperes total current, 40 amperes (the current of the third harmonic) are in phase with their E.M.F. We thus have here a case of a circuit with complex har- monic waves which cannot be represented by their equiva- lent sine waves. The relative magnitudes of th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 23643-23780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... aced from each other by 60°, and derived from two phases of a three-phase system by transformation with two transformers, of which the secondary of one is reversed with regard to its primary (thus changing the phase difference from 120° to 180° - 120° = 60°), finds a limited application in low tension distribution. 434 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution. 355", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution. 355", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 6, "location": "lines 904-937", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "fields", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 355 48. Magnetic screening by secondary currents in alternating fields. 355 49. The differential equations of alternating magnetic flux in a lamina. 356 50. Their integral equations. 357 51. Terminal conditions, and the final equations. 358 52. Equations for very thick laminae. 360 53. Wave length, attenuation, depth of penetration. 361 54. Numerical exa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges. 535", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges. 535", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 9, "location": "lines 1286-1316", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... at transition point. 536 66. Line open or grounded at end. Evaluation of frequency constant and resultant decrement. 538 67. The final equations, and their discussion. 540 68. Numerical example. Calculation of the first six har- monics. 542 APPENDIX: VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 545 SECTION I TRANSIENTS IN TIME TKANSIENTS IN TIME" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "field", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... a \\ 1 < \\ / V / \\ / \\ s ' — , -*^. -0- ( 1 I I , 5 ! i j ; L I 1 ! I 5 Seconds Fig. 1. Rise and decay of continuous current in an inductive circuit. continuous current in an inductive circuit: the exciting current of an alternator field, or a circuit having the constants r = 12 ohms; L = 6 henrys, and eQ = 240 volts; the abscissas being seconds of time. 13. If an electrostatic condenser of capacity C is connected to a continuous e.m.f. e0, no current exists, in stationary con- dition, in this direct-current circuit (except t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-40", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification", "section_title": "Arc Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 40, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17755-19259", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "stress", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "snippets": [ "... starting the current, and then by gradually withdrawing the terminals derive the energy of the arc flame by means of the current, from the electric circuit, as is done in practically all arc lamps. Or by increasing the voltage across the gap between the terminals so high that the electrostatic stress in the gap repre- sents sufficient energy to establish a path for the current, i.e., by jumping an electrostatic spark across the gap, this spark is fol- lowed by the arc flame. An arc can also be established between two terminals by supplying the arc flame from another arc, etc. The arc ther ..." ] } ] }, { "id": "alternating-current-and-symbolic-method", "label": "Alternating Current And Symbolic Method", "description": "Passages involving alternating current, vectors, phasors, complex quantities, imaginary quantities, the symbolic method, harmonics, wave shape, and power factor.", "aliases": [ "alternating current", "alternating-current", "a.c.", "vector", "vectors", "phasor", "complex quantity", "complex quantities", "imaginary quantity", "imaginary quantities", "symbolic method", "symbolic representation", "symbolic expression", "harmonic", "harmonics", "wave shape", "power factor", "wattless current" ], "modern_prompt": "Read for the historical bridge from rotating vectors and symbolic notation into the phasor language used in modern AC engineering.", "interpretive_boundary": "Do not treat symbolic notation as a metaphysical claim by itself. Interpretive readings must first preserve the mathematical role of the symbols.", "total_occurrences": 4156, "matching_source_count": 15, "matching_section_count": 288, "source_totals": [ { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 924, "section_count": 37 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 689, "section_count": 32 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "occurrence_count": 544, "section_count": 20 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 409, "section_count": 29 }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "occurrence_count": 404, "section_count": 61 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "occurrence_count": 374, "section_count": 17 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "occurrence_count": 247, "section_count": 37 }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "occurrence_count": 210, "section_count": 16 }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "occurrence_count": 206, "section_count": 6 }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "occurrence_count": 45, "section_count": 7 }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "occurrence_count": 42, "section_count": 9 }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "occurrence_count": 35, "section_count": 6 }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "occurrence_count": 18, "section_count": 3 }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "occurrence_count": 6, "section_count": 5 }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "occurrence_count": 3, "section_count": 3 } ], "alias_totals": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1505 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1505 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 586 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 580 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 468 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 385 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 181 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 86 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 76 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 72 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 70 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 35 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantity", "count": 6 } ], "section_hits": [ { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 29375-32539", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 135, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 51 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 41 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXV DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES 232. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alter- nating currents and alternating e.m.fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine sha ...", "... the equivalent sine wave becomes indefinite. Thus it becomes desirable to investi- gate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be repre- sented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the inves- tigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the in- vestigation of the higher harmonics of the alternating wave. In general we have to distinguish between higher harmonics of e.m.f. and higher harmonics of current. Both depend upon each other in so far as with a sine wave of impressed e.m.f. a distorting effect will ...", "... sirable to investi- gate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be repre- sented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the inves- tigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the in- vestigation of the higher harmonics of the alternating wave. In general we have to distinguish between higher harmonics of e.m.f. and higher harmonics of current. Both depend upon each other in so far as with a sine wave of impressed e.m.f. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 101, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE COMMUTATOR MOTORS I. General 189. Alternating-current commutating machines have so far become ef industrial importance mainly as motors of the series or varying-speed type, for single-phase railroading, and as con- stant-speed motors or adjustable-speed motors, where efficient acceleration under heavy torque is necessary. As generators, they woul ...", "... - tion and thus subtract; that is, the field magnetism of the alter- nating-current motor must be in phase with the armature cur- rent, or nearly so. This is inherently the case with the series type of motor, in which the same current traverses field coils and armature windings. Since in the alternating-current transformer the primary and secondary currents and the primary voltage and the secondary voltage are proportional to each other, the different circuits of the alternating-current commutator motor may be connected with each other directly (in shunt or in series, according to the type of the mot ...", "... ith the series type of motor, in which the same current traverses field coils and armature windings. Since in the alternating-current transformer the primary and secondary currents and the primary voltage and the secondary voltage are proportional to each other, the different circuits of the alternating-current commutator motor may be connected with each other directly (in shunt or in series, according to the type of the motor) or inductively, with the interposition of a 331 332 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS transformer, and for this purpose either a separate transformer may be used or the transforme ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 92, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... a or cot a resubstituted in the final result, if the latter contains sin a . . - , or its reciprocal. cos a In electrical engineering tan a or cot a frequently appears as the starting-point of calculation of the phase of alternating currents. For instance, if a is the phase angle of a vector 98 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. quantity, tan a is given as the ratio of the vertical component over the horizontal component, or of the reactive component over the power component. In this case, if m . ,. . tan ex = a sin a = a and cos « = Va^ + h^ cot a = c \"d' sin ...", "... racy required. The problem then is, from the numerical values of the wave, to determine its equation. While the oscillograph shows the shape of the wave, it obviously is not possible therefrom to calculate other quantities, as from the voltage the current under given circuit conditions, if the wave shape is not first represented by a mathematical expression. . It therefore is of importance in engineering to translate thejicite or the table \"^ of numerical values of a periodic function into a mathematical expression thereof. • ' , (B) If one of the engineering quantities, as the e.m.f. of an ...", "... cients %, ai, ao, . . . ?>i., &2 • • • , are calculated as the averages : 2;r tto^avg. {y)^-^^; ai=2 avg. 0/ cos 6)^^\"\"; a2 = 2 avg. {y cos 26) ^ \"; a„ = 2avg. {ycosn6)Q \": 6i = 2avg. (?/sin i^)/\"; 62 = 2 avg. (y sin 2^)0\"\"; 6n = 2avg. (?/sin 72^)0^\"; (18) Hereby any individual harmonic can be calculated, without calculating the preceding harmonics. For instance, let the generator e.m.f. wave, Fig. 44, Table II, column 2, be impressed upon an underground cable system Fig. 44. Generator e.m.f. wave. of such constants (capacity and inductance), that the natural frequency ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 92, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIV. SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES. 253. The vector representation, A = a1 +yy proportionality, by differentia ...", "... ssed upon a transformer, would give a ^^^ed wave of magnetism and thereby an increased hyHteresis Ill 112 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS The advantage of the sine wave is, that it remains unch&nged in shape under most conditions, while this is not the case with any- other wave shape, and any other wave shape thus introduces the danger, that under certain conditions, or in certain parts of the circuit, it may change to a shape which is undesirable or even Figs. 46 to 49. dangerous. Voltage, e, and current, i, are related to each other \\>y proportionality, by differentiation and by integration, w ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The General Number", "section_title": "The General Number", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 915-3491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 74, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... C we are again 2 steps distant from the starting point, just as in Fig. 2. That is, 5-3 = 2 (Fig. 2), 5-7 = 2 (Fig. 3). In the case where we can subtract 7 from 5, we get the same distance from the starting point as when we subtract 3 from 5, 4 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. but the distance AC in Fig. 3, while the same, 2 steps, as in Fig. 2, is different in character, the one is toward the left, the other toward the right. That means, we have two kinds of distance units, those to the right and those to the left, and have to find some way to distinguish them. The distance 2 in Fig. ...", "... nd some way to distinguish them. The distance 2 in Fig. 3 is toward the left of the starting point A, that is, in that direction, in which we step when subtracting, and it thus appears natural to distinguish it from the distance 2 in Fig. 2, by calling the former— 2, while we call the distance AC in Fig. 2: +2, since it is in the direction from A, in which we step in adding. This leads to a subdivision of the system of absolute numbers, 1, 2, 3, . . . into two classes, positive numbers, + 1, +2, +3, ...: and negative numbers, -1,-2, -3, ...; and by the introduction of negative ...", "... the positive toward the right, in Fig. 4, the negative number would be toward the left (or inversely, choosing the positive toward the left, would give the negative toward the right). If then we take a number, as +2, which represents a dis- tance AB, and multiply by (—1)^ we get the distance AC= —2 14 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. in opposite direction from A, Inversely, if we take AC= -2, and multiply by (-1), we get AB=+2; that is, multiplica- tion by (-1) reverses the direction, turns it through 180 deg. If we multiply +2 by V^l~ we get +2V^, a quantity of which we do not yet k ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 13649-16361", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 68, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI. INDUCTION MOTOR. 151. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the stationary alternating-current transformer, which is also a specialization of the general transformer, in so far as in the stationary transformer only the transfer of electrical energy from primary to secondary is used, but not the mechan ...", "CHAPTER XVI. INDUCTION MOTOR. 151. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the stationary alternating-current transformer, which is also a specialization of the general transformer, in so far as in the stationary transformer only the transfer of electrical energy from primary to secondary is used, but not the mechanical force acting between the two, and therefore primary and secondary coils are held r ...", "... with regard to each other. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force between primary and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electrical energy, and thus the secondary circuits closed upon themselves. Transformer and induction motor thus are the two limiting cases of the general alternating- current transformer. Hence the induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary circuit, which are movable with regard to each other. In general a num- ber of primary and a number of secondary circuits are used, an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3133-3507", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance de ...", "... the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher frequency; that is, for the higher harmonics of the generator wave, and for some of the higher harmonics of the generator wave resonance rise of voltage so may occur between the line capacity and the circuit inductance. The origin and existence of higher harmonics therefore bears investigation in transformers, transmlission lines and c ...", "... tances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher frequency; that is, for the higher harmonics of the generator wave, and for some of the higher harmonics of the generator wave resonance rise of voltage so may occur between the line capacity and the circuit inductance. The origin and existence of higher harmonics therefore bears investigation in transformers, transmlission lines and cable systems. ORIGIN OF HIGHER HARMONICS Higher harmonics ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12398-13955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII HIGHER HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 88. The usual theory and calculation of induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the vo ...", "CHAPTER VII HIGHER HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 88. The usual theory and calculation of induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armatu ...", "... e,eos^«- gj + c3 + 8) eos (? 0 3*- cos(.5«- •(♦-$■ A3*- 1 . cost 3 - «■( + *}) + etcoalS - + «odb(7#-«t + 5) + *«*(&* -■•-£) + ■ • ■ W The magnetic flux produced by these (wo voltages thus con- sists of a series of component fluxes, corresponding respective]] HIGHER HARMONICS 145 to the successive components. The secondary currents induced by these component fluxes, and the torque produced by the secondary currents, thus show the same components. Thus the motor* torque consists of the sum of a series of components: The main or fundamental torque of the motor, g ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 62, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 49 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part o ...", "... TION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part of the total current is given by the magnetizing current. To secure good power-fact ...", "... haracteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part of the total current is given by the magnetizing current. To secure good power-factor in an induction motor, the magnetizing current, that i«, the current which produces the magnetic field flux, must be kept as sm ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 21983-22448", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 61, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIII. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 244. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 175 and Fig. 175. Effect of Triple Harmonic. 176 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. ...", "CHAPTER XXIII. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 244. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 175 and Fig. 175. Effect of Triple Harmonic. 176 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 399 In Fig. 175 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex ...", "CHAPTER XXIII. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 244. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 175 and Fig. 175. Effect of Triple Harmonic. 176 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 399 In Fig. 175 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 32540-33010", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXVI EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS 251. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternating waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 185 and 186 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposition of the P44S4t 4i' Fig. 185. triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. In Fig. 185 is s ...", "CHAPTER XXVI EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS 251. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternating waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 185 and 186 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposition of the P44S4t 4i' Fig. 185. triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. In Fig. 185 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the com- plex waves produced by the superposition of a triple ...", "CHAPTER XXVI EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS 251. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternating waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 185 and 186 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposition of the P44S4t 4i' Fig. 185. triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. In Fig. 185 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the com- plex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent, the amphtude of the fundamental, under the rela- 24 369 370 AL TERN A TING-C URREN T PHENOMENA tive phase displacm ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 21190-21982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXII. DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES. 233. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine sha ...", "... nt of the equivalent sine wave becomes indefinite. Thus it becomes desirable to investigate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be represented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the investigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the investigation of the higher harmonics of the alternating wave. In general we have to distinguish between higher har- monics of E.M.F. and higher harmonics of current. Both depend upon each other in so far as with a sine wave of impressed E.M.F. a distorting effect will ...", "... comes desirable to investigate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be represented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the investigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the investigation of the higher harmonics of the alternating wave. In general we have to distinguish between higher har- monics of E.M.F. and higher harmonics of current. Both depend upon each other in so far as with a sine wave of impressed E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "section_title": "Vector Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2149-2759", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 44 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV VECTOR REPRESENTATION 16. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, rep- resented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternating waves is ...", "... ating waves can be, and frequently are, rep- resented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternating waves is given by their representation as vectors, in the so-called crank diagram. A vector, equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave, revolves at uniform speed so as to make a complete revolution per period, and the pro- jections of this revolving vector on the horizontal then denote the instantaneous values of the wave. ...", "... resented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternating waves is given by their representation as vectors, in the so-called crank diagram. A vector, equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave, revolves at uniform speed so as to make a complete revolution per period, and the pro- jections of this revolving vector on the horizontal then denote the instantaneous values of the wave. Obviously, by this diagram only sine wave ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "section_title": "Ri", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 20, "location": "lines 24560-25119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 53, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXri. XFFBCTB OF HIOHXilt BAAHONICS. 223. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 159 and rig. reo. £jr«t •/ wp/. ho™ 160 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 159 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the co ...", "CHAPTER XXri. XFFBCTB OF HIOHXilt BAAHONICS. 223. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 159 and rig. reo. £jr«t •/ wp/. ho™ 160 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 159 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacements of ...", "... the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 159 and rig. reo. £jr«t •/ wp/. ho™ 160 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 159 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacements of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°, represented by the equations : s s s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25682-29374", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 51, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... 01 of the polar diagram. (Fig. 145.) Ji I = i = current, and Z = impedance, r = effective resist- ance, X = effective reactance, and z = \\/r^ -{- x^ = absolute value of impedance, then the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance is £'11 = ri, and is in phase with the current; hence represented by vector OEn] and the e.m.f. consumed by the reactance is E2 = xi, and 90° ahead of the current; hence the e.m.f. consumed 301 302 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA by the impedance hE = ViEuY\" + (£'2)^ or = i -s/r\"^ -\\- x- = iz, X and ahead of the current by the angle 8, where tan 8 = ~. We have ...", "... nd z = \\/r^ -{- x^ = absolute value of impedance, then the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance is £'11 = ri, and is in phase with the current; hence represented by vector OEn] and the e.m.f. consumed by the reactance is E2 = xi, and 90° ahead of the current; hence the e.m.f. consumed 301 302 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA by the impedance hE = ViEuY\" + (£'2)^ or = i -s/r\"^ -\\- x- = iz, X and ahead of the current by the angle 8, where tan 8 = ~. We have now acting in circuit the e.m.fs., E, Ei, E^; or Ei and E are components of E^, that is, E^i is the diagonal of a parallelo- gram, with El and E a ...", "... ead of the current by the angle 8, where tan 8 = ~. We have now acting in circuit the e.m.fs., E, Ei, E^; or Ei and E are components of E^, that is, E^i is the diagonal of a parallelo- gram, with El and E as sides. Since the e.m.fs. Ei, Eo, E, are represented in the diagram. Fig. 145, by the vectors OEi, OEo, OE, to get the parallelogram of ^0, El, E, we draw arcs of circles around 0 with Eo, and around E with El. Their point of intersection gives the impressed e.m.f., OEq = Eo, and completing the parallelogram, OEEqEi, we get, OEi = El, the generated e.m.f. of the motor. < lOEo is the d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Alternating- Current Motors In General", "section_title": "Alternating- Current Motors In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21713-23905", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIX ALTERNATING- CURRENT MOTORS IN GENERAL 171. The starting point of the theory of the polyphase and single-phase induction motor usually is the general alternating- current transformer. Coining, however, to the commutator motors, this method becomes less suitable, and the following more general method preferable. ...", "CHAPTER XIX ALTERNATING- CURRENT MOTORS IN GENERAL 171. The starting point of the theory of the polyphase and single-phase induction motor usually is the general alternating- current transformer. Coining, however, to the commutator motors, this method becomes less suitable, and the following more general method preferable. In its general form the alternating-current motor consists of one or more stationary electric circuits magnetically related to one or more rotating ele ...", "... The starting point of the theory of the polyphase and single-phase induction motor usually is the general alternating- current transformer. Coining, however, to the commutator motors, this method becomes less suitable, and the following more general method preferable. In its general form the alternating-current motor consists of one or more stationary electric circuits magnetically related to one or more rotating electric circuits. These circuits can be excited by alternating currents, or some by alternating, others by direct current, or closed upon themselves, etc., and connec- tion can be made to t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-09", "section_label": "Theory Section 9: Vector Diagrams", "section_title": "Vector Diagrams", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 2865-3233", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 38 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "snippets": [ "9. VECTOR DIAGRAMS 42. The best way of graphically representing alternating-cur- rent phenomena is by a vector diagram. The most frequently used vector diagram is the crank diagram. In this, sine waves of alternating currents, voltages, etc., are represented as pr ...", "9. VECTOR DIAGRAMS 42. The best way of graphically representing alternating-cur- rent phenomena is by a vector diagram. The most frequently used vector diagram is the crank diagram. In this, sine waves of alternating currents, voltages, etc., are represented as projec- tions of a revolving vector on the horizontal. That is, a vector equal in length to the ma ...", "9. VECTOR DIAGRAMS 42. The best way of graphically representing alternating-cur- rent phenomena is by a vector diagram. The most frequently used vector diagram is the crank diagram. In this, sine waves of alternating currents, voltages, etc., are represented as projec- tions of a revolving vector on the horizontal. That is, a vector equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave is assu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "section_title": "Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 23274-24559", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... nt of the equivalent sine wave becomes indefinite. Thus it becomes desirable to investigate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be represented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the investigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the investigation of the higher harmonics of the alternating wave. In general we have to distinguish between higher har- monic^ of E.M.F. and higher harmonics of current. Both depend upon each other in so far as with a sine wave of impressed E.M.F. a distorting effect will ...", "... comes desirable to investigate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be represented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the investigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the investigation of the higher harmonics of the alternating wave. In general we have to distinguish between higher har- monic^ of E.M.F. and higher harmonics of current. Both depend upon each other in so far as with a sine wave of impressed E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave ...", "... ternating wave can be represented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the investigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the investigation of the higher harmonics of the alternating wave. In general we have to distinguish between higher har- monic^ of E.M.F. and higher harmonics of current. Both depend upon each other in so far as with a sine wave of impressed E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 213. In a conducto ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 12, "location": "lines 14897-17124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a cor ...", "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or i ...", "... regards to the primary, it will be repelled and move. This repulsion is used in the constant-current transformer for regulating the current for constancy independent of the load. In the induction motor, this mechanical force is made use of for doing the work: the induction motor represents an alternating-current transformer, in which the secondary is mounted niovably with regards to the primary, in such a manner that, while set in motion, it still remains in the primary field of force. This requires, i hat the induction motor field is not constant in one direction, but that a magnetic field exists in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Review", "section_title": "Review", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 23, "location": "lines 32138-32819", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 42, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... d most extensively used arc machines were: Brush Arc Machine. — 141-144. A quarter-phase constant- current alternator with rectifying commutators. Thomson-Houston Arc Machine. — 141-144. A three-phase F-connected constant-current alternator with rectifying commu- tator. The development of alternating-current series arc lighting by constant-current transformers greatly reduced the importance of the arc machine, and when in the magnetite lamp arc lighting returned to direct current, the development of the mercury-arc rectifier superseded the arc machine. Asynchronous Motor. — Name used for all thos ...", "... lighting by constant-current transformers greatly reduced the importance of the arc machine, and when in the magnetite lamp arc lighting returned to direct current, the development of the mercury-arc rectifier superseded the arc machine. Asynchronous Motor. — Name used for all those types of alternating-current (single-phase or polyphase) motors or motor couples, which approach a definite synchronous speed at no-load, and slip below this speed with increasing load. 459 400 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS Brush Arc Machine. — (Sec1 \"Are Machines.'1} Compound Alternator. — 138. Alternator with rectifying ...", "... need of readjusting the brushes with a change of the inductivity of the load, hasmade njGfl compounding unsuitahie for the modern high-power altcrnu- ton. Condenser Motor. — 77. Single-phase induction motor with condenser in tertiary circuit on stator, for producing shirting torque and high power-factor. The space angle between pri- mary and tertiary stator circuit usually is 45° to 60°, and often a three-phase motor is used, with single-phase supply on one phase. and condenser on a Becond phase. With the small amount of capacity, sufficient for power-factor compensation, usually the starting ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 10718-13483", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : 1. By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = \\/f^ + x^. 3. By the ratio: Power consumed, (Current) 2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter e.m.fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case o ...", "... resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = \\/f^ + x^. 3. By the ratio: Power consumed, (Current) 2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter e.m.fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter e.m.f. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the power coefficient of the e.m.f.. Power component of e.m.f. Total current It is called the elective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The power coeffi- cient of current, Power component of ...", "... of e.m.f. Total current It is called the elective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The power coeffi- cient of current, Power component of current ^ \" Total e.m.f. ' is called the effective conductance of the circuit. Ill 112 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA In the same way, the value, Wattless component of e.m.f. X = Total current is the effective reactance, and Wattless component of current Total e.m.f. is the effective suscepta7ice of the circuit. While the true ohmic resistance represents the expenditure of power as he ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16521-17716", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the trans- former. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. ...", "CHAPTER XVII THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the trans- former. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and ...", "... he transformer, and constitutes what is called the self-inductive or leakage reactance of the trans- former; while the flux surrounding both coils may be con- sidered as mutual inductive reactance. This cross-flux of self-induction does not generate e.m.f. in the secondary circuit, 187 188 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and is thus, in general, objectionable, by causing a drop of voltage and a decrease of output. It is this cross-flux, how- ever, or flux of self-inductive reactance, which is utilized in special transformers, to secure automatic regulation, for con- stant power, or for constant curr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 31657-33200", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIII OSCILLATING CURRENTS Introductioii 181. An electric current varying periodically between constant maximum and minimum values — that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero; and is called a pulsating cur- rent if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is characterized by the period or the time of one complete cycl ...", "... n equal time intervals repeating the same values — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero; and is called a pulsating cur- rent if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is characterized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alternating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometrically varying amplitude; that ...", "... differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is characterized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alternating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometrically varying amplitude; that is, currents in which the amplitude of each following wave bears to that of the pre- ceding wave a constant ratio. Such currents consist of a series of waves of constant length, decreasing i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 11605-12682", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV. THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 126. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thu ...", "CHAPTER XIV. THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 126. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in ...", "... . This magnetic cross-flux is proportional to the current flowing in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere- turns or M.M.F. increase with the increasing load on the transformer, and constitute what is called the self-induc- tance of the transformer ; while the flux surrounding both 194 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. coils may be considered as mutual inductance. This cross- flux of self-induction does not induce E.M.F. in the second- ary circuit, and is thus, in general, objectionable, by causing a drop of voltage and a decrease of output. It is this cross-flux, however, or flux of self-inducta ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 38, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "... e, or by condensers in the middle and at the two ends of the line, the former of four times the capacity of either of the two latter (the first approximation giving linear, the second a para- bolic distribution). For further investigation of these approximations see \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-Current Phenomena/' 4th edition, pages 225 to 233. If, however, the wave of impressed e.m.f. contains appreciable higher harmonics, some of the latter, may approach resonance frequency and thus cause trouble. For instance, with a line of 150 miles length, the resonance frequency is /0 = 313 cycles pe ...", "... he first approximation giving linear, the second a para- bolic distribution). For further investigation of these approximations see \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-Current Phenomena/' 4th edition, pages 225 to 233. If, however, the wave of impressed e.m.f. contains appreciable higher harmonics, some of the latter, may approach resonance frequency and thus cause trouble. For instance, with a line of 150 miles length, the resonance frequency is /0 = 313 cycles per second, or between the 5th harmonic and the 7th harmonic, 300 and 420 cycles of a 60-cycle system; fairly close to the 5th ...", "... es 225 to 233. If, however, the wave of impressed e.m.f. contains appreciable higher harmonics, some of the latter, may approach resonance frequency and thus cause trouble. For instance, with a line of 150 miles length, the resonance frequency is /0 = 313 cycles per second, or between the 5th harmonic and the 7th harmonic, 300 and 420 cycles of a 60-cycle system; fairly close to the 5th har- monic. The study of such a circuit of distributed capacity thus becomes of importance with reference to the investigation of the effects of higher harmonics of the generator wave. In long-distance te ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 37: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 37, "location": "lines 38393-40115", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... ad of the same phase displacement, nevertheless the system becomes unbalanced, and the two e.m.fs. at the end of the hne are neither equal in magnitude, nor in quadrature with each other. B. One Branch Loaded, One Unloaded Zi = Z2 = Z, Z -^• (a) Fi = 0, F2 = F, {b) Fi = Y, Y, = 0. 464 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA Substituting these values in (4), gives: (a) (b) 1 + YZ E\\ = E 1 + V2 - i V2 i + rz^ + ^\"2 V2 = ^ 1 = ^ I 1 1 + V2 + V2 YZ 2.414 + 1.414 E'2 = jE 1 1 + YZ = jE 1 + \\/2 V~2 1 E\\ = E 1 + 1.707 YZ 1 1 -\\-YZ 1 + \\/2 V2 ...", "... re balanced with regard to voltage and phase at equal distribution of load, but are liable to become unbalanced at unequal distribution of load; the three-wire, quarter-phase system is unbalanced in voltage and phase, even at equal dis- tribution of load. 30 APPENDIX ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX IMAGINARY QUANTITIES (\"See Engineering Mathematics\") INTRODUCTION 312. The system of numbers, of which the science of algebra treats, finds its ultimate origin in experience. Directly derived from experience, however, are only the absolute integral numbers; fractions, for instance, are not directly derived from ...", "... operation of subtraction possible for all values of subtrahend and minuend. From the definition of addition as multiple numeration, and subtraction as its inverse operation, it follows: c - (- 6) = c + 6, thus: (- 1) X (- 1) = 1; that is, the negative unit is defined by (— 1)^ = 1. 468 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 315. The reverse operation of multiplication introduces the operation of division. If a y. h = c, it is c ^ = a. In the system of integral numbers this operation can only be carried out if 6 is a factor of c. To make it possible to carry out the operation of division un ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2760-3266", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V SYMBOLIC METHOD 25. The graphical method of representing alternating-current phenomena affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual relation of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well ...", "CHAPTER V SYMBOLIC METHOD 25. The graphical method of representing alternating-current phenomena affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual relation of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alter ...", "... ps, the only reactance of the secondaiy circuit thus is that of the secondary coil, or Xi = 0.08 ohms, giving a lag of ^i = 3.6°. We have also, rii = 30 turns. rio = 300 turns. Fi = 2250 ampere-turns. F =100 ampere-turns. Er = 10 volts. E:, = 60 volts. Ei = 1000 volts. Fig. 21. — Vector diagram of transformer. The corresponding diagram is shown in Fig. 21. Obviously, no exact numerical values can be taken from a parallelogram as flat as OFiFFo, and from the combination of vectors of the relative magnitudes 1 :6 :100. Hence the importance of the graphical method consists not ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "section_title": "Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3619-4087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... r wave structure, as shown in Figs. 1 to 5. It does not, however, show their periodic character as well as the representation in polar coordi- nates, with the time as the angle or the amplitude — one complete period being represented by one revolution — and the instan- taneous values as radius vectors; the polar coordinate system, in which the independent variable, the angle, is periodic, obvi- ously lends itself better to the representation of periodic functions, as alternating waves. Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 36 and 37 as closed cha ...", "... the angle, is periodic, obvi- ously lends itself better to the representation of periodic functions, as alternating waves. Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 36 and 37 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude or angle of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and negative if in opposition. Hence the two half-waves in Fig. 2 are represented ...", "... s the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 36 and 37 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude or angle of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and negative if in opposition. Hence the two half-waves in Fig. 2 are represented by the same polar characteristic curve, which is traversed by the point of intersection of the radius vector twice per period — ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "section_title": "Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 12673-14088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 34, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII. THS ALTERNATING^CnRRENT TRAXSFOBMER. 116. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in ...", "... er of turns are determined, the maximum magnetic flux is E 1()» W'2.irNn To produce the magnetism, *, of the transformer, a M.M.F. of JF ampere-turns is required, which is determined by the shape and the magnetic characteristic of the iron, in the manner discussed in Chapter X. §119] ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 169 For instance, in the closed magnetic circuit transformer^ the maximum magnetic induction is (» = *, where 5 = the cross-section of magnetic circuit. 119. To induce a magnetic density, (B, a M.M.F. of 3C^ ampere-turns maximum is required, or, JC^ / V2 ampere- turns effecti ...", "... s, at least in the closed magnetic circuit transformer, greatly distorted by hysteresis, though less so in the open magnetic circuit transformer. It can, however, be represented by an equiv- alent sine wave, /^o, of equal intensity and equal power with the distorted wave, and a wattless higher harmonic, mainly of triple frequency. Since the higher harmonic is small compared with the 170 AL TERN A TIKG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 1 20 total exciting current, and the exciting current is only a small part of the total primary current, the higher harmonic can, for most practical cases, be neg ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_title": "Dielectric Losses", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14334-15409", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... = njD'-^ has been observed in rotating dielectric fields, but is so small, that it usually is overshadowed by the other losses. In alternating dielectric fields in solid materials, such as in condensers, coil insulation, etc., a loss is commonly observed which gives an approximately constant power-factor of the elec- tric energizing circuit, over a wide range of voltage and of fre- quency, from less than a fraction of 1 per cent, up to a few per cent. 150 DIELECTRIC LOSSES 151 Constancy of the power-factor with the frequency, means that the loss is proportional to the frequency, as the c ...", "... nsulation, etc., a loss is commonly observed which gives an approximately constant power-factor of the elec- tric energizing circuit, over a wide range of voltage and of fre- quency, from less than a fraction of 1 per cent, up to a few per cent. 150 DIELECTRIC LOSSES 151 Constancy of the power-factor with the frequency, means that the loss is proportional to the frequency, as the current i, and thus the volt-ampere input, ei, are proportional to the frequency. Constancy of the power-factor with the voltage, means that the loss is proportional to the square of the voltage, as the current i i ...", "... than a fraction of 1 per cent, up to a few per cent. 150 DIELECTRIC LOSSES 151 Constancy of the power-factor with the frequency, means that the loss is proportional to the frequency, as the current i, and thus the volt-ampere input, ei, are proportional to the frequency. Constancy of the power-factor with the voltage, means that the loss is proportional to the square of the voltage, as the current i is proportional to the voltage, and the volt-ampere input ei thus proportional to the square of the voltage. This loss thus would be approximated by the expression : P = vfD' and thus seems ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Representation", "section_title": "Graphic Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1743-2321", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ude, — one complete period being represented by one revolution, — and the instantaneous values as radii vectores. Fig. 8. Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and negative if in opposition. Hence the two half-waves in Fig. 2 are represented by the sa ...", "... g. 8. Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and negative if in opposition. Hence the two half-waves in Fig. 2 are represented by the same 20 ALTERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. polar characteristic curve, which is traversed by the point of intersecti ...", "... Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and negative if in opposition. Hence the two half-waves in Fig. 2 are represented by the same 20 ALTERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. polar characteristic curve, which is traversed by the point of intersection of the radius vector twice per period, — once in the direction of the vector, giv ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "section_title": "Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 16964-17631", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 32, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 76. The elimination of voltage and current distortion, and production of sine waves from any kind of supply wave, that is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" Series reactance alone acts to a considerabl ...", "... at is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" Series reactance alone acts to a considerable extent as wave screen, by consuming voltage proportional to the frequency and the current, and thereby reducing the harmonics of voltage in the rest of the circuit the more, the higher their order. Let the voltage impressed upon the circuit be denoted sym- bolically by e = €i + 63 + es + ej + . . . =^i:en (29) where n denotes the order of the harmonic of absolute numerical value 6n. If, then, the reactance x ...", "... to the frequency and the current, and thereby reducing the harmonics of voltage in the rest of the circuit the more, the higher their order. Let the voltage impressed upon the circuit be denoted sym- bolically by e = €i + 63 + es + ej + . . . =^i:en (29) where n denotes the order of the harmonic of absolute numerical value 6n. If, then, the reactance x (at fundamental frequency) is inserted into the circuit of resistance, r, the impedance is 2i = -y/r^ + x^ for the fundamental frequency, and Zn = y/r^ + n^^ for the nth harmonic, (30) and the current thus is e or, denoting ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1120-1683", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. In the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respectively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : c 1. Ohm's law: i = -, where r, the resistance, is a constant r of the circuit. 2. Joule's law: P = ^^r, where P is the power, or the rate at which energy ...", "... hhoff's laws: (a) The sum of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance, ir, is also considered as a counter e.m.f., and all the e.m.fs. are taken in their proper direction. (b) The sum of all the currents directed toward a distributing point = 0. In alternating-current circuits, that is, in circuits in which the currents rapidly and periodically change their direction, these laws cease to hold. Energy is expended, not only in the con- ductor through its ohmic resistance, but also outside of it ; energy is stored up and returned, so that large currents may exi ...", "... stance, but also outside of it ; energy is stored up and returned, so that large currents may exist simultaneously with high e.m.fs., without representing any considerable amount of expended energy, but merely a surging fo and fro of energy; the ohmic resistance ceases to be the deter- 1 2 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA mining factor of current value; currents may divide into com- ponents, each of which is larger than the undivided current, etc. 2. In phice of the above-mentioned fundamental laws of continuous currents, we find in alternating-current circuits the following: Ohm's law assumes the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6957-8383", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, 3.) By the ratio : r__ Power consumed . (Current)2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the c ...", "... the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, 3.) By the ratio : r__ Power consumed . (Current)2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., _ Energy component of E.M.F. Total current It is called the effective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The energy coefficient of current, a._ Energy co ...", "... ent TotafE.M.F. is the effective susceptance of the circuit. While the true ohmic resistance represents the expendi- ture of energy as heat inside of the electric conductor by a current of uniform density, the effective resistance repre- sents the total expenditure of energy. Since, in an alternating-current circuit in general, energy is expended not only in the conductor, but also outside of it, through hysteresis, secondary currents, etc., the effective resistance frequently differs from the true ohmic resistance in such way as to represent a larger expenditure of energy. In dealing with altern ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9741-11604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 31, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... TTTTTTTTTT.TTTTTTTTTT i Fig. 83. Distributed Capacity. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current, and consequently of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of alternating-current transformers for very high voltage. It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, ...", "... of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of alternating-current transformers for very high voltage. It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may with sufficient approximation ...", "... arads, where K = dielectric constant of the surrounding medium = 1 in air ; / = length of conductor = 5 x 106 cm. ; d = distance of conductors from each other = 50 cm. ; 8 = diameter of conductor = 1 cm. Since C = .3 microfarads, the capacity reactance is x — 106 / 2 TT NC ohms, 160 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. where N '= frequency; hence, at N = 60 cycles, x = 8,900 ohms ; and the charging current of the line, at E = 20,000 volts, becomes, ^ = E / x = 2.25 amperes. The resistance of 100 km of line of 1 cm diameter is 22 ohms ; therefore, at 10 per cent = 2,000 volts loss in the line ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_title": "Alternating Current Railway Motor", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 8649-9342", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "snippets": [ "FOURTEENTH LECTURE ALTERNATING CURRENT RAILWAY MOTOR. mN a direct current motor, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct curre ...", "... r, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- nating voltage supply, the field magnetism of the motor also alternates ; the motor field must therefore be laminated, to avoid excessive energy losses and heating by eddy currents (cur- rents produced in the field iron by the alternation of the mag- netism) just as in the dire ...", "... e field magnetism) and the current in the armature, reverse simultaneously. In the series motor, in which the same current traverses field and armature, the field magnetism and the armature current are necessarily in phase with each other, or nearly so. Only the series or varying speed type of alternating current commutator motor has so far become of industrial importance. In the alternating current motor in addition to the voltage consumed by the resistance of the motor circuit and that con- sumed by the armature rotation, voltage is also consumed by self-induction; that is, by the alternation of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "section_title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2122-2743", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... ude, — one complete period being represented by one revolution, — and the instantaneous values as radii vectores. Fiq, 8, Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and negative if in opposition. Hence the two half-waves in Fig. 1 are represented by the sa ...", "... q, 8, Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and negative if in opposition. Hence the two half-waves in Fig. 1 are represented by the same / 20 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§15 polar characteristic curve, which is traversed by the point ...", "... Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and negative if in opposition. Hence the two half-waves in Fig. 1 are represented by the same / 20 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§15 polar characteristic curve, which is traversed by the point of intersection of the radius vector twice per period, — once in the direction of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "section_title": "The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 12683-13648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV. THE GENERAL ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER OR FREQUENCY CONVERTER. 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic- circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F. ...", "CHAPTER XV. THE GENERAL ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER OR FREQUENCY CONVERTER. 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic- circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in ...", "CHAPTER XV. THE GENERAL ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER OR FREQUENCY CONVERTER. 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic- circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consume ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "... - .008 267 + .008 057 1 1 80 + .007 957 1 81 - .007 858 0 x> 80 j»fe 79 X sil|s=(-l) + 1 2~2 INDEX PAGE Acceleration constant of traveling wave 466 Air blast, action in oscillating-current generator 75 pressure required in oscillating-current generator 75 Alternating-current circuit and transient term of fundamental frequency 473 distribution in conductor 369 transformer operating oscillating-current generator 87 transmission, equations of traveling wave 477 wave as traveling wave without attenuation 472 Alternator control by periodic transient term of field ...", "... in conductor 369 transformer operating oscillating-current generator 87 transmission, equations of traveling wave 477 wave as traveling wave without attenuation 472 Alternator control by periodic transient term of field excitation 223 Aluminum cell rectifier 222 effective penetration of alternating current 378 Amplitude of traveling wave 465 of wave 438 Arc, and spark 249 continuity at cathode 249 lamp, control by inductive shunt to operating mechanism 131 machine 230 as rectifier 221 current control 220 properties 249 rectification 249 rectifiers 222 resistivities 9 startin ...", "... nductive circuit 161 of electric circuit 112 range in electric circuit 13 representing electrostatic component of electric field 5 shunting direct-current circuit 133 specific, numerical values 11 suppressing pulsations in direct-current circuit 134 Cast iron, effective penetration of alternating current 378 Cathode of arcs 249 Charge of condenser 51 of magnetic field 27 Circuit, complex, see Complex circuit. control by periodic transient phenomena 220, 223 electric, speed of propagation in 422 Closed circuit transmission line 306 Col al 392, 394 Commutation and rectification 222 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: F", "section_title": "F", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 8269-10499", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 28, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' where, however, the \"power*' and the \"E.M.F.\" do not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.F ...", "... V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' where, however, the \"power*' and the \"E.M.F.\" do not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., — Energy compon ent of E.M.F. Total current It is called the effective resistance of the circuit, since it represents the effect, or power, expended by the circuit. The energy coefficient of current, _ Energy co ...", "... ■\" Total E.M.F. is the effective susceptance of the circuit. While the true ohmic resistance represents the expendi- ture of energy as heat inside of the electric conductor by a current of uniform density, the effective resistance repre- sents the total expenditure of energy. Since, in an alternating-current circuit in general, energy is expended not only in the conductor, but also outside of it, through hysteresis, secondary currents, etc., the effective resistance frequently differs from the true ohmic resistance in such way as to represent a larger expenditure of energy. In dealing with altern ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Polyphase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17717-20445", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... the electromagnetic induction between the circuits utilized to trans- mit electric power to the secondary, while in the induction motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical forces between the primary, and secondary utilized to produce motion. In the general alternating-current trans- former or frequency converter we shall find an apparatus trans- mitting electric as well as mechanical energy, and comprising both, induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force be- tween primary and secondary is used, but ...", "... — as in the stationary transformer — is entirely unessential, it is preferable to reduce all secondary quantities to the primary system, by the ratio of transformation, a; thus if E'l = secondary e.m.f, per circuit. El = aE'i = secondary e.m.f. per circuit reduced to primary system ; 210 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA if I' I = secondary current per circuit, Ii = -J- = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r'l = secondary resistance per circuit, Vi = a-hr'i = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if x'l = secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a ...", "... then have E = \\/2 TT/io/ ^ 10~^ = effective e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising mag- netic flux of mutual induction, (flux interlinked with both electric circuits, primary and secondary), passes through zero, in complex quantities, the magnetic flux is denoted by $ = - i$, and the primary generated e.m.f., E = - e; where e = \\/2 xn/$ 10~* may be considered as the \"active e.m.f. of the motor,\" or \"counter e.m.f.\" Since the secondary frequency is sf, the secondary induced e.m.f. (reduced to primary system) is Ei = ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXII ARMATURE REACTIONS OF ALTERNATORS 192. The change of the terminal voltage of an alternating current generator, resulting from a change of load at constant field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m. ...", "... in a machine of low self-induction and high armature reaction, as a low-frequency, high-speed alternator of large capacity; relatively little in a machine of low armature reaction and high self-induction, as a high-frequency unitooth alternator, 193. Graphically, the internal reactions of the alternating- current generator can be represented as follows: Let the impressed m.m.f., or field excitation, Fo, be repre- sented by the vector OFo, in Fig. 139, chosen for convenience as vertical axis. Let the armature current, I, be represented by vector 01. This current, /, gives armature reaction Fi = nl, whe ...", "... le in a machine of low armature reaction and high self-induction, as a high-frequency unitooth alternator, 193. Graphically, the internal reactions of the alternating- current generator can be represented as follows: Let the impressed m.m.f., or field excitation, Fo, be repre- sented by the vector OFo, in Fig. 139, chosen for convenience as vertical axis. Let the armature current, I, be represented by vector 01. This current, /, gives armature reaction Fi = nl, where ?i = number of effective turns of the armature, and is repre- sented by the vector, OFi, with the two quadrature component ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2322-2773", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. SYMBOLIC METHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating, current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graph ...", "... s. n0 = 300 turns. CFi = 2250 ampere-turns. y = 100 ampere-turns. Er = 10 volts. JSX = 60 volts. E{ = 1000 volts. The corresponding diagram is shown in Fig. 21. Obvi- ously, no exact numerical values can be taken from a par- allelogram as flat as OF1FF0^ and from the combination of vectors of the relative magnitudes 1:6: 100. Hence the importance of the graphical method consists 34 ALTERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. not so much in its usefulness for practical calculation, as to aid in the simple understanding of the phenomena involved. 24. Sometimes we can calculate the nu ...", "... starting-point for further calculation. A method is therefore desirable which combines the exactness of analytical calculation with the clearness of the graphical representation. Fig. 22. 25. We have seen that the alternating sine wave is represented in intensity, as well as phase, by a vector, Of, which is determined analytically by two numerical quanti- ties — the length, Of, or intensity ; and the amplitude, AOf, or phase <3, of the wave, /. Instead of denoting the vector which represents the sine wave in the polar diagram by the polar coordinates, S YMB OL1C ME T11OD. 35 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-40", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification", "section_title": "Arc Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 40, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17755-19259", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "snippets": [ "... of air into the arc stream. Due to the low temperature of the boiling point of mercury, enclosure in glass is feasible with the mercury arc. II. MERCURY ARC RECTIFIER. 17. Depending upon the character of the alternating supply, whether a source of constant alternating potential or constant alternating current, the direct-current circuit receives from the rectifier either constant potential or constant current. Depend- ing on the character of the system, thus constant-potential rectifiers and constant-current rectifiers can be distinguished. They differ somewhat from each other in their construction ...", "... ion of the rectified current to the desired amount. In the constant-potential rectifier, instead of the transformer ACS and the reactive coils A a and Ba, generally a compensator or auto-transformer is used, as shown in Fig. 61, in which the 252 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA two halves of the coil, AC and BC, are made of considerable self-inductance against each other, as by their location on different magnet cores, and the reactive coil at c frequently omitted. The modification of the equations resulting herefrom is obvious. Such auto-transformer also may raise or lower the impressed volta ...", "... se or lower the impressed voltage, as shown in Fig. 61. The rectified or direct voltage of the constant-current rectifier is somewhat less than one-half of the alternating voltage supplied by the transformer secondary AB, the rectified or direct current somewhat more than double the effective alternating current supplied by the transformer. In the constant-potential rectifier, in which the currents are larger, and so a far smaller angle of overlap 0 is permissible, the direct-current voltage therefore is very nearly the mean value of half the alternating voltage, minus the arc voltage, which is abou ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: General Review", "section_title": "General Review", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 154-565", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 26 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... ctric power can for most pur- poses be used only at low voltage, no to 600 volts, while economical transmission requires the use of as high voltage as possible. For many purposes, as electrolytic work, direct current is necessary; for others, as railroading, preferable; while for transmission, alternating current is preferable, due to the great difficulty of generating and converting high voltage direct current. In the design of any of the steps through which electric power passes, the requirements of all the other steps so must be taken into consideration. Of the greatest importance in this respect is ...", "... nvenience, the subject zvill he discussed under the subdivisions: I. General distribution for lighting and power. Long distance transmission. Generation. Control and protection. Electric railway. Electrochemistry. Lighting. Character of Electric Power. Electric power is used as — a. Alternating current and direct current. b. Constant potential and constant current. c. High voltage and low voltage. a. Alternating current is used for transmission, and for general distribution with the exception of the centers of large cities; direct current is usually applied for railroading. For power dis ...", "... tance transmission. Generation. Control and protection. Electric railway. Electrochemistry. Lighting. Character of Electric Power. Electric power is used as — a. Alternating current and direct current. b. Constant potential and constant current. c. High voltage and low voltage. a. Alternating current is used for transmission, and for general distribution with the exception of the centers of large cities; direct current is usually applied for railroading. For power distribution, both forms of current are used; in electrochemistry, direct current must be used for electrolytic work, while for ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is not in phase. Inductive reactance in series with the receiving circuit, e, at constant impressed e.m.f., eo, causes the voltage, e, to drop less with a unity power-factor current, 7, but far more with a lagging current, and causes the voltage, e, to rise with a leading current. While series resistance always causes a drop of voltage, series inductive reactance, x, may cause a drop of voltage or a rise of voltage, depending on whether the current is lagging or ...", "... reasing load, caused by the resistance, r, that is, to maintain constant voltage, or even a voltage, e, which rises with the load on the receiving circuit, at constant voltage, Co, at the generator side of the line. Or the wattless component of the current can be varied so as to maintain unity power-factor at the generator end of the line, eo, etc. This method of controlling a circuit supplied over an induc- tive line, by varying the phase relation of the current in the circuit, has been called \"phase control,\" and is used to a great extent, especially in the transmission of three-phase power fo ...", "... circuit supplied over an induc- tive line, by varying the phase relation of the current in the circuit, has been called \"phase control,\" and is used to a great extent, especially in the transmission of three-phase power for conversion to direct current by synchronous converters for 7 97 98 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA railroading, and in the voltage control at the receiving end of very long high voltage transmission lines. It requires a receiving circuit in which, independent of the load, a lagging or leading component of current can be produced at will. Such is the case in synchronous motors or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Light And Power Distribution", "section_title": "Light And Power Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 983-1526", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 25 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... depends upon its size and starting current, and with the large mains and feeders, which are gener- ally used, even the starting of large elevator motors has no appreciable effect, and the supply of power to electric elevators represents a very important use of direct current distribution. In alternating current distribution systems, the effect on the voltage regulation, when starting a motor, is far more severe; since alternating current motors in starting usually take a larger current than direct current motors starting with the same torque on the same voltage; and the current of the alternating cur ...", "... of large elevator motors has no appreciable effect, and the supply of power to electric elevators represents a very important use of direct current distribution. In alternating current distribution systems, the effect on the voltage regulation, when starting a motor, is far more severe; since alternating current motors in starting usually take a larger current than direct current motors starting with the same torque on the same voltage; and the current of the alternating current motor is lagging, the voltage drop caused by it in the reactance is therefore far greater than would be caused by the same c ...", "... rnating current distribution systems, the effect on the voltage regulation, when starting a motor, is far more severe; since alternating current motors in starting usually take a larger current than direct current motors starting with the same torque on the same voltage; and the current of the alternating current motor is lagging, the voltage drop caused by it in the reactance is therefore far greater than would be caused by the same current taken by a non-inductive load, as lamps. Furthermore, alternating current supply mains usually are of far smaller capacity, and therefore more affected in voltage. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-83", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 83, "number": 4, "location": "lines 13889-15160", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "snippets": [ "IV. Armature Current and Heating 88. The current in the armature conductors of a converter is the difference between the alternating-current input and the direct-current output. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 233 In Fig. 127, ai, a2 are two adjacent leads connected with the collector rings DI, D2 in an n-phase converter. The alternating e.m.f. between a\\ and a2, and thus the power component of the ...", "... input and the direct-current output. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 233 In Fig. 127, ai, a2 are two adjacent leads connected with the collector rings DI, D2 in an n-phase converter. The alternating e.m.f. between a\\ and a2, and thus the power component of the alternating current in the armature section between a\\ and a2, will reach a maximum when this section is midway between the brushes BI and Bz, as shown in Fig. 127. The direct current in every armature coil reverses at the mo- ment when the coil passes under brush BI or ...", "... a\\ and a2, will reach a maximum when this section is midway between the brushes BI and Bz, as shown in Fig. 127. The direct current in every armature coil reverses at the mo- ment when the coil passes under brush BI or B2, and is thus a rec- tangular alternating current as shown in Fig. 128 as 7. At the moment when the power com- ponent of the alternating current is a maximum, an armature coil d midway between two adjacent alternating leads ai and a2 is midway between the brushes BI and B2} as in Fig. 127, and is th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbouc Mbthod", "section_title": "Symbouc Mbthod", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2744-3229", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. SYMBOUC MBTHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating- current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is frequently not well suited, owing to the widely • ...", "... Uf, = 300 turns. (Fi = 2250 ampere-turns. $f = 100 ampere- turns. Er = 10 volts. £^ = 60 volts. Ei = 1000 volts. The corresponding diagram is shown in Fig. 21. Obvi* ously, no exact numerical values can be taken from a par- allelogram as flat as OF^FF^,, and from the combination of vectors of the relative magnitudes 1 : 6 :100. Hence the importance of the graphical method consists 84 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§§24,25 not SO much in its usefulness for practical calculation, as to aid in the simple understanding of the phenomena involved. 24. Sometimes we can calcul ...", "... 1000 volts. The corresponding diagram is shown in Fig. 21. Obvi* ously, no exact numerical values can be taken from a par- allelogram as flat as OF^FF^,, and from the combination of vectors of the relative magnitudes 1 : 6 :100. Hence the importance of the graphical method consists 84 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§§24,25 not SO much in its usefulness for practical calculation, as to aid in the simple understanding of the phenomena involved. 24. Sometimes we can calculate the numerical values trigonometrically by means of the diagram. Usually, how- ever, this becomes too complicated, as w ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "section_title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 27501-29124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... with regard to voltage and phase at equal distribution of load, but are liable to become un- balanced at unequal distribution of load ; the three-wire quarter-phase system is unbalanced in voltage and phase, even at equal distribution of load. APPENDICES APPENDIX I. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX IMAGINARY QUANTITIES. INTRODUCTION. 267. The system of numbers, of which the science of algebra treats, finds its ultimate origin in experience. Directly derived from experience, however, are only the absolute integral numbers ; fractions, for instance, are not directly derived from experience, but are abstract ...", "... le to carry out the operation of subtraction under any circumstances, the system of abso- lute numbers has to be expanded by the introduction of the negative number: — a = (— 1) X a, where (— 1) is the negative unit. Thereby the system of numbers is subdivided in the 270,271] COMPLEX IMAGINARY QUANTITIES. 403 positive and negative numbers, and the operation of sub- traction possible for all values of subtrahend and minuend. or (-l)x (-1) = 1; that is, the negative unit is defined by : (- 1)^ = 1- 270. The reverse operation of multiplication introduces the operation of division: If // ...", "... c operations and their reverse operations under all conditions, 2d. Permanence of the laws of calculation, the expansion of the system of numbers has become neces- sary, into Positive and negative numbers. Integral numbers and fractions. Rational and irrational numbers. S 274] COMPLEX IMAGINARY QUANTITIES, 405 Real and imaginary numbers and complex imagmary numbers. ^ Therewith closes the field of algebra, and all the alge- braic operations and their reverse operations can be carried out irrespective of the values of terms entering the opera- tion. Thus within the range of algebra no furth ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 963-1366", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. IN the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respec- tively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a constant of the circuit. 2.) Joule's law: P= izr, where P is the rate at which energy is expended by ...", "... 's laws : a.} The sum of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the E.M.F. consumed by the resistance, ir, is also con- sidered as a counter E.M.F., and all the E.M.Fs. are taken in their proper direction. b.) The sum of all the currents flowing towards a dis- tributing point = 0. In alternating-current circuits, that is, in circuits con- veying curr'ents which rapidly and periodically change their 2 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. direction, these laws cease to hold. Energy is expended, not only in the conductor through its ohmic resistance, but also outside of it ; energy is stored up and ...", "... con- sidered as a counter E.M.F., and all the E.M.Fs. are taken in their proper direction. b.) The sum of all the currents flowing towards a dis- tributing point = 0. In alternating-current circuits, that is, in circuits con- veying curr'ents which rapidly and periodically change their 2 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. direction, these laws cease to hold. Energy is expended, not only in the conductor through its ohmic resistance, but also outside of it ; energy is stored up and returned, so that large currents may flow, impressed by high E.M.Fs., without representing any considerable amount of ex ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 25904-27405", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... with regard to voltage and phase at equal distribution of load, but are liable to become un- balanced at unequal distribution of load ; the three-wire quarter-phase system is unbalanced in voltage and phase, even at equal distribution of load. APPENDICES. APPENDIX I. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX IMAGINARY QUANTITIES. INTRODUCTION. 296. The system of numbers, of which the science of algebra treats, finds its ultimate origin in experience. Directly derived from experience, however, are only the absolute integral numbers ; fractions, for instance, are not directly derived from experience, but are abstract ...", "... it possible to carry out the operation of subtraction under any circumstances, the system of abso- lute numbers has to be expanded by the introduction of the negative number: _ « = (_ 1) X «, .where (- 1) is the negative unit. Thereby the system of numbers is subdivided in the COMPLEX IMAGINARY QUANTITIES. 491 positive and negative numbers, and the operation of sub- traction possible for all values of subtrahend and minuend. From the definition of addition as multiple numeration, and subtraction as its inverse operation, it follows : c - (- b) = c + b, thus: (-l)X (-!) = !; that is, the ne ...", "... lgebraic operations and their reverse operations under all conditions, 2d. Permanence of the laws of calculation, the expansion of the system of numbers has become neces- sary, into Positive and negative numbers, Integral numbers and fractions, Rational and irrational numbers, COMPLEX IMAGINARY QUANTITIES. 493 Real and imaginary numbers and complex imaginary numbers. Therewith closes the field of algebra, and all the alge- braic operations and their reverse operations can be carried out irrespective of the values of terms entering the opera- tion. Thus within the range of algebra no furthe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... go- nometric series, or Fourier series, as has been discussed in Chapter III, and the methods of resolution and arrangements devised to carry out the work rapidly have also been dis- cussed in Chapter III. The resolution of a periodic function thus consists in the determination of the higher harmonics, which are super- imposed on the fundamental wave. As periodic curves are of the greatest importance in elec- trical engineering, in the theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, a familiarity with the wave shapes produced by the different harmonics is desirable. This familiarity should be ...", "... idly have also been dis- cussed in Chapter III. The resolution of a periodic function thus consists in the determination of the higher harmonics, which are super- imposed on the fundamental wave. As periodic curves are of the greatest importance in elec- trical engineering, in the theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, a familiarity with the wave shapes produced by the different harmonics is desirable. This familiarity should be sufficient to enable one to judge immediately from the shape of the wave, as given by oscillograph, etc., which harmonics are present. The effect of the lower harmonic ...", "... nsists in the determination of the higher harmonics, which are super- imposed on the fundamental wave. As periodic curves are of the greatest importance in elec- trical engineering, in the theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, a familiarity with the wave shapes produced by the different harmonics is desirable. This familiarity should be sufficient to enable one to judge immediately from the shape of the wave, as given by oscillograph, etc., which harmonics are present. The effect of the lower harmonics, such as the third, fifth, seventh, etc. (or the second, fourth, etc., where presen ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "section_title": "Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 16077-16520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI POWER, AND DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL 135. Graphically, alternating currents and voltages are repre- sented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more con- venient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating ...", "CHAPTER XVI POWER, AND DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL 135. Graphically, alternating currents and voltages are repre- sented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more con- venient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the absolute values ...", "... alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the absolute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as coordi- nate center), and their connection the difference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quan- tities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a com- plex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, voltage, impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities in the same way as current, voltage, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "section_title": "Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 9381-9740", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII. POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL. 102. Graphically alternating currents and E.M.F's are represented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more convenient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating ...", "CHAPTER XII. POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL. 102. Graphically alternating currents and E.M.F's are represented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more convenient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the abso- lute value ...", "... lternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the abso- lute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as co-ordinate center) and their connection the dif- ference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quantities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a complex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, E.M.F., impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities similar as current, E.M.F., resistance, a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-47", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "section_title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 47, "number": 7, "location": "lines 24981-26094", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 59. If the frequency of an alternating or oscillating current is high, or the section of the conductor which carries the current is very large, or its electric conductivity or its magnetic per- meability high, the current density is not uniform throughout the conductor ...", "... conductor times the \" thickness of penetration.\" Where this unequal current distribution throughout the con- ductor section is considerable, the conductor section is not fully utilized, but the material in the interior of the conductor is more or less wasted. It is of importance, therefore, in alternating- current circuits, especially in dealing with very large currents, or with high frequency, or materials of very high permeability, as iron, to investigate this phenomenon. An approximate determination of this effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to ...", "... is effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to be negligible in its effect on the resistance of the conductor, 369 370 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA or whether it is sufficiently large to require calculation and methods of avoiding it, is given in \" Alternating-Current Phe- nomena,\" Chapter XIV, paragraph 133. An appreciable increase of the effective resistance over the ohmic resistance may be expected in the following cases : (1) In the low-tension distribution of heavy alternating cur- rents by large conductors. (2) When using iron as conductor, as for ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "... ncrease of current requires an increase of voltage, and vice versa; and so limits itself. While therefore arcs can be operated on a constant cur- rent system, to run arc lamps on constant potential, some cur- rent limiting device is necessary in series with the arc, as a resistance; or, in an alternating current circuit, a reactance. The voltage consumed by the resistance is proportional to the current, and a resistance of 8 ohms inserted in series to the arc would thus consume the voltage shown in straight line II in Fig. 47. The voltage consumed by the arc plus the resistance then is given by the cu ...", "... tial supply. Constant potential arc lamps are necessarily less efficient than constant current arc lamps, due to the power con- sumed in the steadying resistance. A large part of this power is saved in alternating constant potential arc lamps, by using reactance instead of resistance, but the power factor is there- fore greatly lowered ; that is, the constant potential alternating arc lamp rarely has a power factor of over 70%. Where therefore high potential constant current circuits are permissible, as for outdoor or street lighting, arc lamps are usually operated on a constant current circui ...", "... o the power con- sumed in the steadying resistance. A large part of this power is saved in alternating constant potential arc lamps, by using reactance instead of resistance, but the power factor is there- fore greatly lowered ; that is, the constant potential alternating arc lamp rarely has a power factor of over 70%. Where therefore high potential constant current circuits are permissible, as for outdoor or street lighting, arc lamps are usually operated on a constant current circuit, with series connection of from 50 to 100 lamps on one circuit. With the exception of a few of the larger citi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4674-6992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTIVE REACTANCE, AND CONDENSIVE REACTANCE 53. Having, in the foregoing, re-established Ohm's law and Kirchhoff 's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of e.m.f., current, impe- dance, and admittance in complex quantities — these values representing not only the inten ...", "... s laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of e.m.f., current, impe- dance, and admittance in complex quantities — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous-current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quanti- ties— calculate alternating-cu ...", "... lex quantities — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous-current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quanti- ties— calculate alternating-current circuits and networks of circuits containing resistance, inductive reactance, and conden- sive reactance in any combination, without meeting with greater difficulties than when dealing with continuous-current circuits. It is obviously not possible to discuss with any completeness all the infin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 22302-23970", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m. ...", "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting s ...", "... e armature is zero, and the e.m.f. of the armature is due to the m.m.f. of the field-coils only. In this case the e.m.f. is, in general, a maximum at the moment when the armature coil faces the position midway between adjacent field-coils, as shown in Fig. 129, and thus incloses 259 260 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA no magnetism. The e.m.f. wave in this case is, in general, symmetrical. An exception to this statement may take place only in those types of alternators where the magnetic reluctance of the arma- ture is different in different directions; thereby, during the syn- chronous rotatio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1224-1727", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. In the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respec- tively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a constant of the circuit. 2.) Joule's law : P= i^r, where P is the rate at which energy is expended by ...", "... * s laws : a) The sum of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the E.M.F. consumed by the resistance, ir^ is also con- sidered as a counter E.M.F., and all the E.M.Fs. are taken in their proper direction. b,) The sum of all the currents flowing towards a dis- tributing point = 0. In alternating-current circuits, that is, in circuits con- veying currents which rapidly and periodically change their 2 AL TKRXA TING-CURRKXT PHEXOMEXA. [ § 2 direction, these laws cease to hold. Energy is expended, not only in the conductor through its ohmic resistance, but also outside of it ; energy is stored ...", "... a surging to and fro of energy ; the ohmic resistance ceases to be the determining factor of current strength ; currents may divide into components, each of which is larger than the undivided current, etc. 2. In place of the above-mentioned fundamental laws of continuous currents, we find in alternating-current circuits the following : Ohm's law assumes the form, i = c j Sy where r, the apparent resistance, or impcdaiue^ is no longer a constant of the circuit, but depends upon the frequency of the cur- rents ; and in circuits containing iron, etc., also upon the E.M.F. Impedance, ^, is, in the sy ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14089-14918", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIV. THE OSNI!RAIj AIiTEBNATINa-CUBBENT TBAKBFOBMSB. 131. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in t ...", "CHAPTER XIV. THE OSNI!RAIj AIiTEBNATINa-CUBBENT TBAKBFOBMSB. 131. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed ...", "... apparatus, comprising a magnetic circuit in- terlinked with two electric circuits. Such an apparatus can properly be called a ^^ general altertiating- current trans- former' The equations of the stationary transformer and those of the induction motor are merely specializations of the general alternating-current transformer equations. Quantitatively the main differences between induction motor and stationary transformer are those produced by the air-gap between primary and secondary, which is re- quired to give the secondary mechanical movability. This air-gap greatly increases the magnetizing curren ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electr ...", "... t ciu-rent from the exciter. The field flux of the single-phase alternator (or poly- phase alternator at imbalanced load) thus pulsates with double frequency, and, by being carried synchronously through the armature circuits, this double-frequency pulsation of flux in- duces a triple-frequency harmonic in the armature. Thus, single-phase alternators, and polyphase alternators at unbalanced load, contain more or less of a third harmonic in their voltage wave, which is induced by the double-frequency pulsation of the field flux, resulting from the pulsating armature reaction, or mutual armatu ...", "... ith double frequency, and, by being carried synchronously through the armature circuits, this double-frequency pulsation of flux in- duces a triple-frequency harmonic in the armature. Thus, single-phase alternators, and polyphase alternators at unbalanced load, contain more or less of a third harmonic in their voltage wave, which is induced by the double-frequency pulsation of the field flux, resulting from the pulsating armature reaction, or mutual armature reactance, x\\ The statement, that three-phase alternators contain no third harmonics in their terminal voltages, since such harmonics ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19166-20427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "snippets": [ "... primary circuit by the impedance ZQ is /oZo, the counter-generated e.m.f. is e, hence, the primary terminal voltage is EQ = e + IQZQ = e[l + (bi — j&2) (r0 + jx0)] .= e (ci — jc2), where Ci = 1 + robi + Xobz and c2 = r062 — Xobi. Eliminating complex quantities, we have EQ = e Vci2 + c22, hence, the counter-generated e.m.f. of motor, e = — == , where EQ = impressed e.m.f., absolute value. Substituting this value in the equations of /i, /oo, /o, etc , gives the complex expressions of currents and e.m.fs., ...", "... ci2 + c22, hence, the counter-generated e.m.f. of motor, e = — == , where EQ = impressed e.m.f., absolute value. Substituting this value in the equations of /i, /oo, /o, etc , gives the complex expressions of currents and e.m.fs., and elimi- nating the imaginary quantities we have the primary current, /o = e V&i2 + 622, etc. INDUCTION MACHINES 313 The torque of the polyphase induction motor (or any other motor or generator) is proportional to the product of the mutual magnetic flux and the component of ampere-turns of ...", "... -generated e.m.f. e (and thus the im- pressed e.m.f. EQ) enters in the equation of current, magnetism, etc., as a simple factor, in the equations of torque, power input and output, and volt-ampere input as square, and cancels in the equation of efficiency, power-factor, etc., it follows that the current, magnetic flux, etc., of an induction motor are propor- tional to the impressed e.m.f., the torque, power output, power input, and volt-ampere input are proportional to the square of the impressed e.m.f., and the torque- an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Induction Generators", "section_title": "Induction Generators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 20446-21537", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... und, and the torque and power increase from zero at synchronism up to a maximum point, and then decrease again, while the current constantly increases. 174. The induction generator differs essentially from the ordinary synchronous alternator in so far as the induction generator has a definite power-factor, while the synchronous alternator has not. That is, in the synchronous alternator the phase relation between current and terminal voltage entirely depends upon the condition of the external circuit. The in- duction generator, however, can operate only if the phase relation of current and e.m.f ...", "... hronous alternator has not. That is, in the synchronous alternator the phase relation between current and terminal voltage entirely depends upon the condition of the external circuit. The in- duction generator, however, can operate only if the phase relation of current and e.m.f., that is, the power-factor required by the external circuit, exactly coincides with the internal power-factor of the induction generator. This requires that 237 238 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the power-factor either of the external circuit or of the induction generator varies with the voltage, so as to permi ...", "... on between current and terminal voltage entirely depends upon the condition of the external circuit. The in- duction generator, however, can operate only if the phase relation of current and e.m.f., that is, the power-factor required by the external circuit, exactly coincides with the internal power-factor of the induction generator. This requires that 237 238 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the power-factor either of the external circuit or of the induction generator varies with the voltage, so as to permit the generator and the external circuit to adjust themselves to equality of power- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7141-8510", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... increases with the current so that the total voltage consumed by the arc and the steadying device increases with increase of current, and pulsations of current thus limit themselves. All arc lamps for use on constant voltage supply thus contain a sufficiently high steadying resistance, or, in alternating-current circuits, a steadying reactance. Arc lamps for use on constant-current circuits, that is, cir- cuits in which the current is kept constant by the source of power supply, as the constant-current transformer or the arc machine, require no steadying resistance or reactance. 152 RADIATION, LIG ...", "... amps on 110 volts, the shunt circuit, which is closed in case of the failure of one lamp to operate, must have such a resistance, or reactance with alter- nating currents, that the remaining lamp still receives its proper voltage, even if the other lamp fails and its shunt circuit closes. With alternating-current lamps, this does not require a reactance of such size that the potential difference across the reactance equals that across the lamp, which it replaces, but the reactance must be larger; that is, give a higher potential difference at its terminals, than the lamp which it replaces, to leave the ...", "... simplified by omitting the pro- tective shunt circuit RMN, and omitting the shunt magnet P, as, with a change of arc length, the main current and thereby the pull of the series magnet S varies, and the control thus can be done by the series magnet. Such a lamp then is called a series lamp. An alternating-current series lamp is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 52. In starting, the series magnet S pulls up the electrode B by the clutch G, in the same manner as in Fig. 50. With increasing arc length and thus increasing voltage consumed by the arc, the current in the arc and thus in the series magnet S ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-22", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Machines: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 22, "number": 1, "location": "lines 8518-8657", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "snippets": [ "I. General 3. The most important class of alternating-current apparatus consists of the synchronous machines. They comprise the alternating-current generators, single-phase and polyphase, the synchronous motors, the phase compensators, the phase con- verters, the phase balancers, the synchronous boosters and the exciters of i ...", "I. General 3. The most important class of alternating-current apparatus consists of the synchronous machines. They comprise the alternating-current generators, single-phase and polyphase, the synchronous motors, the phase compensators, the phase con- verters, the phase balancers, the synchronous boosters and the exciters of induction generators, that is, synchronous machines producing wattless lagging or leadi ...", "... ct- 7T ive to mean value of wave, that is, the ratio ,of the effective value of the generated e.m.f. to that of a sine wave generated by the same magnetic flux at the same frequency. 126 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 127 The form factor 7 depends upon the wave shape of the gener- ated e.m.f. The wave shape of e.m.f. generated in a single con- ductor on the armature surface is identical with that of the dis- tribution of magnetic flux at the armature surface and will be discussed more fully in the chapter on commutatin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 12962-16963", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... / 1 ' / / y / y / -^ _ '^ ' J^ / 1 t- u / / B- IM. i~ [00 B- IB. 1 / 1 A / / .*=: W ■^-1 been discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-cur- rent Phenomena. \" The characteristic of the wave-shape distortion by magnetic 126 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS BaturatioD in a closed magnetic circuit is the production of a high peak and fiat zero, of the current with a sine wave of impressed voltage, of the voltage with a sine wave of current traversing the circuit. k- ■^ ^^ MM ^ \\ ...", "... fore sine wave of magnetic flux, B (neglecting ir drop in the winding, or rather, co is the voltage induced by the alternat- ing magnetic fiux density B). In these four figures, the maxi- SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 127 mum Values of fio, B and / are chosen of the same scale, for wave- shape comparison, though in reality, in Fig. 59, very high sat- uration, the maximum of current,2,is ten times as high as in Fig. 56, beginning saturation. As seen, in Fig. 56 the current is the usual saw-tooth wave of transformer-exciting current, but slightly peaked, while in Fig. 59 a high peak ex ...", "... .8 35.5 1.00 2.56 4.80 3.08 3.48 3.80 1.00 1.13 1.23 2.40 5.40 9.35 3.95 6.33 9.58 1.00 1.60 2.42 1.282 1.864 2.520 1.87 2.97 3.70 100.0 19.7 73.0 9.88 3.94 1.28 18.50 13.80 3.50 3.500 5.28 As seen, the wave-shape distortion due to magnetic saturation is very much greater with a sine wave of current traversing the closed magnetic circuit, than it is with a sine wave of voltage im- pressed upon it. With increasing magnetic saturation, with a sine wave of cur- rent, the effective value of induced voltage ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "section_title": "Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 27996-29301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... ices the same as before. A film cutout, with another lamp in series, would accomplish this: if a lamp burns out, its shunting film cutout punctures and puts the second lamp in circuit. However, in general such arrange- ment is too complicated for use. As practically all such circuits would be alternating-current circuits, and thus alternating currents only need to be considered, the question arises, whether a reactance shunting each lamp would not give the desired effect. Suppose each lamp, of resist- ance, r, is shunted by a reactance, x, which is sufficiently large not to withdraw too much current f ...", "... = or full-load, to p = 1 or no-load, and no value of shunted reactance, 6, exists, which maintains constant current. With de- creasing load, the current, f i, decreases the slower, the higher 6 is, that is, the more current is shunted by the reactive susceptance, 6, and the poorer therefore the power-factor is. Thus shunted constant reactance can not give constant-voltage regulation. However, with 6 = 0.2 gf, at no-load the shunted reactance would get five times as much current as at load, and thus have five times as high a voltage at its terminals. The latter, however, is not feasible, excep ...", "... amps burned out, and (1 — p)n lamps burning, total voltage, eo = n(l — p)^i + np ^2 (19) it is (20) = n/ substituting (17), Co = nl g g — jhi \"^ 62 J 1 - p , . 11 — jc (21) or. hence, absolute, nl 1 — p(l — oc) + jap g I - JC nt 60 = - V[l-p(l -ac)Y + a^p^ (22) smce. y = gy/l + c^ thus, the current in the series circuit. I = e^y n VU - p(l- ac)Y + d^^ (24) CONSTANT-VOLTAGE SERIES OPERATION 303 158. For, p = 0, or full-load, it is thus. io = ^ (25) n i = ^^ (26) V [1 - p(l - ac)]« + oV The same val ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Induction Motob", "section_title": "Induction Motob", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 14919-17024", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV. INDUCTION MOTOB. 140. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the sta- tionary alternating-current transformer in so far as the two sets of electric circuits — the primary or excited, and the secondary or induced, circuits — are movable with regard to each other ; and that in general a number of primary ...", "CHAPTER XV. INDUCTION MOTOB. 140. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the sta- tionary alternating-current transformer in so far as the two sets of electric circuits — the primary or excited, and the secondary or induced, circuits — are movable with regard to each other ; and that in general a number of primary and a number of secondary circuits are used, angularly displaced around the periphery of ...", "... N = frequency of main or primary E.M.F., and s = percentage slip ; sN = frequency of armature or secondary E.M.F., and (1 — s) J\\r= frequency of rotation of armature. In its reaction upon the primary circuit, however, the armature current is of the same frequency as the primary f 208 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§141 current, since it is carried around mechanically, with such a frequency as always to have the same phase relation, in the same position, with regard to the primary current. 141. Let the primary system consist of/ equal circuits, displaced angularly in space by 1 // of a peri ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "... the change of frequency with the load has obviously to be considered, that is, in the equations the reactance x0 has to be replaced by the reactance XQ (1 — s), otherwise the equa- tions remain the same. FIG. 187. — Induction generator load curves. 3. POWER-FACTOR OF INDUCTION GENERATOR 155. The induction generator differs 'essentially from a syn- chronous alternator (that is, a machine in which an armature revolves relatively through a constant or continuous magnetic field) by having a power-factor requiring leading cur ...", "... or load curves. 3. POWER-FACTOR OF INDUCTION GENERATOR 155. The induction generator differs 'essentially from a syn- chronous alternator (that is, a machine in which an armature revolves relatively through a constant or continuous magnetic field) by having a power-factor requiring leading current ; that is, in the synchronous alternator the phase relation between current and terminal voltage depends entirely upon the external circuit, and according to the nature of the circuit connected to the synchronous alternator the current ...", "... TRICAL ENGINEERING In Fig. 188 are given for the constant-speed induction gen- erator in Fig. 230 as function of the impedance of the external circuit z = -?• as abscissas (where eQ = terminal voltage, iQ = 2o current in external circuit), the leading power-factor p = cos 6 required in the load, the inductance factor q = sin 6, and the frequency. Hence, when connected to a circuit of impedance z this induc- tion generator can operate only if the power-factor of its circuit is p', and if this is the case the v ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "section_label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "section_title": "Impedance and Admittance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 6814-7380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "snippets": [ "17. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 82. In direct-current circuits the most important law is Ohm's law, e -i or e r ir, or r = -.> where e is the e.m.f. impressed upon resistance r to produce current i therein. Since in alternating-current circuits a current i through a resistance r may produce additional e.m.fs. therein, when apply- a ing Ohm's law, i — - to alternating-current circuits, e is the IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE ' 99 total e.m.f. resulting from the impressed e.m.f. and all e ...", "... ir, or r = -.> where e is the e.m.f. impressed upon resistance r to produce current i therein. Since in alternating-current circuits a current i through a resistance r may produce additional e.m.fs. therein, when apply- a ing Ohm's law, i — - to alternating-current circuits, e is the IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE ' 99 total e.m.f. resulting from the impressed e.m.f. and all e.m.fs. produced by the current i in the circuit. Such counter e.m.fs. may be due to inductance, as self-induc- tance, or mutual inductance, to ca ...", "... the current i in the circuit. Such counter e.m.fs. may be due to inductance, as self-induc- tance, or mutual inductance, to capacity, chemical polarization, etc. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction, or e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field produced by the alternating current i, is repre- sented by a quantity of the same dimensions as resistance, and measured in ohms: reactance x. The e.m.f. consumed by reactance x is in quadrature with the current, that consumed by resistance r in phase with the current. Reactance and resista ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 21538-22301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... decreases proportionally with the speed, and becomes zero at standstill. That is, they are not self-starting, but some starting device has to be used. Such a starting device may either be mechanical or electrical. All the electrical starting devices essentially consist in impress- 245 24G ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA ing upon the motor at standstill a magnetic quadrature flux. This may be produced either by some outside e.m.f., as in the monocyclic starting device, or by displacing the circuits of two or more primary coils from each other, either by mutual induc- tion between the coils — that is ...", "... e motor an essentially wattless e.m.f. is produced in quadrature ' with the main e.m.f. and impressed upon the motor, either directly or after com- bination with the single-phase main e.m.f. Such wattless quadrature e.m.f. can be produced by the common connection of two impedances of different power-factor, as an inductive reactance and a resistance, or an inductive and a condensive reactance connected in series across the mains. The investigation of these starting-devices offers a very instructive application of the symbolic method of investiga- tion of alternating-current phenomena, and a stu ...", "... produced by the common connection of two impedances of different power-factor, as an inductive reactance and a resistance, or an inductive and a condensive reactance connected in series across the mains. The investigation of these starting-devices offers a very instructive application of the symbolic method of investiga- tion of alternating-current phenomena, and a study thereof is thus recommended to the reader.^ ' See paper on the Single-phase Induction Motor, A. I. E. E. Transactions, 1898. SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 247 179. Occasionally, no special motors are built for single-phase ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 18053-19457", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E±, be connected as synchronous motor with a supply circuit of E.M.F., EQ, by a circuit of the impedance Z. If E0 is the E.M.F. impr ...", "... nd generator, and thus we have the prob- lem, generator of induced E.M.F. EQ, and motor of induced' E.M.F. El; or, more general, two alternators of induced E.M.Fs., E0, Elf connected together into a circuit of total impedance, Z. Since in this case several E.M.Fs. are acting in circuit 322 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. with the same current, it is convenient to use the current, /, as zero line OI of the polar diagram. Fig. 188. If I=i= current, and Z = impedance, r = effective resistance, x = effective reactance, and s = Vr2 -f x2 = absolute value of impedance, then the E.M.F. consumed by the r ...", "... as zero line OI of the polar diagram. Fig. 188. If I=i= current, and Z = impedance, r = effective resistance, x = effective reactance, and s = Vr2 -f x2 = absolute value of impedance, then the E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is E,, = ri, and in phase with the cur- rent, hence represented by vector OE,, ; and the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is E2 = xi, and 90° ahead of the current, hence the E.M.F. consumed by the impedance is E = V(£,,)2 + (E2f, or = i Vr2 + x* = is, and ahead of the current by the angle 8, where tan 8 = x / r. We have now acting in circuit the E.M.Fs., E, Elf EQ; ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "number": 3, "location": "lines 21721-23178", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "snippets": [ "... esistance of the line, which, at the relatively high frequency of oscillating discharges, is small com- pared with the reactance. This assumption means that the dying out of the discharge current through the influence of the resistance of the circuit is neglected, and the current assumed as an alternating current of approximately the same frequency and the same intensity as the initial waves of the oscillating discharge current. By this means the problem is essentially simplified. 28. Let 10 = total length of a transmission line; I = the dis- tance from the beginning of the line; r = resistance per un ...", "... ft-V*;-V^, (8) z Lo or substituting for x and b, x = 2 Tr/L and 6 = 2 7r/<7, gives or is the frequency of oscillation of the circuit. The lowest frequency or fundamental frequency of oscillation is, for n = 1, and besides this fundamental frequency, all its odd multiples or higher harmonics may exist in the oscillation f** (2n-l)/r (11) Writing L0 = Z0L = total inductance, and C0 = 10C = total capacity of the circuit, equation (9) assumes the form (12) The fundamental frequency of oscillation of a transmission line open at one end and grounded at the other, and having a to ...", "... stributed capacity and inductance, in free oscillation, thus are represented by their effective values (13) and (14). 30. Substituting in equations (4), Cl = <>i + jcv (16) gives I = (cl + jc2) cos ftl and (17) NATURAL PERIOD OF TRANSMISSION LINE 325 By the definition of the complex quantity as vector represen- tation of an alternating wave the cosine component of the wave is represented by the real, the sine component by the imaginary term; that is, a wave of the form ct cos 2 nft + c2sin 2 nft is represented by cl + jc2J and inversely, the equations (17), in their analytic expre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "section_title": "Luminescence", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5077-6608", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... ing to continuous conduction, that is, to an arc, and a reactance inserted into the low-tension pri- mary of the step-up transformer, to limit the discharge current, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 31. If the Geissler tube has a considerable diameter, 3 to 5 cm., the Geissler discharge with alternating current is striated; that 102 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. is, disk-shaped bright spots with diffused outlines alternate with less luminous spaces, about as shown in Fig. 32. The distance between the luminous disks increases with decrease of the gas pressure. Two sets of such disks exist ...", "... rc thus evaporates, and by entering the arc stream shows its spectrum, so that luminescent material can be fed into the carbon arc from either terminal. (3) At the temperature of the carbon arc all gases and vapors have become good conductors, and a carbon arc thus can operate equally well on alternating current as on direct current; that is, the voltage required to maintain the carbon arc is. sufficient, after the reversal of current, to restart it through the hot carbon vapor. A typical arc is shown in Fig. 35 as the magnetite arc, with a lower negative terminal M consisting of magnetite, the non- ...", "... so as to make A negative, and B and O , . '.. i \\. , : ; ,- ,. . - 112 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. positive, and start an arc between A and C by touching C to A. I draw this arc to about 4 cm. length, and without touching C with B, as soon as the conducting vapor stream of the arc AC (the inner core A of Fig. 35) touches B, as shown in Fig. 36, the arc leaves C and goes to B, that is, by the arc AC I have started arc AB. If I had separate resistances in series with the terminals B and (7, the arc AC would also continue to exist after it started arc AB- otherwise, as two arcs ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: General Distribution", "section_title": "General Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 566-982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 14 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... rom adjacent stations by tie feeders. Such tie feeders also permit most stations to operate without storage battery reserve, that is, to concentrate the storage batteries in a few stations, from which in case of a breakdown of the system, the other stations are supplied over the tie feeders. ALTERNATING CURRENT DISTRIBUTION The system of feeders and mains allows the most perfect voltage regulation in the distributing mains. It is however applicable only to direct current distribution in a territory of GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 27 very concentrated load, as in the interior of a large city, since the i ...", "... economically permissible only where each feeder represents a large amount of power; with alternating cur- rent systems, the inductive drop forbids the concentration of such large currents in a single conductor. That is, conductors of one million circular mils cannot be used economically in an alternating current system. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the size or section of the conductor, hence decreases rapidly with increasing current: a conductor of one million circular mils is one-tenth the resistance of a conductor of 100,000 circular mils, and so can carry ten times th ...", "... ctor of No. ooo; but the reactance of one conductor No. ooo is .109 ohms, and so 1.88 times as great as the reactance of two con- ductors of No. I in multiple, which latter is half that of one conductor No. i, or .058 ohms, provided that the two con- ductors are used as separate circuits. In alternating current low tension distribution, the size of the conductor and so the current per conductor, is limited by the self -inductive drop, and alternating current low tension networks are therefore of necessity of smaller size than those of direct current distribution. As regards economy of distribution, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15161-15475", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "snippets": [ "... t right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature reaction due to the power component of the alternating current in a synchro- nous motor consists of a polarization in quadrature ahead of the field magnetism, which is opposite to the armature reaction as direct-current generator. Let m = total number of turns on the bipolar armature or per pair of poles of an n-pha ...", "... 2 ir - — )COB(T-— we have that is, the resultant m.m.f. in any direction T has the phase 6 = r, and the intensity, rcFiA/2 ~^~ thus revolves in space with uniform velocity and constant in- tensity, in synchronism with the frequency of the alternating current. 248 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Since in the converter, Fl = ^M, TTU we have the resultant m.m.f. of the power component of the alternating current in the n-phase converter. This m.m.f. revolves synchronously in the armature of the converte ...", "... pace with uniform velocity and constant in- tensity, in synchronism with the frequency of the alternating current. 248 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Since in the converter, Fl = ^M, TTU we have the resultant m.m.f. of the power component of the alternating current in the n-phase converter. This m.m.f. revolves synchronously in the armature of the converter; and since the armature rotates at synchronism, the resultant m.m.f. stands still in space, or, with regard to the field poles, in opposition to the direct-current ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16362-17596", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M. ...", "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 's ...", "... ot in reality combine, but their respective magnetic fluxes combine in the armature core, where they pass through the same structure. These component E.M.Fs. are there- fore mathematical fictions, but their resultant is real. This means that, if the armature current lags, the E.M.F. of self- ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 301 inductance will be more than 90° behind the induced E.M.F., and therefore in partial opposition, and will tend to reduce the terminal voltage. On the other hand, if the armature current leads, the E.M.F. of self-inductance will be less than 90° behind the induced E.M.F., or in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 8555-10582", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 60. As more fully discussed in the chapters on the single-phase induction motor, in \" Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineer- ing\" and \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" the single-phase induction motor has inherently, no torque at standstill, that is, when used without special device to produce such torque by converting the motor into an unsym- metrical ployphase motor, etc. The magnetic flux at standstill is a single-phase alternating flux of con ...", "... alculation of the starting torque, torque ratio and torque efficiency of the single- phase induction motor with starting device, by comparison with the same motor as polyphase motor, by means of the calculation of the voltages, e'y eh e2, etc., and this calculation is simply that of a compound alternating-current circuit, containing the induc- tion motor as an effective impedance. That is, since the only determining factor in the starting torque is the voltage impressed upon the motor, the internal reactions of the motor do not come into consideration, but the motor merely acts as an effective impedanc ...", "... acts as an effective impedance. Or in other words, the consideration of the internal 102 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS reaction of the motor is eliminated by the comparison with the polyphase motor. In calculating the effective impedance of the motor at stand- still, we consider the same as an alternating-current transformer, and use the equivalent circuit of the transformer, as discussed in Chapter XVII of \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating- current Phenomena.\" That is, the induction motor is con- sidered as two impedances, Za and Z(, connected in series to the -PFL jTRRT it of the inducti ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19374-20293", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... to remanent magnetism nor to the magnetizing effect of eddy currents, because they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and the rema- nent magnetism of the field poles destroyed beforehand by application of an alternating current. These phenomena can uol be explained under the assump- tion of a constant synchronous reactance: because in ilu- oast al no-field excitation, the e.m.f. or counter e.m.f. of the machine REACTION MACHINES 2fil let mi mi H MVO, ;md the only cm. I', existing in tlic- al tern (it in ...", "... onstant synchronous reactance: because in ilu- oast al no-field excitation, the e.m.f. or counter e.m.f. of the machine REACTION MACHINES 2fil let mi mi H MVO, ;md the only cm. I', existing in tlic- al tern (it in1 is the e.m.f. of self-induction; that is, the e.m.f. induced by the alternating current upon itself. If, however, the synchronous reactance is constant, (he counter e.m.f. of self-induction is in quadrature with the current and wattless; that is, can neither produce nor consume energy. In the synchronous motor running without field excitation, always a large lag of the current b ...", "... reactance is constant, (he counter e.m.f. of self-induction is in quadrature with the current and wattless; that is, can neither produce nor consume energy. In the synchronous motor running without field excitation, always a large lag of the current behind the impressed e.m.f. exists; and an alternating-current generator will yield an e.m.f. without field excitation only when closed by an external circuit of large negative reactance; that is, a circuit in which the current the e.m.f., as a condenser, or an overexcited synchronous iotor, etc. 14S. The usual explanation of the operation of the synchr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-13", "section_label": "Theory Section 13: Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 4465-5263", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "snippets": [ "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self ...", "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of se ...", "... , which Tjl are to each other as the ratio of turns, thus Ei = — - Let E = secondary terminal voltage, I\\ = secondary current, 0i = lag of current /i behind terminal voltage E (where B\\ < 0 denotes leading current). Denoting then in Fig. 34 by a vector OE = E the secondary 68 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING terminal voltage, 01 1 = l\\ is the secondary current lagging by the angle EOI = 61. The e.m.f. consumed by the secondary resistance 7*1 is OE'i = E'i = Iiri in phase with /i. The e.m. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-37", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 16: Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 37, "number": 16, "location": "lines 10124-10189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "snippets": [ "... urrents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machines may be two or more generators, in the same or in different stations, of wave shapes containing higher harmonics of different order, intensity or phase, or synchronous motors or converters of wave shapes different from that of the syste ...", "... cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machines may be two or more generators, in the same or in different stations, of wave shapes containing higher harmonics of different order, intensity or phase, or synchronous motors or converters of wave shapes different from that of the system to which they are connected. The intensity of these cross currents is the difference of the corresponding harmonics of the machines ...", "... containing higher harmonics of different order, intensity or phase, or synchronous motors or converters of wave shapes different from that of the system to which they are connected. The intensity of these cross currents is the difference of the corresponding harmonics of the machines divided by the impe- dance between the machines. This impedance includes the self- inductive reactance of the machine armatures. The reactance obviously is that at the frequency of the harmonic, that is, if x = reactance at fundamental freque ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 13 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... tional to the magnetization, (B, the frequency, N, and to the electric conductivity, y, of the iron ; hence, can be expressed by The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to the electric con- ductivity, and can be expressed by W= 130 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. or, since, ($>N is proportional to the induced E.M.F., E, in the equation it follows that, TJie loss of power by eddy currents is propor- tional to the square of the E.M.F., and proportional to tlie electric conductivity of the iron ; or, W=aE*y. Hence, that component of the ...", "... etc. x i JC The two most important cases are : (a). Laminated iron. (b). Iron wire. 1 ' 1 89. (a). Laminated Iron. Let, in Fig. 79, i d = thickness of the iron plates ; (B = maximum magnetic induction ; JV = frequency ; y = electric conductivity of the iron. Fi 1.79. 132 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Then, if x is the distance of a zone, d x, from the center of the sheet, the conductance of a zone of thickness, */x, and of one cm length and width is y^x ; and the magnetic flux cut by this zone is (Bx. Hence, the E.M.F. induced in this zone is 8 E = V2 TrN($> x, in C.G.S. unit ...", "... e = 1,645 X 10-\"; ^F= 4110 ergs = .000411 joules; / = .0411 watts; P = 41.1 watts. 90. (6): Iron Wire. Let, in Fig. 80, d = diameter of a piece of iron wire ; then if x is the radius of a circular zone of thickness, d x, and one cm in length, the conductance of this pig. so. 134 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. zone is, y^/x/2 TT x, and the magnetic flux inclosed by the zone is (B x2 *. Hence, the E.M.F. induced in this zone is : 8£ = V2 7r2^(B x2, in C.G.S. units, and the current produced thereby is, , in C.G.S. units. The power consumed in this zone is, therefore, dP= §EdI = 7T ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 24054-24488", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... (/? — a), where u> is the angle of lag, the power is : p = ei = 2 £Ssin ft sin (ft — S) = £S(cos a — cos (2 £ — a)), and the average value of power : Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : /-** If the angle of lag £ = 0 it is : p = P (1 — cos 2 0) ; hence the flow of power varies between zero and 2 Pt where P is the aver ...", "... flow of energy : / = e\\i\\ + Or, if the difference of potential from terminal B to termin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3577-5333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY. 42. Having, in the foregoing, reestablished Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of E.M.F., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the inten ...", "... f's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of E.M.F., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quantities — calculate alternating- ...", "... dance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quantities — calculate alternating-current cir- cuits and networks of circuits containing resistance, induc- tance, and capacity in any combination, without meeting with greater difficulties than when dealing with continuous- current circuits. It is obviously not possible to discuss with any com- plete ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 19458-20501", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... (3 cos X 10~8. If N= frequency in cycles per second, N: = frequency of rotation or speed in cycles per second, and k = N^/ N speed we have frequency thus, gl = — 2-TrnJV® {sin X cos /? + k cos X sin B\\ 10~8, or, since $ = — — — — , et = e V2 {sin X cos /3 + k cos X sin fi\\. 360 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 218. Introducing now complex quantities, and counting the time from the zero value of rising magnetism, the mag- netism is represented by /4>, the primary induced E.M.F., E = — e, the secondary induced E.M.F., £1 = — e {sin X +j\"k cos X|; hence, if Zl = r1—jx1= secondary impedanc ...", "... d, N: = frequency of rotation or speed in cycles per second, and k = N^/ N speed we have frequency thus, gl = — 2-TrnJV® {sin X cos /? + k cos X sin B\\ 10~8, or, since $ = — — — — , et = e V2 {sin X cos /3 + k cos X sin fi\\. 360 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 218. Introducing now complex quantities, and counting the time from the zero value of rising magnetism, the mag- netism is represented by /4>, the primary induced E.M.F., E = — e, the secondary induced E.M.F., £1 = — e {sin X +j\"k cos X|; hence, if Zl = r1—jx1= secondary impedance reduced to primary circuit, Z = r — jx = primary ...", "... cos A secondary current, 7X = — L = - e - _ - , primary exciting current, I0 = eY= e (g +jb}, hence, total primary current, Primary impressed E.M.F., E0= — E + IZ\\ = e 1 + (sinX Neglecting in E0 the last term, as of higher order, £0 = e j 1 + sin X +jk cos X ^ ^4^ j ; or, eliminating imaginary quantities, e V(?i + r sin X -f- kx cos X)2 + (x^ + x sin X — kr cos X)2 The power consumed by the component of primary counter E.M.F., whose flux is interlinked with the secondary e sin X, is, f = [e sin X /]' = ^inXfosuiX-^cosX) , r\\ + x\\ the power consumed by the secondary resistance is, _ 2 _ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "section_title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 15, "location": "lines 18413-19373", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... er circuit the voltage wave then is unidirectional but pul- sating, as shown by e0 in Fig. 74. If receiver circuit and supply circuit both are non-inductive, the current in the receiver circuit is a pulsating unidirectional current, shown as i0 in dotted lines in Fig. 74, and derived from the alternating current, i, Fig. 72, in the supply circuit. If, however, the receiver circuit is inductive, as a machine field, then the current, i«, in Fig. 75, pulsates less than the voltage, ee, which produces it, and the current thus does not go down in wo, but is continuous, and its pulsation the less, the highe ...", "... s than the voltage, ee, which produces it, and the current thus does not go down in wo, but is continuous, and its pulsation the less, the higher the in- ductance. The current, i, in the alternating supply circuit, how- 234 SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER 235 Fia. 72. — Alternating sine wave. AC or DC Fig. 73. — Rectifying commutator. Fig. 74. — Rectified wave on non inductive load. Fig. 75. — Rectified wave on-inductive load. Fig. 76. — Alternating supply wave to rectifier on inductive load. 236 ELECTRICAL A I'I'A if A TU8 ever, from which the direct current, in, is deri ...", "... a shape like that shown in dotted lines in Fig. 76. Thus the cur- rent in the alternating part and that, in the rectified part of the- circuit can not he the same, but a difference must exist, as shown as i' in Fig. 77. This current, (■', passes between the two parts Fid. 78. — Rectifier with AC ami D.C. aliunl resist of the circuit, as arc at. the rectifier brushes, and causes I lie recti- fying commutator to spark, if there is any appreciable inductance in the circuit. The intensity of the sparking current depends on the inductance of the rectified circuit , its duration on that of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_title": "Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 22634-23465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with un ...", "... agnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, however small the latter may be in the so-called \"non-inductive\" circuit. With continuous current in stationary conditions, the inductance, L, has no effect on the energy flow; with alternating current of frequency, /, the inductance, L, consumes a voltage 2 x/Li, and is, therefore, represented by the reactance, x = 2x/L, which is measured in ohms, and differs from the ohmic resistance, r, merely by being wattless or reactive, that is, representing not dissipation of energy, but surging of e ...", "... /, the inductance, L, consumes a voltage 2 x/Li, and is, therefore, represented by the reactance, x = 2x/L, which is measured in ohms, and differs from the ohmic resistance, r, merely by being wattless or reactive, that is, representing not dissipation of energy, but surging of energy. Every alternating-current circuit thus has a resistance and a reactance, the latter representing the effect of the magnetic field of the current in the conductor. When dealing with alternating-current apparatus, especially those having several circuits, it must be realized, however, that the magnetic field of the circ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 29302-30428", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... f lines, trans- formers and generators. Unbalanced load on the generators causes a pulsating armature reaction: at single-phase load, the armature reaction pulsates between more than twice the average value, and a small reversed value, between f (cos a + 1) and F(cos a — 1), where cos a is the power-factor of the single-phase load. Especially in alternators of very high armature reaction, as modern steam-turbine alternators, a pulsation of the armatiu^ reaction is very objectionable. It causes a pulsation of the field flux, leading to excessive eddy-current losses and consequent re- duction of t ...", "... a) (18) where P is the constant component of power, and Q the amplitude of the double-frequency alternating component of power, and Q may be larger or smaller than P. It must be noted, that Q is not the total reactive power of the system — which would have to be considered, for instance, in power-factor compensation etc. — but Q is the vector resultant of the reactive powers of the individual circuits, while the total reactive power of the system is the algebraic sum of the individual reactive powers (see \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating- current Phenomena,\" Chapter XVI). Thus, for ins ...", "... power, and Q the amplitude of the double-frequency alternating component of power, and Q may be larger or smaller than P. It must be noted, that Q is not the total reactive power of the system — which would have to be considered, for instance, in power-factor compensation etc. — but Q is the vector resultant of the reactive powers of the individual circuits, while the total reactive power of the system is the algebraic sum of the individual reactive powers (see \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating- current Phenomena,\" Chapter XVI). Thus, for instance, in a system of balanced load, eve ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... may be written : J^i = (0.919-0.036/)J5;o+(56.8-131.8/)/o = A +5; 1 /i = (0.919 -0.036/)7o - (0.0144 +1.168/)^olO-3 = C-D. / (2> NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS, 251 i6i. Now the work of calculating a series of numerical values is continued in tabular form, as follows : 1. 100 PER CENT Power-factor. Eo=60 kv. at step-down end of line. A = (0.919-0.036/)£;o=55.1-2.2y kv. D = (0. 0 144+1. 168?) £?o 10- 3 = 0.9 + 70.1/ amp. Iq amp. Bkv. Ei = ei- -eJ2 = A+B. ei2 + g22 = g2. e — = tan e. ei 4-6. 0 0 55.1- - 2.2/ 3036+ 5 = 3041 55.1 -0.040 - 2.3 20 1.1- ...", "... 2 + 161 = 3713 60.9 -0.213 -12.0 100 5.7-13.2/ 60.8- -15.4/ 3697 + 237 = 3934 62.7 -0.253 -14.2 120 6.8-15.8/ 61.9- -18.0/ 3832 + 324=4156 64.5 -0.291 -16.3 h amp. , C amp. Il = tl=/t2 = C-D tl2 + t22 = i2 i *i=tam A-i 2^t- i 4-e= 4-«'* Power- factor 0 0 -0.7-90.1/ 4914+1 = 4915 70.1 + 78 + 89.1 -90.9 -88.6 0.024 20 18.4-0.7/ 17.5-70.8/ 5013+ 306= 5319 72.9 -4.04 -76.3 -71.4 0.332 40 36.8-1.4/ 35.9-71.5/ 5112 + 1289= 6401 80.0 -1.99 -63.4 -55.9 0.558 60 55.1-2.2/ 54.2-72.3/ 5227 + 2 ...", "... 33.2 0.837 100 91.9-3.6/ 91.0-73.9/ 8281 + 5432=13713 117.1 -0.811 -39.1 -24.9 0.907 120 110.3-4.3/ 109.4-74.4/ 11969 + 5535=17504 132.3 -0.680 -34.1 -17.8 0.952 lead 61 = 60 kv. at step-up end of line. /o amp. Red. Factor, e 60 amp. kv. amp. Power-Factor. 0 0.918 0 65.5 76.4 0.024 20 0.940 21.3 63.8 77.5 0.332 40 0.965 41.4 62.1 82.9 0.558 60 0.990 60.6 60.6 91.4 0.728 80 1.015 78.8 59.1 101.5 0.837 100 1.045 95.7 57.5 112.3 0.907 120 1.075 111.7 55.8 122.8 0.952 l ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-12", "section_label": "Theory Section 12: Impedance of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Impedance of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 3761-4464", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "snippets": [ "... line, and 6 = the angle of lag of current 7 behind e.m.f. E. B < 0 thus denotes leading, 0 > 0 lagging current, and 6 = 0 a non-in- ductive receiver circuit. The capacity of the transmission 0 line shall be considered as negligible. FIG. 27.— Vector diagram ,1 i f , v i. of current and e.m.fs. in a _Assummg the phase of the current transmission line assuming QI = / as zero in the polar diagram, zero capacity. Fig. 27, the e.m.f. E is represented by vector OE, ahead of 07 b ...", "... ble. FIG. 27.— Vector diagram ,1 i f , v i. of current and e.m.fs. in a _Assummg the phase of the current transmission line assuming QI = / as zero in the polar diagram, zero capacity. Fig. 27, the e.m.f. E is represented by vector OE, ahead of 07 by angle 0. The e.m.f. consumed by re- sistance r is OEi = Ei = Ir in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. consumed by reactance x is OE% = Ez = Ix, 90 time de- grees ahead of the current; thus the total e.m.f. consumed by the li ...", "... ING value of 0 which depends not only on z and 0i but on E and 7. Beyond this value of 6, EQ becomes smaller than E; that is, a rise of voltage takes place in the line, due to its reactance. This can be seen best graphically. Choosing the current vector 01 as the horizontal axis, for the same e.m.f. E received, but different phase angles 6, all vectors OE lie on a circle e with 0 as center. Fig. 28. Vector OEz is constant for a given line and given current 7. Since E3EQ = OE = constant, E0 lies o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-21", "section_label": "Apparatus Introduction 21: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "apparatus-introduction", "sequence": 21, "number": null, "location": "lines 8292-8517", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "snippets": [ "INTRODUCTION 1. By the direction of the energy transmitted, electric machines have been divided into generators and motors. By the character of the electric power they have been distinguished as direct- current and as alternating-current apparatus. With the advance of electrical engineering, however, these subdivisions have become unsatisfactory and insufficient. The division into generators and motors is not based on any characteristic feature of the apparatus, and is thus not rational. Pract ...", "... d is employed. Further- more, apparatus have been introduced which are neither motors nor generators, as the synchronous machine producing wattless lag- ging or leading current, etc., and the different types of converters. The subdivision into direct-current and alternating-current apparatus is unsatisfactory, since it includes in the same class apparatus of entirely different character, as the induction motor and the alternating-current generator, or the constant-potential commutating machine and the rectifying arc light machine. Thus the ...", "... leading current, etc., and the different types of converters. The subdivision into direct-current and alternating-current apparatus is unsatisfactory, since it includes in the same class apparatus of entirely different character, as the induction motor and the alternating-current generator, or the constant-potential commutating machine and the rectifying arc light machine. Thus the following classification, based on the characteristic features of the apparatus, as adopted by the A. I. E. E. Standard- izing Committee, is used in the fo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-87", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 87, "number": 9, "location": "lines 15735-15810", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "snippets": [ "IX. Inverted Converters 100. . Converters may be used to change either from alter- nating to direct current or as inverted converters from direct to alternating current. While the former use is by far the more 256 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING frequent, sometimes inverted converters are desirable. Thus in low-tension direct-current systems outlying districts have been supplied by converting from direct to alternating, ...", "... be used as the connecting link to shift the load from the direct to the alternating generators, or inversely, and thus be operated either way according to the distribution of load on the system. Or inverted operation may be used in emergencies to produce alternating current. When converting from alternating to direct current, the speed of the converter is rigidly fixed by the frequency, and cannot be varied by its field excitation, the variation of the latter merely changing the phase relation of the alternating current. When ...", "... roduce alternating current. When converting from alternating to direct current, the speed of the converter is rigidly fixed by the frequency, and cannot be varied by its field excitation, the variation of the latter merely changing the phase relation of the alternating current. When converting, however, from direct to alternating current as the only source of alternating current, that is, not running in multiple with engine- or turbine-driven alternating-current generators, the speed of the converter as direct-current motor depends up ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6993-9766", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 65. In alternating-current circuits, voltage is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long- distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The voltage consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the voltage consumed by the react- ance is in q ...", "... ine 66. In this case, the admittance of the receiver circuit is Y = g, since 6 = 0. We have then current, lo ^ Eg; impressed voltage: Eo ^ E + Zoh = E{1 -|- Zog). Hence — voltage at receiver circuit, ^ ^ Eo ^ Eo I -{-Zog I -\\- gro -{- jgxo' current, .° 1 + Zog 1 + f/ro + jgxo 80 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA Hence, in absolute values — voltage at receiver circuit, h = ^ V(l + gror + g^xo^' current, J _ Eog \" V(l + groP + g^xo' The ratio of e.m.fs. at receiver circuit and at generator, or supply circuit, is E 1 Eo V(l + gro)' + g^xo\" and the power delivered in the non-inducti ...", "... that the maximum output which can be delivered over an inductive Hne is less than the output de- livered over a non-inductive line of the same resistance — that is, which can be delivered by continuous currents with the same generator potential. In Fig. 69 are shown, for the constants, 82 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA Eo = 1000 volts, Zo = 2.5 + 6j; that is, ro = 2.5 ohms, Xo = 6 ohms, Zo = 6.5 ohms, with the current 7o as abscissas, the values. e.m.f . at receiver circuit, E, (Curve I) ; output of transmission, P, (Curve II) ; efficiency of transmission, (Curve III). The same quantities for ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13484-14333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 11 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... icient of eddy currents. The loss of energy per cubic centimeter, in ergs per cycle, is w = e\\fB~; hence, the total loss of power by eddy currents is P = e\\\\T~B\"~ 10-7 watts, and the equivalent conductance due to eddy currents is _ P _ 10 6X? _ 0.507 tXZ^ ^ ~ E^~ 2 ir'-An^ ~ An^ 138 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA •^du where I = length of magnetic circuit, A = section of magnetic circuit, n = number of turns of electric circuit. The coefficient of eddy currents, e, depends merely upon the shape of the constituent parts of the magnetic circuit; that is, whether of iron plates or wire ...", "... 00 c.c; 6 = 1,645 X 10-11; F = 4,110 ergs = 0.000411 joules; p = 0.0411 watts; P = 41.4 watts. ' In some of the modern silicon steels used for transformer iron, X reaches values as low as 2 X 10*, and even lower; and the eddy current losses are reduced in the same proportion (1915). 140 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 108. (6) Iron Wire. Let, in Fig. 92, d = diameter of a piece of iron wire; then if u is the radius of a circular zone of thickness, du, and one cen- timeter in length, the conductance of this zone is ^ — , and the magnetic flux inclosed by the zone is SuV. Fig. 92. Hence, the ...", "... Then, € = 0.617 X 10-11, W = 1,540 ergs = 0.000154 joules, p = 0.0154 watts, P = 1.54 watts, hence very much less than in sheet iron of equal thickness. 109. Comparison of sheet iron and iron wire. If di = thickness of lamination of sheet iron, and di = diameter of iron wire. 142 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the eddy current coefficient of sheet iron being 61 = ^ di^ 10-«, and the eddy current coefficient of iron wire the loss of power is equal in both — other things being equal — if 61 = 62; that is, if dz\"\" = %di\\ or da = 1.63-(/i. It follows that the diameter of iron wire can be ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "section_title": "Beactiox Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 22388-23273", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XX. BEACTIOX MACHINES. 204. In the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately thd case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is diffe ...", "... izing effect of Foucault currents, because 206, 206] REACTION MACHINES, 809 they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and the remanant magnetism of the field poles de- stroyed beforehand by application of an alternating current. 205. These phenomena cannot be explained under the assumption of a constant synchronous reactance ; because in this case, at no-field excitation, the E.M.F. or counter E.M.F. of the machine is zero, and the only E.M.F. exist- ing in the alternator is the E.M.F. of self-induction; that is, t ...", "... cannot be explained under the assumption of a constant synchronous reactance ; because in this case, at no-field excitation, the E.M.F. or counter E.M.F. of the machine is zero, and the only E.M.F. exist- ing in the alternator is the E.M.F. of self-induction; that is, the E.M.F. induced by the alternating current upon itself. If, however, the synchronous reactance is constant, the counter E.M.F. of self-induction is in quadrature with the current and wattless; that is, can neither produce nor consume energy. In the synchronous motor running without field excita- tion, always a large lag of the curren ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 20502-21189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXI. REACTION MACHINES. 225. In the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is diffe ...", "... g effect of Foucault currents, because 372 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. they exist also in machines with laminated fields, and exist if the alternator is brought up to synchronism by external means and the remanent magnetism of the field poles de- stroyed beforehand by application of an alternating current. 226. These phenomena cannot be explained under the assumption of a constant synchronous reactance; because in this case, at no-field excitation, the E.M.F. or counter E.M.F. of the machine is zero, and the only E.M.F. exist- ing in the alternator is the E.M.F. of self-induction; that is, th ...", "... cannot be explained under the assumption of a constant synchronous reactance; because in this case, at no-field excitation, the E.M.F. or counter E.M.F. of the machine is zero, and the only E.M.F. exist- ing in the alternator is the E.M.F. of self-induction; that is, the E.M.F. induced by the alternating current upon itself. If, however, the synchronous reactance is constant, the counter E.M.F. of self-induction is in quadrature with the current and wattless; that is, can neither produce nor consume energy. ' In the synchronous motor running without field excita- tion, always a large lag of the curr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 79, "number": null, "location": "lines 13019-13119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 219 In the alternating-current commutator motor, the field struc- ture as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the fi ...", "... ompensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the field causes the main current to lag behind the impressed voltage and thereby lowers the power-factor of the motor. Thus, to get good power-factor, the field self-inductance must be made low, that is, the field as weak and the armature as strong as possible. With such a strong armature, and weak field, the commutating pole is not sufficient to control ma ...", "... eld winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the field causes the main current to lag behind the impressed voltage and thereby lowers the power-factor of the motor. Thus, to get good power-factor, the field self-inductance must be made low, that is, the field as weak and the armature as strong as possible. With such a strong armature, and weak field, the commutating pole is not sufficient to control magnetic distortion by the arma- ture reaction, a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-89", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 89, "number": 11, "location": "lines 15893-15982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "snippets": [ "XI. Double-current Generators 102. Similar in appearance to the converter, which changes from alternating to direct current, and to the inverted converter, which changes from direct to alternating current, is the double- current generator; that is, a machine driven by mechanical power and producing direct current as well as alternating current from the same armature, which is connected to commutator and col- lector rings in the same way as in the converter. ...", "... nverter, which changes from alternating to direct current, and to the inverted converter, which changes from direct to alternating current, is the double- current generator; that is, a machine driven by mechanical power and producing direct current as well as alternating current from the same armature, which is connected to commutator and col- lector rings in the same way as in the converter. Obviously the use of the double-current generator is limited to those sizes and speeds at which a good direct-current generator can be built ...", "... quency machines of large output and relatively high speed; while high-frequency low-speed double-current generators are undesirable. The essential difference between double-current generator and converter is, however, that in the former the direct current and the alternating current are not in opposition as in the latter, but in the same direction, and the resultant armature polarization thus the sum of the armature polarization of the direct current and of the alternating current. Since at the same output and the same field strengt ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... roportional to the magnetization, (B, the frequency, A^, and to the electric conductivity, y, of the iron ; hence, can be expressed by The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to the electric con- ductivity, and can be expressed by 130 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 87 or, since, (S>N is proportional to the induced E.M.F., E, in the equation it follows that, The loss of power by eddy currents is propor- tional to the square of the E.M.F., and proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron ; or, H^=aJS^y. Hence, that component of ...", "... ^jn 10 - » amperes, o Hence, the maximum possible demagnetizing ampere-turns acting upon the center of the lamina, are a/9 /= -^-^^ Ni&jn 10-» = .55o^(By7» 10 -• = .boly iV(B /^ 10 ~* ampere-turns per cm. Example : ^ = .1 cm, N= 100, (B = 6,000, or / = 2.775 ampere-turns per cm. 138 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§§93,94 93. In iron wire of diameter /, the current in a tubular zone of dx thickness and x radius is V2 ///= TT N(S>jx dxlO~^ amperes; hence, the total current is V2 = — ;- TT N(SijI^ 10 \" * amperes. Hence, the maximum possible demagnetizing ampere-turns, acting upon the ...", "... enon can obviously be studied only with reference to a particular case, where the shape of the -conductor and the distribution of the magnetic field are known. Only in the case where the magnetic field is produced by the current flowing in the conductor can a general solu- tion be given. The alternating current in the conductor produces a magnetic field, not only outside of the conductor, but inside of it also ; and the lines of magnetic force which dose themselves inside of the conductor induce E.M.Fs. in their interior only. Thus the counter E.M.F. of self- inductance is largest at the axis of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "section_title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 17025-18828", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting sp ...", "... chronously vary- ing reluctance of the armature magnetic circuit, and the field magnetic circuit ; it may, however, be considered in what follows as constant; that is, the E.M.Fs. induced thereby may be represented by their equivalent sine waves. A specific discussion of the distortions of the wave shape due to the pulsation of the synchronous reactance is found in Chapter XX. The synchronous reactance, x, is not a true reactance in the ordinary sense of the word, but an equivalent or effective reactance. 163. Let E^ = induced E.M.F. of the alternator, or the E.M.F. induced in the armature c ...", "... 't\\ ■lOj. / \\ A,. \\ fiq. Its. Fitu m HoH-liKluctliv loaA dotted lines, we have, for the following conditions of external circuit : In Fig. 113, non-inductive external circuit, j: = 0. In Fig. 114, inductive external circuit, of the condition, r/.r = + .75, with a power factor, .6. In Fig. 115, inductive external circuit, of the condition, r = 0, with a power factor, 0, S1641 ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 241 In Fig. 116, external circuit with leading current, of the condi- tion, r jx = — .75, with a power factor, .6. In Fig. 117, external circuit with lea ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Il", "section_title": "Il", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19346-21338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E^, be connected as synchronous motor w^ith a supply circuit of E.M.F., E^y by a circuit of the impedance Z, If E^ is the E.M.F. imp ...", "... /, as zero line 01 of the polar diagram. If I = i z= current, and Z = impedance, r = effective resistance, x = effective reactance, and s = Vr*-^ + ^2 __ absolute value of impedance, then the E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is i?i = r/, and in phase with the cur- rent, hence represented by vector 0E^\\ and the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is E^ = xi^ and 90° ahead of the current, hence the E.M.F. consumed by the impedance is E = \\/'{E^f + (E^f, or = /\" V/-^ -|- x^ = /-c, and ahead of the current by the angle 8, where tan 8 = x / r. We have now acting in circuit the E.M.Fs., E, E^, ...", "... f the current by the angle 8, where tan 8 = x / r. We have now acting in circuit the E.M.Fs., E, E^, E^; or E^ anc^ E are components of E^y; that is, E^^ is the diagonal of a parallelogram, with E^ and E as sides. Since the E.M.Fs. E^y E^, E, are represented in the diagram, Fig. 122, by the vectors OE^, OE^, OE, to get the parallelogram of E^, E^, E, we draw arc of circle around with E^y and around E with Ey^, Their point of intersection gives the impressed E.M.F., OE^ = Eq, and completing the parallelogram OEy E^y E^, we get OEy^ = Ely the induced E.M.F. of the motor. ^^ /OEo is the d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "section_title": "Commutatob Motobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21339-22387", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... on themselves as in the induction motor, the primary circuit will not exert a rotary effect upon the armature while at rest, since in half of the armature coils the cur- rent is induced so as to give a rotary effort in the one direction, and in the other half the current is induced to 292 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 193 give a rotary effort in the opposite direction, as shown by the arrows in Fig. 141. In the induction motor a second magnetic field is used to act upon the currents induced by the first, or inducing magnetic field, and thereby cause a rotation. That means the motor consist ...", "... MOTORS, 297 and since A = 45°, or sin X = cos X = 1 / V2, it is, sub- stituted : ^1= - V2fl-«*{iV^cos)3+^isin)3}10-» or, since * = ; ^1 = — ^ { cos )3 + ^ sin )3 } ; where * = A = ratio _^P??d_ . N frequency or the effective value of secondary induced E.M.F., 197. Introducing now complex quantities, and counting the time from the zero value of rising magnetism, the mag- netism is represented by the primary induced E.M.P\\, E =^ — e\\ the secondary induced E.M.F. : hence, if V2 Zi = /*! — j Xx = secondary impedance reduced to primary circuit, Z =^ r — j X = primary impedance, ...", "... secondary current, r _ E, _ e 1_±j±. -'i — — : — f primary exciting current, 298 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [ § 198 hence, total primary current, Primary impressed E.M.F., or Neglecting in -C© ^^e last term, as of higher order, xSq — ^ ■^ -*- \"1 _- : ( » or, eliminating imaginary quantities, ^ ^ ^ V(^ + nV^ + kxf + (x + x^V2 - krf ^ 198. The power consumed by the primary counter E.M.F., r, that is, transferred into the secondary circuit, is or, eliminating the imaginary quantities. 7^' = n + '^-''^i V2 n' + -^'i The power consumed by the secondary resistance is 2 n ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "section_title": "Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 25605-26027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... gle of lag, the power is : / = ^/ = 2 Elsm )8 sin 03 - u») = -£'/(cos w — sin (2 /3 — w)), and the average value of power : 7^= EI cos w. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : \\^ cos w J Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : p -= €t. If the angle of lag w = it is : / = /^ (1 - sin 2 )3) ; hence the flow of power varies between zero and 2/*, where P is th ...", "... ransformers, whose secondaries are connected in opposite direction with respect to their primaries. Such a system takes an interrriediate position between the Edison three- wire system and the three-phase system. It shares with the latter the polyphase feature, and with the Edison three- 860 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ wire system the feature that the potential difference be- tween the outside wires is higher than between middle wire and outside wire. By such a pair of transformers the two primary E.M.Fs. of 120° displacement of phase are transformed into two secondary E.M.Fs. differing from ...", "... . 168. &ngl9-i>lHU9 Syttem on inductlue Load of 90* Lag. Fig. 169. Quart€r-ph€is9 System on Non^inductioe Loot. Fig. 170. Quarter-phase System on inductive Load of 60' Lag, AL TEKNA nXC-CUI^RENT PHENOMENA. [ % 244 « 245, 246] BALANCED POL YPIIASE SYSTEMS. 245. The flow of power in an alternating-current system is a most important and characteristic feature of the system, and by its nature the systems may be classified into : Monocyclic systems, or systems with a balance factor zero or negative. Polycyclic systems, with a positive balance factor. Balance factor — 1 corresponds to a wattles ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... commutation control, the use of the commutating pole became of material advantage in reducing size and cost of apparatus, and its general introduction followed. Similarly we have seen the three-phase transformer find gen- eral introduction, after it had been unused for many years; so also the alternating-current commutator motor, etc. Thus for a progressive engineer, it is dangerous not to be fjuuil- iar with the characteristics ^iiit! possibilities of the known but 472 CONCLUSION 473 unused types of apparatus, since at any time circumstances may arise which lead to their extensive introduction ...", "... he synchronous-induction machine, it is a definite percentage thereof; so also it is in the induction machine concatenated to a synchronous machine, etc. Commutating machines are machines having a distributed armature winding connected to a segmental commutator. They may be direct-current or alternating-current machines. Unipolar machines are machines in which the induction is produced by the constant rotation of the conductor through a constant and continuous magnetic field. 476 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS The list of machine types and their definitions, given in Chapter XXIII, shows numerous instance ...", "... egulating pole converter, 426, 437 of unipolar machine, 457 B Balancer, phase, 228 Battery charging rectifier, 244 Brush arc machine as quarterphase rectifier, 244, 254 Capacity storing energy in phase conversion, 212 Cascade control, see Concatenation. Coil distribution giving harmonic torque in induction motor, 151 Commutating e.m.f. in rectifier, 239 field, singlephase commutator motor, 355, 359 machine, concatenation with in- duction motor, 55, 78 pole machine, 472 poles, singlephase commutator motor, 358 Commutation current, repulsion motor, 392 series repul ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 11051-12221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... cuit, etc., such mechanical forces appear. The electromagnet, and all electrodynamic machinery, are based on the use of these mechanical forces between electric conductors and magnetic fields. So also is that type of trans- former which transforms constant alternating voltage into con- stant alternating current. In most other cases, however, these mechanical forces are not used, and therefore are often neglected in the design of the apparatus, under the assumption that the construction used to withstand the ordinary mechanical strains to which the apparatus may be exposed, is sufficiently strong to w ...", "... by (1), and therefrom the mechanical . „ t^o „ dwo force as r = -^^ or F = -^r- I dl Since the induced e.m.f., which consumes (or produces) the electric energy, and also the stored magnetic energy, depend on MAGNETISM 93 the current and the mductance of the electric circuit, and in alternating-current circuits the impressed voltage also depends on the inductance of the circuit, the inductance can frequently be expressed by supply voltage and current; and by substituting this in equation (1), the mechanical work of the magnetic forces can thus be expressed, in alternating-ciu'rent apparatus, ...", "... od, based on the law of conservation of energy, will be illustrated by some examples, and the general equations then given. 2. The Constant-current Electromagnet 62. Such magnets are most direct-current electromagnets, and also the series operating magnets of constant-current arc lamps on alternating-current circuits. Let io = current, which is constant dming the motion of the armatm'e of the electromagnet, from its initial position 1, to its final position 2,1 = the length of this motion, or the stroke of the electromagnet, in centimeters, and n = number of turns of the magnet winding. The mag ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 17632-21381", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 10 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... whether resistance or arc — is steady, no current passes the condenser circuit, and the current and voltage in A thus are constant, i = 7, e = eo. Suppose now a pulsation of the current, i, should be produced in circuit. A, as shown as i in Fig. 89. Then, with constant-sup- ply current, 7, an alternating current, z'l = 7 - z, would traverse the condenser circuit, C, since the continuous com- ponent of current can not traverse the condenser, C. INSTABILITY OF CIRCUITS 187 Due to the pulsation of current, i in A, the voltage, 6, of cir- cuit, A, would pulsate also. These voltage pulsations are in ...", "... e voltage pulsations are in the same direction as the current pulsation, if A is a resistance, in opposite direction, if A is an arc; in either case, however, they are in phase with the current pulsation, and the alternating vol- tage on the condenser, Ci = Co — e, thus is in phase with the alternating current, ii, that is, capacity, C, and inductance, L, neutralize. Thus, the only pulsation of current and voltage, which could occur in a circuit, A, shimted by capacity and inductance, is that of the resonance frequency of capacity and inductance. Suppose the circuit. A, is a dead resistance. The v ...", "... - tion produced by a current pulsation, i, in this circuit then would be in the same direction as i, that is, would be as shown in dotted line by e' in Fig. 89. In the condenser circuit, C, the alternat- ing component of voltage thus would be e\\ — e! — 6o, thus would be in opposition to the alternating current, ij, as shown in Fig. 89 in dotted line. That is, it would require a supply of power to maintain such pulsation. Thus, with a dead resistance as circuit. A, or in general with A as a circuit of rising volt-ampere characteristic, the maintenance of a resonance pulsation of current and voltage ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-39", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Mechanical Rectification", "section_title": "Mechanical Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 39, "number": 3, "location": "lines 15963-17754", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. MECHANICAL RECTIFICATION. 9. If an alternating-current circuit is connected, by means of a synchronously operated circuit breaker or rectifier, with a second circuit in such a manner, that the connection between the two circuits is reversed at or near the moment when the alternating voltage passes zero, then in the second circuit current and volta ...", "... ch a manner, that the connection between the two circuits is reversed at or near the moment when the alternating voltage passes zero, then in the second circuit current and voltage are more or less unidirectional, although they may not be constant, but pulsating. If i = instantaneous value of alternating current, and i0 = instantaneous value of rectified current, then we have, before reversal, i0 = i, and after reversal, i0 = — i\\ that is, during the reversal of the circuit one of the currents must reverse. Since, however, due to the self-inductance of the circuits, neither current can reverse instant ...", "... osite direction. Special cases hereof are: 1. If r = r0 = 0, that is, during rectification both circuits are short circuited. Such short-circuit rectification is feasible only in limited-current circuits, as on arc lighting machines, or in * If the circuit is reversed at the moment when the alternating current passes zero, due to self-inductance of the rectified circuit its current differs from zero, and an arc still appears at the rectifier. 229 230 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA cases where the voltage of the rectified circuit is only a small part of the total voltage, and thus the current not controlle ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-54", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations", "section_title": "Free Oscillations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 54, "number": 5, "location": "lines 31451-32708", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "snippets": [ "... uy is a constant of the circuit, independent of the character of the wave. By the value of the acceleration constant, s, waves may be sub- divided into three classes, namely: s = 0, standing waves, as discussed in Chapter III; u > s > 0, traveling waves, as dis- cussed in Chapter IV; s = u, • alternating-current and e.m.f. waves, as discussed in Section III. The general equations contain eight integration constants C and C', which have to be determined by the terminal condi- tions of the problem. Upon the values of these integration constants C and C' largely depends the difference between the phen ...", "... NS 483 wave length. Besides this fundamental wave, all its odd multi- ples can exist. Such an oscillation may be called a quarter-wave oscillation. The oscillation of a circuit which is open at one end, grounded at the other end, is a quarter-wave oscillation, which can contain only the odd harmonics of the fundamental wave of oscillation. From (211) it follows that or a multiple thereof; that is, the longest wave which can exist in such a circuit is that wave which makes the circuit a half- wave length. Besides this fundamental wave, all its multiples, odd as well as even, can exist. S ...", "... fundamental wave, all its multiples, odd as well as even, can exist. Such an oscillation may be called a half-wave oscillation. The oscillation of a circuit which is open at both ends, or grounded at both ends, is a half-wave oscillation, and a half-wave oscillation can also contain the even harmonics of the funda- mental wave of oscillation, and therefore also a constant term forn = Oin (211). It is interesting to note that in the half-wave oscillation of a circuit we have a case of a circuit in which higher even harmonics exist, and the e.m.f. and current wave, therefore, are not sym- m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "section_title": "The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3595-6820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... nce three are usually chosen as translations, in the direction of the coordinate axes: Vi, Vo, Vs, and the other three as rotations around the coordinate axes : Ti, To, Vs. The total force acting upon a body is expressed by six independent components, of which usually three are chosen as vector forces along the coordinate axes: Fi, Fo, F3, and the other three as couples or torques around the axes: Tr, T„ T3. As in physical and mechanical calculations we almost always have to come to the abstraction of the ''point\" as an element of our calculation, it is more convenient to con- si ...", "... s of THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPACE 109 intersection of this line P with the conic, then ppi and pp2 are tangents of the conic at the point pi and p2 respectively. The line P is called the polar of the point p. Any line through p intersects the polar F in a point po, which is the fourth harmonic point to p with respect to the two intersections of ppo with the conic. If Pi and P2 are the polars of the two points pi and p^ with regard to a conic, then the line connecting the points Fig. 30. pi and P2 is the polar of the point of intersection of Pi and P2, and inversely. This giv ...", "... olars of the two points pi and p^ with regard to a conic, then the line connecting the points Fig. 30. pi and P2 is the polar of the point of intersection of Pi and P2, and inversely. This gives a means to construct the tangents on a conic; for instance, a circle. As has been seen, the harmonic relation between four points exists in projective geometry. This shows that this relation, while usually considered as metric and introduced as such, in its nature is not a metric relation but a positional relation. 110 RELATIVITY AND SPACE 4. If we have, in Fig. 31, four points a, b, c, d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-101", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 101, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17538-18397", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "snippets": [ "... hus does not transmit power, but consumes reactive voltage and thereby pro- duces a voltage drop and a lag of the current behind the voltage, that is, is in general objectionable. The mutual magnetic flux passes through a closed magnetic circuit, with the (vector) difference between primary and second- ary current, that is, the exciting current J0 = /i as m.m.f. The self-inductive flux passes through an open magnetic circuit of high reluctance, the narrow space between primary and secondary windings, but it is due to ...", "... 0.0004 p2 + 0.02 p or, resolved by the binomial, and dropping the higher terms: R = PP + \\ P2? = 0.02 p + 0.0002 p2 = P (P + \\ P?} = 0.02 p (1 + 0.01 p) As curves I, II, III in Fig. 157 are shown the regulation curves of three transformers: ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 289 I: 2 per cent, resistance and 2 per cent, reactance. II : 1 per cent, resistance and 4 per cent, reactance. Ill : 1 per cent, resistance and 8 per cent, reactance. FIG. 158. — Vector diagram of transformer regulation. % 6.5, R ...", "... tion curves of three transformers: ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 289 I: 2 per cent, resistance and 2 per cent, reactance. II : 1 per cent, resistance and 4 per cent, reactance. Ill : 1 per cent, resistance and 8 per cent, reactance. FIG. 158. — Vector diagram of transformer regulation. % 6.5, REGULATION of TRANSFORMER Inductive Load: 20 Lag I Z = .02 + .02 3 II .01 + .04 3 III .01 + .08 3 / <<* / / 5^ / / 5.0 / / 4^ / S 4.^ 17 ^^f ^ / x^ s^ 3 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-80", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 80: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 80, "number": null, "location": "lines 13120-13188", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "snippets": [ "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 221 economy of high voltage alternating-current transmission and distribution. For railroading generally the series motor type is used, either the plain compensated series motor, or inductive modifications thereof, as the repulsion motor etc. In the repul- sion motor the armature, instead of being connected ...", "... iderable starting torque is required, as for elevators, hoists, etc., and in general as self-starting single-phase motors. For this purpose, com- binations of repulsion and induction type or of series and in- duction type are used. 3. As adjustable speed, alternating-current motor of single- phase and of polyphase type. The synchronous motor and the induction motor both are constant and fixed speed, the former synchronous, the latter near synchronous. Operating the induction motor materially below synchronism, by arma- ture r ...", "... secondary. As, however, the e.m.f. induced in the induction motor secondary is of the frequency of slip, the speed controlling e.m.f. must either be supplied through the commutator or de- rived from a low frequency commutating machine as source. 4. For power-factor compensation. In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage or, what is the same, the voltage leads the current, and the power-factor thus can be raised by compensation either by introducing a leading current, as from condenser or overexci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-81", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Converters: General", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 81, "number": 1, "location": "lines 13189-13795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "snippets": [ "... r is more efficient, and there- fore is almost always preferred. Mechanically the converter has the advantage that no transfer of mechanical energy takes place, since the torque consumed by the generation of the direct current and the torque produced by the alternating current are applied at the same armature con- ductors, while in a direct-current generator driven by a syn- chronous motor the power has to be transmitted mechanically through the shaft. EC. Ratio of e.m.fs. and of Currents 83. In its structure the synchronous con ...", "... rmature coils with a series-wound armature, and the number of armature coils per pair of poles with a multiple- wound armature, must be divisible by the number of phases, and that multiple spiral and reentrant windings are difficult to apply. Regarding the wave shape of the alternating counter-gener- SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 225 ated e.m.f., similar considerations apply as for a synchronous machine with closed-circuit armature; that is, the generated e.m.f. usually approximates a sine wave, due to the multi-tooth distri ...", "... is, a direct-current machine produces between two collector rings connected with two opposite points of the commutator an alternating e.m.f. of —-= X the direct-current v2 voltage, at a frequency equal to the fre- quency of rotation. Since every alternating- current generator is reversible, such a direct- current machine with two collector rings, when supplied with an alternating e.m.f. of 1 X the direct-current voltage at the fre- quency of rotation, will run as synchronous motor, or if at the same time generating ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive component of e.m.f., in quadrature with ...", "... iiiiiiiiiiiii JTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT- Fig. 100. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current, and consequently of the counter e.m.f. of inductive reactance and resistance, vary from point to point; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-poten- tial coils of alternating-current transformers for very high vol- tage and also in high frequency circuits. It has the effect that not only the e.m.fs., ...", "... ive reactance and resistance, vary from point to point; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-poten- tial coils of alternating-current transformers for very high vol- tage and also in high frequency circuits. It has the effect that not only the e.m.fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 35: Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 35, "location": "lines 37453-37957", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... ent to reduce all quantities to Y connection, and use one of the F-cir- cuits as the equivalent single-phase circuit. 304. As an example may be considered the calculation of a long-distance transmission line, delivering 10,000 kw., three-phase power at 60 cycles, 80,000 volts and 90 per cent, power-factor at 100 miles from the generating station, with approximately 10 per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. distant from each other. 29 450 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 10,000 kw. total power delivered gives 3,333 kw. per li ...", "... 10,000 kw., three-phase power at 60 cycles, 80,000 volts and 90 per cent, power-factor at 100 miles from the generating station, with approximately 10 per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. distant from each other. 29 450 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 10,000 kw. total power delivered gives 3,333 kw. per line or single-phase branch (F power). 3,333 kw. at 90 per cent, power-factor gives 3,700 kv.-amp. 80,000 volts between the lines gives 80,000 -^ \\^ = 46,100 volts from line to neutral, or per single-phase circuit. 3,700 kv.-a ...", "... per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. distant from each other. 29 450 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 10,000 kw. total power delivered gives 3,333 kw. per line or single-phase branch (F power). 3,333 kw. at 90 per cent, power-factor gives 3,700 kv.-amp. 80,000 volts between the lines gives 80,000 -^ \\^ = 46,100 volts from line to neutral, or per single-phase circuit. 3,700 kv.-amp. per circuit, at 46,100 volts, gives 80 amp. per line. 10 per cent, loss gives 333 kw. loss per line, and at 80 amp., this gives a resistan ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3230-3545", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 33. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite •direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is anal ...", "CHAPTER VI. TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 33. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite •direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Fig. 25. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a gener- ator, G (Fi ...", "... ssed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Fig. 25. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a gener- ator, G (Fig. 25), the current flowing from terminal A over resistance R to terminal B, is represented by a vector 0/ (Fig. 26), or by /= i +ji\\ the same current can be con- sidered as flowing in the opposite direction, from terminal B to terminal A in opposite phase, and therefore represented by a vector 0/^ (Fig. 26), or by /j = — / —ji'' Or, if the difference of potential from terminal B to terminal A ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Capacity", "section_title": "Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3872-6370", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. + i'2> (18) The capital letter I in the symbolic expression / = i + jif thus represents more than the / used in the preceding for total current, etc., and gives not only the intensity but also the phase. It is thus necessary to distinguish by the type of the latter the capital letters denoting the resultant c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-28", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 28, "number": 7, "location": "lines 9292-9398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "symbolic representation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "snippets": [ "VII. Synchronous Motor 16. As seen in the preceding, in an alternating-current gen- erator the field excitation required for a given terminal voltage and current depends upon the phase relation of the external circuit or the load. Inversely, in a synchronous motor the phase relation of the current into the armature at a given ter- mi ...", "... terminal voltage or impressed e.m.f., I = current, 6 = lag of current behind impressed e.m.f. in a synchronous motor of resistance r and synchronous reactance XQ, the polar diagram is as follows, Fig. 62. OE = E is the terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. The current 01 = I lags by the angle EOI = 6. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance isj9#'i = Ir. The e.m.f. consumed by synchronous reactance, OE'o = IxQ. Thus, com- 142 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING bining OE'i and OE'o gives OE', the e.m.f. ...", "... generated e.m.f. of the synchronous motor. In Figs. 63 to 65 are shown the polar diagrams of the syn- chronous motor for 6 = 0 deg., 6 = 60 deg., 6 = — 60 deg. It is seen that the field excitation has to be higher with lead- d E' FIG. 62. — Vector diagram of synchronous motor. FIG. 63. — Vector diagram of synchronous motor. 0=0 ing and lower with lagging current in a synchronous motor, while the opposite is the case in an alternating-current generator. In symbolic representation, by resol ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 4088-4673", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... The joint resistance of a number of series-connected resistances is equal to the sum of the individual resistances; the joint conduct- ance of a number of parallel-connected conductances is equal to the sum of the individual conductances. 64 ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 55 49. In alternating-current circuits, instead of the term resist- ance we have the term impedance, Z = r -\\- jx, with its two components, the resistance, r, and the reactance, x, in the formula of Ohm's law, E = IZ. The resistance, r, gives the component of e.m.f. in phase with the current, or the power component of the ...", "... n other words, when several currents are produced by the same e.m.f., such as in cases where Ohm's law is expressed in the form, / = I . Z It is preferable, then, to introduce the reciprocal of impe- dance, which may be called the admittance of the circuit, or Z As the reciprocal of the complex quantity, Z = r -{- jx, the admittance is a complex quantity also, or Y = g — jh; it con- sists of the component, g, which respresents the coefficient of current in phase with the e.m.f., or the power or active com- ponent, gE, of the current, in the equation of Ohm's law, I =YE ={g- jh)E, and the c ...", "... the same e.m.f., such as in cases where Ohm's law is expressed in the form, / = I . Z It is preferable, then, to introduce the reciprocal of impe- dance, which may be called the admittance of the circuit, or Z As the reciprocal of the complex quantity, Z = r -{- jx, the admittance is a complex quantity also, or Y = g — jh; it con- sists of the component, g, which respresents the coefficient of current in phase with the e.m.f., or the power or active com- ponent, gE, of the current, in the equation of Ohm's law, I =YE ={g- jh)E, and the component, h, which represents the coefficient of curr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3132-3576", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... The joint resistance of a number of series-connected resis- tances is equal to the sum of the individual resistances ; the ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 53 joint conductance of a number of parallel-connected conduc~ tances is equal to the sum of the individual conductances. 39. In alternating-current circuits, instead of the term resistance we have the term impedance, Z = r —Jx, with its two components, the resistance, r, and the reactance, x, in the formula of Ohm's law, E = IZ. The resistance, r, gives the component of E.M.F. in phase with the current, or the energy component of the E.M. ...", "... current, or the wattless component of E.M.F., Ix ; both combined give the total E.M.F., — Since E.M.Fs. are combined by adding their complex ex- pressions, we have : The joint impedance of a number of series-connected impe- dances is the sum of the individual impedances, when expressed in complex quantities. In graphical representation impedances have not to be added, but are combined in their proper phase by the law of parallelogram in the same manner as the E.M.Fs. corre- sponding to them. The term impedance becomes inconvenient, however, when dealing with parallel-connected circuits ; or, i ...", "... r, in other words, when several currents are produced by the same E.M.F., such as in cases where Ohm's law is expressed in the form, -I- It is preferable, then, to introduce the reciprocal of impedance, which may be called the admittance of the circuit, or >-*• As the reciprocal of the complex quantity, Z = r —jx, the admittance is a complex quantity also, or Y = g+jb; 54 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. it consists of the component g, which represents the co- efficient of current in phase with the E.M.F., or energy current, gEt in the equation of Ohm's law, — and the component b, which ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 6942-9061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... Bi and Bz, as by an alternating or pul- sating current, a dissipation of energy by molecular friction occurs during each magnetic cycle. Experiment shows that the energy consumed per cycle and cm.^ of magnetic material depends only on the limits of the cycle, Bi and B2, but not on the speed or wave shape of the change. If the energy which is consumed by molecular friction is sup- plied by an electric current as magnetizing force, it has the effect that the relations between the magnetizing current, i, or magnetic field intensity, H, and the magnetic flux density, B, is not revers- ible, but f ...", "... hysteresis loop could theoretically assume, is given by the rectangle between + H, + B; — H, + B; — H, — B; + H, — B. This would mean, that the magnetic fiux does not appreciably decrease with decreasing field intensity, until the field has reversed to full value. It would give the theoretical wave shape shown as Fig. 32. As seen, this is the extreme ex- aggeration of wave shape. Fig, 31. 60 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS The total energy of this rectangle, or maximum available magnetic energy, is 4HB HB Wq = IT or, if /* = permeability, thus H = — , it is Wo = B^ TfJL (12) ( ...", "... n + H, + B; — H, + B; — H, — B; + H, — B. This would mean, that the magnetic fiux does not appreciably decrease with decreasing field intensity, until the field has reversed to full value. It would give the theoretical wave shape shown as Fig. 32. As seen, this is the extreme ex- aggeration of wave shape. Fig, 31. 60 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS The total energy of this rectangle, or maximum available magnetic energy, is 4HB HB Wq = IT or, if /* = permeability, thus H = — , it is Wo = B^ TfJL (12) (13) Fig. 31. the maximum possible hysteresis loss. The inefficiency of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "section_title": "Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 30429-31656", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... nductor is a part, as is the case with the rail return of electric railways, or occurs when a cable conductor grounds on the cable armor, and the current thereby returns over the armor; or it may be induced in the leaky conductor, as in the lead armor of a single-conductor cable traversed by an alternating current; or it may enter the conductor as leakage current, as is the case in cable armors, gas and water pipes, etc., in those cases where they pick up stray railway return currents, etc. When dealing with direct-current circuits, the induetance and the capacity of the conductor do not come into cons ...", "... capacity of the conductor do not come into consideration except in the transients of current change, and in stationary con- ditions such a circuit thus is one of distributed series resistance and shunted conductance. Inductance also is absent with the current induced in the cable armor by an alternating current traversing the cable conductor, 330 CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 331 and with all low- and medium-voltage conductors, with the com- mercial frequencies of alternating currents, the capacity effects are so small as to be negligible. In high-voltage conductors, such as transmission li ...", "... the \"attenuation constant\" of the leaky conductor, it is R + ro ' (13) These equations (13) can be written in various different forms. They are interesting in showing in a direct-current circuit features which usually are considered as characteristic of wave trans- mission, that is, of alternating-current circuits with distributed capacity. The first term of equations (13) may be considered as the out- flowing components of current and voltage respectively, the sec- ond terms as the reflected components, and at the end of the circuit of distributed leakage, reflection would be considered as o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6798-7825", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT. 65. Let, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the condensive reactance is xc = > 2 7T/C J where/ = fr ...", "... 75 ohms = condensive reactance. We have 4 x xc = 22,500 and r2 = 40,000; therefore r2 > 4 x xc, RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY 95 that is, the start is logarithmic, and z0 = 200, s = 132, and 7 = 0. 20 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Degrees Fig. 20. Starting of an alternating-current circuit, having capacity, inductance and resistance in series. Logarithmic start. In Fig. 20 the circuit is closed at the moment 00 = 0, that is, at the maximum value of the impressed e.m.f., giving from the equations (18) and (19), since i0 = 0, e0 = 0, and i = 5 {cos 6 - 1.26 s-2-22' + ...", "... = 0, that is, at the maximum value of the impressed e.m.f., giving from the equations (18) and (19), since i0 = 0, e0 = 0, and i = 5 {cos 6 - 1.26 s-2-22' + 0.26 £-°'452' } el = 375 {sin0 + 0.57 (e-»-»«_fi-o.462*)}p 0 20 40 100 120 140 160 180 200 Degrees Fig. 21. Starting of an alternating-current circuit having capacity, inductance and resistance in series. Logarithmic start. In Fig. 21 the circuit is closed at the moment 00 = 90°, that is, at the zero value of the impressed e.m.f., giving the equa- tions i = 5 {sinfl + 0.57 Or2'22' - fi-o-«\")} and e, = - 375 {cosfl + 0.26 *-'•»•- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... anical energy in the m_omentum of the motor. 6. The study and calculation of the permanent phenomena in electric circuits arc usually far simpler than are the study and calculation of transient phenomena. However, only the phe- nomena of a continuous-current circuit are really permanent. The alternating-current phenomena are transient, as the e.m.f. continuously and periodically changes, and with it the current, the stored energy, etc. The theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, as periodic transients, thus has been more difficult than that of continuous-current phenomena, until methods were devise ...", "... study and calculation of transient phenomena. However, only the phe- nomena of a continuous-current circuit are really permanent. The alternating-current phenomena are transient, as the e.m.f. continuously and periodically changes, and with it the current, the stored energy, etc. The theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, as periodic transients, thus has been more difficult than that of continuous-current phenomena, until methods were devised to treat the periodic transients of the alternating-current circuit as permanent phenomena, by the conception of the \" effective values,\" and more completely ...", "... ntinuously and periodically changes, and with it the current, the stored energy, etc. The theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, as periodic transients, thus has been more difficult than that of continuous-current phenomena, until methods were devised to treat the periodic transients of the alternating-current circuit as permanent phenomena, by the conception of the \" effective values,\" and more completely by the introduction of the general number or complex quantity, which represents the periodic func- tion of time by a constant numerical value. In this feature lies the advantage and the power of t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic method", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... hanical energy in the momentum of the motor. 6. The study and calculation of the permanent phenomena in electric circuits are usually far simpler than are the study and calculation of transient phenomena. However, only the phe- nomena of a continuous-current circuit are really permanent. The alternating-current phenomena are transient, as the e.m.f. continuously and periodically changes, and with it the current, the stored energy, etc. The theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, as periodic transients, thus has been more difficult than that of continuous-current phenomena, until methods were devise ...", "... study and calculation of transient phenomena. However, only the phe- nomena of a continuous-current circuit are really permanent. The alternating-current phenomena are transient, as the e.m.f. continuously and periodically changes, and with it the current, the stored energy, etc. The theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, as periodic transients, thus has been more difficult than that of continuous-current phenomena, until methods were devised to treat the periodic transients of the alternating-current circuit as permanent phenomena, by the conception of the \" effective values,\" and more completely ...", "... ntinuously and periodically changes, and with it the current, the stored energy, etc. The theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, as periodic transients, thus has been more difficult than that of continuous-current phenomena, until methods were devised to treat the periodic transients of the alternating-current circuit as permanent phenomena, by the conception of the \" effective values,\" and more completely by the introduction of the general number or complex quantity, which represents the periodic func- tion of time by a constant numerical value. In this feature lies the advantage and the power of t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2162-2971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The ...", "... ases in the manner as discussed in para- graph 13, that is, with a duration T = — - The permanent current i2 may be continuous, or alternating, or may be a changing current, as a transient of long duration, etc. The same reasoning applies to the voltage, magnetic flux, etc. Thus, let, in an alternating-current circuit traversed by current t'i, in Fig. 15 A, the conditions be changed, at the moment t = 0, so as to produce the current i2. The instantaneous value of the current ii at the moment t = 0 can be considered as consisting of the instantaneous value of the permanent current i2, shown dotted, a ...", "... ng the transition period, which is shown in drawn line in Fig. 15. As seen, the transient is due to the difference between the instantaneous value of the current i\\ which exists, and that of the current i2 which should exist at the moment of change, and Fig. 15. — Single-energy Transient of Alternating-current Circuit. thus is the larger, the greater the difference between the two currents, the previous and the after current. It thus disappears if the change occurs at the moment when the two currents ii and 12 are equal, as shown in Fig. 15B, and is a maximum, if the change occurs at the moment wh ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-25", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 25, "number": 4, "location": "lines 8907-9034", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "snippets": [ "... OE'\\. As seen, the diagram of e.m.f s. of self -induc- tance is similar to the diagram of m.m.fs. of armature reaction. 134 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 13. From this diagram we get the effect of load and phase re- lation npon the e.m.f. of an alternating-current generator. Let E — terminal voltage per machine circuit, 7 = current per machine circuit, and 0 = lag of the current behind the terminal voltage. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the alternator armature. FIG. 51. — Diagram showing combined ef ...", "... per machine circuit, and 0 = lag of the current behind the terminal voltage. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the alternator armature. FIG. 51. — Diagram showing combined effect of armature reaction and arma- ture self-inductance. Then, in the vector diagram, Fig. 51, OE = E, the terminal voltage, assumed as zero vector. 01 = I, the current, lagging by the angle EOI = 0. _The e.m.f. consumed by resistance is OE \\ = Ir in phase with 01. The e-m-i^ consumed by reactance is OEfz — Ix, 90 degrees ...", "... voltage. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the alternator armature. FIG. 51. — Diagram showing combined effect of armature reaction and arma- ture self-inductance. Then, in the vector diagram, Fig. 51, OE = E, the terminal voltage, assumed as zero vector. 01 = I, the current, lagging by the angle EOI = 0. _The e.m.f. consumed by resistance is OE \\ = Ir in phase with 01. The e-m-i^ consumed by reactance is OEfz — Ix, 90 degrees ahead of 01. The real generated e.m.f. is found by combining OE and OE ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-85", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 85, "number": 6, "location": "lines 15476-15585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "snippets": [ "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetiz ...", "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no magnetic distortion exists, and no armature reaction at all if the current is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., while ...", "... due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no magnetic distortion exists, and no armature reaction at all if the current is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., while the- armature reaction is demagnetizing with a leading and mag- ne ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-86", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 86, "number": 7, "location": "lines 15586-15734", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "snippets": [ "... and the resultant magnetic flux, so that the direct voltage between the brushes is not the maximum diametrical alternating voltage but only a part thereof, Or by changing the maximum diametrical alternating voltage, at constant effective impressed voltage, by wave-shape distortion by the superposition of higher harmonics. In the former case, only a reduction of the direct voltage below the normal value can be produced, while in the latter case an increase as well as a reduction can be produced, an increase if the highe ...", "... voltage between the brushes is not the maximum diametrical alternating voltage but only a part thereof, Or by changing the maximum diametrical alternating voltage, at constant effective impressed voltage, by wave-shape distortion by the superposition of higher harmonics. In the former case, only a reduction of the direct voltage below the normal value can be produced, while in the latter case an increase as well as a reduction can be produced, an increase if the higher harmonics are in phase, and a reduction if the ...", "... istortion by the superposition of higher harmonics. In the former case, only a reduction of the direct voltage below the normal value can be produced, while in the latter case an increase as well as a reduction can be produced, an increase if the higher harmonics are in phase, and a reduction if the higher harmonics are in opposition to the fundamental wave of the diametrical or Y voltage. Both methods are combined in the so-called \" Regulating Pole Converter\" or \"Split Pole Converter,\" which is used to supply, f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 34929-35255", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... Hence, a symmetrical n-phase system is a system of n e.m.fs. of equal intensity, differing from each other in phase by - of a period : e\\ = E sin /3; €2 = E sin (/3 — —j ; 63 = ^_sin(^ - -^y, ' . I ^ 2{n - l)x\\ The next e.m.f. is, again, ei = E sin (/3 - 2 x) = E sin /3. In the vector diagram the n e.m.fs. of the symmetrical n-phase system are represented by n equal vectors, following each other under equal angles. Since in symbolic writing rotation by - of a period, or angle 2 TT . ..... — , IS represented by multiplication with 27r , . . 27r COS h 7 sin — = e, n 7 ...", "... ring from each other in phase by - of a period : e\\ = E sin /3; €2 = E sin (/3 — —j ; 63 = ^_sin(^ - -^y, ' . I ^ 2{n - l)x\\ The next e.m.f. is, again, ei = E sin (/3 - 2 x) = E sin /3. In the vector diagram the n e.m.fs. of the symmetrical n-phase system are represented by n equal vectors, following each other under equal angles. Since in symbolic writing rotation by - of a period, or angle 2 TT . ..... — , IS represented by multiplication with 27r , . . 27r COS h 7 sin — = e, n 71 the e.m.fs. of the symmetrical polyphase system are E; 27r . . . 2 ( 27r , . . 27 ...", "... rotation by - of a period, or angle 2 TT . ..... — , IS represented by multiplication with 27r , . . 27r COS h 7 sin — = e, n 71 the e.m.fs. of the symmetrical polyphase system are E; 27r . . . 2 ( 27r , . . 27r\\ (cos \\- J sin — = Eel \\ n n I ' E •■ \\ 11 ' \" 399 400 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA E ( cos — + j sin — ) = Ee'-, ^ I 2 (t? - 1) TT , . . 2 (n - 1) 7r\\ ^ n-\\ E { cos --^ ~ + J sm -^ —-) - E^-^. The next e.m.f . is again, ^(cos 2 X + i sin 2 x) = J^e\" = E. Hence, it is 2 TT , . . 2 TT „ /— e = cos — + 7 sin — = V 1 • n n Or in other words: In a symmetr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 33: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 33, "location": "lines 36515-37127", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... ny two conductors of the system ; or 2nd, On the basis of the maximum potential difference between any conductor of the system and the ground ; or 3rd. On the basis of the minimum potential difference in the system, or the potential difference per circuit or phase of the system. 431 432 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA In low-potential circuits, as secondary networks, where the potential is not limited by the insulation strain, but by the potential of the apparatus connected into the system, as incan- descent lamps, the proper basis of comparison is equality of the potential per branch of the syst ...", "... circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatus. 295. 1st. Comparison on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential, in low-potential lighting circuits: In the single-phase, alternating-current circuit, if e = e.m.f., i = current, r = resistance per line, the total power is = ei, the loss of power, 2 ih\\ Using, however, a three-wire system: the potential between outside wires and neutral being given equal to e, the potential between the outside wires is equal to 2 e, that is, the di ...", "... s, five-sixteenths as much copper is needed. Obviously, a single-phase, five-wire system will be a system of distribution at the potential, 4 e, and there- fore require only one-sixteenth of the copper of the single-phase system in the outside wires; and if each of the three neutral 28 434 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA wires is of one-half the cross-section of the outside wires, seven- sixty-fourths or 10.93 per cent, of the copper. Coming now to the three-phase system with the potential, e, between the lines as delta potential, if i = the current per line or Y current, the current from line to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Admittance, Conductance, Susceftance", "section_title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceftance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3546-3871", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... int resistance of a number of series -connected resis- tances is equal to the sum of the individual resistances ; the § 30] ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 53 joint conductance of a number of parallel-connected conduc- tances is equal to the sum of the individual conductances, 39. In alternating-current circuits, instead of the term resistance we have the term impedance , Z = r —jx, with its two components, the resistance^ r, and the reactance^ x, in the formula of Ohm's law, E = IZ, The resistance, r, gives the component of E.M.F. in phase with the current, or the energy component of the E.M ...", "... wattless component of E.M.F., Ix\\ both combined give the total E.M.F., — Iz = lWr' + x\\ Since E.M.Fs. are combined by adding their complex ex- pressions, we have : The joint impedance of a number of series-connected impe- dances is the sum of the individual impedances , when expressed in complex quantities. In graphical representation impedances have not to be added, but are combined in their proper phase by the law of parallelogram in the same manner as the E.M.Fs. corre- sponding to them. The term impedance becomes incon- venient, however, when dealing with parallel-connected circuits ; or, ...", "... or, in other words, when several currents are pro- duced by the same E.M.F., such as in cases where Ohm's law is expressed in the form, -?• It is preferable, then, to introduce the reciprocal of impedance, which may be called the admittance of the circuit, or Z As the reciprocal of the complex quantity, Z =^ r — jxy the admittance is a complex quantity also, or 64 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA . [ § 40 it consists of the component g^ which represents the co- efficient of current in phase with the E.M.F., or energy current, gE, in the equation of Ohm's law, — and the component ^, whic ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5334-6956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is in quadrat ...", "... circuit, — and thus cannot be varied for the purpose of reg- ulation. Its susceptance, b, however, can be changed by shunting the circuit with a reactance, and will be increased by a shunted inductance, and decreased by a shunted con- densance. Hence, for the purpose of investigation, the 84 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. receiver circuit can be assumed to consist of two branches, a conductance, g, — the non-inductive part of the circuit, — shunted by a susceptance, b, which can be varied without expenditure of energy. The two components of current can thus be considered separately, the energy compo ...", "... A . ^ A\" phase difference in generator circuit, 62. b.} Dependence of the output upon the conductance of the receiver circuit. At a given susceptance, ^, of the receiver circuit, its output, P — Eoi current, that is, as magnetic hysteresis, and can be ...", "... changing the molecular magnetic friction. 47. In consequence of magnetic hysteresis, if an alternating e.m.f. OE\" = E\" is im- pressed upon a circuit of negligible resistance, the exciting current, or current producing the magnetism, in this circuit is not a wattless current, or current of 90 degrees lag, as in Fig. 21, but lags less than 90 degrees, by an angle 90 — a, as shown by OI = I in Fig. 22. Since the magnetism 0$ = $ is in quadrature with the e.m.f. E\" due to it, angle a is the phase difference between t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-106", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 106, "number": 9, "location": "lines 18813-18948", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "snippets": [ "... ve coil\" is gener- ally used, and generally understood, in the conventional definition : T^C • 1°SS Efficiency = 1 — -. — input and the input is given in total volt-amperes, the loss in energy volt-amperes, that is, watts. The efficiency then is 1 — power- factor. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 303 The transformer at open circuit is a reactor, but a very poor one, as its power-factor is high, that is, the efficiency low. In the transformer, the exciting ampere-turns are the (vector) difference between primary ...", "... r- ally used, and generally understood, in the conventional definition : T^C • 1°SS Efficiency = 1 — -. — input and the input is given in total volt-amperes, the loss in energy volt-amperes, that is, watts. The efficiency then is 1 — power- factor. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 303 The transformer at open circuit is a reactor, but a very poor one, as its power-factor is high, that is, the efficiency low. In the transformer, the exciting ampere-turns are the (vector) difference between primary and secondary ampere- ...", "... and the input is given in total volt-amperes, the loss in energy volt-amperes, that is, watts. The efficiency then is 1 — power- factor. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 303 The transformer at open circuit is a reactor, but a very poor one, as its power-factor is high, that is, the efficiency low. In the transformer, the exciting ampere-turns are the (vector) difference between primary and secondary ampere-turns, are wasted, and therefore made as low as possible, by using a closed magnetic circuit. In the reactor, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... in Fig. 83. 8 3 S Fig, 83. Distributed Capacity. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current,, and consequently of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, especially concentric cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of alternating- current transformers. It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the b ...", "... vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, especially concentric cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of alternating- current transformers. It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may with sufficient approximation be represented by one c ...", "... \\ . 2 ^ ' 4 y or, expanding, = ^ 1 1 + (r -yx) ^^+ y* -i^-ih (r -jx)* 105. ^.) Z««^ capacity represented by three condensers, in the middle and at the ends of the line. Denoting, in Fig. 85, the E.M.F. and current in receiving circuit by E, I, the E.M.F. at middle of line by E', 154 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 105 the current on receiving side of line by /', the current on generator side of line^by /\", the RM.P'., viz., current at generator by -fo* />» D iTE ZUI ITi JJT 3t II! Pig. 85. Distributed Capacity. Otherwise retaining the same denotations as in A,), We have, G ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 23781-24053", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... tensity, differing from each other in phase by 1 / n of a period : *i = E sin (3 ; e2=£sm((3-^L\\', en = E sin ( ft - L V* ~ - \\ The next E.M.F. is again : ^ = E sin (ft — 2 TT) = E sin ft. In the polar diagram the n E.M.Fs. of the symmetrical 0-phase system are represented by n equal vectors, follow- ing each other under equal angles. Since in symbolic writing, rotation by l/« of a period, or angle 2ir/n, is represented by multiplication with : the E.M.Fs. of the symmetrical polyphase system are: SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 435 / 9 T- ? -rr E( cos — + / sin — = • ' ...", "... phase systems, represented by *E\\ , n/T 2 7T . . 2 7T where, e = vl = cos -- \\-j sin — • . n n 1.) « = 1 e = 1 c«'^ = .£, the ordinary single-phase system. 2.) « = 2 e = - 1 J £ = £ and - £. Since — ^ is the return of E, n = 2 gives again the single-phase system. 3 -1-/V3 436 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. The three E.M.Fs. of the three-phase system are : -i-yV3 Consequently the three-phase system is the lowest sym- metrical polyphase system. 4.) n = 4, c = cos — +/ sin — =/, £2 = — 1, e3 = - /. 4 4 The four E.M.Fs. of the four-phase system are: *£ = £, J£, -E, -JE. They a ...", "... — +/ sin — =/, £2 = — 1, e3 = - /. 4 4 The four E.M.Fs. of the four-phase system are: *£ = £, J£, -E, -JE. They are in pairs opposite to each other : E and — E • j E and —JE. Hence can be produced by two coils in quadrature with each other, analogous as the two-phase system, or ordinary alternating-current system, can be produced by one coil. Thus the symmetrical quarter-phase system is a four- phase system. Higher systems, than the quarter-phase or four-phase system, have not been very extensively used, and are thus of less practical interest. A symmetrical six-phase system, derived by trans ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 25136-25597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatus. 289. 1st. Comparison on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential, in low potential lighting circuits : 4TO ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. In the single-phase alternating-current circuit, if e — E.M.F., i = current, r— resistance per line, the total power is = ei, the loss of power 2z'V. Using, however, a three-wire system, the potential be- tween outside wires and neutral being given = e, the potential between the ...", "... quality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatus. 289. 1st. Comparison on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential, in low potential lighting circuits : 4TO ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. In the single-phase alternating-current circuit, if e — E.M.F., i = current, r— resistance per line, the total power is = ei, the loss of power 2z'V. Using, however, a three-wire system, the potential be- tween outside wires and neutral being given = e, the potential between the outside wires is == 2 e, that is, the dis- tribution ...", "... as such far inferior to the five-wire single-phase system. Coming now to the quarter-phase system with common return and potential e per branch, denoting the current in the outside wires by z'2, the current in the central wire is *a V2 ; and if the same current density is chosen for all 472 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. three wires, as the condition of maximum efficiency, and the resistance of each outside wire denoted by rz, the re- sistance of the central wire = r2/V2, and the loss of power per outside wire is z'22 r2 , in the central wire 2 z'22 r2 / V2 = z'22 r2 V2 ; hence the total loss of po ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "section_title": "Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 14, "location": "lines 17125-18412", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... nt only average values under average conditions. 126. Phase conversion is of industrial importance in changing from single-phase to polyphase, and in changing from polyphase to single-phase. Conversion from single-phase to polyphase has been of con- siderable importance in former times, when alternating-current generating systems were single-phase, and alternating-current motors required polyphase for their operation. With the prac- tically universal introduction of three-phase electric power leration, polyphase supply is practically always available for itionary electric motors, at least motors of ...", "... onversion is of industrial importance in changing from single-phase to polyphase, and in changing from polyphase to single-phase. Conversion from single-phase to polyphase has been of con- siderable importance in former times, when alternating-current generating systems were single-phase, and alternating-current motors required polyphase for their operation. With the prac- tically universal introduction of three-phase electric power leration, polyphase supply is practically always available for itionary electric motors, at least motors of larger size, and n version from single-phase to polyphase thu ...", "... inductance, or inductance and capacity), con- nected aiTuss the single-phase mains, .4 ami li. The common connection, C, between the two impedances, Z, and Z>. then is dis- placed in phase from the single-phase supply voltage. A and B, and gives with the same a system of out-of-phase voltages, AC, Cli and .4 if, or a — more or less unsymmetrical — three-phase Iriaiude. Or, between this common connection, C, and the middle, D, of an autotransformer connected between the single- phase mains, AB, a quadrature voltage, CD, is produced. This ■monocyclic triangle\" ACB, in its application as ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 21382-22633", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... e, thus could momentarily carry overloads which a motor could not carry, in which the maximum torque exceeds the rated torque only by 50 per cent., as was the case with the early motors. However, very high maximum torque means low internal reactance and thus high exciting current, that is, low power-factor at partial loads, and of the two types of motors: (a) High overload torque, but poor power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; (6) Moderate overload torque, but good power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; the type (6) gives far better average operating conditions, except in thos ...", "... e exceeds the rated torque only by 50 per cent., as was the case with the early motors. However, very high maximum torque means low internal reactance and thus high exciting current, that is, low power-factor at partial loads, and of the two types of motors: (a) High overload torque, but poor power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; (6) Moderate overload torque, but good power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; the type (6) gives far better average operating conditions, except in those rare cases of operation at constant full-load, and is there- fore preferable, though a greater car ...", "... However, very high maximum torque means low internal reactance and thus high exciting current, that is, low power-factor at partial loads, and of the two types of motors: (a) High overload torque, but poor power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; (6) Moderate overload torque, but good power-factor and efficiency at partial loads; the type (6) gives far better average operating conditions, except in those rare cases of operation at constant full-load, and is there- fore preferable, though a greater care is necessary to avoid mo- mentary excessive overloads. Gradually the type (a) had m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... nary phenomena. That is, the assumption is made that after establishing the circuit a sufficient time has elapsed for the currents and potential differences to reach their final or permanent values, that is, become constant, with continuous current, or constant periodic functions of time, with alternating current. In the first moment, however, after establishing the circuit, the currents and potential differences in the circuit have not yet reached their permanent values, that is, the electrical conditions of the circuit are not yet the normal or permanent ones, but a certain time elapses while the ele ...", "... . 15. The general solution of an electric current problem there- fore includes besides the permanent term, constant or periodic, l /i >c- Gradual or Logarithm o start of current: Oscillatory or 1 S arjthui e start rigonometrio s I**™** [rtartV Fig. 4. Starting of an alternating-current circuit having inductance. a transient term, which disappears after a time depending upon the circuit conditions, from an extremely small fraction of a second to a number of seconds. These transient terms appear in closing the circuit, opening the circuit, or in any other way changing the ci ...", "... An oscillation can occur only with the existence of two energy-storing constants, as capacity and inductance, which permit a surge of energy from the one to the other, and there- with an overreaching. 17. Transient terms may occur periodically and in rapid suc- cession, as when rectifying an alternating current by synchro- nously reversing the connections of the alternating impressed e.m.f. with the receiver circuit (as can be done mechanically or without moving apparatus by undirectional conductors, as arcs). At every half wave the circuit reversal starts a tran- sient term, and usually this transie ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "number": 1, "location": "lines 19260-19338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "snippets": [ "... c quantities at one point in space with the electric quantities at another point in space, as, for instance, current and potential difference at the generator end of a transmission line with those at the receiving end of the line, or current density at the surface of a solid conductor carrying alternating current, as the rail return of a single-phase railway, with the current density at the center or in general inside of the conductor, or the distribution of alternating magnetism inside of a solid iron, as a lamina of an alternating-current transformer, etc. In such transient phenom- ena in space, the ...", "... r current density at the surface of a solid conductor carrying alternating current, as the rail return of a single-phase railway, with the current density at the center or in general inside of the conductor, or the distribution of alternating magnetism inside of a solid iron, as a lamina of an alternating-current transformer, etc. In such transient phenom- ena in space, the electric quantities, which appear as functions of space or distance, are not the instantaneous values, as in the preceding chapters, but are alternating currents, e.m.fs., etc., characterized by intensity and phase, that is, they are ...", "... at is, they are periodic functions of time, and the analytical method of dealing with such phenomena therefore introduces two independent variables, time t and distance I, that is, the electric quantities are periodic functions of time and transient functions of space. The introduction of the complex quantities, as representing the alternating wave by a constant algebraic number, eliminates 277 278 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the time t as variable, so that, in the denotation by complex quantities, the transient phenomena in space are functions of one independent variable only, distance Z, and thus lead ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "section_title": "General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "number": 1, "location": "lines 27761-28694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "snippets": [ "... electric circuit can be charac- terized, as discussed in Section III, by the four constants, namely : r = effective resistance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the current, tfr; or the power component of the e.m.f. consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating current, the voltage, ir, in phase with the current. L = effective inductance, representing the energy storage i2L depending upon the current, - — , as electromagnetic component & of the electric field; or the voltage generated due to the change of the current, L — , that is, with an alternati ...", "... g current, the voltage, ir, in phase with the current. L = effective inductance, representing the energy storage i2L depending upon the current, - — , as electromagnetic component & of the electric field; or the voltage generated due to the change of the current, L — , that is, with an alternating current, the at reactive voltage consumed in the circuit - jxi, where x = 2 nfL and / = frequency. g = effective (shunted) conductance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the voltage, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with ...", "... quency oscillation over the multigap lightning arrester circuit, or a mile in a long-distance transmission circuit or high-potential cable, or the distance of the velocity of light, 300,000 km., etc. The permanent values of current and e.m.f. in such circuits of distributed constants have, for alternating-current circuits, been investigated in Section III, where it was shown that they can be treated as transient phenomena in space, of the complex variables, current / and e.m.f. E. Transient phenomena in circuits with distributed constants, and, therefore, the general investigation of such circuits, le ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 5279-6124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... t in a compound circuit, that is, a circuit comprising sections of different constants, must be a traveling wave, that is, must be accompanied by power transfer between the sections of the circuit.* A traveling wave, equation (4), would correspond to the case of effective power in a permanent alternating-current circuit, while the stationary wave of the uniform circuit corresponds to the case of reactive power. Since one of the most important applications of the traveling wave is the investigation of the compound circuit, it is desirable * In oscillogram Fig. 41, the current wave is shown reversed w ...", "... MPULSES. that is, are not transient, but permanent or alternating currents and voltages. Writing the two waves in (18) separately gives i = ioe+^'^ cos (0 — co — 71) — ^o'e~^^ (0 + co — 72), e = eoe+^^ cos (0 — co — 71) + ^o'e-^^ (0 + co — 72), (19) and these are the equations of the alternating-current transmission line, and reduce, by the substitution of the complex quantity for the function of the time angle 0, to the standard form given in \"Transient Phenomena,\" Section III. 36. Obviously, traveling waves and standing waves may occur simultaneously in the same circuit, and usually do so, ...", "... nd voltages. Writing the two waves in (18) separately gives i = ioe+^'^ cos (0 — co — 71) — ^o'e~^^ (0 + co — 72), e = eoe+^^ cos (0 — co — 71) + ^o'e-^^ (0 + co — 72), (19) and these are the equations of the alternating-current transmission line, and reduce, by the substitution of the complex quantity for the function of the time angle 0, to the standard form given in \"Transient Phenomena,\" Section III. 36. Obviously, traveling waves and standing waves may occur simultaneously in the same circuit, and usually do so, just as in alternating-current circuits effective and reactive waves occur ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 4745-5520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "complex quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... t in a compound circuit, that is, a circuit comprising sections of different constants, must be a traveling wave, that is, must be accompanied by power transfer between the sections of the circuit.* A traveling wave, equation (4), would correspond to the case of effective power in a permanent alternating-current circuit, while the stationary wave of the uniform circuit corresponds to the case of reactive power. Since one of*the most important applications of the traveling wave is the investigation of the compound circuit, it is desirable * In oscillogram Fig. 41, the current wave is shown reversed w ...", "... TRAVELING WAVES. 99 100 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. that is, are not transient, but permanent or alternating currents and voltages. Writing the two waves in (18) separately gives cos (0 - co - 70 - i'0'e-sX e = e0e+sx cos (0 - co - and these are the equations of the alternating-current transmission line, and reduce, by the substitution of the complex quantity for the function of the time angle , to the standard form given in \"Transient Phenomena,\" Section III. 36. Obviously, traveling waves and standing waves may occur simultaneously in the same circuit, and usually do s ...", "... s, are not transient, but permanent or alternating currents and voltages. Writing the two waves in (18) separately gives cos (0 - co - 70 - i'0'e-sX e = e0e+sx cos (0 - co - and these are the equations of the alternating-current transmission line, and reduce, by the substitution of the complex quantity for the function of the time angle , to the standard form given in \"Transient Phenomena,\" Section III. 36. Obviously, traveling waves and standing waves may occur simultaneously in the same circuit, and usually do so, just as in alternating-current circuits effective and reactive waves occ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Regulation And Control", "section_title": "Regulation And Control", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 4595-4930", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... n a certain critical value. To avoid such local circuit, either the trolley circuit is cut between the feeders, or the boosting kept below the critical value. If the distances are too great for boosters, inverted con- verters in the generating station are used to change from direct current to alternating current; the alternating current is sent by step-up and step-down transformers to the substation and changed to direct current by rotary converters. If a considerable amount of power is required at a dis- tance, it is more convenient at the generating station to use, instead of inverted converters, d ...", "... e. To avoid such local circuit, either the trolley circuit is cut between the feeders, or the boosting kept below the critical value. If the distances are too great for boosters, inverted con- verters in the generating station are used to change from direct current to alternating current; the alternating current is sent by step-up and step-down transformers to the substation and changed to direct current by rotary converters. If a considerable amount of power is required at a dis- tance, it is more convenient at the generating station to use, instead of inverted converters, double current generators, ...", "... converters. If a considerable amount of power is required at a dis- tance, it is more convenient at the generating station to use, instead of inverted converters, double current generators, that is, generators having commutator and collector rings. If most of the power is used at a distance, alternating current generators are used with rotary converters and fre- quently one converter substation is located in the generating station. Inverted converters and double current generators are now used less, since usually the systems are now so large as to REGULATION AND CONTROL 129 require most of the p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-13", "section_label": "Lecture 13: Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "section_title": "Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 7124-8648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "snippets": [ "... conomy of an electric system therefore requires as small a power fluctuation as possible. The pull required of the railway motor during accelera- tion, on heavy grades, etc., is, however, many times greater than in free running. In a constant speed motor, as a direct current shunt motor or an alternating current induction motor, the power consumption is approximately proportional to the torque of the motor and thus to the draw bar pull that is given by it. With such motors, the fluctuation of power consump- tion would thus be as great as the fluctuation of pull required. In a varying speed motor, as t ...", "... ding speed, the \"free running speed\" of the motor. At this current io, the speed is highest; with increase of current it drops first very rapidly, and then more slowly; and the higher the saturation of the motor field is, the slower becomes the drop of speed at high currents. The single-phase alternating current motors are either directly or inductively series motors, and so give the same general characteristics as the direct current series motor. In the alternating current motors, however, in addition to the ir drop an ix drop exists ; that is, in addition to the voltage con- sumed by the resistance, ...", "... y; and the higher the saturation of the motor field is, the slower becomes the drop of speed at high currents. The single-phase alternating current motors are either directly or inductively series motors, and so give the same general characteristics as the direct current series motor. In the alternating current motors, however, in addition to the ir drop an ix drop exists ; that is, in addition to the voltage con- sumed by the resistance, still further voltage is consumed by self-induction; and the voltage e available for the armature rotation thus drops still further, as seen in Fig. 41. Since the s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-104", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 104, "number": 7, "location": "lines 18521-18665", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "snippets": [ "... ndings P and low- voltage windings S intermixed with each other. Core-type transformers are shown in section in Figs. 166 and 167, the former with one, the latter with two cores, and with two different coil arrangements, the intermixed and the concentric. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 297 For the transformation of three-phase circuits, three separate single-phase transformers may be used, and their primaries and FIG. 165. — Shell type transformer. FIG. 166. — Single-coil core type transformer. FIG. 167. — Two coil cor ...", "... re type Fig. 169, however, a short circuit of one of the three phases short circuits the magnetic return of the other two phases, and so acts as a partial electrical short circuit of these two other phases. In shell-type transformers, Fig. 168, a triple harmonic of flux can exist, but not in the core type, Fig. 169. In the three- FIG. 170. — Shell type three-phase transformer. phase system, the three voltages, currents, etc., are displaced in phase from each other by 120°. Their third harmonics therefore are dis ...", "... ig. 168, a triple harmonic of flux can exist, but not in the core type, Fig. 169. In the three- FIG. 170. — Shell type three-phase transformer. phase system, the three voltages, currents, etc., are displaced in phase from each other by 120°. Their third harmonics therefore are displaced in phase from each other by 3 X 120°, that is, by 360°, or in other words, are in phase with each other. In Fig. 169, such triple frequency fluxes in the three cores would have no magnetic return, except by leakage through the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-26", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 26, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9035-9169", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "snippets": [ "... resents a higher synchronous reactance. Let r = effective resistance, XQ = synchronous reactance of armature, as discussed in Section II. Let E = terminal voltage, / = current, 0 = angle of lag of the current behind ' the terminal vol- tage. It is in vector diagram, Fig. 55. OE = E = terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. 01 = FIG. 57. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. showing effect of synchronous reactance with lagging reactive load. 6 = 60 degrees. FIG. 58. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. Showing effect ...", "... XQ = synchronous reactance of armature, as discussed in Section II. Let E = terminal voltage, / = current, 0 = angle of lag of the current behind ' the terminal vol- tage. It is in vector diagram, Fig. 55. OE = E = terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. 01 = FIG. 57. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. showing effect of synchronous reactance with lagging reactive load. 6 = 60 degrees. FIG. 58. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. Showing effect of synchro- nous reactance with leading reactive load 6 = — 60 degre ...", "... diagrams for 6 = 0 or non- inductive load, 6 = 60 degrees lag or inductive load, and & — — 60 degrees or anti-inductive load. Resolving all e.m.fs. into components in phase and in quad- rature with the current, or into power and reactive components, in symbolic expression we have: 138 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the terminal voltage E = E cos 6 + jE sin 6 ; the e.m.f. consumed by resistance, E\\ = ir; the e.m.f. consumed by synchronous reactance, E'0 = + jixQ, and the nominal generated e.m.f., E0 = E + E\\ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25135-25681", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIII SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 203. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this generator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in sy ...", "... cal shock; and sometimes the machines are so sensitive in this respect that it is difficult to operate them in parallel. The same applies in getting out of step. 207. When running in synchronism, nearly all types of ma- chines will operate satisfactorily; a medium amount of armature 294 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA reaction is preferable, however, such as is given by modern alter- nators— not too high to reduce the synchronizing power too much, nor too low to make the machine unsafe in case of accident, such as falling out of step, etc. If the armature reaction is very low, an accident — suc ...", "... e'2^ --^ a2^; Ex = e ■\\- hZi, or ei -\\- je\\ = (e + iiVi + i'lXi) -f j(iiXi — i'\\r^; E2 = e -{- I2Z2, or 62 + je'2 = (e + ^'2^2 + ^'2a;2) + j(i2X2 — ^''2^2) ; / = /i 4- h, or eg — jeb = (h + 22) - j{i'i + i'2). This gives the equations: ei = e + iiri + i'lXi; 62 = e -\\- 22r2 + ^'2X2; 296 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA e'l = iiXi — i'lVi', e'l = iiXi — i'^Ti; eg = ii + i2\\ eh = i'l + i'2; 62- + €2^ = 02^ or eight equations with nine variables, ei, e'l, e^, e'2, ii, i'\\, ii, i'2, e. Combining these equations by twos, eiri + e'lXi = eri + iiZi^; e2r2 + ^'2X2 = er2 + ^'222^; substituting i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "section_title": "Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3543-5554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ce, the total torque: D = D2 + Dh (21) and the power output: P = (1 - s) Z>. (22) (Herefrom subtracts the friction loss, to give the net power output.) The power input is: Po = /#o, Io/' = e22(cidi + c2d2), (23) and the volt-ampere input: Q = eoio. P Herefrom then follows the power-factor -gr * the torque effi- ciency y, , the apparent torque efficiency 7^-, the power efficiency P P jj- and the apparent power efficiency 7^ 23. As illustrations arc shown, in Figs. 14 and 15, the speed curves and the load curves of a double squirrel-cage induction motor, of the constants: C ...", "... ge: 0, = s- '*; (30) the total torque of the triple squirrel-cage motor thus is: D = D, + D2 + D3, (31) and the power: P = (1 - s) Z>, (32) the power input is : PQ = /#o, /o/' = megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated e.m.f. The formula of the alternating-current generator, E = V2 *fn$, doe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-08", "section_label": "Theory Section 8: Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "section_title": "Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 2718-2864", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "snippets": [ "8. POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS of effective value I = —7=-, in a circuit of resistance r and reac- V2 39. The power consumed by alternating current i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the impressed e.m.f., ...", "8. POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS of effective value I = —7=-, in a circuit of resistance r and reac- V2 39. The power consumed by alternating current i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the impressed e.m.f., consisting of the components ei = r/0 sin 0, the e.m.f. consumed by resistance and 62 = x!Q cos 0, the e.m.f. consumed by ...", "... active component of the current. The sum of instantaneous values of the power and reactive components of the current equals the instantaneous value of the total current, ii + iz = i, while their effective values have the relation i = V77+772. Thus an alternating current can be resolved in two com- ponents, the power component, in phase with the e.m.f., and the wattless or reactive component, in quadrature with the e.m.f. An alternating e.m.f. can be resolved in two components: the power component, in phase with the curren ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_title": "Induction Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "number": 1, "location": "lines 18949-19165", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "snippets": [ "... thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect the field and armature circuits in series as alternating-current series motor. Such motors are used to a considerable extent, but, like the shunt motor, have the dis- advantage of a commutator carrying alternating currents. • The shunt motor on an alternating-current circuit has the objection that in the armature winding ...", "... o connect the field and armature circuits in series as alternating-current series motor. Such motors are used to a considerable extent, but, like the shunt motor, have the dis- advantage of a commutator carrying alternating currents. • The shunt motor on an alternating-current circuit has the objection that in the armature winding the current should be power current, thus in phas£ with the e.m.f., while in the field winding the current is lagging nearly 90 deg., as magnetizing current. Thus field and armature would be out of p ...", "... econdary which are acted upon by the magnetization produced by the other phase. Obviously, instead of two phases in quadrature any number of phases can be used. This leads us by gradual steps of development from the con- tinuous-current shunt motor to the alternating-current polyphase induction motor. In its general behavior the alternating-current induction motor is therefore analogous to the continuous-current shunt motor. Like the shunt motor, it operates at approximately constant mag- netic density. It runs at fairly constant sp ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-113", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Induction Machines: Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 113, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21813-21922", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-113/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-113/", "snippets": [ "VH. Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer 159. The e.m.fs. generated in the secondary of the induction machine are of the frequency of slip, that is, synchronism minus speed, thus of lower frequency than the impressed e.m.f. in the range from standstill to double synchronism; of higher ...", "... e, convert from three phase 6000 volts 25 cycles to quarter phase 2500 volts 62.5 cycles. Thus, a frequency converter can be called a \"general alter- nating-current transformer.\" For its theoretical discussion and calculation, see \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena.\" The action and the equations of the general alternating-current INDUCTION MACHINES 355 transformer are essentially those of the stationary alternating- current transformer, except that the ratio of secondary to primary generated e.m.f . is not the ...", "... ts 62.5 cycles. Thus, a frequency converter can be called a \"general alter- nating-current transformer.\" For its theoretical discussion and calculation, see \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena.\" The action and the equations of the general alternating-current INDUCTION MACHINES 355 transformer are essentially those of the stationary alternating- current transformer, except that the ratio of secondary to primary generated e.m.f . is not the ratio of turns but the ratio of. the product of turns and frequency, whi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-18", "section_label": "Theory Section 18: Equivalent Sine Waves", "section_title": "Equivalent Sine Waves", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 7381-7736", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "snippets": [ "... waves can be represented by their equivalent sine waves. Considering in the preceding the alternating currents as equiva- lent sine waves representing general alternating waves, the investigation becomes applicable to any alternating circuit irrespective of the wave shape. The use of the terms reactance, impedance, etc., implies that a wave is a sine wave or represented by an equivalent sine wave. Practically all measuring instruments of alternating waves (with exception of instantaneous methods) as ammsters, volt- meters, wa ...", "... wave. Practically all measuring instruments of alternating waves (with exception of instantaneous methods) as ammsters, volt- meters, wattmeters, etc., give not general alternating waves but their corresponding equivalent sine waves. EXAMPLES 88. In a 25-cycle alternating-current transformer, at 1000 volts primary impressed e.m.f., of a wave shape as shown in 108 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING e §M »OCOOI>.C^O5(NCOOOOi'— l i— 1 CO CO CO »H i— 1 • OQ '^ CO CO C^J ^H >O CO ...", "... tion of instantaneous methods) as ammsters, volt- meters, wattmeters, etc., give not general alternating waves but their corresponding equivalent sine waves. EXAMPLES 88. In a 25-cycle alternating-current transformer, at 1000 volts primary impressed e.m.f., of a wave shape as shown in 108 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING e §M »OCOOI>.C^O5(NCOOOOi'— l i— 1 CO CO CO »H i— 1 • OQ '^ CO CO C^J ^H >O CO iQ CO C^ O O5 CO CO iQ CO O , inclosed by the circuit is produced by the current in the circuit, the ratio, flux X number of turns X 10\"^ current ' is called the inductance, L, of the circuit, in henrys. The product of the number of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 36062-36514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... 240), into an unsymmetrical balanced quarter-phase system, E' sin /3, E' sin (/3 - 90). Let the magnetic flux of the two transformers be chosen in quad- rature $ cos iS and $ cos (/S — 90). Then the e.m.fs. generated per turn in the transformers are e sin /3 and e sin (/3 — 90) ; 424 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA hence, in the primary circuit the first phase, E sin /3, will give, in E the first transformer, — primary turns ; m the second transformer, 0 primary turns. The second phase, E sin (j3 — 120), will give, in the first trans- former, -^ — primary turns ; in the second transformer ...", "... m thus loses all ability to maintain constant voltage at unequal distribution of load, that is, becomes inoperative. In high-potential systems in this case excessive voltages may be induced by resonance with the line capacity. For instance, if only one phase of the secondary triangle is 426 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA loaded, the other two unloaded, the primary current of the loaded phase must return over the other two transformers, which, at open secondaries, act as very high reactances, thus limiting the current and consuming practically all the voltage, and the loaded primary, and thus its sec ...", "... since it requires only two transformers, but is dangerous in high potential circuits, being liable to produce destructive voltages by its electrostatic un- balancing. 5. The main and teaser, or T connection of transformers be- tween three-phase systems, is shown in Fig. 212. One of the 428 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA two transformers is wound for V3 2 times the voltage of the other (the altitude of the equilateral triangle), and connected with one of its ends to the center of the other transformer. From the point one-third inside of the teaser transformer, a neutral wire can be brought o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "section_title": "Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6371-8268", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. KBSISTANCi: AND KBACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION IINE8. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is in quadrat ...", "... a maximum if the cur- rent is in phase with the E.M.F. at the generator terminals. Hence the condition of maximum output at given loss, or of maximum efficiency, is — tan a)<, = 0. The current is — multiplying numerator and denominator by (1 + r^g + x^b) + j(x^g — ^'o^), to eliminate the imaginary quantity from the denominator, we have — ({giX + rog + Xob) - b(x,g - rob)} +\\ J=£ \\ J {^ iX + ^og + x ^b) +g {xpg - r^ b)} ) ^ (1 + rog + Xoby + (xog^r.by The current, /^, is in plvise with the E.M.F., E^, if its quadrature component — that is, the imaginary term — dis- appears, or ^ (1 + rog+xp ...", "... — 7 11 _^ •J ^^'~ — — no 1—^ / r^ «• / ^^^ *\" L / 111---'^ BOO /« ^\"^ ^-^ !M \" v/ ■^'9 IM /■' OHOuq anUiJ \"■\"T' c,.|cupU- In Fig. 60 are shown, for the constants — .A', = 1,0(10 volts, Zo = 2.5 — C/*; »-, = 2.5 ohms, jr, = C ohms, s, = C.5 ohms, 96 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ Q^ and with the variable conductances, gy of the receiver circuit as abscissae, the — Output at maximum efficiency, (Curve I.) ; Volts at receiving end of line, (Curve II.) ; Efficiency = , (Curve III.). 4.) Control of Receiver Voltage by Shunted Stisceptance, 66. By varyi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "section_title": "Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25271-25604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "symbolic expression", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vectors", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... m each other in phase by 1/;/ of a period: ^1 = ^ sin )8 ; €^ = £ s'\\n( P — tlJL \\ J ^„ = -£■ sin ( )8 — 2(n - l)ir ^) The next E.M.F. is again : ^i = /^ s\\n (P — 2 w) = £ sin /S. In the polar diagram the ;/ E.M.Fs. of the symmetrical «-phase system are represented by ;/ equal vectors, follow- ing each other under equal angles. Since in symbolic writing, rotation by 1/// of a period, or angle 2ir/;/, is represented by multiplication with: cos h J sm = c , the E.M.Fs. of the symmetrical polyphase system are: £• §236] SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 351 E I cos ^^ + ...", "... ^ + y sin \"-^ =/, e^ = — 1, e* = — / 4 4 The four E.M.Fs. of the four-phase system are: €' = E, jE, — E, —jE. They are in pairs opposite to each other : E and —E\\jE and —jE, Hence can be produced by two coils in quadrature with each other, analogous as the two-phase system, or ordinary alternating-current system, can be produced by one coil. Thus the symmetrical quarter-phase system is a four- phase system. Higher systems, as the quarter-phase or four-phase sys- tem, have not been used, and are of little practical interest. 237. A characteristic feature of the symmetrical n- phase system is ...", "... he total or resultant M.M.F. of the ;/ coils dis- placed under the n equal angles is : 1 1 \\ « /\\ '' « / or, expanded : /=;//V2 \\ sin/J^tfcos^ — +ysin?''-*cos?^^- cos P 2lL sm — cos [-jsirr ) J . It is, however : cos\"^ f-y sm cos = J [ 1 + COS f- / sm // // // V // // 354 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [$237 . 27r/ 27r/ , . . o^tt/ j I ^ Aiiri . . 47r/\\ sm COS h / sin-* = ^ ( 1 — cos / sin \\ n n n 2\\ n n j and, since: as the sum of all the roots of Vl, it is, /= \"AI^ (sin p+J cos /3). or, /=!L^(sin)3+ycos/3) V2 = !^(sin)3 +ycos/3); the symbolic expression of the M. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 26584-27052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatus. 260. 1st. Comparison on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential^ in low potential lighting circuits : 382 AL TEKXA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [ § 260 In the single-phase alternating-current circuit, if ^ = E.M.F., /= current, r= resistance per line, the total power is = ciy the loss of power 2/^^. Using, however, a three-wire system, the potential be- tween outside wires and neutral being given = ^, the potential between the outside wires is = 2 r, that is, the dis- tribution t ...", "... -section, 28.125 We see herefrom, that in distribution for lighting — that is, with the same minimum potential, and with the same number of wires — the single-phase system is superior to any polyphase system. The continuous-current system is equivalent in this comparison to the single-phase alternating-current system of the same effective potential, since the comparison is made on the basis of effective potential, and the power depends upon the effective potential also. 386 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§261 261. Comparison on the Basis of Equality of the Maximum Differetice of Potential in ...", "... h does not exist in the alternating system, and thus makes the action of the continuous-current potential on the insulation more severe than that of an equal alternating potential. Besides, at the voltages which came under consideration, the continuous current is excluded to begin with. 388 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§262 Thus we get : If a given power is to be transmitted at a given loss, and a given maximum difference of potential in the system, that is, with the same strain on the insulation, the amount of copper required is : 2 Wires : Single-phase system, 100.0 Continuous-current sys ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17597-18052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVIII. SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS. 189. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain ...", "... urrent ; since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the machines. Thus rigid mechanical connection is not desirable for parallel operation of alternators. 191. The second important condition of parallel opera- tion is uniformity of speed ; that is, constancy of frequency. 312 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. If, for instance, two alternators are driven by independent single-cylinder engines, and the cranks of the engines hap- pen to be crossed, the one engine will pull, while the other is near the dead-point, and conversely. Consequently, alter- nately the one alternator will tend to s ...", "... e, of first machine ; Z2 = r2 — jxz = internal impedance, and K2 =gz ~\\~ jb field: 15 20,000 km. = 12,500 mi. 25 12.000 km. = 7, 500 mi. 3.15 60 5, 000 km. = 3, 100 mi. 133 2,250 km. = 1,400 mi. High frequency cur- \\ rents, surges and oscillations, arcing V (9.57) 31.64 grounds, lightning phenomena, etc. J Wireless telegraph ( 105 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-24", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 24, "number": 3, "location": "lines 8741-8906", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "snippets": [ "... in phase with the nominal generated e.m.f., it reaches its maximum in the same position A, A' of armature coil as the nominal generated e.m.f., and thus magnetizes the preceding, demagnetizes the following magnet pole (in the di- rection of rotation) in an. alternating-current generator A] magnetizes the following and demagnetizes the preceding mag- net pole in a synchronous motor A' (since in a generator the rotation is against, in a synchronous motor with the magnetic attractions and repulsions between field and armature). In thi ...", "... pre- ceding magnet pole, as shown in Fig. 48, C and C\", and thus mag- netizes the field in a generator, Fig. 48, C, and demagnetizes it in a syn- chronous motor C'. With non-inductive load, or with the current in phase with the ter- minal voltage of an alternating- current generator, the current lags behind the nominal generated e.m.f., due to armature reaction and self- inductance, and thus partly de- magnetizes; that is, the voltage is lower under load than at no load with the same field excitation. In other words, lagging ...", "... ine the armature reaction and thereby the resultant m.m.f. of field and armature is pulsating. The pulsation of the resultant m.m.f. of the single-phase machine causes a pulsation of its magnetic field under load, of double frequency, which generates a third harmonic of e.m.f. in the armature conductors. In machines of high armature reaction, as steam-turbine-driven single-phase alternators, the pulsation of the magnetic field may be sufficient to cause serious energy losses and heating by eddy currents, and thus has to b ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-82", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 82, "number": 3, "location": "lines 13796-13888", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "snippets": [ "... ation, and with constant impressed alternating e.m.f. the difference of potential at the commutator brushes decreases with increasing load, decreases with decreasing excitation (lag), and increases with increasing excitation (lead). When converting from direct to alternating current the reverse is the case. The direct-current voltage stands in definite proportion only to the maximum value of the alternating voltage (being equal to twice the maximum star voltage), but to the effective value (or value read by voltmeter) only in so far ...", "... pressed e.m.f., and thus the direct voltage depending there- upon, are lower than with a sine wave of the same effective value, while with a peaked wave of impressed e.m.f. they are higher, by as much as 10 per cent, in extreme cases. In determining the wave shape of impressed e.m.f. at the con- verter terminals, not only the wave of generator e.m.f., but also that of the converter counter e.m.f., may be instrumental. Thus, with a converter connected directly to a generating system of very large capacity, the impresse ...", "... nce, in three-phase converters fed by ring or delta connected transformers, the star e.m.f. at the con- verter terminals, which determines the direct voltage, may differ from the star e.m.f. impressed by the generator, by con- taining different third and ninth harmonics, which cancel when compounding the star voltages to the delta voltage, and give identical delta voltages, as required. Hence, the ratios of e.m.fs. given in Section II have to be corrected by the drop of voltage in the armature, and have to be multiplied ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-95", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Alternating-current Transformer: General", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 95, "number": 1, "location": "lines 16804-16911", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "snippets": [ "I. General 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary, which receives power, and the secondary, which gives out power. Since the same magnetic flux interlinks primary and second- ary turns, the same voltage is induced ...", "... fs. e'i and e\\, resistance r and reactance x consume voltage in primary and secondary wind- ings. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents waste of power; the voltage consumed by reactance is wattless, but causes lag of current, that is, lowers the power factor; while the in- duced voltages give the power transfer from primary to sec- ondary. Efficiency therefore requires to make the former vol- tages as small as possible, and the induced voltages as near to the terminal voltages as possible. Therefore, in first app ...", "... systems. In this case, the trans- formers may be potential transformers — connected across the constant voltage circuit, or current transformers — connected in series into the circuit, for the supply of meters, the opera- tion of overload circuit breakers, etc. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 279 • Where not expressly stated otherwise, in general a constant potential transformer is understood." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 34777-34928", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXVIII GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 266. A polyphase system is an alternating-current system in which several e.m.fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal fre- quency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as consisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase sys- tem, ...", "... the latter case an unbalanced system. The three-phase system and the quarter-phase system, with equal load on the different branches, are balanced systems; with unequal distribution of load between the individual branches both systems become unbalanced systems. \\ 0. \\/ 1 ^ 0 0 0 0 01 Ac )UBU= 3 k Fig. 192. The different branches of a polyphase system may be either independent from each other, that is, without any electrical inter- connection, or they may be interlinked with each other. In the first case the polyphase system is called an independent system, in the latt ...", "... four-wire, quarter-phase system produced by a generator with two independent armature coils, or by two single-phase generators rigidly connected with each other in quadrature, is an independent system. As interlinked system, it is shown in Fig. 195, as star-connected, four-phase system. 398 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 268. Thus, polyphase systems can be subdivided into: Symmetrical systems and unsymmetrical systems. Balanced systems and unbalanced systems. Interlinked systems and independent systems. The only polyphase systems which have found practical appli- cation are: -E 2 \\ ^+E ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 31: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 31, "location": "lines 35692-36061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... his connection the n circuits, excited by currents differ- ing from each other by - of a period, are connected with their one end together into a neutral point or common connection, which may either be grounded, or connected with other corre- sponding neutral points, or insulated. 415 416 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA In a three-phase system this connection is usually called a Y connection, from a similarity of its diagrammatical representa- tion with the letter Y, as shown in Fig. 197. C4( 01 3 ) ^°c.. n^fTfTr^ 1 \\j \\) \\) \\_) 0 ^ Fig. 208. 2. The ring connection, repres ...", "... ltage differ from each other, apparatus requiring different voltages can be connected into the same polyphase mains, by using either star or ring connection. 287. If in a generator with star-connected circuits, the e.m.f. per circuit = E, and the common connection or neutral point 27 418 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA is denoted by zero, the voltages of the n terminals are E,eE,e^E . . . . €^-'E; or in general, e^E, at the i^ terminal, where, „^_ 1 27r..27r n /— t = 0, 1, 2 . . . . n — 1, e = cos h J sin — = v 1. Hence the e.m.f. in the circuit from the i^^ to the k^^ terminal is Eki = 6 ...", "... the generator, between the terminal, i, and the neutral point of the generator, or the star e.m.f. li = the current at the terminal, i, of the generator, or the star current. Zi = the impedance of the line connected to a terminal, ?', of the generator, including generator impedance. 420 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA Ei = the e.m.f. at the end of hne connected to a terminal, i, of the generator. Eik = the difference of potential between the ends of the lines, i and k. lik = the current from line i to line k. Zik = the impedance of the circuit between lines i and k. lio, lioo . . . . = the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: General Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "General Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 23643-23780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXV. GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 260. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, ...", "... with each other. In the first case, the polyphase system is called an independent system, in the latter case an inter- linked system. The three-phase system with star-connected or ring-con- nected generator, as shown diagrammatically in Figs. 181 and 182, is an interlinked system. 432 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. The four-phase system as derived by connecting four equidistant points of a continuous-current armature with four collector rings, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 183, Fig. 183. is an interlinked system also. The four-wire quarter-phase system produced by a generator with tw ...", "... and derived from two phases of a three-phase system by transformation with two transformers, of which the secondary of one is reversed with regard to its primary (thus changing the phase difference from 120° to 180° - 120° = 60°), finds a limited application in low tension distribution. 434 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "section_title": "General System Of Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 40, "location": "lines 12217-12884", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... cuits containing resistance and inductance only. 95. Let, upon a general system or network of circuits con- nected with each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In the latter case, the dependency of the e.m.f. upon the currents must obviously be given. T ...", "... nt 172 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA e.m.f., e0, as a battery, in series with an inductive reactance x. The transformers obviously must be such as not to be saturated magnetically by the component of continuous current which traverses them, must for instance be open core transformers. Fig. 42. Alternating-current circuit containing mutual and self-inductive reactance, resistance and continuous e.m.f. Let iv iv iw is, i4 = currents in the different circuits; then, at the dividing point P, by equation (2) we have hence, iQ = i3 — i2, leaving four independent currents iv i2, i3, i^. This gives four ...", "... discussion gives the general method of the determination of the transient phenomena occurring in any system or net work of circuits containing resistances, self-indue- 178 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA tances and mutual inductances and capacities, and impressed and counter e.m.fs. of any frequency or wave shape, alternating or con- tinuous. It presupposes, however, (1) That the solution of the system for the permanent terms of currents and e.m.fs. is given. (2) That, if the impressed e.m.fs. contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system, these transient terms of impressed or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "section_title": "Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13936-14548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... ngle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a polyphase system of m.m.fs. produces a revolving magnetic flux, or a rotating field. (\" Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" 4th edition, Chapter XXXIII, paragraph 368.) That is, if np equal mag- netizing coils are arranged under equal space angles of - np electrical degrees, and connected to a symmetrical np phase system, that is, to np equal e.m.fs. displaced in time-phase by 360 - degrees, the r ...", "... is, the resultant of a polyphase system of m.m.fs., in permanent con- dition, rotates at constant intensity and constant synchronous velocity. Before permanent condition is reached, however, the resultant m.m.f. in the direction #0 = 6, that is, in the direction of the synchronously rotating vector, in which in permanent condition 194 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the m.m.f . is maximum and constant, is given during the transient period, from equation (8), by (10) that is, it is not constant but periodically varying. • As example is shown, in Fig. 48, the resultant m.m.f. /0 in the d ...", "... TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the m.m.f . is maximum and constant, is given during the transient period, from equation (8), by (10) that is, it is not constant but periodically varying. • As example is shown, in Fig. 48, the resultant m.m.f. /0 in the direction of the synchronously revolving vector, 00 = 6, for the 1600 fnoo 6 800 a 400 r \\ I 08'( \\ s~ N, fn = ' mBi _( -0. cos 6 [ j \\ ^ X, 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 S ^ ^ — ^v s I \\ 1 \\ / s s ^ / ^.^ 1 ^ s 1 V y / -V 0 / 27T 37T 4 7T 5 7T c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 48, "number": 8, "location": "lines 26095-27002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "snippets": [ "... currents traversing the conductor this is permissible when the distance to the return conductor is a negligible fraction of the wave length; that is, if Z' is § negligible compared with -, where S = the speed of light and VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD 391 / = the frequency of alternating current. It obviously is not permissible in a conductor having no return conductor. If a conductor conveying an alternating current has no return conductor, its circuit is closed by electrostatic capacity, either the distributed capacity of the conductor or capacity connected to the ends of the condu ...", "... he wave length; that is, if Z' is § negligible compared with -, where S = the speed of light and VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD 391 / = the frequency of alternating current. It obviously is not permissible in a conductor having no return conductor. If a conductor conveying an alternating current has no return conductor, its circuit is closed by electrostatic capacity, either the distributed capacity of the conductor or capacity connected to the ends of the conductor. To produce in such a case con- siderable currents, either the conductor must be very long or the frequency and e.m.f. v ...", "... for the electric field to travel the distance I, that is, t' = -, where $ = the speed of light; o or, the magnetic field at distance I and time t corresponds to the current in the conductor at the time t — - . 71. Representing the time t by angle 6 = 2 nft, where /== the frequency of the alternating current in the conductor, and denoting 2f Q _ TCj A TL ,^_. S lw where a lw = - = the wave length of electric field, 392 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the field at distance I and time angle 6 corresponds to time angle 6 — al, that is, lags in time behind the current in the conductor by the phase ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 33528-34202", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "snippets": [ "... ubstituting (290) in equation (309) gives (310) + e~2sA [C cos q (X + 0 + D sin 0 (4 + Of - 2 [A cos q (A - 0 + B sin 0 (4 - 0] [C cos q (A + 0 + D sin 0 (J + 01} + [e+2«*(Aa -£2) cos 2 g (A -0 + fi-^C8- D2) cos 2 ^ (4 + 0] + 2 [A£e+2sA sin 2 0 (4 - 0 + CDe~2sX sin 2 g (4 + 0] - 2 [(AC - BD) cos 2 04 + (AD + BC) sin 2 g/l] - 2 [(AC + £D) cos 2qt+ (AD - BC) sin 2qt]}. (311) Integrating over a complete period in time gives the effective energy stored in the magnetic field at point A as a w j j. i*u/j 7 7T == ^ I — TT~ Ctfr (A - 2 [(AC - BD) cos 2qX+ (AD + BC) sin 2 ql ...", "... ) + e~2sA [C cos q (X + 0 + D sin 0 (4 + Of - 2 [A cos q (A - 0 + B sin 0 (4 - 0] [C cos q (A + 0 + D sin 0 (J + 01} + [e+2«*(Aa -£2) cos 2 g (A -0 + fi-^C8- D2) cos 2 ^ (4 + 0] + 2 [A£e+2sA sin 2 0 (4 - 0 + CDe~2sX sin 2 g (4 + 0] - 2 [(AC - BD) cos 2 04 + (AD + BC) sin 2 g/l] - 2 [(AC + £D) cos 2qt+ (AD - BC) sin 2qt]}. (311) Integrating over a complete period in time gives the effective energy stored in the magnetic field at point A as a w j j. i*u/j 7 7T == ^ I — TT~ Ctfr (A - 2 [(AC - BD) cos 2qX+ (AD + BC) sin 2 ql]}, (312) POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRC ...", "... CDe~2sX sin 2 g (4 + 0] - 2 [(AC - BD) cos 2 04 + (AD + BC) sin 2 g/l] - 2 [(AC + £D) cos 2qt+ (AD - BC) sin 2qt]}. (311) Integrating over a complete period in time gives the effective energy stored in the magnetic field at point A as a w j j. i*u/j 7 7T == ^ I — TT~ Ctfr (A - 2 [(AC - BD) cos 2qX+ (AD + BC) sin 2 ql]}, (312) POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT 517 and integrating over one complete period of distance A, or one complete wave length, this gives (313) The energy stored by the inductance L, or in the magnetic field of the conductor, thus consists of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 16: The Future Corporation", "section_title": "The Future Corporation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 16, "location": "lines 6975-7567", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... to offend any — whether just or unjust — sensitivity of the cus- tomer, while in the latter letter often no thought is given to this feature of form, but it is assumed that the employees should be thankful. But it is the corporation which introduces social ac- tivities to establish co-operation, as it is the corporation which, from its broader view, sees the necessity of greater co-operation, while the employees do not see it yet, but suspect the new movement as hostile to their interest, and thus need convincing ...", "... its actions to the public. Especially in a rapidly growing democratic nation, it is not reasonable to expect anybody to go to special pains to find out what others do, but everybody, to be judged fairly, must come out before the public and explain his ac- tions and their reason, must be ready to defend himself. This the corporations have not done, and their enemies have done it for them, with the results seen to-day. In the last years a change has come and more and more corporations appreciate their resp ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "section_title": "Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1527-2561", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... eon the price — of electric power for different uses must be different if the load factors are different, and the higher the cost, the lower the load factor. Electrochemical work gives the highest load factor, frequently some 90%, while a lighting system shows the poorest load factor — in an alternating current system without motor load occasionally it is as low as 10 to 20%. Defining the load factor as the ratio of the average to the maximum load, it is necessary to state over how long a time the average is extended ; that is, whether daily, monthly or yearly load factor. \"\" F f9 h ^■ , ...", "... including the station peak, while the maximum demand meter would discriminate against the former. By a careful development of summer lighting loads and motor day loads, the load factors of direct current distribution systems have been raised to very high values, 50 to 60% ; but in the average alternating current system, the failure of developing a motor load frequently results in very unsatisfac- tory yearly load factors. \" \" 0 (\\ V J 3 t *f r 1 J 1 1 f \\ 1 \\ . '^i J / \\j \\ f r f 5 i s / S V / \\, / ^ /^ i ^ c d i ? f ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "... adually decreases in intensity, that is, dies out. ' These oscillating voltages and currents are the result of the readjustment of the stored energy of the circuit to a sudden change of conditions, and are dependant upon the stored energy of the circuit, but not upon the generator frequency or wave shape ; therefore they occur in the same manner, and are of the same frequency, in a 25 cycle system as in a 60 cycle system, or a high potential direct current transmission; and occur with sine waves of generator voltage equally as with distorted 92 GENERAL LECTURES generator waves. While the po ...", "... system, or a high potential direct current transmission; and occur with sine waves of generator voltage equally as with distorted 92 GENERAL LECTURES generator waves. While the power of these oscillations ulti- mately conies from the generators, it is not the generator wave nor one of its harmonics which builds up, as discussed in the previous lectures; but the generator merely supplies the energy, which is stored as electrostatic charge of the capacity and as magnetic field of the inductance, and the readjustment of this stored energy to the change of circuit conditions then gives the o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-15", "section_label": "Lecture 15: Electrochemistry", "section_title": "Electrochemistry", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9343-9686", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "snippets": [ "... H, that is hydrochloric and chloric acid, and with the sodium hydrate from the other side (these form NaCl and ClOsNa, that is, sodium chloride and sodium chlorate. In this way considerable industries have developed, pro- ducing electrolytically caustic soda, bleaching soda, and chlorates. Alternating current is used very little for electrolytic work, as with organic compounds to produce oxidation and reduction at the same time; that is, act on the compound in rapid succession by oxygen and hydrogen, the one during the one, the other during the next half wave of current. Very active metals like ma ...", "... ytic work, as with organic compounds to produce oxidation and reduction at the same time; that is, act on the compound in rapid succession by oxygen and hydrogen, the one during the one, the other during the next half wave of current. Very active metals like manganese and silicon dissolve by alternating current; that is, one-half wave dissolves, but the other does not deposit again. Very inert metals like platinum are deposited by alternat- ing current; that is, the negative half wave deposits by alter- nating current, but the positive half wave does not dissolve. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 203 B, ElvECTR ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "section_title": "Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1549-2365", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... gle frequency, that is, of the frequency or wave length determined by the constants of the electric circuit which produces the radiation, mainly the induct- ance L and the capacity C. They may, however, have different wave shapes, that is, comprise, in adolition to the fundamental wave, higher harmonics or multiples thereof, just as the sound waves which represent the same tone with different musical instruments are of the same frequency but of different wave shapes, that is, contain different higher harmonics. Light radiations usually are a mixture of a number of waves of different frequenc ...", "... ferent wave shapes, that is, comprise, in adolition to the fundamental wave, higher harmonics or multiples thereof, just as the sound waves which represent the same tone with different musical instruments are of the same frequency but of different wave shapes, that is, contain different higher harmonics. Light radiations usually are a mixture of a number of waves of different frequencies, and very commonly a mixture of an infinite number of frequencies, as is, for instance, the case with the * \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscilla- tions. \" RELATION OF BODIE ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Light Intensity And Illumination", "section_title": "Light Intensity And Illumination", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 12574-16484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... nation, i, at any point, P, then is derived by adding the illumination ia, ib, ic, id of the four lamps a, 6, c, d, taken from curve in Fig. Ill for the horizontal distances of point P from the lamps : lhg, lhb, lhc, lhd. These component illuminations are plotted in Figs. 112 to 115; as A , Ab, Ac, Ad in Fig. 112; as Ba, Bb in Fig. 113, etc., and their numerical values, in thousandths of candle feet, recorded in Table VI. In Fig. 116 are shown the four curves of the resultant direct illumination, superim- posed upon each other. 107. To this direct illumination is to be added the diffus ...", "... o the lower edge of the walls. This angle co varies, and averages 30 deg. for that half of the circumference, PQR (Fig. 110), at which the walls are nearest, and 60 deg. for that half, RSTUP, for which the walls are farthest, from the lamp. Hence the 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Act Ac 12 10 0.8 B 0.6 0.4 G 0,2 BaScd BbStc 6 *c B B G Bfc&c Bakd X x- — ** -^ -^ -* ^» -•>s X / \\ -*- ^^ ^^** >J ^ _ ~~ _ - —. •— , — • - — - -, ~- .. •• — 4 8 12 18 20 2* FIGS. 112, 113. light flux received by the walls as d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-111", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 111, "number": 5, "location": "lines 21589-21646", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "snippets": [ "V. Induction Booster 157. In the induction machine, at a given slip s, current and terminal voltage are proportional to each other and of constant phase relation, and their ratio is a constant. Thus when con- nected in an alternating-current circuit, whether in shunt or in series, and held at a speed giving a constant and definite slip s, either positive or negative, the induction machine acts like a constant impedance. 350 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The apparent impedance and its ...", "... thereby the induction INDUCTION MACHINES 351 machine behaves as an impedance of negative resistance, that is, adding a power e.m.f. into the circuit proportional to the current. As may be seen herefrom, the induction machine when inserted in series in an alternating-current circuit can be used as a booster, that is, as an apparatus to generate and insert in the circuit an e.m.f. proportional to the current, and the amount of the boosting effect can be varied by varying the speed, that is, the slip at which the induction ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-112", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 112, "number": 6, "location": "lines 21647-21812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "snippets": [ "... r generator circuit by a condenser of suitable capacity, thereby generating the exciting current of the motor in the tertiary circuit. The primary circuit is thereby relieved of the exciting current of the motor, the efficiency essentially increased, and the power- factor of the single-phase motor with condenser in tertiary cir- cuit becomes practically unity over the whole range of load. At the same time, since the condenser current is derived by double 354 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING transformation in the multito ...", "... INEERING transformation in the multitooth structure of the induction machine, which has a practically uniform magnetic field, irre- spective of the shape of the primary impressed e.m.f. wave, the application of the condenser becomes feasible irrespective of the wave shape of the generator. Usually the tertiary circuit in this case is arranged on an angle of 60 deg. with the primary circuit, and in starting a powerful torque is thereby developed, with a torque efficiency superior to any other single-phase motor starting dev ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-15", "section_label": "Theory Section 15: Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "section_title": "Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 5832-6221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "snippets": [ "... the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + jx. Let EQ = e.m.f. impressed upon the line. Choosing the e.m.f. at the end of the line as horizontal com- ponent in the vector diagram, it can be denoted by E = e. 86 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING At non-inductive load the line current is in phase with the e.m.f. e, thus denoted by 7 = i. The e.m.f. consumed by the line impedance Z — r + jx is E! = ZI = (r + ...", "... resistance r and reactance x is the square of the impressed e.m.f. divided by twice the sum of resistance and impedance of the line. At x = 0, this gives the common formula, Inductive Load 72. With an inductive receiving circuit of lag angle 6, or power-factor p = cos 8, and inductance factor q = sin 6, at e.m.f. E = e at receiving circuit, the current is denoted by I = I(p-jq); (15) thus the e.m.f. consumed by the line impedance Z = r -f jx is E! = ZI = I (p -jq)(r+jx) = I [(rp + xq) - j (rq - ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-70", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 70: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 70, "number": null, "location": "lines 12319-12398", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "snippets": [ "... 20 81 FIG. 109. — Generator saturation curves. general shape as the magnetic flux density curve, except that the knee or bend is less sharp, due to the different parts of the magnetic circuit saturation successively. Thus, in order to generate voltage ac the field excitation oc is required. Subtracting from ac in a generator, Fig. 109, or adding in a motor, Fig. 110, the value ab = ir, the voltage con- sumed by the resistance of the armature, commutator, etc., gives the terminal voltage be at current i, ...", "... l shape as the magnetic flux density curve, except that the knee or bend is less sharp, due to the different parts of the magnetic circuit saturation successively. Thus, in order to generate voltage ac the field excitation oc is required. Subtracting from ac in a generator, Fig. 109, or adding in a motor, Fig. 110, the value ab = ir, the voltage con- sumed by the resistance of the armature, commutator, etc., gives the terminal voltage be at current i, and adding to oc the value ce = bd = iq = armature re ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-78", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 15: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Appendix Alternating-current Commutator Motor", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Appendix Alternating-current Commutator Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 78, "number": 15, "location": "lines 13008-13018", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-78/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-78/", "snippets": [ "XV. APPENDIX ALTERNATING-CURRENT COMMUTATOR MOTOR 78. Since in the series motor and in the shunt motor the direction of the rotation remains the same at a reversal of the impressed voltage, these motors can be operated by an alternat- ing voltage, as alternating-current motors, by ...", "XV. APPENDIX ALTERNATING-CURRENT COMMUTATOR MOTOR 78. Since in the series motor and in the shunt motor the direction of the rotation remains the same at a reversal of the impressed voltage, these motors can be operated by an alternat- ing voltage, as alternating-current motors, by making such changes in the materials, proportioning and design, as the al- ternating nature of the current requires." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-90", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 90, "number": 12, "location": "lines 15983-16064", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "snippets": [ "... can be de- devised with each other and with synchronous motors, alternators, direct-current motors and generators. Thus, for instance, a converter can be used to supply a certain amount of mechanical power as synchronous motor. In this case the alternating current is increased beyond the value corresponding to the direct current by the amount of current giving the mechanical power, and the armature reactions do not neutralize each other, but the reaction of the alternating current exceeds that of the direct current b ...", "... onous motor. In this case the alternating current is increased beyond the value corresponding to the direct current by the amount of current giving the mechanical power, and the armature reactions do not neutralize each other, but the reaction of the alternating current exceeds that of the direct current by the amount corresponding to the mechanical load. In the same way the current heating of the armature is in- creased. An inverted converter can also be used to supply some mechanical power. Either arrangement, howev ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 34: Metering Of Polyphase Circuit", "section_title": "Metering Of Polyphase Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 34, "location": "lines 37128-37452", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "... , as the sum of the powers of all the branch circuits, then is; n n p = ^i 2^- p., 1 1 n n = Si Sa; [Bi — Bx, iik] (7) 1 1 where the double summation sign indicates that the summation is to be carried out for all values of k, from 1 to n, and for all values of i, from 1 to n. 444 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA As the term Ci — Cx in (7) does not contain the index k, it is the same for all values of k, thus can be taken out from the second summation sign, that is: P = 2i 1 However: e, - Sx, Xk iik 1 (8) 2*^ iik is the sum of all the currents, flowing from the termi- 1 nal ...", "... = 0 (12) in a closed triangle. Connecting then the current coils of the two wattmeters into the lines a and h, and the voltage coils between a respectively h, and c, the two wattmeter readings are: and: [-Ei,h-h] = [Ei,h] - [Ei,h] [E,, h - h] = [E^, h] - [^3, h] (13) (14) 446 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and their sum is: P = [E,, h] - [E,, h] - [Es, h] + [^3, /3]^ = [ii, ii] - [E^ + E„ h] + [^3, h] and since by (12) : El -\\- Es — — E2, it is: P = [El, I,] + [E2, h] + [Es, Is] that is, the total power of the three-phase system is the sum of the individual powers of the thre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 36: Three-Phase System", "section_title": "Three-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 36, "location": "lines 37958-38392", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "... ator termi- nals into the lines, it is, Ix + h + h = 0. (1) If, I'l, I'l, I's = currents through the admittances, Fi, ¥2, Y3, ' from 2 to 3, 3 to 1, 1 to 2, it is, h = // - /'2, or, h + /'2 - /'a = 0 'h = I'l - 'I'z, or, 72 + I'z - /'i = 0 [ (2) 73=>2-i'x, or, /3 + h-r2 = 0 457 458 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA These three equations (2) added, give (1) as dependent equation. At the ends of the hnes 1, 2, 3, it is: E'l = El — Zili + ^3/3 E 1 — El — Zils + Zili E 3 = E3 — Zili + Z2/2 the differences of potential, and : I\\ = E\\Yi I i = E 2^2 I 3 — E 3Y3 (3) (4) the curren ...", "... 3, F1Z2, - (1 + F2Z3 + F2ZO, e' Y,Z,, 1 we have: EKi ?'- K EK2 ?'- K EK3 ^'= K YiEK T 1 f'- K Y2EK T 2 ^.'- K Y3EK3 ^'- k 1 Y3K3 - Y2K2E T ^'- K YiKi - YJCzE ^- K J. Y2K2 — YiK\\i!j (8) (9) (10) hence, E\\ + E'2 + ^'3 = 0 I (11) 460 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA 309. Special Cases. A. Balanced System Y,= Y,= Y,= Y Substituting this in (6), and transposing: 1 + 3FZ E\\ = E 2 = E 3 = h = h = h = iE 1 +3 FZ 2E 1 + 3 rz E 1 +3 FZ e^e - 1)EY 1 + 3 FZ (6- 1)EY 1 + 3 FZ e (e - 1) EY 1 + 3FZ (12) The equ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Chapter II", "section_title": "Chapter II", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1728-1972", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II INSTAIfTAmiOUB VAI>nES KSD INTSaRAI. VAIiUia. 8. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective FI9. 4. mwrnaUng ■value is used, that is, the square root of ...", "... that is, 1 -=- 2 / a-, and since the variations of a sine-function are sinusoidal also, we have. Mean value of sine wave -5- maximum value = — -j- 1 IF = .63663. The quantities, \"current,\" \"E.M.F.,\" \"magnetism,\" etc., are in reality mathematical fictions only, as the components 14 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§9 of the entities, \" energy,\" \" power,\" etc. ; that is, they have no independent existence, but appear only as squares or products. Consequently, the only integral value of an alternating wave which is of practical importance, as directly connected with the mechanical syste ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "section_title": "Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 18829-19345", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XVII. SYNCHBONIZINO AIiTEBKATOBS. 168. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain ...", "... interchange of power between the alternators, A / the value of synchronizing power, — ^ , in dash-dot line, Curve V. A For the condition of external circuit, g= 0, />= 0, ,1' = 0, .05, 0, .05, .08, 0, .08, .03, + .04, .05, .03, -.04, .05. 258 ' ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§177" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "section_title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1367-1605", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES. 8. IN a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective Fig. 4. Alternating Wave. value is used, that is, the square r ...", "... A3 sin GTT Nt + . . . + BI cos 2-n-Nt + B* cos ±TrNt + £s cos GTT Nt + . . we find, by squaring this expression and canceling all the products which give 0 as mean square, the effective value, — 1= V* W The mean value does not give a simple expression, and is of no general interest. 16 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA," ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 24805-25135", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... imary phases, and secondary turns of each of the secondary phases. Loading now the secondary polyphase system in any desired manner, corresponding to the secondary cur- rents, primary currents will flow in such a manner that the total flow of power in the primary polyphase system is the 4j^ ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. same as the total flow of power in the secondary system, plus the loss of power in the transformers. 285. As an instance may be considered the transforma- tion of the symmetrical balanced three-phase system E sin ft, E sin (ft — 120), E sin (ft — 240), in an unsymmetrical balanc ...", "... ary. The most efficient storing device of electric energy is mechanical momentum in revolving machinery. It has, however, the disadvantage of requiring attendance ; fairly efficient also are capacities and inductances, but, as a rule, have the disadvantage not to give constant potential. 468 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Synchronous Induction Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 9, "location": "lines 14466-14550", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... que may be positive or negative according to the phase displacement between ad- mittance and primary circuit; that is, the lag or lead of the maximum admittance with regard to the primary maximum. Hence an induction motor with single-armature circuit at syn- chronism acts either as motor or as alternating-current generator according to the relative position of the armature circuit with respect to the primary circuit. Thus it can be called a syn- chronous induction motor or synchronous induction generator, since it is an induction machine giving torque at synchronism. Power-factor and apparent efficien ...", "... as motor or as alternating-current generator according to the relative position of the armature circuit with respect to the primary circuit. Thus it can be called a syn- chronous induction motor or synchronous induction generator, since it is an induction machine giving torque at synchronism. Power-factor and apparent efficiency of the synchronous in- duction motor as reaction machine are very low. Hence it is of practical application only in cases where a small amount of power is required at synchronous rotation, and continuous current for field excitation is not available. The current produc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 3, "location": "lines 836-874", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "wave shape", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... on line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discharge of line of constant voltage and zero current. 329 33. Example of short-circuit oscillation of line. 331 34. Circuit grounded at both ends : Half-wave oscillation. 333 35. The even harmonics of the half-wave oscillation. 334 36. Circuit open at both ends. 335 37. Circuit closed upon itself: Full-wave oscillation. 336 38. Wave shape and frequency of oscillation. 338 39. Time decrement of oscillation, and energy transfer be- tween sections of complex oscillating circuit. 339 ...", "... current. 329 33. Example of short-circuit oscillation of line. 331 34. Circuit grounded at both ends : Half-wave oscillation. 333 35. The even harmonics of the half-wave oscillation. 334 36. Circuit open at both ends. 335 37. Circuit closed upon itself: Full-wave oscillation. 336 38. Wave shape and frequency of oscillation. 338 39. Time decrement of oscillation, and energy transfer be- tween sections of complex oscillating circuit. 339 xx CONTENTS. PAGE" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density", "section_title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 7, "location": "lines 938-971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 369 59. Cause and effect of unequal current distribution. In- dustrial importance. 369 60. Subdivision and stranding. Flat conductor and large conductor. 371 CONTENTS. xxi PAGE 61. The differential equations of alternating-current distri- bution in a flat co ...", "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 369 59. Cause and effect of unequal current distribution. In- dustrial importance. 369 60. Subdivision and stranding. Flat conductor and large conductor. 371 CONTENTS. xxi PAGE 61. The differential equations of alternating-current distri- bution in a flat conductor. 374 62. Their integral equations. 375 63. Mean value of current, and effective resistance. 376 64. Equations for large conductors. 377 65. Effective resistance and depth of penetration. 379 66. Depth of penetration, or conducting layer, for different ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Traveling Waves. 457", "section_title": "Traveling Waves. 457", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1112-1147", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... d leakage, on attenu- ation. Numerical example of telephone circuit. 462 23. Traveling sine wave and traveling cosine wave. Ampli- tude and wave front. 464 24. Discussion of traveling wave as function of distance, and of time. 466 25. Numerical example, and its discussion. 469 26. The alternating-current long-distance line equations as special case of a traveling wave. 471 27. Reduction of the general equations of the special traveling wave to the standard form of alternating-current trans- mission line equations. 474", "... ng wave as function of distance, and of time. 466 25. Numerical example, and its discussion. 469 26. The alternating-current long-distance line equations as special case of a traveling wave. 471 27. Reduction of the general equations of the special traveling wave to the standard form of alternating-current trans- mission line equations. 474" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 5, "location": "lines 4072-5311", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "imaginary quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... tance. Constant potential. Logarithmic charge. 33. The equations (14) to (19) contain the square root, '4L hence, they apply in their present form only when 4L If r2 = -— - , these equations become indeterminate, or = — > 0 0 and if r2 < — , s is imaginary, and the equations assume a C complex imaginary form. In either case they have to be rearranged to assume a form suitable for application. Three cases have thus to be distinguished : (a) r2 > — -, in which the equations of the circuit can be o used in their present form. Since the functions are exponen- tial or logarith ...", "... ritical start, that is, V — = 200 ohms. V C In this case, and i = 10,000 t£~looot e, = 1000 {!-(! + 10000 £\"1000'}. 39. In the trigonometric or oscillating case, The term under the square root (10) is negative, that is, the square root, s, is imaginary, and al and a2 are complex imaginary quantities, so that the equations (11) and (12) appear in imagi- nary form. They obviously can be reduced to real terms, CONDENSER CHARGE AND DISCHARGE 59 since the phenomenon is real. Since an exponential function with imaginary exponents is a trigonometric function, and inversely, the solution o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents,", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5312-6797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... r high frequency, a limit is reached in the frequency available by electrodynamic generation. It becomes of importance, therefore, to investigate whether by the use of the condenser discharge the range of frequencies can be extended. Since the oscillating current approaches the effect of an alternating current only if the damping is small, that is, the resistance low, the condenser discharge can be used as high frequency generator only by making the circuit of as low resist- ance as possible. 67 68 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This, however, means limited power. When generating oscillat- ing currents b ...", "... then becomes larger in size. 47. Assuming 96 per cent efficiency of the reactive coil and 99 per cent of the condenser, gives since r = 0.05 x, r - 0.05 V x = 2 xfL, 1 and the energy of the discharge, by (65), is W = — - \\^LC = 10 6* C volt-ampere-seconds; — T thus the power factor is cos 00 = 0.05. 72 . TRANSIENT PHENOMENA Since the energy stored in the capacity is WQ = ^ joules, the critical resistance is hence, r. - „ 0 7 = 0.025, *'4 and the decrement of the oscillation is A = 0.92, that is, the decay of the wave is very slow at no load. Ass ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Divided Circuit", "section_title": "Divided Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9228-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... at 360 degrees correspond to sV of a second, and the time effects thus are directly com- parable with the phenomena on a 60-cycle circuit. A better conception of the size or magnitude of inductance and capacity is secured. Since inductance and capacity are mostly observed and of importance in alternating-current cir- cuits, a reactor having an inductive reactance of x ohms and i amperes conveys to the engineer a more definite meaning as regards size: it has a volt-ampere capacity of tfx, that is, the approximate size of a transformer of half this capacity, or of a ^2x — -watt transformer. A reactor ...", "... t is, the approximate size of a transformer of half this capacity, or of a ^2x — -watt transformer. A reactor having an inductance of L henrys and i amperes, however, conveys very little meaning to DIVIDED CIRCUIT 123 the engineer who is mainly familiar with the effect of inductance in alternating-current circuits. Substituting therefore (5) and (6) in equations (2), (3), (4), gives the e.m.f. in circuit 1 as dL e = rli1 + xl -r1 + a in circuit 2 as dL ' C * = r** + **-fi + *ctJi,M', (8) in circuit 3 as e = e a. r { 4. x -h. _j_ x I { ^. /Q\\ 0 03 ' 0 J/j ' CQ I 3 J v*^/ tZC7 «/ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "section_title": "Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 12, "location": "lines 12885-13935", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonics", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "... , thus causing a still longer duration of the transient term of excessive current. These starting transients of the ironclad inductance at high density are unsymmetrical waves, that is> successive half waves have different shapes, and when resolved into a trigonometric series, would give even harmonics as well as the odd harmonics. Thus the first wave of Fig. 45 can, when neglecting the tran- sient factor, be represented by the series: i = + 108.3 - 183.8 cos (0 + 28.0°) + 112.4 cos 2 (0 + 29.8°) - 53.1 cos 3 (6 + 33.3°) + 27.2 cos 4 (0 + 39.1°) - 18.4 cos 5 (0 + 38.1°) + 13.6 cos 6 (0 + ...", "... duration of the transient term of excessive current. These starting transients of the ironclad inductance at high density are unsymmetrical waves, that is> successive half waves have different shapes, and when resolved into a trigonometric series, would give even harmonics as well as the odd harmonics. Thus the first wave of Fig. 45 can, when neglecting the tran- sient factor, be represented by the series: i = + 108.3 - 183.8 cos (0 + 28.0°) + 112.4 cos 2 (0 + 29.8°) - 53.1 cos 3 (6 + 33.3°) + 27.2 cos 4 (0 + 39.1°) - 18.4 cos 5 (0 + 38.1°) + 13.6 cos 6 (0 + 33.4°) - 8.1 cos 7 (0 + 32.7 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "section_title": "Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14549-15353", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "... ve impedance, zr As the effective armature resistance, rv is very small compared with its self- inductive reactance, xv it can be neglected compared thereto, and the short-circuit current of the alternator, in permanent condition, thus is As shown in Chapter XXII, \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" the armature reaction can be represented by an equivalent, or effective reactance, z2, and the self-inductive reactance, xv and the effective reactance of 199 200 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA armature reaction, x2J combine to form the synchronous react- ance, XQ = xl + x2, and the shor ...", "... (1 + 1.5 £-°-008') (cos 0 - r*'080), (37) and / - 12,000 (1 + 1.5£-°-008fl) (1 + cos 2 0); (38) SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS OF ALTERNATORS 213 and the field current is iQ = 200 (1 + 1.5 £-°-008 ' ) (1 + 0.6 cos 2 6). (30) In this case, in the open-circuited phase of the machine, a high third harmonic voltage is generated by the double frequency pulsation of the field, and to some extent also appears in the short-circuit current. SECTION II PERIODIC TRANSIENTS PEKIODIC TRANSIENTS" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-38", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "section_title": "Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 38, "number": 2, "location": "lines 15626-15962", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as t ...", "... rcuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as to short circuit resistance, rv if the alternating potential is below, to throw resistance rl into circuit again, if the potential is above normal. With a single resistance step, rv in the one position of the regulator, with rx short circuited, and only r0 as exciter ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-46", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 46, "number": 6, "location": "lines 23948-24980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "complex quantities", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "snippets": [ "... The e.m.f. generated at distance I from the center of the lamination is due to the magnetic flux in the space from I to 1Q. Thus the e.m.fs. at the two sides of the zone dl differ from each other by the e.m.f. generated by the magnetic flux ($>dl in this zone. Considering now (B, E, and I as complex quantities, the e.m.f. dE, that is, the difference between the e.m.fs. at the two sides of the zone dl, is in quadrature ahead of ($>dl, and thus denoted by dE = - j 2 TT/CB 10-8 dl, (6) where / = the frequency of alternating magnetism. This gives the second differential equation dj[- -j2^/(BlO-8. (7 ...", "... gives the second differential equation dj[- -j2^/(BlO-8. (7) 50. Differentiating (5) in respect to I, and substituting (7) therein, gives .0-8(B, (8) or, writing c2 = /a2 = 0.4 Tr2/^ 10-8, (9) a2 = 0.4 rfXn 10-8, (10) we have - This differential equation is integrated by E 2 f | = sin s0 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-01-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 2: Recommendations", "section_title": "Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "PDF pages 7-12, lines 145-720", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... ed to different generating station sections, so that in case of a substation shut- ting down by trouble in the generating section feeding it, the adjacent substation can maintain service, etc. Also, the question of the control of the converters in the substations should be investigated, whether the A.C. circuit breakers might be set somewhat higher; whether the D.C. reverse current relay may not be given a time limit and its setting increased; whether a D.C. power limiting resistance might be considered, etc." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "wattless current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... approximately in quadrature with the EMF of either machine. If then the circuit between the two machines should contain only resistance but no reactance, the interchange current between the two machines would be in phase with the resultant EMF, thus in quadrature to the EMF of either machine, or a wattless current with regards to the EMFs of the machines, that is, there would be no power transfer be- tween the machines, or no synchronizing power. If, however, in the circuit between the two machines the resistance is negligible compared with the reactance, the interchange current lags (approximately), 90 degr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... tizing force: Dielectric gradient: Electric gradient: F / = y ampere turns per G = J volts per cm. G = -, volts per cm. cm. Magnetic-field intensity: Dielectric-field inten- sity: JC = Airf. K = 7^109. Permeability: Permittivity or specific capacity: Conductivity: '^ ac D I , y = P mho-cm. Reluctivity: (Elastivity ?): Resistivity: P=^- 1 _^ 1 G , p = - = -rOhm-cm. ^ (B K D' 7 / Specific magnetic energy Specific dielectric energy : Specific power: ^^5 — 10~^ joules per cm^ OTT 2 ttv^KD joules per cm^. Po = pP = G' = GI watts pe ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1659-2484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... e storing energy in two forms, and oscillations appear, as in the dis- charge of the Leyden jar. Let, as represented in Fig. 10, a continuous voltage eo be im- pressed upon a wire coil of resistance r and inductance L (but A current Iq = — flows through the coil and % t 1 % io A C c c ..1. 1 Fig. 10. — Magnetic Single-energy Transient. negligible capacity), a magnetic field $0 10' Lio interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage eo is suddenly withdrawn, without changing 19 20 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the constants ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... le these equations (21) and (22) constitute the periodic part of the phenomenon, the part which represents the dissipa- tion of power is given by the factor hk = e T^e T,^^ '\\t,^tJ^ (25) The duration of the double-energy transient, T, thus is given by 2 \\To ^ To' (26) and this is the harmonic mean of the duration of the single-energy magnetic and the single-energy dielectric transient. It is, by substituting for To and To', T = l{i+iy'^' (27) where u is the abbreviation for the reciprocal of the duration of the double-energy transient. Usually, the dissipation exponent of the d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "harmonic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... ) constitute the periodic part of the phenomenon, the part which represents the dissipa- tion of power is given by the factor _JL _JL t(± + ±\\ hk = € T^ T,= € \\T^TJt (25) The duration of the double-energy transient, T, thus is given by I..! !_ T IV 2V 1/1 I (26) and this is the harmonic mean of the duration of the single-energy magnetic and the single-energy dielectric transient. It is, by substituting for T0 and TV, where u is the abbreviation for the reciprocal of the duration of the double-energy transient. Usually, the dissipation exponent of the double-energy transien ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_title": "Potential Series And Exponential Function", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3492-6063", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ontains roots, development into an infinite series frequently simplifies the calculation. Very convenient for development into an infinite series of powers or roots, is the binomial theorem, (14) X * n(n-l) _ n(n-l)(n-2) ^ If II 4 where |w«-lX2x3X. . .Xm. Thus, for instance, in an alternating-current circuit of resistance r, reactance x, and supply voltage e, the curi-ent is. ^■v^T7^ \"^) 60 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. If this circuit is practically non-inductive, as an incandescent lighting circuit; that is, if x is small compared with r, (15) can be written in the form, ._ e e h© ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "section_title": "Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2389-3594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... he direction of the bullet is given by tan CO = v/vq. Suppose now the car C, in Fig. 16, is not moving at constant velocity, but at increasing velocity, so that when the bullet enters the car, at A, the velocity is Vi, and when it ( i ^ I B2B, B \\ — ^-a \\ \\ R •^ \\f A C \\ \\ \\ \\ Of \\ \\ >Vf Fig. 16. leaves the car, at the point B of the track, it is greater and is v^. Then the angle which the bullet makes relative to the car is tan coi = Vilv^ at the entrance of the bullet at A and is tan C02 = Vijv^ (thus being greater) when the bullet leaves the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-16", "section_label": "Lecture 16: The Incandescent Lamp", "section_title": "The Incandescent Lamp", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 9687-9919", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "snippets": [ "... ays constant potential, most incandescent lamps are operated on constant potential ; and only for outdoor lighting, that is, for street lighting in cases where the arc lamp is too large and too expensive a unit of light for the requirements, incandescent lamps are used on a constant, direct or alternating current cir- cuit; they are then usually built for the standard arc circuits, and thus for low voltage. For general convenience the efficiency of incandescent lamps is given in watts power consumption per horizontal candle power, when operating on such a voltage, that the candle power of the lamp de ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Light Flux And Distribution", "section_title": "Light Flux And Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 9389-12573", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... ion is merely reduced, but nowhere completely extinguished. The shaded area of the radiator consists of two segments, of the respective radii r and r1 : S = D + Dr Let 2 co = angle subtending segment D and 2 co^ = angle subtending segment Dv and denoting the width of the segments thus w = AC, and the total width of the shaded area is p = AB2 = w + w,. (7) From Fig. 76, a = 002 = OA + J~02 - AB2 = r + r, - p; or, p = r + rt - a; hence, by (2), p = r + TI - tan 0. (8) LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. In A 02EO, 205 sin < sin sin ( r . - sm aj, and henc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-06", "section_label": "Theory Section 6: Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "section_title": "Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1785-2249", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "snippets": [ "... nsposing, r , di and integrating, - j- = log, (- + i) - log, c, where — log^ c = integration constant. At t = 0, i Substituting, E At t = 0, i = /, thus c = / + -; t E\\ -« E h7r \"7' Kon ,—400 1 p;nn *J*S\\J C 7V10-» volts. Since the maximum E.M.F. is given by, — ^max. = I avg. E, we have 'max. = 2 7r«4>iV10-»VOltS. And since the effective E.M.F. is given by, — 'eff. 77 —. -^'max. V2 we have E^ft, = V2ir«jyi0-8 = 4.44«*iV^10-8volts, which is tne fundamental formula of alternating-current induction by sine waves. 18 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§13 13. If, in a circuit of « turns, the magnetic flux, *, inclosed by the circuit is produced by the current flowing in the circuit, the ratio — flux X number of turns X 10~^ current is called the inductanccy Z, of the cir ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "section_title": "Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25120-25270", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XXIII. GENERAIi FOIiTFHASE STSTEMS. 232. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "section_title": "Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 26028-26427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... hase system, and an insulated polyphase system with equalizing return, if all the neutral points are connected with each other. 8.) The power of the polyphase system is — n -P = ^' €* Eli cos if>i at the generator 1 n n -^ = ^1 ^k Eik lijt cos if>ik in the receiving circuits. I 876 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [SS 255, 256" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 26428-26583", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... ime when the secondary power is below the primary, and re- turned during the time when the primary power is below the secondary. The most efficient storing device of electric energy is mechanical momentum in revolving machinery. It has, however, the disadvantage of requiring attendance. 380 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§259" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "section_title": "Law Of Electro-Magnetic Induction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1606-1742", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... the frequency, this formula gives, £avg = 4 « 4> JVW ~ 8 volts. Since the maximum E.M.F. is given by, — •^maz. = £ ^avg we have ^\"max. = 27r»7V710-8VOltS. And since the effective E.M.F. is given by, — we have £es. = = 4.44 n 4>^10- 8 volts, which is the fundamental formula of alternating-current induction by sine waves. 18 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, 13. If, in a circuit of n turns, the magnetic flux, , inclosed by the circuit is produced by the current flowing in the circuit, the ratio — flux X number of turns X 10~8 current . is called the inductance, L, of the ci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 31: Three-Phase System", "section_title": "Three-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 31, "location": "lines 25598-25903", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... . at the generator terminals. 480 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. as three linear equations with the three quantities 2T/, Substituting the abbreviations : a I \\7 7 I I/\" 7 \\ I/\" 7 ~\\7 7 i ~T * 1^2 ~T *1^3)> -tZ^S) •*8^'2 I 7 V 7 /1_1_V7_1_V7N>/ ^zt y 2-^D — V*1 ~r -^s^i T *»^V / A c, F2Z3, F3Z2 a, - (1 + ^^3 + , Y,Zlt -(1 + F3Z1+F3Z2) - (1 + Y,Z2 + FiZ,), c, F3Z2 F.Z3, c2, YtZ, Y.Z,, 1, - (1 + F3ZX + F3Z2) (i + ^iz. + yiz,), F2z3, £ A = / FIZS, - (i FaZ2, F2ZX, it is: D 72 = i __ F2Z>2- hence, (8) (9) (10) (11) THREE-PHASE SYSTEM. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Synchronizing Induction Motors", "section_title": "Synchronizing Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 8, "location": "lines 13956-14465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... ach other when rigidly connected to the same shaft or when driven by synchronous motors from the same supply. As in the induction-motor secondary an e.m.f. of definite fre- quency, that of slip, is generated by its rotation through the revolving motor field, the induction-motor secondary is an alternating-current generator, which is short-circuited at speed and loaded by the starting rheostat during acceleration, and the problem of operating two induction motors with their secondaries connected in parallel on the same external resistance is thus the same as that of operating two alternators in parallel. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Hysteresis Motor", "section_title": "Hysteresis Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 10, "location": "lines 14551-14761", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... ducing large amounts of mechanical power. From the equation of torque it follows, however, that at constant impressed e.m.f., or current — that is, constant SF — the torque is constant and independent of the speed; and there- fore such a motor arrangement is suitable, and occasionally used as alternating-current meter. For s<0, we have a < 0, and the apparatus is an hysteresis generator. 99. The same result can be reached from a different point of view. In such a magnetic system, comprising a movable iron disk, 7, of uniform magnetic reluctance in a revolving field, the magnetic reluctance — and t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3895-5444", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... sect at some very high temperature, and materials as carbon, which have a boiling point above this temperature. ELECTRIC CONDUCTION 33 require a lower voltage for restarting than for maintaining the arc, that is, the voltage required to maintain the arc restarts it at every half-wave of alternating current, and such materials thus give a steady alternating arc. Even materials of a somewhat lower boiling point, in which the starting voltage is not much above the running voltage of the arc, maintain a steady alter- nating arc, as in starting the voltage consumed by the steadying reastance or react ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2659-3514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... us-current circuits the inductance does not •enter the equations of stationary condition, but, if e0 = impressed e.m.f., r = resistance, L = inductance, the permanent value of /> current is ia = — • r Therefore less care is taken in direct-current circuits to reduce the inductance than in alternating-current circuits, where the inductance usually causes a drop of voltage, and direct-current circuits as a rule have higher inductance, especially if the circuit is used for producing magnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Mutual Inductance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 10, "location": "lines 10475-12216", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... tance but no capacity. In such a circuit, shown diagrammatically in Fig. 38, we have di. di~ ~ * and e2 = r2i2 + x2— 2 + xm ^ • (6) Differentiating (6) gives de2 _ di2 d?i2 d2il ~dd~~T2dd^ x*~dF~VXm^] * See the chapters on induction machines, etc., in \" Theory and Calcula- tion of Alternating Current Phenomena.\" MUTUAL INDUCTANCE 145 from (5) follows /^ / « v* *\"~ , ^ ~^r \"' and, differentiated, fo * Substituting (8) and (9) in (7) gives del de2 _ . dil + <*,*,-*-•>£, (10) and analogously, de2 de^ + (*,*, - ^2) ^ • (ID Equations (10) and (11) are the two differ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 1, "location": "lines 15354-15625", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "alternating current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "alternating-current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... nsformer, may be used, and the one half wave taken from the one source, and sent into the receiver circuit, the other half wave taken from the other source, and sent into the receiver circuit in the same direction as the first half wave. The latter arrangement has the disadvantage of using the alternating current supply source less economically, but has the advantage that no reversal, but only an opening and closing of connections, is required, and is therefore the method commonly applied in stationary rectify- ing apparatus. 6. In rectifying alternating voltages, the change of connec- tions between ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity", "section_title": "Distributed Series Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 45, "number": 5, "location": "lines 23586-23947", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "vector", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "snippets": [ "... ween the two cylinders p and q is proportional to the charging current of the condenser 'filMI — i T Fig. 91. Equivalent circuit of a multi-gap lightning arrester. formed by these two cylinders, C, this potential difference increases towards L, being, at each point proportional to the vector sum of all the charging currents, against ground, of all the cylinders between this point and ground. The higher the frequency, the more non-uniform is the poten- tial gradient along the circuit and the lower is the total supply voltage required to bring the maximum potential gradient, near t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "section_title": "Standing Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 52, "number": 3, "location": "lines 29316-30243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "power factor", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "snippets": [ "... fic capacity of the cable insula- tion, and that f ig verv small, about three or less; or taking the ^r values of the circuit constants from tests of the cable, we get values of the magnitude, per mile of single conductor, r = 0.41 ohm; L = 0.4 X 10~3 henry; g = 10~6 mho, corresponding to a power factor of the cable-charging current, at 25 cycles, of 1 per cent; C = .6 X 10~6 farad. Herefrom the following values are obtained : u = 513, m = 512, * -- VLC - 15.5 X 10~6, k0 = m VLC = 7.95 X 10~3, and the critical wave length is lWo = 790 miles, and the frequency of an undamped oscillation, corr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-57", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "section_title": "Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 57, "number": 8, "location": "lines 34203-34896", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "a.c.", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-57/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-57/", "snippets": [ "... EFLECTION AND REFRACTION 531 61. Consider now a wave traversing the circuit in opposite direction; that is, C2D2 is the main wave, A ^B2 the reflected wave, C1D1 the transmitted wave, and Al= 0 = B^ In equa- tion (349) this gives C2 = and hence, ft = -ft and + l \"I B,— Ac,--^!),.. J ~ & - I _ ^ D. (362) that is, the same relations as expressed by equations (352) and (353) for the wave traveling in opposite direction. The equations of the components of the wave then are : Main wave: 2 cos q {C2 cos q sn q D2 sin 0 } 0 } ; (363) Tran ..." ] } ] }, { "id": "transients-oscillations-and-surges", "label": "Transients, Oscillations, And Surges", "description": "Passages involving transients, temporary terms, stored energy, damping, oscillation, surges, impulses, lightning, arresters, and high-frequency disturbances.", "aliases": [ "transient", "transients", "transient phenomenon", "transient phenomena", "temporary term", "stored energy", "energy stored", "oscillation", "oscillations", "oscillatory", "damping", "decrement", "surge", "surges", "impulse", "impulses", "lightning", "arrester", "arresters", "high frequency", "high potential", "high tension" ], "modern_prompt": "Use these hits to study how Steinmetz treats energy storage, natural response, damping, and line effects before modern transient textbooks standardized the presentation.", "interpretive_boundary": "Tesla-era and radiant-energy comparisons must be source-by-source. A transient or surge passage is evidence of an electrical phenomenon, not automatic proof of a later interpretive system.", "total_occurrences": 3635, "matching_source_count": 14, "matching_section_count": 156, "source_totals": [ { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "occurrence_count": 1256, "section_count": 53 }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "occurrence_count": 776, "section_count": 10 }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "occurrence_count": 670, "section_count": 10 }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "occurrence_count": 393, "section_count": 9 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "occurrence_count": 213, "section_count": 11 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "occurrence_count": 68, "section_count": 8 }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "occurrence_count": 51, "section_count": 5 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 47, "section_count": 8 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 39, "section_count": 14 }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "occurrence_count": 35, "section_count": 6 }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "occurrence_count": 29, "section_count": 11 }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "occurrence_count": 28, "section_count": 6 }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "occurrence_count": 27, "section_count": 4 }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "occurrence_count": 3, "section_count": 1 } ], "alias_totals": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 1140 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 603 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 296 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 260 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 221 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 191 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 189 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 169 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 168 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 134 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 126 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 87 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 66 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 65 }, { "alias": "impulse", "count": 63 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 46 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 42 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 27 }, { "alias": "high tension", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "transient phenomenon", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "arresters", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "temporary term", "count": 1 } ], "section_hits": [ { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 210, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lightning", "count": 92 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "... istance. A large part of this power is saved in alternating constant potential arc lamps, by using reactance instead of resistance, but the power factor is there- fore greatly lowered ; that is, the constant potential alternating arc lamp rarely has a power factor of over 70%. Where therefore high potential constant current circuits are permissible, as for outdoor or street lighting, arc lamps are usually operated on a constant current circuit, with series connection of from 50 to 100 lamps on one circuit. With the exception of a few of the larger cities, all the street lighting by arc lamps in t ...", "... per second, up to many times higher frequencies. We can get, if we desire, still very much lower fre- quencies, as electromagnetic waves, such as the radiation sent out by an oscillating current or an alternating current ; but the radiations which we get from heated bodies are all of extremely high frequency, compared with the customary frequencies of electric currents. At the same time they cover a very wide range of frequencies, many octaves, and from all this mass of radiations, from all the frequencies of radiating energy, some- what less than one octave can be perceived by the human eye as li ...", "... ost of our means of producing radiating energy give high intensi- ties of radiation only for very low frequencies, invisible ultra- red rays, but we are not able to produce anywhere near the same intensities of radiation for higher frequencies. So also, when we speak of ultraviolet, or short, high frequency waves, as chemical waves, thait does not mean that they have a distinctive character in producing chemical action — any form of energy, naturally, can be converted if we know how, into chemical energy, the long ultrared waves just as well as the short ultraviolet waves. It just happens that th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2485-3386", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 153, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 100 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the conditio ...", "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, ...", "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, corresponding to the conditions after the change, and a transi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2162-2971", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 149, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 97 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the conditio ...", "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, ...", "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, corresponding to the conditions after the change, and a transi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 5279-6124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 118, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "impulse", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 6 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-\"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time an ...", "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constan ...", "... acity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constant,\" and i0 and eQ the maximunl current and voltage respectively. The power flow at any point of the circuit, that is, at any dis- tance angle co, and at any time t, that is, time angle <£, then is p = ei, = e0ioe~2ut cos ( T co — 7) sin (0 =F co — 7), ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6804-8485", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 115, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielect ...", "LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As ther ...", "LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 104, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transient phenomenon", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "... induc- tance.\" It follows herefrom that throughout the entire inductive section X = 0, and current i1 therefore is constant throughout this section. Choosing now the transition point between the inductance and the transmission line as zero of distance, A = 0, the inductance 635 536 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is massed at point ^ = 0, and the transmission line extends from X = 0 to X = V Denoting the constants of the inductive section by index 1, those of the transmission line by index 2, the equations of the two circuit sections, from (290), are Cj) cos qt — -(51 + 7)1)sin^},l - A-DJsing ...", "... m0L) - M), JV), (381) where in the second expression terms of secondary order have been dropped. P qL Then substituting in (375) gives the equations of massed inductance : it = e ~M { M cos qt - N sin qt } (382) If at t = 0, £j = 0, that is, if at the beginning of the transient discharge the voltage at the inductance is zero, as for instance the inductance had been short-circuited, then, substituting in 538 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (382), and denoting by i0 the current at the moment t = 0, or at the moment of start, we have t = 0, i\\= %,«! = 0; hence, M = i ...", "... ) gives the equations of massed inductance : it = e ~M { M cos qt - N sin qt } (382) If at t = 0, £j = 0, that is, if at the beginning of the transient discharge the voltage at the inductance is zero, as for instance the inductance had been short-circuited, then, substituting in 538 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (382), and denoting by i0 the current at the moment t = 0, or at the moment of start, we have t = 0, i\\= %,«! = 0; hence, M = i (383) and r T -}- u Li h = V~\"u* 1 cos <# + -r2\" sm ^ gL + (r + V')2 , (384) In this case i A*=2' 2 + (r + uQL)2 + c (r \\ - \\J s f / ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 17632-21381", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 103, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... limited to circuits in stable or stationary condition, and where phenomena of instability occurred, and made themselves felt as disturbances or troubles in electric circuits, they either remained imunderstood or the theo- retical study was limited to the specific phenomenon, as in the case of lightning, dropping out of step of induction motors, hunt- ing of synchronous machines, etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first cl ...", "... , etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first class of imstable phenomena, which was systemat- ically investigated, were the transients, and even today it is ques- tionable whether a systematic theoretical classification and in- vestigation of the conditions of instability in electric circuits is yet feasible. Only a preliminary classification and discussion of such phenomena shall be attempted in the following. Three main ty ...", "... classification and in- vestigation of the conditions of instability in electric circuits is yet feasible. Only a preliminary classification and discussion of such phenomena shall be attempted in the following. Three main types of instability in electric systems may be distinguished : I. The transients of readjustment to changed circuit con- ditions. II. Unstable electrical equilibrium, that is, the condition in which the eflfect of a cause increases the cause. III. Permanent instability resulting from a combination of circuit constants which can not coexist. I. Transients 82. Transien ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 90, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 51 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representa ...", "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditio ...", "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditions is greater than before, and during the transition period an increase of energy occurs, the representation still ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 90, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 51 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representa ...", "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditio ...", "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditions is greater than before, and during the transition period an increase of energy occurs, the representation still ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-54", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations", "section_title": "Free Oscillations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 54, "number": 5, "location": "lines 31451-32708", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 88, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 54 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g; the wave length con ...", "... epends the difference between the phenomena occurring in electric circuits, as those due to direct currents or pulsating currents, alternating currents, oscillating currents, inductive dis- charges, etc., and the study of the terminal conditions thus is of the foremost importance. 29. By free oscillations are understood the transient phe- nomena occurring in an electric circuit or part of the circuit to which neither electric energy is supplied by some outside source nor from which electric energy is abstracted. Free oscillations thus are the transient phenomena resulting from the dissipation ...", "... e phenomena occurring in electric circuits, as those due to direct currents or pulsating currents, alternating currents, oscillating currents, inductive dis- charges, etc., and the study of the terminal conditions thus is of the foremost importance. 29. By free oscillations are understood the transient phe- nomena occurring in an electric circuit or part of the circuit to which neither electric energy is supplied by some outside source nor from which electric energy is abstracted. Free oscillations thus are the transient phenomena resulting from the dissipation of the energy stored in the e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 84, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, ...", "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e f . oo,o o Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as lo ...", "... therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator. When the \"A ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. condenser C is charged, the current in the Hne A and the condenser C is zero again. That is, the permanent condition before closing the switch S, and also some time after the closing of the switch, is zero current in the line. Immediately after the closing of the switch, however, current flo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 84, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, ...", "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as t ...", "... sed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator. When the 1 DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. condenser C is charged, the current in the line A and the condenser C is zero again. That is, the permanent condition before closing the switch S, and also some time after the closing of the switch, is zero current in the line. Immediately after the closing of the switch, however, current fl ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "section_title": "Lightning Protection", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 4931-5294", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 84, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lightning", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "arresters", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "ELEVENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W\"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits ...", "ELEVENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W\"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits made their appearance, this protection against lightning by a simple small spark gap to groun ...", "... uits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits made their appearance, this protection against lightning by a simple small spark gap to ground became insufficient, and this addi- tional problem arose : to open the short circuit of the machine current, which resulted from and followed the lightning dis- charge. This problem of opening the circuit after the discharge was solved by the magnetic bl ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "number": 3, "location": "lines 21721-23178", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 82, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 48 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "snippets": [ "... nteresting application of the equations of the long distance transmission line given in the preceding chapter can be made to the determination of the natural period of a transmis- sion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit containing self- inductance and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exc ...", "... rent alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge depends upon the capacity C and the self -inductance L of the circuit, and to a much lesser extent upon the resistance, so that, if the resistance of the circuit is not excessive, the frequency of oscillation can, by neglecting the resistance, be expressed with fair, or even close, approximation by the formula An electric transmission line represents a circuit having capacity as well as self-inductance ; and thus when charged to a certain potential, for instance, by atmospheric electricity, as by ...", "... ductance are distributed along the circuit. In determining the frequency of the oscillating discharge of such a transmission line, a sufficiently close approximation is 320 NATURAL PERIOD OF TRANSMISSION LINE 321 obtained by neglecting the resistance of the line, which, at the relatively high frequency of oscillating discharges, is small com- pared with the reactance. This assumption means that the dying out of the discharge current through the influence of the resistance of the circuit is neglected, and the current assumed as an alternating current of approximately the same frequency and th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 4370-5278", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 78, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, th ...", "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = ma ...", "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum val ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3956-4744", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 78, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only ...", "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = ...", "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "section_title": "Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7826-9227", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 71, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole ...", "CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole system, of the sam ...", "CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole system, of the same character as in the case of localized capacity and inductance discussed in the preceding chapte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1659-2484", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 62, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy ...", "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, ...", "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1531-2161", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 62, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 34 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy c ...", "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, ...", "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents,", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5312-6797", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... otential, single-phase alternators have been built and are in commercial service giving 10,000 and even 100,000 cycles, and 200,000-cycle alternators are being designed for wireless telegraphy and telephony. Still, even going to the limits of peripheral speed, and sacri- ficing everything for high frequency, a limit is reached in the frequency available by electrodynamic generation. It becomes of importance, therefore, to investigate whether by the use of the condenser discharge the range of frequencies can be extended. Since the oscillating current approaches the effect of an alternating curr ...", "... ched in the frequency available by electrodynamic generation. It becomes of importance, therefore, to investigate whether by the use of the condenser discharge the range of frequencies can be extended. Since the oscillating current approaches the effect of an alternating current only if the damping is small, that is, the resistance low, the condenser discharge can be used as high frequency generator only by making the circuit of as low resist- ance as possible. 67 68 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This, however, means limited power. When generating oscillat- ing currents by condenser discharg ...", "... ce, therefore, to investigate whether by the use of the condenser discharge the range of frequencies can be extended. Since the oscillating current approaches the effect of an alternating current only if the damping is small, that is, the resistance low, the condenser discharge can be used as high frequency generator only by making the circuit of as low resist- ance as possible. 67 68 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This, however, means limited power. When generating oscillat- ing currents by condenser discharge, the load put on the circuit, that is, the power consumed in the oscillating-current circuit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 54, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic fie ...", "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the cur ...", "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "section_title": "Standing Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 52, "number": 3, "location": "lines 29316-30243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 47, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "snippets": [ "... L C = k f-qBJ cos (qt-kl)-(mB, + qB,'} sin (qt-kl)] + [(mB2'-qB3) cos (qt + Jd)-(mB2 + qBJ) sin (qt + kl)]}. (106) Equations (105) and (106) represent a stationary electrical oscil- lation or standing wave on the circuit. B. Long waves, k2 < LCm2] (107) 444 hence, and TRANSIENT PHENOMENA R22 = LCm2 - k2, s = (108) (109) or approximately, for very small values of &, 1 r herefrom then follows (HO) ci = c2 = 0, and (m + s) L ~T~ (m — s) L (111) Substituting now h = Oand (109), (111) into (50) and (51), the two waves H ', e' and i\", e\" remain ...", "... e~st] sin kl} s')sinA;Z] (114) + (BlS + « - B2e~st)smkl]} Equations (113) and (114) represent a gradual or exponential circuit discharge, and the distribution still is a trigonometric function of the distance, that is, ^ wave distribution, but dies out gradually with the time, without oscillation. C. Critical case, hence, o, = 0, (115) (116) and c2 = 0, raL (117) and all the main waves and their reflected waves coincide when substituting h = 0, (116), (117) in (50) and (51). Hence, writing and gives B = C, - C2 + C3 - C, 1 B' = CY 4- C2' + C,7 + C/ J ...", "... 16) and c2 = 0, raL (117) and all the main waves and their reflected waves coincide when substituting h = 0, (116), (117) in (50) and (51). Hence, writing and gives B = C, - C2 + C3 - C, 1 B' = CY 4- C2' + C,7 + C/ J i = fi-\"1 {B cos kl - B' sin Id] (118) (119) 446 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and e = y — £-M< {5' cos kl + B sin In the critical case, (119) and (120), the wave is distributed as a trigonometric function of the distance, but dies out as a simple exponential function of the time. 15. An electrical standing wave thus can have two different forms: it can be either o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "section_title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 21382-22633", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... in the chapter on \" Stability of Induction Machines. \" D. Hunting of S]rnchronous Machines 106. In induction-motor circuits, instability almost always assumes the form of a steady change, with increasing rapidity, from the unstable condition to a stable condition or to stand- still, etc. Oscillatory instability in induction-motor circuits, as the result of the relation of load to speed and electric supply, is rare. It has been observed, especially in single-phase motors, in cases of considerable oversaturation of the magnetic circuit. Oscillatory instability, however, is typical of the sy ...", "... able condition or to stand- still, etc. Oscillatory instability in induction-motor circuits, as the result of the relation of load to speed and electric supply, is rare. It has been observed, especially in single-phase motors, in cases of considerable oversaturation of the magnetic circuit. Oscillatory instability, however, is typical of the synchronous machine, and the hunting of synchronous machines has probably been the first serious problem of cimiulative oscillations in electric circuits, and for a long time has limited the industrial use of syn- chronous machines, in its different forms ...", "... It has been observed, especially in single-phase motors, in cases of considerable oversaturation of the magnetic circuit. Oscillatory instability, however, is typical of the synchronous machine, and the hunting of synchronous machines has probably been the first serious problem of cimiulative oscillations in electric circuits, and for a long time has limited the industrial use of syn- chronous machines, in its different forms: (a) Difficulty and failure of alternating-current generators to operate in parallel. (6) Hunting of synchronous converters. (c) Hunting of synchronous motors. While ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arresters", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... contains the electrostatic charge Q = to0. In the moment of closing the circuit of e.m.f. e0 upon the capacity C, the condenser contains no charge, that is, zero potential difference exists at the condenser terminals. If there were no resistance and no inductance in the circuit in the 18 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA moment of closing the circuit, an infinite current would exist charging the condenser instantly to the potential difference e0. If r is the resistance of the direct-current circuit containing the condenser, and this circuit contains no inductance, the current Q starts at the value i = - , ...", "... r this reverse current, due to the inductance of the circuit, overreaches and discharges the condenser farther than down to the impressed e.m.f. e0, so that after the discharge current stops again a charg- ing current — now less than the initial charging current - starts, and so by a series of oscillations, overcharges and under- charges, the condenser gradually charges itself, and ultimately the current dies out. Fig. 3 shows the oscillating charge of a condenser through an inductive circuit, by a continuous impressed e.m.f. e0. The current is represented by i, the potential difference at the ...", "... The con- stants of the circuit are: r = 40 ohms; L = 100 mh.; C = 10 mf., and eQ = 1000 volts. In such a continuous-current circuit, containing resistance, inductance, and capacity in series to each other, the current at the moment of closing the circuit as well as the final current 20 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is zero, but a current exists immediately after closing the circuit, as a transient phenomenon; a temporary current, steadily increasing and then decreasing again to zero, or con- sisting of a number of alternations of successively decreasing amplitude : an oscillating current. If the circ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 46, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "impulse", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If now at the moment when the im ...", "CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If now at the moment when the impulse arrives at the starting point a second impulse, of opposite ...", "CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If now at the moment when the impulse arrives at the starting point a second impulse, of opposite direction, is sent into the line, the return of the first impulse adds itself, and so increases the second impulse; the return of this increase ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6125-6803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transf ...", "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1 ...", "... transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1, 2, 3 . . . , of the respective lengths (in velocity measure) Xi, X2, X3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored energy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate Uq throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be Every section, however, has a power-dissipation constant, Ui, U2, U3 . . . , which represents the rate at which the store ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5521-6088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 45, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, trans ...", "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1 ...", "... transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1, 2, 3 . . . , of the respective lengths (in velocity measure) Xi, X2, X3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored energy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate u0 throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be 6-**. Every section, however, has a power-dissipation constant, u\\t Uz, u3 . . . , which represents the rate at which t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-55", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 55, "number": 6, "location": "lines 32709-33527", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "decrement", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transient phenomenon", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 40. The discussions of standing waves and free oscillations in Chapters III and V, and traveling waves in Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits co ...", "... dus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits comprising sections of different con- stants, — generator, transformer, transmission lines, and load, — and a simple circuit is realized only by a section of a circuit, as a transmission line or a high-potential transformer coil, which is cut off at both ends from the rest of the circuit, either by open- circuiting, i = 0, or by short-circuiting, e = 0. Approximately, the simple circuit is realized by a section of a complex circuit, connecting to other sections of 'very different constants, so that th ...", "... ants, so that the ends of the circuit can, approximately, be considered as reflection points. For instance, an underground cable of low L and high (7, when connected to a large reactive coil of high L and low C, may, approximately, at its ends be considered as having reflection points i = 0. A high-potential transformer coil of high L and low C, when connected to a cable of low L and high (7, may at its ends be considered as having reflection points e = 0. In other words, in the first case the reactive coil may be considered as stopping the current, in the latter case the cable considered as short ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-47", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "section_title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 47, "number": 7, "location": "lines 24981-26094", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transient phenomenon", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "snippets": [ "... n throughout the con- ductor section is considerable, the conductor section is not fully utilized, but the material in the interior of the conductor is more or less wasted. It is of importance, therefore, in alternating- current circuits, especially in dealing with very large currents, or with high frequency, or materials of very high permeability, as iron, to investigate this phenomenon. An approximate determination of this effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to be negligible in its effect on the resistance of the conductor, 369 370 TRAN ...", "... ency, or materials of very high permeability, as iron, to investigate this phenomenon. An approximate determination of this effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to be negligible in its effect on the resistance of the conductor, 369 370 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA or whether it is sufficiently large to require calculation and methods of avoiding it, is given in \" Alternating-Current Phe- nomena,\" Chapter XIV, paragraph 133. An appreciable increase of the effective resistance over the ohmic resistance may be expected in the following cases : (1) In t ...", "... IV, paragraph 133. An appreciable increase of the effective resistance over the ohmic resistance may be expected in the following cases : (1) In the low-tension distribution of heavy alternating cur- rents by large conductors. (2) When using iron as conductor, as for instance iron wires in high potential transmissions for branch lines of smaller power, or steel cables for long spans in transmission lines. (3) In the rail return of single-phase railways. (4) When carrying very high frequencies, such as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations. In the last two cases, which probably a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6798-7825", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... - — B (x — xc) sin o- = 0, , (10) # sin 00 -- rB sin o- + B (x — xc) cos a- = 0. Substituting — 4 tan 7 = in equations (10) gives x - xc r ± s and = 00 + ? = indefinite, and the equation of current, (9), thus is i = -cos (6 - 60 -7) + A/~ (ID (12) (13) 90 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and, substituting (12) in (7), and rearranging, the potential difference at the condenser terminals is . (14) The two integration constants Al and A2 are given by the terminal conditions of the problem. Let, at the moment of start, 0-0, i = iQ = instantaneous value of current and ...", "... ifference at the condenser terminals is E where and r r-±£ Cos r+s (x - x — xc tan 7 . = - — > = Vr2 - 4 x xr (19) (ID The expressions of i and et consist of three terms each : (1) The permanent term, which is the only one remaining after some time; (2) A transient term depending upon the constants of the circuit, r, s, xci z0, x, the impressed e.m.f., E, and its phase 00 at the moment of starting, but independent of the conditions existing in the circuit before the start; and 92 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (3) A term depending, besides upon the constants of ...", "... term, which is the only one remaining after some time; (2) A transient term depending upon the constants of the circuit, r, s, xci z0, x, the impressed e.m.f., E, and its phase 00 at the moment of starting, but independent of the conditions existing in the circuit before the start; and 92 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (3) A term depending, besides upon the constants of the circuit, upon the instantaneous values of current and potential difference, iQ and e0, at the moment of starting the circuit, and thereby upon the electrical conditions of the circuit before impressing the e.m.f., e. This term disappears ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 49, "number": 9, "location": "lines 27003-27760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 37, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "arresters", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated b ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and the voltage d ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Mutual Inductance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 10, "location": "lines 10475-12216", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 30 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high tension", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient phenomenon", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... e second circuit, then generates an e.m.f. in the first circuit. Diagrammatically the mutual inductance between two circuits can be sketched as shown by M in Fig. 38, by two coaxial coils, while the self-inductance is shown by a single coil L, and the resistance by a zigzag line. 141 142 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA The presence of mutual inductance, with a second circuit, introduces into the equation of the circuit a term depending upon the current in the second circuit. If i^ = the current in the circuit and r1 = the resistance of the circuit, then r^\\ = the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the c ...", "... ally, or reduced thereto; that is, where the mutual inductance is due to coils enclosed in the first circuit, interlinked magnetically with coils enclosed in the second circuit, as the primary and the secondary coils of a transformer, or a shunt and a series field winding of a generator, 144 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the two coils are assumed as of the same number of turns, or reduced thereto. ri, No. turns second circuit If a = — = — =rr— — - -- : - r— , the currents in the nA No. turns first circuit second circuit are multiplied, the e.m.fs. divided by a, the resis- tances and reactances divided by ...", "... ) and analogously, de2 de^ + (*,*, - ^2) ^ • (ID Equations (10) and (11) are the two differential equations of second order, of currents i\\ and iv If e/, i/ and e/, i2' are the permanent values of impressed e.m.fs. and of currents in the two circuits, and e/', if and e2\", if are their transient terms, we have, e2 - c/ + el', Since the permanent terms must fulfill the differential equations (10) and (11), de' de' . di/ W + x*^g-x'»W\"= Wl + (r'X2 + T>X*}^9 (Pi ' + (xiX2-Xm*)^ (12) and del */ • , r + \"*\" ^ \" rr' + (13) 146 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA subtracting equations ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 5, "location": "lines 4072-5311", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... uous e.m.f . e is impressed upon a circuit contain- ing resistance, inductance, and capacity in series, the stationary condition of the circuit is zero current, i = o, and the poten- tial difference at the condenser equals the impressed e.m.f., et =• e, no permanent current exists, but only the transient current of charge or discharge of the condenser. The capacity C of a condenser is defined by the equation . de that is, the current into a condenser is proportional to the rate of increase of its e.m.f. and to the capacity. It is therefore and e-^-lidt (1) is the potential differe ...", "... nce, and capacity in series, e = impressed e.m.f., whether continuous, alternating, pulsating, etc.; i = current in the circuit at time t; r = resistance; L = inductance, and C = capacity; then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is n; the e.m.f. consumed by inductance L is di 47 48 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and the e.m.f . consumed by capacity C is hence, the impressed e.m.f. is and herefrom the potential difference at the condenser terminals is Ci = -L Cidt = e - ri - L -*• (3) (/ «/ at Equation (2) differentiated and rearranged gives „ d?i di 1 . de as the general differential equ ...", "... se two expressions, satisfies the differential equation (5). That is, the general integral equation, or solution of differential equation (5), is i = Ai^ + Ai^ . (11) Substituting (11) and (9) in equation (3) gives the potential difference at the condenser terminals as e — (12) 50 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA 31. Equations (11) and (12) contain two indeterminate con- stants, A! and A2, which are the integration constants of the differential equation of second order, (5), and determined by the terminal conditions, the current and the potential differ- ence at the condenser at the moment t = 0. In ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 1, "location": "lines 15354-15625", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 33, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Whenever in an electric circuit a sudden change of the circuit conditions is produced, a transient term appears in the circuit, that is, at the moment when the change begins, the circuit quantities, as current, voltage, magnetic flux, etc., cor- respond to the circuit conditions existing before the change, but do not, in general, correspond to the circuit conditions brought about by the cha ...", "... - respond to the circuit conditions existing before the change, but do not, in general, correspond to the circuit conditions brought about by the change, and therefore must pass from the values corresponding to the previous condition to the values corre- sponding to the changed condition. This transient term may be a gradual approach to the final condition, or an approach by a series of oscillations of gradual decreasing intensities. Gradually — after indefinite time theoretically, after relatively short time practically — the transient term disappears, and permanent conditions of current, o ...", "... ond to the circuit conditions brought about by the change, and therefore must pass from the values corresponding to the previous condition to the values corre- sponding to the changed condition. This transient term may be a gradual approach to the final condition, or an approach by a series of oscillations of gradual decreasing intensities. Gradually — after indefinite time theoretically, after relatively short time practically — the transient term disappears, and permanent conditions of current, of voltage, of magnetism, etc., are established. The numerical values of current, of voltage, etc., ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "section_title": "Oscillating Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 31657-33200", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 30, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "decrement", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... ich the amplitude of each following wave bears to that of the pre- ceding wave a constant ratio. Such currents consist of a series of waves of constant length, decreasing in amplitude, that is, in strength, in constant proportion. They are called oscillating currents in analogy with mechanical oscillations — ^for instance of the pendulum — ^in which the amplitude of the vibration de- creases in constant proportion. Since the amplitude of the oscillating current varies, constantly decreasing, the oscillating current differs from the alternating current in so far that it starts at a definite time ...", "... lly in a very short time, short usually even in comparison with the time of one alternating half-wave. Characteristic con- stants of the oscillating current are the period, T, or frequency, / = 7p, the first amplitude and the ratio of any two successive amplitudes, the latter being called the decrement of the wave. The oscillating current will thus be represented by the product of a periodic function, and a function decreasing in geometric proportion with the time. The latter is the exponential function, A^\"<\". 343 344 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 182. Thus, the general expression of the osci ...", "... \"***, is tan a ^ '— a =^ constant, that of the oscillating wave, E = ec\"*** cos { — 0), is tan jS = — {tan (0 — ^) + «}• Hence, it is increased over that of the alternating sine wave by the constant, a. The ratio of the amplitudes of two consequent periods is A is called the numerical decrement of the oscillating wave, a the exponential decrement of the oscillating wave, a the angu- lar decrement of the oscillating wave. The oscillating wave can be represented by the equation, E = e€\"***'^«cos(« - 6). In the example represented by Figs. 130 and 131, we have A = 0.4, a = 0.1435, a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity", "section_title": "Distributed Series Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 45, "number": 5, "location": "lines 23586-23947", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 29, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lightning", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "snippets": [ "... er in series with the circuit. Where the elements of the circuit are short enough so as to be represented, approximately, as conductor differentials, the circuit constitutes a circuit with distributed series capacity. An illustration of such a circuit' is afforded by the so-called \" multi-gap lightning arrester,\" as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 90, which consists of a large number of metal cylinders p, q . . . , with small spark gaps between the cylinders, connected between line L and ground G. This arrangement, Fig. 90, can be represented diagrammatically by Fig. 91. Each cylinder has a c ...", "... es with the circuit. Where the elements of the circuit are short enough so as to be represented, approximately, as conductor differentials, the circuit constitutes a circuit with distributed series capacity. An illustration of such a circuit' is afforded by the so-called \" multi-gap lightning arrester,\" as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 90, which consists of a large number of metal cylinders p, q . . . , with small spark gaps between the cylinders, connected between line L and ground G. This arrangement, Fig. 90, can be represented diagrammatically by Fig. 91. Each cylinder has a capacity ( ...", "... inst ground, of all 848 DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY 349 the cylinders from q to the ground G, Figs. 90 and 91, must pass the gap between the adjacent cylinders p and g; that is, the charging current of the condenser represented by two adjacent -00000000000000-1 Fig. 90. Multi-gap lightning arrester. cylinders p and q is the sum of all the charging currents from qtoG', and as the potential difference between the two cylinders p and q is proportional to the charging current of the condenser 'filMI — i T Fig. 91. Equivalent circuit of a multi-gap lightning arrester. forme ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "section_title": "Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13936-14548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 28, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII. TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD. 106. The resultant of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a p ...", "... s is a constant np and uniformly revolving m.m.f., of intensity SF0 = — &, where $ Zi is the maximum value (hence — — the effective value) of the \\ V2 I m.m.f. of each coil. In starting, that is, when connecting such a system of mag- netizing coils to a polyphase system of e.m.fs., a transient term appears, as the resultant magnetic flux first has to rise to its constant value. This transient term of the rotating field is the resultant of the transient terms of the currents and therefore the m.m.fs. of the individual coils. 107. If, then, $ = nl = maximum value of m.m.f. of each c ...", "... ximum value (hence — — the effective value) of the \\ V2 I m.m.f. of each coil. In starting, that is, when connecting such a system of mag- netizing coils to a polyphase system of e.m.fs., a transient term appears, as the resultant magnetic flux first has to rise to its constant value. This transient term of the rotating field is the resultant of the transient terms of the currents and therefore the m.m.fs. of the individual coils. 107. If, then, $ = nl = maximum value of m.m.f. of each coil, where n = number of turns, and / = maximum value of current, and r = space-phase angle of the coi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-40", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification", "section_title": "Arc Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 40, "number": 4, "location": "lines 17755-19259", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 28, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "impulse", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "snippets": [ "... y interruption of the cathode blast puts out the arc by interrupting the supply of conducting vapor, and a reversal of the arc stream means stopping the cathode blast and producing a reverse cathode blast, which, in general, requires a voltage higher than the electrostatic striking 249 250 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA voltage (at arc temperature) between the electrodes. With an alternating impressed e.m.f. the arc if established goes out at the end of the half wave, or if a cathode blast is maintained continuously by a second arc (excited by direct current or overlapping sufficiently with the first arc), o ...", "... l c, for the purpose of reducing the fluctuation of the rectified current to the desired amount. In the constant-potential rectifier, instead of the transformer ACS and the reactive coils A a and Ba, generally a compensator or auto-transformer is used, as shown in Fig. 61, in which the 252 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA two halves of the coil, AC and BC, are made of considerable self-inductance against each other, as by their location on different magnet cores, and the reactive coil at c frequently omitted. The modification of the equations resulting herefrom is obvious. Such auto-transformer also may raise ...", "... c^ — L- xn XIII Fig. 63. E.m.f. and current waves of constant-current mercury arc rectifier. ance, following essentially the exponential curve of a starting current wave, and the energy which is thus consumed by the reactance as counter e.m.f. is returned by maintaining the 254 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA current half wave 1 beyond the e.m.f. wave, i.e., beyond 180 degrees, by 00 time-degrees, so that it overlaps the next half wave 2 by 00 time-degrees. Hereby the rectifier becomes self-exciting, i.e., each half wave of current, by overlapping with the next, maintains the cathode blast until ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 18, "location": "lines 20975-21712", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... ical momentum. In this manner a periodic variation of the phase relation between e and to, and correspond- ing variation of speed and current occurs, of an amplitude and period depending upon the circuit conditions and the mechanical momentum. If the amplitude of this pulsation has a positive decrement, that is, is decreasing, the motor assumes after a while a constant position of e regarding ea, that is, its speed becomes uniform. If, however, the decrement of Hie pulsation is negative, an infinitely small pulsation will continuously increase in amplitude, until the motor is thrown out of s ...", "... itude and period depending upon the circuit conditions and the mechanical momentum. If the amplitude of this pulsation has a positive decrement, that is, is decreasing, the motor assumes after a while a constant position of e regarding ea, that is, its speed becomes uniform. If, however, the decrement of Hie pulsation is negative, an infinitely small pulsation will continuously increase in amplitude, until the motor is thrown out of step, or the decrement becomes zero, by the power consumed by forces opposing the pulsation, as anti-surging devices, or by the periodic pulsation of the syn- c ...", "... is decreasing, the motor assumes after a while a constant position of e regarding ea, that is, its speed becomes uniform. If, however, the decrement of Hie pulsation is negative, an infinitely small pulsation will continuously increase in amplitude, until the motor is thrown out of step, or the decrement becomes zero, by the power consumed by forces opposing the pulsation, as anti-surging devices, or by the periodic pulsation of the syn- chronous reactance, etc. If the decrement is zero, a pulsation 288 SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 289 started once will continue indefinitely at constant a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-53", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 53, "number": 4, "location": "lines 30244-31450", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impulse", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "snippets": [ "... HAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping constant on the frequency and the wave length is negligible. The same obviously applies also to traveling waves, generally to a still greater extent, since the lengths of traveling waves are commonly only a small part of the length of the circuit. Usually, therefore, in the discussion of trave ...", "... the wave length is negligible. The same obviously applies also to traveling waves, generally to a still greater extent, since the lengths of traveling waves are commonly only a small part of the length of the circuit. Usually, therefore, in the discussion of traveling waves, the effect of the damping constants on the fre- quency constant q and the wave length constant k can be neglected, that is, frequency and wave length assumed as inde- pendent of the energy loss in the circuit. Usually, therefore, the equations (74) and (75) can be applied in dealing with the traveling wave. In these ...", "... he condition of the applicability of equations (74) and (75), therefore, is that q be a large quantity compared with q0 = m. In this case — is a small quantity, and thus can usually be neglected in equations (76) and (75), except when C and C' are very different in magnitude. 467 458 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA This gives, under the limiting conditions discussed above, the general equations of the traveling wave, thus: i = £-ut { £+«('-*) [(7^ cos q (t — X) + (7/ sin q (t — X)] - £+s«+x) [C2 cos q (t + X) + C2' sin q (t + X)] + £—<«-*> [C3 cos q(t- X)+ C3' sin q (t - /I)] - <•-* ('+A) [C4 cos g ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-34", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "section_title": "Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "number": 12, "location": "lines 12885-13935", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "snippets": [ "... the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that point of the e.m:f. wave at which the permanent current is zero. Closing the circuit at any other point of the e.m.f. wave produces a transient term of current and of magnetic flux. So for instance, if the circuit is closed when the current i should have its negative maximum value - 70, and therefore the magnetic flux and the magnetic flux density also be at their negative maximum value - ^>0 and - (B0 — that is, in an inductive circu ...", "... must be greater than 2 4>0, the more, the higher the resistance. That is, starting at a value somewhat below 2 4>0, it decreases below zero, and reaches a negative value. During the third half wave the magnetic flux, starting not at zero as in the first half wave, but at a negative 179 180 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA value, thus reaches a lower positive maximum, and thus grad- ually, at a rate depending upon the resistance of the circuit, the waves of magnetic flux 4>, and thereby current i, approach their final permanent or symmetrical cycles. 100. In the preceding, the assumption has been made that th ...", "... flux density, considerably decreased, that is, the maximum magnetic flux density would not rise to 20,000, but remain considerably below this value. The maximum current, however, would be still very much greater than twice the normal maximum. That is, in an iron-clad circuit, in starting, the transient term of current may rise to values very much higher than in air magnetic circuits. While in the latter it is limited to twice the normal value, in the iron-clad circuit, if the magnetic flux density reaches into the range of magnetic saturation, very much higher values of transient current are ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-51", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Discussion Of General Equations", "section_title": "Discussion Of General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 51, "number": 2, "location": "lines 28695-29315", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-51/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-51/", "snippets": [ "... he propagation is from higher to lower values of I, or towards decreasing I. Considering therefore iv el and i3J e3 as direct or main waves, iv e2 and i4, e4 are their return waves, or reflected waves, and iv e2 is the reflected wave of iv e^ i4, e4 is the reflected wave of iv ey 431 432 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA Obviously, i2J e2 and i^ e± may be considered as main waves, and then iv et and i3, e3 are reflected waves. Substituting ( - I) for (+ I) in equations (50) and (51), that is, looking at the circuit in the opposite direction, terms i2, e2 and iv e1 and terms i4, 64 and iv e3 merely change plac ...", "... reases in the direction of propagation, e+w for rising, s~hl for decreasing I, but the wave dies out with the increasing time t by £-(tt+s>< = s\"\"* e~st, that is, faster than the first wave. If the amplitude of the wave remained constant throughout the circuit — as would be the case in a free oscillation of the circuit, in which the stored energy of the circuit is dissipated, but no power supplied one way or the other — that is, if h = 0, from equation (56) s = 0; that is, both waves coincide and form one, which dies out with the time by the decrement e~ut. It thus follows: In general, two wa ...", "... +w for rising, s~hl for decreasing I, but the wave dies out with the increasing time t by £-(tt+s>< = s\"\"* e~st, that is, faster than the first wave. If the amplitude of the wave remained constant throughout the circuit — as would be the case in a free oscillation of the circuit, in which the stored energy of the circuit is dissipated, but no power supplied one way or the other — that is, if h = 0, from equation (56) s = 0; that is, both waves coincide and form one, which dies out with the time by the decrement e~ut. It thus follows: In general, two waves, with their reflected waves, traverse t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1317-1992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... ugh the circuit, a condition of stress exists which is called the electric field of the conductor. That is, the surrounding space is not uniform, but has different electric and magnetic properties in different directions. No power is required to maintain the electric field, but energy 3 4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is required to produce the electric field, and this energy is returned, more or less completely, when the electric field dis- appears by the stoppage of the flow of energy. Thus, in starting the flow of electric energy, before a perma- nent condition is reached, a finite time must elapse dur ...", "... condition is reached, a finite time must elapse during which the energy of the electric field is stored, and the generator therefore gives more power than consumed in the conductor and delivered at the receiving end; again, the flow of electric energy cannot be stopped instantly, but first the energy stored in the electric field has to be expended. As result hereof, where the flow of electric energy pulsates, as in an alternating- current circuit, continuously electric energy is stored in the field during a rise of the power, and returned to the circuit again during a decrease of the power. The ...", "... d the capacity of the circuit, respectively. As electric power P is resolved into the product of current i and voltage e, the power loss in the conductor, Ph therefore can also be resolved into a product of current i and voltage et which is consumed in the conductor. That is, P, = iet. 6 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA It is found that the voltage consumed in the conductor, eh is proportional to the factor i of the power P, that is, et = ri, (4) where r is the proportionality factor of the voltage consumed by the loss of power in the conductor, or by the power gradient, and is called the resistance of th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "section_title": "General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "number": 1, "location": "lines 27761-28694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "snippets": [ "... depending upon the voltage, — , as electrostatic component of the electric field; or the current consumed by a change of the de voltage, C — , that is, with an alternating voltage, the (leading) dt reactive current consumed in the circuit - jbe, where 6 = 2 and / = frequency. 417 418 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA In the investigation of electric circuits, these four constants, r, L, g, C, usually are assumed as located separately from each other, or localized. Although this assumption can never be per- fectly correct, — for instance, every resistor has some inductance and every reactor has some resist ...", "... lized. Although this assumption can never be per- fectly correct, — for instance, every resistor has some inductance and every reactor has some resistance, — nevertheless in most cases it is permissible and necessary, and only in some classes of phenomena, and in some kinds of circuits, such as high-frequency phenomena, voltage and current distribution in long-distance, high-potential circuits, cables, telephone circuits, etc., this assumption is not permissible, but r, L, g, C must be treated as distributed throughout the circuit. In the case of a circuit with distributed resistance, inductance, ...", "... ce, every resistor has some inductance and every reactor has some resistance, — nevertheless in most cases it is permissible and necessary, and only in some classes of phenomena, and in some kinds of circuits, such as high-frequency phenomena, voltage and current distribution in long-distance, high-potential circuits, cables, telephone circuits, etc., this assumption is not permissible, but r, L, g, C must be treated as distributed throughout the circuit. In the case of a circuit with distributed resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacity, as r, L, g, C, are denoted the effec- tive resista ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2972-3286", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 23, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ...", "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength ...", "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc. ; and the proportionality between curren ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_title": "Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 3387-3720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRA.NSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength ...", "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRA.NSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc.; and the proportionality between current ...", "... the simple exponential discussed before. If the magnetic circuit is closed entirely by iron, the magnetic flux is not proportional to the current, and the inductance thus not constant, but varies over the entire range of currents, following the permeability curve of the iron. Furthermore, the transient due to a decrease of the stored magnetic energy differs in shape and in value from that due to an increase of magnetic energy, since the rising and decreasing magnetization curves differ, as shown by the hysteresis cycle. Since no satisfactory mathematical expression has yet been found for t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Inductor Machines", "section_title": "Inductor Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 17, "location": "lines 20294-20974", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 22 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... r armature, if instead of pulsat- ing between 4>, and *2 or approximately zero, we would alternate between *i and — *i. On the other hand, the single field-coil construction gives a material advantage in the material economy of the field, and in machines having very many field poles, that is, high-frequency alternators, the economy in the field construction overbalances the lesser economy in the use of the armature, especially as at higli frequencies it is not feasible any more to push the alter- nating flux, $0, up to or near saturation values. Therefore, for high-frequency generators, the induc ...", "... field poles, that is, high-frequency alternators, the economy in the field construction overbalances the lesser economy in the use of the armature, especially as at higli frequencies it is not feasible any more to push the alter- nating flux, $0, up to or near saturation values. Therefore, for high-frequency generators, the inductor alternator becomes the economically superior types, and is preferred, and for ex- tremely high frequencies (20,000 to 100,000 cycles) the inductor alternator becomes the only feasible type, mechanically, 168. In the calculation of the magnetic circuit of the inductor ...", "... of the machine may be no larger, or may even be smaller than that of the standard type, in spite of the higher hysteresis coefficient, 170. 169. The inductor-machine type, Fig. 136, must have an £—21 \\f\\j\\j\\/\\r\\/\\j\\r ^ :f-A J fttfMtai«4**Aft« ! I >U Fig. 138. — Alexanderson high frequency inductor alternator. auxiliary air gap in the magnetic circuit, separating the revolving from the stationary part, as shown at S. It, therefore, is preferable 10 double the structure, Fig. 136, by using two armatures and inductors, with the field coil between them, as shown in Fig. 137. This ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-36", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "section_title": "Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14549-15353", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "snippets": [ "... rnator, in permanent condition, thus is As shown in Chapter XXII, \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" the armature reaction can be represented by an equivalent, or effective reactance, z2, and the self-inductive reactance, xv and the effective reactance of 199 200 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA armature reaction, x2J combine to form the synchronous react- ance, XQ = xl + x2, and the short-circuit current of the alterna- tor, in permanent condition, therefore can be expressed by where e0 = nominal generated e.m.f. 113. The effective reactance of armature reaction, xv differs, how ...", "... recfUency alternators, this increase of the momentary short-circuit current over the permanent short- circuit current is moderate, but may reach enormous values in machines of low self-inductance and high armature reaction, as large low frequency turbo alternators. 114. Superimposed upon this transient term, resulting from the gradual adjustment of the field flux to a change of m.m.f., is the transient term of armature reaction. In a polyphase alternator, the resultant m.m.f. of the .armature in permanent conditions is constant in intensity and revolves with regard to the armature at uniform ...", "... circuit current is moderate, but may reach enormous values in machines of low self-inductance and high armature reaction, as large low frequency turbo alternators. 114. Superimposed upon this transient term, resulting from the gradual adjustment of the field flux to a change of m.m.f., is the transient term of armature reaction. In a polyphase alternator, the resultant m.m.f. of the .armature in permanent conditions is constant in intensity and revolves with regard to the armature at uniform synchronous speed, hence is stationary 202 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA with regard to the field. In th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 33528-34202", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 50. The free oscillation of a complex circuit differs from that of the uniform circuit in that the former contains exponential functions of the distance A which represent the shifting or transfer of power between the sections of the circuit. Thus the general expression of one term or frequency of current and voltage ...", "... in the distance coordinate A = o-lt I being the distance coordinate of the circuit section in any measure, as miles, turns, etc., and r, L, g, C the circuit constants per unit length of I, a- = VIC, u = -(-=• + — ) = time constant of circuit section, 2 YL/ C ' UQ= u + s = resultant time decrement of complex circuit, s = u0 - u = energy transfer constant of circuit section. 613 514 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA The instantaneous value of power at any point X of the circuit at any time t is p = ei [A cos q(X-t) + B sin q (X - t)]2 [C cos q (X + 0 + D sin g (J + O]2} + [e+2sA(A2-£2) co ...", "... asure, as miles, turns, etc., and r, L, g, C the circuit constants per unit length of I, a- = VIC, u = -(-=• + — ) = time constant of circuit section, 2 YL/ C ' UQ= u + s = resultant time decrement of complex circuit, s = u0 - u = energy transfer constant of circuit section. 613 514 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA The instantaneous value of power at any point X of the circuit at any time t is p = ei [A cos q(X-t) + B sin q (X - t)]2 [C cos q (X + 0 + D sin g (J + O]2} + [e+2sA(A2-£2) cos 2q (X-t) -e~2s* (C2-D2) cos 2 g (l + t)] + 2 [ABe+*s*sm 2 g (X-t) -CDe-2'* sin 2-g (A + *)]} ; (303) that i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Divided Circuit", "section_title": "Divided Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9228-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "temporary term", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "... ential difference at terminals of branch circuits 1 and 2, it and i2 respectively = currents in branch circuits 1 and 2, and i3 = current in undivided part of circuit, 3. Then ia = il + i2 and e.m.f. at the terminals of circuit 1 is of circuit 2 is e = di 121 (2) (3) 122 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and of circuit 3 is (4) Instead of the inductances, L, and capacities, C, it is usually preferable, even in direct-current circuits, to introduce the reactances, x = 2 nfL = inductive reactance, xc = = con- 2 7T/G densive reactance, referred to a standard frequency, such as / = 60 cyc ...", "... i3dd = e0- e - r0i3 - x0 -^ • (12) Differentiating equations (7), (8), and (9), to eliminate the integral, gives as differential equations of the divided circuit: d?ii dil . de d in din de cPt' . di~ . deQ de and + r*--- Subtracting (14) from (13) gives d\\\\ di, .\\ / d?i2 di2 124 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA Multiplying (15) by 2, and adding thereto (13) and (14), gives, by substituting (1), i3 = it + t'2, (] i fi'l (2 x0 + x,) -^ + (2 r, + r^+ (2 xco + xji, + (2 *0 + x,) J| + (2 r0 + r2) ^ + (2 *Co + xc>'2 = 2 ^ . (17) These two differential equations (16) and (17) are integrated by the fu ...", "... r, + r^+ (2 xco + xji, + (2 *0 + x,) J| + (2 r0 + r2) ^ + (2 *Co + xc>'2 = 2 ^ . (17) These two differential equations (16) and (17) are integrated by the functions and - (18) i2 = i2' + A2e~ae, where if and i2 are the permanent values of current, and i\" = A^~a9 and i2\" = A2e~ae are the transient current terms. Substituting (18) in (16) and (17) gives /-/2/j / sl/\\ * \\Jj t/o (JLlci + A^-a9 (a\\ - ar1 + xc) - A2e~a0 (a?x2 - ar2 + xc) = 0 (19) and (Pi ' di' - (2 r0 + r,) + (2'^ + xc)i - a (2 r0 + r,) + (2 zco + xCl)} + A^-^ {a2 (2 x0 + xa) - a (2r0 + r2) + (2 xco + xc)} -2^- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "section_title": "General System Of Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 40, "location": "lines 12217-12884", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In the latter case, the dependency of the e.m.f. upon the currents must obviously be given. Then, in each branch circuit, ^5~=0, (1) where e = total impressed e.m.f.; r. = resistance; L = induc- tance, of the ...", "... ely, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In the latter case, the dependency of the e.m.f. upon the currents must obviously be given. Then, in each branch circuit, ^5~=0, (1) where e = total impressed e.m.f.; r. = resistance; L = induc- tance, of the circuit or branch of circuit tra ...", "... -*, (6) 1 where iKf is the stationary value of current iK, reached for t = . Substituting (6) in (4) gives M^-^O. (7) 1 For t = oo , this equation becomes These n equations (8) determine the stationary components of the n currents, iK'. Subtracting (8) from (7) gives, for the transient components of currents iK, the n equations 170 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA Reversing the order of summation in (10) gives A-o =0- (11) The n equations (11) must be identities, that is, the coefficients of £~aJ must individually disappear. Each equation (11) thus gives m equations between ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_title": "Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 608-1548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "arresters", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... by their temperature, the intensity of radiation increases, 'but at the same time radiations of higher and higher frequencies appear, and ultimately the rods become visible in the dark, giving a dark red light; that is, of all the radiations sent out by the rods, a small part is of sufficiently high frequency to be visible. Still further increasing the tempera- ture, the total radiation increases, but the waves of high frequency in- crease more rapidly than those vof lower frequency ; that is, the average frequency of radiation increases or the average wave length decreases and higher and higher ...", "... s appear, and ultimately the rods become visible in the dark, giving a dark red light; that is, of all the radiations sent out by the rods, a small part is of sufficiently high frequency to be visible. Still further increasing the tempera- ture, the total radiation increases, but the waves of high frequency in- crease more rapidly than those vof lower frequency ; that is, the average frequency of radiation increases or the average wave length decreases and higher and higher frequencies appear, — orange rays, yellow, green, blue, violet, and the color of the light thus gradually changes to bri ...", "... , green) than the lower frequencies of light (red, orange and yellow) with increase in temperature, the light FIG. 10. 12 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. would become bluish. However, we are close to the limit of temperature which even tungsten can stand, and to show you light of high frequency or short wave length I use a different apparatus in which a more direct conversion of electric energy into radiation takes place, — the mercury arc lamp. Here the light is bluish green, containing only the highest frequencies of visible radiation, violet, blue and green, but practically none o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "section_title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 27501-29124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "decrement", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... which the amplitude of each following wave bears to that of the preceding wave a constant ratio. Such currents consist of a series of waves of constant length, decreasing in amplitude, that is in strength, in constant proportion. They are called oscillating currents in analogy with mechanical oscillations, — for instance of the pendu- lum, — in which the amplitude of the vibration decreases in constant proportion. Since the amplitude of the oscillating current varies, constantly decreasing, the oscillating current differs from 409 410 APPF.A'DIX //. [S280 the alternating current i ...", "... practically in a very short time, short even in comparison with the time of one alternating half- wave. Characteristic constants of the oscillating current are the period T or frequency .■V= 1/7\", the first ampli- tude and the ratio of any two successive amplitudes, the latter being called the decrement of the wave. The oscil- lating current will thus be represented by the product of s^ s: \"-^^ A 7' S;~-- X\" Ji~ S.' ^i ..-:^-~-^--_ Z ^ _--\" \\.z-- \"■\"Sfcit ^' ..335 .g^.- a periodic function, and a function decreasing in geometric proportion with the time. The latter ...", "... \"** is tan o = — /? = constant. That of the oscillating wave E ^ re\"** cos (<^ — w) is tan ^3 = — {tan (<^ — u>) + a} . Hence, it is increased over that of the alternating sine wave by the constant a. The ratio of the amplitudes of two consequent periods is E, A is called the numerical decrement of the oscillating wave, a the exponential decrement of the oscillating wave, a the angular decrement of the oscillating wave. The oscillating wave can be represented by the equation In the instance represented by Figs. 181 and 182, we have A = .4, a = .1435, a = 8.2°. Impcdarice and Admitt ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 25904-27405", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "decrement", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... which the amplitude of each following wave bears to that of the preceding wave a constant ratio. Such currents consist of a series of waves of constant length, decreasing in amplitude, that is in strength, in constant proportion. They are called oscillating currents in analogy with mechanical oscillations, — for instance of the pendu- lum,— in which the amplitude of the vibration decreases in constant proportion. Since the amplitude of the oscillating current varies, constantly decreasing, the oscillating current differs from 497 498 APPENDIX II. the alternating current in so far tha ...", "... practically in a very short time, short even in comparison with the time of one alternating half- wave. Characteristic constants of the oscillating current are the period T or frequency N = 1/7\", the first ampli- tude and the ratio of any two successive amplitudes, the latter being called the decrement of the wave. The oscil- lating current will thus be represented by the product of V ^ ! I\"**' \\ ^ -. \\ / S r~~ -- __ 1 > \\ 180 / 3W \\ MO ^ ^-1 raT X — — TWO — J j»W8Q \\ / \\ . ___ ^. •^-i \\ / _^ — ->T=- Vy /.\\ -' ...", "... = ei'0* is tan a = — a = constant. That of the oscillating wave E = *?e~a* cos (<£ — to) is tan /3 = — {tan (<£ — w) + a} . Hence, it is increased over that of the alternating sine wave by the constant a. The ratio of the amplitudes of two consequent periods is A is called the numerical decrement of the oscillating wave, a the exponential decrement of the oscillating wave, a the angular decrement of the oscillating wave. The oscillating wave can be represented by the equation £ = ec-**™\" cos ($ — 5). In the instance represented by Figs. 181 and 182> we have A = .4, a = .1435, a = 8. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 9741-11604", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... y of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of alternating-current transformers for very high voltage. It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may w ...", "... ms in the expression of E0 and of I0 are the same in A.) and in B.). DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 163 111. C.) Complete investigation of distributed capacity, inductance, leakage, and resistance. In some cases, especially in very long circuits, as in lines conveying alternating power currents at high potential over extremely long distances by overhead conductors or un- derground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance — which consumes E.M.Fs. in phase with the current — and of the line reactance — which co ...", "... stributed capacity, inductance, leakage, and resistance. In some cases, especially in very long circuits, as in lines conveying alternating power currents at high potential over extremely long distances by overhead conductors or un- derground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance — which consumes E.M.Fs. in phase with the current — and of the line reactance — which con- sumes E.M.Fs. in quadrature with the current — is not sufficient for the explanation of the phenomena taking place in the line, but ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_title": "Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "kind": "mathematical-appendix", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "PDF pages 27-68, lines 2165-5013", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "snippets": [ "... MF is not constant, but pulsates with approximately constant low frequency, the frequency of the beat, and decreasing amplitude. co =co oe = maximum value of the phase angle, then may approximately represent the gradually decreasing amplitude of the phase angle, where a = attenuation of the beat or oscillation, and -at . ... co=a>oo sin pc/> (5; would approximately represent the instantaneous value of the phase angle co where: pf= frequency of the beat, or the periodic variation of the phase angle. [In the derivation of equations (3) and (4), co has been assumed as constant. As co is not constant, but by ...", "... at is, the resistance of the circuit, and thus also is of no further interest. The third term: p'Y=-!|cos(2a>-a) is of the low frequency of the beat, or the current fluctuation between the two alternators: pf. It thus represents the energy transfer between the two alternators, during their periodic oscillations, or, resolving the last equation: E 2 E 2 p'Y= TT sin a sin 2a> =- cos a cos w. 2z 2z The second term: E 2 p'Y'= - cos a. cos a> has the same sign for negative w, that is, when the machine is lagging, as for positive w when the machine is leading, thus it represents no energy transfer between the m ...", "... 2z 2z The second term: E 2 p'Y'= - cos a. cos a> has the same sign for negative w, that is, when the machine is lagging, as for positive w when the machine is leading, thus it represents no energy transfer between the machines. The synchronizing power, or energy transfer during the synchro- nizing oscillations of two alternators, which are out of phase but in synchronism, thus is given by the expression: E 2 P=- sin a sin 2co (6) Thus, the synchronizing power p, is a maximum, and is : _E 2 . for a = 90 degrees, that is, if the resistance r of the circuit between the alternators is negligible compared wit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Long Distance Transmission", "section_title": "Long Distance Transmission", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2562-3132", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high tension", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "snippets": [ "... R, and E is the voltage between the conductors = 2 e. For instance, wire No. 0000 D = .46\" ; corona effects begin at the voltage E = 100,000 [) D^ = 46,000. ' ' For 100,000 volts the smallest diameter for which no corona effects occur is : D= ? =1\" 100,000 68 GENERAL LECTURES In high potential transformers in the coils no corona effects may occur, because the diameter of the coil or the thick- ness is large enough, but the leads connecting the coils with each other and with the outside, if not chosen very large in diameter, may give corona effects and so break down. In a line or tr ...", "... ground are 50,000 volts, and if the conductor diameter is 2 \"> ^o corona effects occur. If now one terminal is grounded, the other terminal has 100,000 volts to ground and so at 2 \" diameter gives corona effects, that is, glow and streamers which may destroy the insulating material or produce high frequency oscillations. At very high voltages it is therefore necessary to have the system statically balanced or symmetrical, that is, have the same potential differences from all the conductors to the ground. Any electric circuit, and so also the transmission line, contains inductance and capacity, ...", "... 000 volts, and if the conductor diameter is 2 \"> ^o corona effects occur. If now one terminal is grounded, the other terminal has 100,000 volts to ground and so at 2 \" diameter gives corona effects, that is, glow and streamers which may destroy the insulating material or produce high frequency oscillations. At very high voltages it is therefore necessary to have the system statically balanced or symmetrical, that is, have the same potential differences from all the conductors to the ground. Any electric circuit, and so also the transmission line, contains inductance and capacity, and therefor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4218-4594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 16, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... t the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of load of a synchronous motor) then the two machines pull each other in phase again, oscillate a few times against each other, which oscillation gradually decreases and dies out, and the machines run steadily. If the oscillations do not decrease, but continue, the machines are said to be hunting. If the oscillation is small it may do no harm ; if it is greater, it may cause fluctuation of voltage, resulting in flick- ering of lights ...", "... t out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of load of a synchronous motor) then the two machines pull each other in phase again, oscillate a few times against each other, which oscillation gradually decreases and dies out, and the machines run steadily. If the oscillations do not decrease, but continue, the machines are said to be hunting. If the oscillation is small it may do no harm ; if it is greater, it may cause fluctuation of voltage, resulting in flick- ering of lights, etc. ; if it gets very large, it may throw the ma- chines out of step. Some causes ...", "... ynchronous motor) then the two machines pull each other in phase again, oscillate a few times against each other, which oscillation gradually decreases and dies out, and the machines run steadily. If the oscillations do not decrease, but continue, the machines are said to be hunting. If the oscillation is small it may do no harm ; if it is greater, it may cause fluctuation of voltage, resulting in flick- ering of lights, etc. ; if it gets very large, it may throw the ma- chines out of step. Some causes of hunting are: 1st. Magnetic lag. 2nd. Pulsation of engine speed. 3rd. Hunting of e ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "number": 1, "location": "lines 19260-19338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "arresters", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. The preceding sections deal with transient phenomena in time, that is, phenomena occurring during the time when a change or transition takes place between one condition of a cir- cuit and .another. The time, t, then is the independent variable, electric quantities as current, e.m.f., etc., the dependent variables. Similar transient phenomena al ...", "... th transient phenomena in time, that is, phenomena occurring during the time when a change or transition takes place between one condition of a cir- cuit and .another. The time, t, then is the independent variable, electric quantities as current, e.m.f., etc., the dependent variables. Similar transient phenomena also occur in space, that is, with space, distance, length, etc., as independent variable. Such transient phenomena then connect the conditions of the electric quantities at one point in space with the electric quantities at another point in space, as, for instance, current and potential diffe ...", "... between one condition of a cir- cuit and .another. The time, t, then is the independent variable, electric quantities as current, e.m.f., etc., the dependent variables. Similar transient phenomena also occur in space, that is, with space, distance, length, etc., as independent variable. Such transient phenomena then connect the conditions of the electric quantities at one point in space with the electric quantities at another point in space, as, for instance, current and potential difference at the generator end of a transmission line with those at the receiving end of the line, or current density at ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 48, "number": 8, "location": "lines 26095-27002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arresters", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "snippets": [ "... onductor to the point under consideration, or, in other words, the electric field lags the more, the greater the distance from the conductor. Since the velocity of propagation is very high — about 3 X 1010 centimeters per second — the wave of an alternating or oscillating current even of very high frequency is of considerable length ; at 60 cycles the wave length is 0.5 X 109 centimeters, and even at a million cycles the wave length is 30,000 centimeters, or about 1000 feet, that is, very great compared with the distance to which electric fields usually extend. The important part of the electric ...", "... the range in which an appreciable field exists this field is practically in phase with the flow of energy in the conductor, that is, the velocity of propagation has no appreciable effect. Thus, the finite velocity of propagation of the electric field requires consideration only: 387 388 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (a) At extremely high frequencies, hundreds of millions of cycles per second, as given by Hertzian resonators. (6) In high frequency discharges having no return circuit or no well defined return circuit, as lightning discharges. In this case the effective resistance of radiation may be so la ...", "... ocity of propagation has no appreciable effect. Thus, the finite velocity of propagation of the electric field requires consideration only: 387 388 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (a) At extremely high frequencies, hundreds of millions of cycles per second, as given by Hertzian resonators. (6) In high frequency discharges having no return circuit or no well defined return circuit, as lightning discharges. In this case the effective resistance of radiation may be so large com- pared with the ohmic resistance, even when considering the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII), that t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-44", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 44, "number": 4, "location": "lines 23179-23585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil con ...", "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil contains a large number of turns, a great leng ...", "... APACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil contains a large number of turns, a great length of conductor, and therefore its electrostatic capacity is appreciable, and such a coil thus represents a circuit of distributed resistance, inductance, and capacity somewhat similar to a transmission line. The same applies to reactive coil ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulse", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... sin a-^-sin /?4-sin y = a^h^c^ (25) %%%%%% i 1 1 ^ 106 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. COS )- = 2ah or \\ c^ = a--\\-h'^—2ahQosr. ah sin y (26) Area = 2 c^ sin a sin ^ sin 7- (27) B. TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES. 76. Engineering phenomena usually are either constant, transient, or periodic. Constant, for instance, is the terminal voltage of a storage-battery and the current taken from it through a constant resistance. Transient phenomena occur during a change in the condition of an electric circuit, as a change of load; or, disturbances entering the circuit from the ...", "... y (26) Area = 2 c^ sin a sin ^ sin 7- (27) B. TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES. 76. Engineering phenomena usually are either constant, transient, or periodic. Constant, for instance, is the terminal voltage of a storage-battery and the current taken from it through a constant resistance. Transient phenomena occur during a change in the condition of an electric circuit, as a change of load; or, disturbances entering the circuit from the outside or originating in it, etc. Periodic phenomena are the alternating currents and voltages, pulsating currents as those produced by rectifiers, the distributi ...", "... ctly attained, and frequently the deviation from sine shape is suffi- cient to require practical consideration/ especially in those cases, where the electric circuit contains electrostatic capacity, as is for instance, the case with long-distance transmission lines, underground cable systems, high potential transformers, etc. (However, no matter how much the alternating or other periodic wave differs from simple sine shape — ^that is, however much the wave is '' distorted,\" it can always be represented by the trigonometric seriesj(3). As illustration the following applications of the trigo- no ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "section_title": "Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6089-7274", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulses", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE X. INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITY OF ROUND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS. A. Inductance and capacity. 43. As inductance and capacity are the two circuit constants which represent the energy storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The inductance is the ratio of the interlinkages of the mag- netic flux to the current, £ = ?- (i) i/ where = magnetic flux or number of lines of magnetic force, and n the number of times which each line of magnetic force interlink ...", "... circles intersecting in two points (the foci) inside of the con- ductors, as shown in Fig. 9, page 11. With more than one return conductor, and with phase displacement between the return currents, as in a three-phase three-wire circuit, the path of the 119 'iJBLtiGTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. lines of force is still more complicated, and varies during the cyclic change of current. The calculation of such more complex magnetic and dielectric fields becomes simple, however, by the method of superposition of fields. As long as the magnetic and the dielectric flux are pro- portion ...", "... Calculation of Circuit. At distance x from the conductor center, the length of the mag netic circuit is 2 irx, and if F = m.m.f. of the conductor, the mag- netizing force is and the field intensity hence the magnetic density (B 2F x (4) (5) 122 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. and the magnetic flux in the zone dx thus is d^=^fdx, I (6) and the magnetic flux interlinked with the conductor thus is X hence the total magnetic flux between the distances x\\ and z2 is rx*2 thus the inductance X 1. External magnetic flux, xi = r; xz = s; jP = i, as this flux ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "section_title": "Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2366-3638", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 12 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... the bluish green is superior 48 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. in visibility to the orange yellow for long distances, and inversely, the orange yellow is superior for short distances. At the limits of visibility the eye is very many times more sensitive to green light and, in general, high-frequency light, than to orange yellow and, in general, low-frequency light. A necessary result of the higher sensitivity of the eye for green light is the preponderance of green in gas and vapor spectra. As no special reason exists why spectrum lines should appear more frequently at one wave length th ...", "... dle of the night, the patient was awakened by severe pains in the eyes, the symptoms of the ultra-violet burn, and had to seek medical attendance. Under proper treatment recovery occurred in a few days, but the blurring of the vision was appreciable for some days longer, and the sensitivity to high-frequency light for some weeks. 28. Arcs produce considerable amount of ultra-violet light,* and in former experiments we have used a high frequency iron arc for producing ultra-violet light and also have seen that even a very thin sheet of glass is opaque for these radiations. For very long ultra-vio ...", "... dance. Under proper treatment recovery occurred in a few days, but the blurring of the vision was appreciable for some days longer, and the sensitivity to high-frequency light for some weeks. 28. Arcs produce considerable amount of ultra-violet light,* and in former experiments we have used a high frequency iron arc for producing ultra-violet light and also have seen that even a very thin sheet of glass is opaque for these radiations. For very long ultra-violet rays, that is, the range close to the visible violet, glass is not quite opaque, but becomes perfectly opaque for about one-quarter to on ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "section_title": "Luminescence", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5077-6608", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... hat is, temperatures below incandescence, is called fluorescence or phosphorescence. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Fluorescence is the production of radiation from the energy supplied to and absorbed by the fluorescent body, while phos- phorescence is the production of radiation from the energy stored in the phosphorescent body. This energy may be derived from internal changes in the body, as slow combustion, or may have been received by the body at some previous time — as by exposure to light a calcium sulphide screen absorbs the energy of incident radiation, stores it in some form, and af ...", "... ges in the body which make it luminesce, represent energy storage — the kinetic energy of the luminescent vibration, etc. — and when the energy supply to the body ceases, the radiation issuing from the body does not instantly cease, but continues, with gradually decreasing intensity, until the stored energy is dissipated : the body phos- 94 LUMINESCENCE. 95 phoresces. Inversely, fluorescent radiation probably does not appear instantly at full intensity, as energy has first to be stored. The persistence of the luminescence after the power supply has stopped, as phosphorescence, is very short, ...", "... strength of the gas is exceeded at those places where the field intensity is highest, as at the needle points, before the disruptive voltage of the spark gap is reached, and then a partial break down occurs at the points of maximum field intensity, as at the needle points, or at the surface of high potential conductors, etc. A blue glow, then, appears at the needle points followed by violet streamers (in air, the color being the nitrogen spectrum; in other gases other colors appear), and gradually increases in extent with increasing voltage, the so-called \" brush discharge,\" or \" corona.\" Between ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... that neither Co nor Xq have any actual existence, correspond to actual magnetic fluxes, and for instance, when calculating efficiency and losses, the core loss of the machine does not correspond to eo, but corresponds to the actual or resultant magnetic flux. Fig. 112. Also, in deal- ing with transients involving the dissipation of the magnetic energy stored in the machine, the magnetic energy of the result- ant field, Fig. 112, comes into consideration, and not the — ^much REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 237 larger — energy, which the fields corresponding to e© and Xo would have. Thus t ...", "... rrespond to actual magnetic fluxes, and for instance, when calculating efficiency and losses, the core loss of the machine does not correspond to eo, but corresponds to the actual or resultant magnetic flux. Fig. 112. Also, in deal- ing with transients involving the dissipation of the magnetic energy stored in the machine, the magnetic energy of the result- ant field, Fig. 112, comes into consideration, and not the — ^much REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 237 larger — energy, which the fields corresponding to e© and Xo would have. Thus the short-circuit transient of a heavily loaded ma- chine ...", "... ssipation of the magnetic energy stored in the machine, the magnetic energy of the result- ant field, Fig. 112, comes into consideration, and not the — ^much REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 237 larger — energy, which the fields corresponding to e© and Xo would have. Thus the short-circuit transient of a heavily loaded ma- chine is essentially the same as that of the same machine at no- load, with the same terminal voltage, although in the former the field excitation and the nominal induced voltage may be very much larger. The use of the term armature reaction in dealing with the effect ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2659-3514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "transient phenomenon", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... used for producing magnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a transient term connecting the current values i0 and iv and into the equation of the transient term enters the inductance. Count the time t from the moment when the change in the continuous-current circuit starts, and denote the impressed e.m.f. by e0, the resistance by r, and the inductance by L. p ...", "... Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a transient term connecting the current values i0 and iv and into the equation of the transient term enters the inductance. Count the time t from the moment when the change in the continuous-current circuit starts, and denote the impressed e.m.f. by e0, the resistance by r, and the inductance by L. p il = - = current in permanent or stationary condition after the change of circuit ...", "... f circuit condition. Denoting by i0 the current in circuit before the change, and therefore at the moment t = 0, by i the current during the change, the e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is ir, and the e.m.f. consumed by inductance L is di Ldt' where i = current in the circuit. 26 26 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA di Hence, eQ = ir + L — > (1) dt or, substituting eQ = if, and transposing, -i*-i±V This equation is integrated by - -t = log (i - ij - logc, where — log c is the integration constant, or, r i — i^ = ce L . However, for t = 0, i = iQ. Substituting this, gives IQ — il = c, - ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-46", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "section_title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 46, "number": 6, "location": "lines 23948-24980", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "snippets": [ "... laminated so as to give, at the impressed frequency, practically uniform magnetic induction throughout its section, that is, negligible secondary currents. This, however, is no longer the case, even with the thinnest possible laminations, at extremely high frequencies, as oscillating currents, lightning discharges, etc., and under these conditions the magnetic flux distribution in the iron is not uniform, but the magnetic flux density, (B, decreases rapidly, and lags in phase, with increasing depth below the surface of the lamination, so that ultimately hardly any magnetic flux exists in the ...", "... es rapidly, and lags in phase, with increasing depth below the surface of the lamination, so that ultimately hardly any magnetic flux exists in the inside of the laminations, but practically only a surface layer carries magnetic flux. The apparent permeability of the iron thus decreases at very high frequency, and this has led to the opinion that at very high fre- quencies iron cannot follow a magnetic cycle. There is, however, no evidence of such a \" viscous hysteresis,\" but it is probable that iron follows magnetically even at the highest frequencies, traversing practically the same hysteresis cyc ...", "... hat at very high fre- quencies iron cannot follow a magnetic cycle. There is, however, no evidence of such a \" viscous hysteresis,\" but it is probable that iron follows magnetically even at the highest frequencies, traversing practically the same hysteresis cycle irrespective of 355 356 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the frequency, if the true m.m.f., that is, the resultant of the impressed m.m.f. and the m.m.f. of the secondary currents in the iron, is considered. Since with increasing frequency, at constant impressed m.m.f., the resultant m.m.f. decreases, due to the increase of the demagnetizing secon ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lightning", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... ne, of r = 60 ohms resist- ance, a;= 135 ohms inductive reactance, and 6 = 0.0012 conden- sive susceptance, for various values of non-inductive, inductive, and condensive load. Starting with the complete equations of the long-distance transmission line, as given in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" Section III, paragraph 9, and considering that for every one of the various power-factors, lag, and lead, a sufficient number of values 249 250 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. have to be calculated to give a curve, the amount of work appears hopelessly l ...", "... a;= 135 ohms inductive reactance, and 6 = 0.0012 conden- sive susceptance, for various values of non-inductive, inductive, and condensive load. Starting with the complete equations of the long-distance transmission line, as given in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" Section III, paragraph 9, and considering that for every one of the various power-factors, lag, and lead, a sufficient number of values 249 250 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. have to be calculated to give a curve, the amount of work appears hopelessly large. However, without loss of eng ...", "... r instance, when investigating the short-circuit current of an electric generating system, it is of importance to know whether this current is 3 or 4 times normal current, or whether it is 40 to 50 times normal current, but it is immaterial whether it is 45 to 46 or 50 times normal. In studying lightning phenomena, and, in general, abnormal voltages in electric systems, calculating the discharge capacity of lightning arres- ters, etc., the magnitude of the quantity is often sufficient. In 254 ^ ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. calculating the critical speed of turbine alternators, or the natural p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 959-3894", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "arresters", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... ust be considered, and with impressed voltages less than the polarization ELECTRIC CONDUCTION 9 voltage, no permanent current flows through the electrolyte, or rather only a very small \"leakage'' current or \"diffusion\" cur- rent, as shown in Fig. 3. When closing the circuit, however, a transient current flows. At the moment of circuit closing, no counter e.m.f. exists, and current flows under the full impressed voltage. This current, however, electroljrtically produces a hy- drogen and an oxygen film at the electrodes, and with their grad- ual formation, the counter e.m.f. of polarizat ...", "... s under the full impressed voltage. This current, however, electroljrtically produces a hy- drogen and an oxygen film at the electrodes, and with their grad- ual formation, the counter e.m.f. of polarization increases and de- creases the current, until it finally stops it. The duration of this transient depends on the resistance of the electrolyte and on the surface of the electrodes, but usually is fairly short. 7. This transient becomes a permanent with alternating im- pressed voltage. Thus, when an alternating voltage, of a maxi- e ^-- ^ V. \"^7 y\"\"\"^^ eo ( • ' ...", "... odes, and with their grad- ual formation, the counter e.m.f. of polarization increases and de- creases the current, until it finally stops it. The duration of this transient depends on the resistance of the electrolyte and on the surface of the electrodes, but usually is fairly short. 7. This transient becomes a permanent with alternating im- pressed voltage. Thus, when an alternating voltage, of a maxi- e ^-- ^ V. \"^7 y\"\"\"^^ eo ( • ' % Fia. 3. mum value lower than the polarization voltage, is impressed upon an electrolytic cell, an alternating current flo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-39", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Mechanical Rectification", "section_title": "Mechanical Rectification", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 39, "number": 3, "location": "lines 15963-17754", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "snippets": [ "... sible only in limited-current circuits, as on arc lighting machines, or in * If the circuit is reversed at the moment when the alternating current passes zero, due to self-inductance of the rectified circuit its current differs from zero, and an arc still appears at the rectifier. 229 230 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA cases where the voltage of the rectified circuit is only a small part of the total voltage, and thus the current not controlled thereby, as when rectifying for the supply of series fields of alternators. 2. r = r0 = oo , or open circuit rectification. This is feasible only if the rectified c ...", "... the Thomson-Houston arc machine is a star-connected three- phase constant-current alternator with rectifying commutator. The Brush arc machine is a quarter-phase machine with rectify- ing commutator. In rectification frequently the sine wave term of the current is entirely overshadowed by the transient exponential term, and thus the current in the rectified circuit is essentially of an exponential nature. As examples, three cases will be discussed: 1. Single-phase constant-current rectification; that is, a rectifier is inserted in an alternating-current circuit, and the voltage consumed b ...", "... ation : di i (r +r1) + x~ - i0rl sin 0 = 0, au (3) (4) which is integrated by the function : i = Ae-ae+ Bsin (6 - 8). Substituting (4) in (3) and arranging, gives : A (r + rl - ax) e~ a& + [B ( [r + rj cos d + x sin 8) - i/J sin 0 - [(r + rj sin d - x cos d] B cos 0 = 0, (5) 232 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA which equation must be an identity, thus : and and herefrom: r + rl — ax = 0, B ( [r + rj cos d + x sin d) - i0rl = 0 (r + PJL) sin d — x cos d = 0, tand = and where hence: r+r, B = i ° V(r+ rj' (6) z = V(r + r,)2 + x2; (7) (8) During the time of short-ci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 3, "location": "lines 836-874", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discha ...", "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discharge of line of constant voltage and zero current. 329 33. Example of short-circu ...", "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discharge of line of constant voltage and zero current. 329 33. Example of short-circuit oscillation of line. 331 34. Circuit grounded at both ends : Half-wave oscillation. 333 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_title": "Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3515-4071", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 10, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. • 26. In alternating-current circuits, the inductance L, or, as it is usually employed, the reactance x = 2 nfL, where / = fre- quency, enters the expression of the transient as well as the permanent term. At the moment 0 = 0, let the e.m.f. e = E cos (0 — 00) be impressed upon a circuit of resistance r and inductance L, thus inductive reactance x = 2 xfL; let the time 6 = 2 xft be counted from the moment of closing the circuit, and 00 be the phase of the impress ...", "... - d) + A£~a°, (2) where e = basis of natural logarithms = 2.7183. Substituting (2) in (1), E cos (6 - 00) = Ir cos (6 - i) + Ars~a0 - Ix sin (d-d)- Aaxs'\"', or, rearranged: (E cos 00 - Ir cos § - Ix sin d) cos 0 + (E sin 00 - Ir sin 8 + /x cos d) sin 0 - ^e~a\" (ax - r) = 0. 41 42 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA Since this equation must be fulfilled for any value of 6, if (2) is the integral of (1), the coefficients of cos 6, sin 0, £~a9 must vanish separately. That is, E cos 00 — Ir cos d — Ix sin d = 0, E sin 00 - Ir sin d + Ix cos d = 0, and Herefrom it follows that ax — r = 0. Subs ...", "... e starting moment 0 = 0 the current is not zero but = iw we have, substituted in (7), A = ^--(508(0 i =-- cos (d - 60 - ^)-cos (00 + 0,)- e* . (10) 27. The equation of current (9) contains a permanent term E — cos (0 — 00 — dj, which usually is the only term considered, E -~e and a transient term — e x cos (00 + 0t). z The greater the resistance r and smaller the reactance x, the more rapidly the term :- e ;c cos (00 -f 0t) disappears. This transient term is a maximum if the circuit is closed at the moment 00 = — 6V that is, at the moment when the E permanent value of curr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... eld, and are the two components of the electric field of the conductor. 8. The magnetic field or magnetic flux of the circuit, $, is pro- portional to the current, i, with a proportionality factor, L, which is called the inductance of the circuit. $ = L^.* (1) The magnetic field represents stored energy ly. To produce it, power, p, must therefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage : P = e'i, (2) * n^, if the flux interlinks the circuit n fold. 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. to produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage e' mus ...", "... ce of the circuit. $ = L^.* (1) The magnetic field represents stored energy ly. To produce it, power, p, must therefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage : P = e'i, (2) * n^, if the flux interlinks the circuit n fold. 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. to produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage e' must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gives the power p, which supplies the stored energy w of the magnetic field $. This voltage e' is called the inductance voltage, or voltage consumed hy self-induction. S ...", "... ent times voltage : P = e'i, (2) * n^, if the flux interlinks the circuit n fold. 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. to produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage e' must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gives the power p, which supplies the stored energy w of the magnetic field $. This voltage e' is called the inductance voltage, or voltage consumed hy self-induction. Since no power is required to maintain the field, but power is required to produce it, the inductance voltage must be propor- tional to the rate of increase of the magnetic fiel ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 883-1530", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulses", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... , and are the two components of the electric field of the conductor. 8. The magnetic field or magnetic flux of the circuit, <£, is pro- portional to the current, i, with a proportionality factor, L, which is called the inductance of the circuit. = Li. (1) The magnetic field represents stored energy w. To produce it, power, p, must therefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage, p = e'i. (2) 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. To produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage ef must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gi ...", "... roportionality factor, L, which is called the inductance of the circuit. = Li. (1) The magnetic field represents stored energy w. To produce it, power, p, must therefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage, p = e'i. (2) 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. To produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage ef must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gives the power p, which supplies the stored energy w of the magnetic field . This voltage er is called the inductance voltage, or voltage consumed by self-induction. ...", "... erefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage, p = e'i. (2) 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. To produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage ef must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gives the power p, which supplies the stored energy w of the magnetic field . This voltage er is called the inductance voltage, or voltage consumed by self-induction. Since no power is required to maintain the field, but power is required to produce it, the inductance voltage must be propor- tional to the increase of the magnetic field: : ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-57", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "section_title": "Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 57, "number": 8, "location": "lines 34203-34896", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "impulse", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-57/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-57/", "snippets": [ "... quation of the current and voltage in a sec tion of a complex circuit, from equations (290), is - £-sA [C cos q 0* + 0 + D sin q (A + 0]} e = C£-Uot {e+8* [A cos g (J - 0 + # sin g (A - 0] where A = l< 0 is section 1, A>0 is section 2, equations (285) assume the form A2 = B2 = C2 = D2 = blCv (349) From equations (349) and (286) it follows that c2 (A* - C22) = ct (A* - C,2) 1 and (350) c2 (B2 - D2) = c, (B2 ...", "... supplementary to the B impact angle, tan (ij = + -~, and transmission angle, tan (i'2) Reversing the sign of ^ in the equation (355) of the reflected wave, that is, counting the distance for the reflected wave also in the direction of its propagation, and so in opposite direction as 528 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA in the main wave and the transmitted wave, equations (355) become C2+C1 (357) and then or c, 2 ' \"1 V1J (358) (1) In a single electric wave, current and e.m.f. are in phase with each other. Phase displacements between current and e.m.f. thus can occur only in resultant w ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... e, and the phase difference between the machine reverses, and the ma- chines thus oscillate against each other, while the interchange current between the machines fluctuates between a maximum value at maximum phase difference, and zero or a minimum value when machines are in phase. If there were no damping effects, this oscillation would con- tinue with constant amplitude. Due to the damping effects exerted mainly by the lag of the field flux behind the resultant field excitation (the armature reaction component of the synchronous impedance), the amplitude of the oscillation steadily diminishes, unti ...", "... rence between the machine reverses, and the ma- chines thus oscillate against each other, while the interchange current between the machines fluctuates between a maximum value at maximum phase difference, and zero or a minimum value when machines are in phase. If there were no damping effects, this oscillation would con- tinue with constant amplitude. Due to the damping effects exerted mainly by the lag of the field flux behind the resultant field excitation (the armature reaction component of the synchronous impedance), the amplitude of the oscillation steadily diminishes, until the oscillation disappea ...", "... late against each other, while the interchange current between the machines fluctuates between a maximum value at maximum phase difference, and zero or a minimum value when machines are in phase. If there were no damping effects, this oscillation would con- tinue with constant amplitude. Due to the damping effects exerted mainly by the lag of the field flux behind the resultant field excitation (the armature reaction component of the synchronous impedance), the amplitude of the oscillation steadily diminishes, until the oscillation disappears. That is, the interchange current between two alternators ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13484-14333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lightning", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... m. For example, if d = 0.1 cm.,/ = 100, B = 5000, X = 10^ then / = 1.338 ampere-turns per cm.; that is, half as much as in a lamina of the thickness d. For a more complete investigation of the screening effect of eddy currents in laminated iron, see Section III of \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" 112. Besides the edd}^, or Foucault, currents proper, which exist as parasitic currents in the interior of the iron lamina or wire, under certain circumstances eddy currents also exist in larger orbits from lamina to lamina through the whole magnetic stru ...", "... / = 100, B = 5000, X = 10^ then / = 1.338 ampere-turns per cm.; that is, half as much as in a lamina of the thickness d. For a more complete investigation of the screening effect of eddy currents in laminated iron, see Section III of \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" 112. Besides the edd}^, or Foucault, currents proper, which exist as parasitic currents in the interior of the iron lamina or wire, under certain circumstances eddy currents also exist in larger orbits from lamina to lamina through the whole magnetic structure. Obviously a calculation of th ...", "... ution. The general discussion of this problem, as applicable to the distribution of alternating current in very large conductors, as the iron rails of the return circuit of alternating-current rail- ways, is given in Section III of \"Theory and Calculation of Tran- sient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" In practice, this phenomenon is observed mainly with very high frequency currents, as lightning discharges, wireless tele- graph and lightning arrester circuits; in power-distribution cir- cuits it has to be avoided by either keeping the frequency suffi- ciently low or having a shape of con ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-38", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "section_title": "Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 38, "number": 2, "location": "lines 15626-15962", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = in ...", "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a re ...", "... ield excitation, the regulator remains a longer time in position r0, hence a shorter time in position (r0 + rt), before the rising potential throws it over into the next position; while at light load, requiring low field excitation, the duration of the period of high resistance, 223 224 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (TO _|_ rj} is greater, and that of the period of low resistance, r0, less. 7. Let, ^ = the duration of the short circuit of resistance rx; t2 = the time during which resistance rx is in circuit, and t0 = t, + tr During each period t0, the resistance of the exciter field, therefore, is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "section_title": "Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3133-3507", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "damping", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... as to limit the neutral current, but still low enough so that in case of a ground on one phase, enough current flows over the neutral to open the circuit breaker of the grounded phase. The use of a resistance in the generator neutral is very desirable also, since it eliminates the danger of a high frequency oscillation between line and ground through the generator reactance in the path of the third harmonic, by damping the oscillation in the resistance. For this reason, the resistance should be non-inductive. To ground the gener- ator neutral through a reactance is very dangerous since it intensi ...", "... neutral current, but still low enough so that in case of a ground on one phase, enough current flows over the neutral to open the circuit breaker of the grounded phase. The use of a resistance in the generator neutral is very desirable also, since it eliminates the danger of a high frequency oscillation between line and ground through the generator reactance in the path of the third harmonic, by damping the oscillation in the resistance. For this reason, the resistance should be non-inductive. To ground the gener- ator neutral through a reactance is very dangerous since it intensifies the dan ...", "... the neutral to open the circuit breaker of the grounded phase. The use of a resistance in the generator neutral is very desirable also, since it eliminates the danger of a high frequency oscillation between line and ground through the generator reactance in the path of the third harmonic, by damping the oscillation in the resistance. For this reason, the resistance should be non-inductive. To ground the gener- ator neutral through a reactance is very dangerous since it intensifies the danger of a resonance voltage rise. In grounding the generator neutral, special care is neces- sary to g ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-06", "section_label": "Theory Section 6: Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "section_title": "Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1785-2249", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "snippets": [ "... name time constant dates back to the early days of telegraphy, where it was applied to the ratio : — , that is, the reciprocal of the attenuation con- stant. This quantity which had gradually come into disuse, again became of importance when investigating transient electric phenomena, and in this work it was found more convenient to denote the value Y as attenuation constant, since this value appears as one term of the more gen- eral constant of the electric circuit ( Y + ~r< ) • (Theory and Calculation of Transi ...", "... nsient electric phenomena, and in this work it was found more convenient to denote the value Y as attenuation constant, since this value appears as one term of the more gen- eral constant of the electric circuit ( Y + ~r< ) • (Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations, Section IV.) 26 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Substituted in the foregoing equation this gives and ei = - = - 0.368 E. 31. Stopping of Current. In a circuit of inductance L and E resistance r, l ...", "... n this work it was found more convenient to denote the value Y as attenuation constant, since this value appears as one term of the more gen- eral constant of the electric circuit ( Y + ~r< ) • (Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations, Section IV.) 26 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Substituted in the foregoing equation this gives and ei = - = - 0.368 E. 31. Stopping of Current. In a circuit of inductance L and E resistance r, let a current IQ = — be produced ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-38", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 17: Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 38, "number": 17, "location": "lines 10190-10429", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "snippets": [ "... ponents, thus, XQ = x -\\- x', where x = self-inductive reactance, which is due to a true self-inductance, and x' = effective reactance of armature reaction, which is not instantaneous. 32. In machines of high self-inductance and low armature re- action, as high frequency alternators, this momentary increase of short-circuit current over its normal value is negligible, and moderate in machines in which armature reaction and self-in- ductance are of the same magnitude, as large modern multi- polar low-speed alternators. In larg ...", "... t voltage. Thus, with a single- phase short circuit on a polyphase system, destructive voltages may appear in the open-circuited phase, of saw-tooth wave shape. Upon- this double frequency pulsation of the field current during a single-phase short circuit the transient full frequency pulsation resulting from the unsymmetrical start of the armature current is superimposed and thus causes a difference in the in- tensity of successive waves of the double frequency pulsation, 164 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING which grad ...", "... unsymmetrical start of the armature current is superimposed and thus causes a difference in the in- tensity of successive waves of the double frequency pulsation, 164 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING which gradually disappears with the dying out of the transient full frequency pulsation, and depends upon the point of the wave at which the short circuit is closed, and thus is absent, and the Armature current. Field Current FIG. 75. — Single-phase short-circuit current in a three-phase turbo- alternato ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, and to a certain degree in the high-poten- tial coils of alternating-current transformers for very high vol- tage and also in high frequency circuits. It has the effect that not only the e.m.fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may with sufficient approximation be represented by one conde ...", "... b)] } ; Eo = ^^ jl + (r+jx) (g - jb) +^^ (r+jx) = e{ 1 + (r + jx) [g - jb + ^-^) + ^-jir+jxY (g-jb) 131. Distributed condensive reactance, inductive reactance, leak- age, and resistance. In some cases, especially in very long circuits, as in lines conveying alternating-power currents at high potential over extremely long distances by overhead conductors or under- ground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance— vfhich. consumes e.m.fs. in phase with the current — and of the line reactance — which c ...", "... eactance, inductive reactance, leak- age, and resistance. In some cases, especially in very long circuits, as in lines conveying alternating-power currents at high potential over extremely long distances by overhead conductors or under- ground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance— vfhich. consumes e.m.fs. in phase with the current — and of the line reactance — which consumes e.m.fs. in quadrature with the current — is not sufficient for the explanation of the phenomena taking place in the line, but se ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... alternating, and so modifies the short-circuit current and thereby the commutation factor, the more, the higher the speed, and greater thereby the exponential term is. The determination of this exponential term is beyond the scope of the present work, but requires the methods of evaluation of transient or momentary electric phenomena, as discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" B. Series Repulsion Motor 219. As fuither illustration of the application of these funda- mental equations of the single-phase commutator motor, (1) to (6), a motor ma ...", "... ctor, the more, the higher the speed, and greater thereby the exponential term is. The determination of this exponential term is beyond the scope of the present work, but requires the methods of evaluation of transient or momentary electric phenomena, as discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" B. Series Repulsion Motor 219. As fuither illustration of the application of these funda- mental equations of the single-phase commutator motor, (1) to (6), a motor may be investigated, in which the four independent constants are chosen as follows: 39 ...", "... eed, and greater thereby the exponential term is. The determination of this exponential term is beyond the scope of the present work, but requires the methods of evaluation of transient or momentary electric phenomena, as discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" B. Series Repulsion Motor 219. As fuither illustration of the application of these funda- mental equations of the single-phase commutator motor, (1) to (6), a motor may be investigated, in which the four independent constants are chosen as follows: 398 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS 1. Armature ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations. 478", "section_title": "Free Oscillations. 478", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 5, "location": "lines 1148-1186", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 6, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 478 28. Types of waves: standing waves, traveling waves, alter- nating-current waves. 478 29. Conditions and types of free oscillations. 478 30. Terminal conditions. 480 31. Free oscillation as standing wave. 481 32. Quarter-wave and half-wave oscillation, and their equa- tions. 482 ...", "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 478 28. Types of waves: standing waves, traveling waves, alter- nating-current waves. 478 29. Conditions and types of free oscillations. 478 30. Terminal conditions. 480 31. Free oscillation as standing wave. 481 32. Quarter-wave and half-wave oscillation, and their equa- tions. 482 33. Conditions under which a standing wave is a free oscilla- tion, and the power nodes of the free oscillation. 485 34. Wave length, and ...", "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 478 28. Types of waves: standing waves, traveling waves, alter- nating-current waves. 478 29. Conditions and types of free oscillations. 478 30. Terminal conditions. 480 31. Free oscillation as standing wave. 481 32. Quarter-wave and half-wave oscillation, and their equa- tions. 482 33. Conditions under which a standing wave is a free oscilla- tion, and the power nodes of the free oscillation. 485 34. Wave length, and angular measure of distance. 487 35. Equations of quarte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Generation", "section_title": "Generation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3781-4217", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulse", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... ndesirable. Very low head water powers of less than 20 to 30 feet head there- fore are of little value and their development is economical only where electric power is valuable. Of the two types of turbines, the reaction turbine runs approximately at the speed of the water, and the action or impulse turbine at half the speed of the water. At the same head and thus the same speed of the water, the reaction turbine gives higher speed, and is therefore used in water powers of low and medium heads, where the speed of the water is low; while the impulse (turbine, as the Pelton wheel, is always ...", "... he speed of the water, and the action or impulse turbine at half the speed of the water. At the same head and thus the same speed of the water, the reaction turbine gives higher speed, and is therefore used in water powers of low and medium heads, where the speed of the water is low; while the impulse (turbine, as the Pelton wheel, is always used at very high heads, at which the reaction turbine would give too high speeds. Where water power is not available, the power has to be generated by the combustion of fuel. In this case, a greater freedom exists in the choice of the location of the ...", "... nd it is located as near to the place of consumption as considera- tions of the cost of property, the availability of condensing water for the engines, the facilities of transportation, etc., per- mit. Transmission lines therefore are less frequently used, but in steam stations of large power, high potential distribution cir- cuits of 6600, 11,000 or 13,200 volts, commonly underground by cables, are used in supplying electric power from the main generating station, to the substations as centres of secondary distribution (New York, Chicago, etc.). As source of power is available then : The steam ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 7141-8510", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... ent can be sent at the high voltage of the constant-current circuit. In American towns and cities, where arc lamps are used for street lighting, practically always the entire city up to the farthest suburbs is lighted by arc lamps, and frequently arc lamps installed even beyond the reach of the high-potential primary alternating-current supply. To reach such distances with low-voltage constant-potential supply, is impossible, and thus the constant-current series system becomes necessary. In European cities, where a prejudice exists against high-voltage constant-current circuits, and people are sati ...", "... proximate constant-current regulation is inherent in the machine design, and the regulator merely makes the regulation perfect. A more explicit discussion of the phenomena in the arc machine, and especially its rectification, is given in Chapter III of Section II of \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" In alternating-current circuits, approximate constant-current regulation is produced by a large reactance, that is, by self- induction, in the circuit. In transformers, the self-induction is the stray field, or the leakage flux between primary coil and s ...", "... tion is inherent in the machine design, and the regulator merely makes the regulation perfect. A more explicit discussion of the phenomena in the arc machine, and especially its rectification, is given in Chapter III of Section II of \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" In alternating-current circuits, approximate constant-current regulation is produced by a large reactance, that is, by self- induction, in the circuit. In transformers, the self-induction is the stray field, or the leakage flux between primary coil and secondary coil. In the constant-curren ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "section_title": "Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 30429-31656", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "surge", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... nductor as leakage current, as is the case in cable armors, gas and water pipes, etc., in those cases where they pick up stray railway return currents, etc. When dealing with direct-current circuits, the induetance and the capacity of the conductor do not come into consideration except in the transients of current change, and in stationary con- ditions such a circuit thus is one of distributed series resistance and shunted conductance. Inductance also is absent with the current induced in the cable armor by an alternating current traversing the cable conductor, 330 CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBU ...", "... nts, the capacity effects are so small as to be negligible. In high-voltage conductors, such as transmission lines, etc., in general, capacity and inductance require consideration as well as resistance and shunted conductance. This general case is fully discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phe- nomena and Oscillations,\" and in \"Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses,\" more particularly in the fourth section of the former book. 173, Let, then, in a conductor having uniformly distributed leakage, or in that conductor section, in which the leakage can be considered as a ...", "... all as to be negligible. In high-voltage conductors, such as transmission lines, etc., in general, capacity and inductance require consideration as well as resistance and shunted conductance. This general case is fully discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phe- nomena and Oscillations,\" and in \"Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses,\" more particularly in the fourth section of the former book. 173, Let, then, in a conductor having uniformly distributed leakage, or in that conductor section, in which the leakage can be considered as approximately uniformly distributed, r ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction. 217", "section_title": "Introduction. 217", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 659-674", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 217 1. General character of periodically recurring transient phenomena in time. 217 2. Periodic transient phenomena with single cycle. 218 3. Multi-cycle periodic transient phenomena. 218 4. Industrial importance of periodic transient phenomena: circuit control, high frequency generation, rectification. 220 5. Types of rectifiers. Arc machines. 221" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit. 498", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit. 498", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 6, "location": "lines 1187-1227", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 5, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "decrement", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... T. 498 40. General discussion. 498 41. Transformation of general equations, to velocity unit of distance. 499 42. Discussion. 501 43. Relations between constants, at transition point. 502 xxiv CONTENTS. PAGE 44. The general equations of the complex circuit, and the resultant time decrement % 503 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, ...", "... quations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir- cuit. 510", "... constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir- cuit. 510" ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "surges", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... er. Of these curves only the one between t and logi is shown, as II in Fig. 81, since it gives a straight line for the higher values of t. For the higher values of t, therefore, \\ogi = A~ht', or, ^ = a£~\"*; that is, it is an exponential function. 240 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. Table V. TRANSIENT CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS. t i log< logi i 11 = 4.94£-1.07< i' = J log i' 12 = 2.85£-3.84« V = ii — 12 1 0 2.10 — 0.322 0 4.94 2.84 0461 2.85 2. 09 -0-01 0.1 2.48 9.000 0394 0.1 4.44 1.96 0.292 1.94 2.50 + 002 0.2 2-66 5.30 ...", "... ly be used visually also, in determining the frequency of hunting of synchronous machines, etc. In the phenomenon of hunting, frequently two periods are superimposed, forced frequency, resulting from the speed of generator, etc., and the natural frequency of the machine. Counting the number of impulses, /, per minute, and the number of nodes, n, gives the 71/ Tl two frequencies :/+- and/— -; and as one of these frequencies is the impressed engine frequency, this affords a check. Not infrequently wave-shape distortions are met, which are not due to higher harmonics of the fundamental wave ...", "... related frequencies. This, for instance, occurs in the secondary circuit of the single-phase induction motor; two sets of currents, of the frequencies /« and (2/—/^) exist (where / is the primary frequency and /s the frequency of slip). Of this nature, frequently, is the distortion produced by surges, oscillations, arcing grounds, etc., in electric circuits; it is a combination of the natural frequency of the circuit with the impressed frequency. Telephonic currents commonly show such multiple frequencies, which are not harmonics of each other." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "section_title": "Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1549-2365", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... ght waves we here include also the invisible ultra-red radiation and the ultra-violet radiation and the non-refrangible radiations, as X-rays, etc., separated from the latter by the second blank space of the radiation spectrum. In the following, mainly the light waves, that is, the second or high frequency range of radiation, will be discussed. The elec- tric waves are usually of importance only in their relation to the radiator or oscillator which produces them, or to the receiver on which they impinge, and thus are treated in connection with the radiator or receiver, that is, the electric condu ...", "... l be discussed. The elec- tric waves are usually of importance only in their relation to the radiator or oscillator which produces them, or to the receiver on which they impinge, and thus are treated in connection with the radiator or receiver, that is, the electric conductor, in the theory of transient electric phenomena and oscillations.* The radiation may be of a single frequency, that is, a single wave; or a mixture of different frequencies, that is, a mixture of different and frequently of an infinite number of waves. Electric radiation usually is of a single frequency, that is, of the ...", "... aves are usually of importance only in their relation to the radiator or oscillator which produces them, or to the receiver on which they impinge, and thus are treated in connection with the radiator or receiver, that is, the electric conductor, in the theory of transient electric phenomena and oscillations.* The radiation may be of a single frequency, that is, a single wave; or a mixture of different frequencies, that is, a mixture of different and frequently of an infinite number of waves. Electric radiation usually is of a single frequency, that is, of the frequency or wave length determined ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15161-15475", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "damping", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "snippets": [ "... , and with full intensity, and since it is in quadrature with the field excitation, tends to shift the magnetic flux rapidly across the field poles, and thereby tends to cause sparking and power losses. This oscillating reaction is, however, reduced by the damping effect of the mag- netic field structure. It is somewhat less in the two-circuit single-phase converter. Since in consequence hereof the commutation of the single- phase converter is not as good as that of the polyphase con- verter, in the former usually vo ...", "... se converter (in which it is equal in magnitude to the direct-current reaction, and is the oscillating armature reaction discussed above), sextuple frequency in a three-phase converter, and quadruple frequency in a four- phase converter. The amplitude of this oscillation in a polyphase converter is small, arid its influence upon the magnetic field is usually neg- ligible, due to the damping effect of the field spools, which act like a short-circuited winding for an oscillation of magnetism. A polyphase converter on unbalanc ...", "... sed above), sextuple frequency in a three-phase converter, and quadruple frequency in a four- phase converter. The amplitude of this oscillation in a polyphase converter is small, arid its influence upon the magnetic field is usually neg- ligible, due to the damping effect of the field spools, which act like a short-circuited winding for an oscillation of magnetism. A polyphase converter on unbalanced circuit can be con- sidered as a combination of a balanced polyphase and a single- phase converter; and since even sing ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... an alternator is far greater than the perma- nent short-circuit current; many times in a machine of low self-induction and high armature reaction, as a low-frequency, high-speed alternator of large capacity; relatively little in a machine of low armature reaction and high self-induction, as a high-frequency unitooth alternator, 193. Graphically, the internal reactions of the alternating- current generator can be represented as follows: Let the impressed m.m.f., or field excitation, Fo, be repre- sented by the vector OFo, in Fig. 139, chosen for convenience as vertical axis. Let the armature cur ...", "... cture at a magnetic flux in the field-poles corresponding to the virtual generated e.m.f., E2. The introduction of the term \"synchronous reactance,\" Xo, and \"nominal generated e.m.f.,\" eo, is hereby justified, when dealing with the permanent condition of the electric circuit. The case of the transient phenomena of momentary short- circuit currents, etc., is discussed in a chapter on \"Transient Phenomena and Oscillations,\" section I. It must be understood that the \"nominal generated e.m.f.,\" Co, in an actual machine, in which the magnetic characteristic bends due to the approach to magnetic saturatio ...", "... . The introduction of the term \"synchronous reactance,\" Xo, and \"nominal generated e.m.f.,\" eo, is hereby justified, when dealing with the permanent condition of the electric circuit. The case of the transient phenomena of momentary short- circuit currents, etc., is discussed in a chapter on \"Transient Phenomena and Oscillations,\" section I. It must be understood that the \"nominal generated e.m.f.,\" Co, in an actual machine, in which the magnetic characteristic bends due to the approach to magnetic saturation, is not the voltage generated by the field excitation /o at open-circuit, but is the voltage ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 33011-34776", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... tor; that is, a low power-factor exists without corresponding phase displacement, the circuit-factor being less than one-half. Such circuits, for instance, are those including alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, react- ances with over-saturated magnetic circuit, high potential lines in which the maximum difference of potential exceeds the corona voltage, polarization cells and in general electrolytic conductors above the dissociation voltage of the electrolyte, etc. Such cir- cuits cannot correctly, and in many cases not even approximately, be treated by the theory ...", "... njn The exciting admittance of the motor, for these higher har- monics, is, by neglecting the conductance, 71 = _ ^ = - ^M n n and the higher harmonics of counter e.m.f., E^ = — ^• . 2 Thus we have, current input in the condenser, L - EoYc = + 4.28ii + 1.54 i3 - 4.93^5 - 4.02i7; high-frequency component of motor-impedance current, W ^ ■^ = - 0.92 i3 + 1.06 i5 + 0.44 Jt; high-frequency component of motor-exciting current, ^lyi = ---— = _ 0.07 i3 + O.OSis + 0.03 J7: thus, total high-frequency component of motor current, 7oi =|l -I- E^Y^ = - 0.99 i3 + 1.14 J5 + 0.47 iv, 394 ALTE ...", "... onductance, 71 = _ ^ = - ^M n n and the higher harmonics of counter e.m.f., E^ = — ^• . 2 Thus we have, current input in the condenser, L - EoYc = + 4.28ii + 1.54 i3 - 4.93^5 - 4.02i7; high-frequency component of motor-impedance current, W ^ ■^ = - 0.92 i3 + 1.06 i5 + 0.44 Jt; high-frequency component of motor-exciting current, ^lyi = ---— = _ 0.07 i3 + O.OSis + 0.03 J7: thus, total high-frequency component of motor current, 7oi =|l -I- E^Y^ = - 0.99 i3 + 1.14 J5 + 0.47 iv, 394 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and total current, without condenser, Io= Is + U = Is- 0.99 is + 1.14 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 36062-36514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... formation, and that consequently a balanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of energy. The energy stored as magnetism amounts in a well-designed trans- former only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy effi ...", "... ing out of a neutral wire, while the delta connection of the primary maintains the balance, in regard to the voltage between the phases at unequal distribution of load. The delta-Y connection of step-up transformers is frequently used in long-distance transmissions, to allow grounding of the high-potential neutral. Under certain conditions — which there- fore have to be guarded against — it is liable to induce excessive voltages by resonance with the line capacity. J_I_i P^^lIM nm Fig. 210. The reverse thereof, or the Y-delta connection, is undesirable on unbalanced load, since it gi ...", "... triangle, and may even fall outside of the triangle. As result thereof the secondary triangle becomes very greatly distorted even at moderate inequality of load, and the system thus loses all ability to maintain constant voltage at unequal distribution of load, that is, becomes inoperative. In high-potential systems in this case excessive voltages may be induced by resonance with the line capacity. For instance, if only one phase of the secondary triangle is 426 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA loaded, the other two unloaded, the primary current of the loaded phase must return over the other two ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "section_title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 15, "location": "lines 18413-19373", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impulses", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... circuit rectification has been used to a large extent on constant-current circuits; it is the method by which the Thomson- Fig. 92. — Double-brush rectifier. Houston (three-phase) and the Brush arc machine (quarter- phase) commutates. For more details on this see \"Theory and Calculations of Transient Phenomena/ ' Section II. Ficj. 93. — Volt ago waves of open -circuit rectifier charging storage battery. Open-circuit rectification has found a limited use on non-in- ductive circuits containing a counter e.m.f., that is, in charging ntoragc batteries. If, in Fig. 93, e0 is the rectified voltage, an ...", "... -current rotor. with direct-current rotor. As seen, in Fig. 99, contact is made between the rectified cir- cuit and the alternating supply source, T, during one-half wave only, but the circuit is open during the reverse half wave, and the rectified circuit, Bt thus carries a series of separate impulses of cur- rent and voltage as shown in Fig. 100 as i\\. However, in this case the current in the alternating supply circuit is unidirectional also, is the same current, i\\. This current produces in the trans- former, T, a unidirectional magnetization, and, if of appreciable 246 ELECTRICAL AP ...", "... .C reactance\" x0 is the one which limits the pulsation of the rectified current. The waves of currents, ih i2 and i0) as overlapped by the inductances, Xi, x* and x0, are shown in Fig. 103. Full description and discussion of the mercury-arc rectifier is contained in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Phenomena,9' Section II, and in \"Radiation, Light and Illumination.\" 250 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS 143. To reduce the sparking at the rectifying commutator, the gap between the segments may be divided into a number of gaps, by small auxiliary segments, as shown in Fig. 104, and these then connected ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction. 277", "section_title": "Introduction. 277", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 1, "location": "lines 745-754", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 277 1. Transient phenomena in space, as periodic functions of time and transient functions of distance, represented by transient functions of complex variables. 277 2. Industrial importance of transient phenomena in space. 278" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors. 403", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors. 403", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 9, "location": "lines 1014-1042", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. ...", "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. Example of copper and iron wire, copper ribbon and iron pipe ; tabulation and discussion of numerical values. 408 84. Continued discussion of results. • 409 85. Potential drop in conductors carrying high frequency currents. Tabulation. ...", "... 82. Total impedance of high frequency conductor, and its components, discussion. 407 83. Example of copper and iron wire, copper ribbon and iron pipe ; tabulation and discussion of numerical values. 408 84. Continued discussion of results. • 409 85. Potential drop in conductors carrying high frequency currents. Tabulation. Effect of conductor shape and material. 412 CONTENTS. SECTION IV. TRANSIENTS IN TIME AND SPACE. PAGE" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves. 442", "section_title": "Standing Waves. 442", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 3, "location": "lines 1087-1111", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillatory", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 442 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential underground power cable. Charac ...", "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 442 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential underground power cable. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 452 18. Submarine telegraph cable. Existence of logarith ...", "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 442 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential underground power cable. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 452 18. Submarine telegraph cable. Existence of logarithmic waves. 454 19. Long distance telep ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 7, "location": "lines 1228-1261", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "decrement", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by t ...", "... VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductan ...", "... us and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit section. 519 55. Relations between power supplied by the electric field of a circuit section, power dissipated in it, and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-01-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 2: Recommendations", "section_title": "Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "PDF pages 7-12, lines 145-720", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... lit conductor cable, should thus be investigated. Similar results are given by grouping in pairs of identical cables with differential relays between them. This latter arrangement perhaps is somewhat less sensitive and reliable, since with two separate cables, no matter how identical they may be, a transient may occur in the one and not or a different transient in the other, and the sensitivity of the differential relay thus probably has to be lowered not to be affected by transients. On the other hand, the latter arrangement would not require such extensive replacement of cables. Systems involving the ...", "... lar results are given by grouping in pairs of identical cables with differential relays between them. This latter arrangement perhaps is somewhat less sensitive and reliable, since with two separate cables, no matter how identical they may be, a transient may occur in the one and not or a different transient in the other, and the sensitivity of the differential relay thus probably has to be lowered not to be affected by transients. On the other hand, the latter arrangement would not require such extensive replacement of cables. Systems involving the use of sheath transformers or other schemes for tripp ...", "... t perhaps is somewhat less sensitive and reliable, since with two separate cables, no matter how identical they may be, a transient may occur in the one and not or a different transient in the other, and the sensitivity of the differential relay thus probably has to be lowered not to be affected by transients. On the other hand, the latter arrangement would not require such extensive replacement of cables. Systems involving the use of sheath transformers or other schemes for tripping out on small ground currents, and still other arrangements for accomplishing the result of operating on an incipient faul ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Methods Of Approximation", "section_title": "Methods Of Approximation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15156-16482", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "lightning", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... with a, and S2 small compared with h. For instance. METHODS OF APPROXIMATION. 189 in astronomical calculations the mass of the earth (which absolutely can certainly not be considered a small quantity) is neglected as small quantity compared with the mass of the sun. Also in the effect of a lightning stroke on a primary distribution circuit, the normal line voltage of 2200 may be neglected as small compared with the voltage impressed by lightning, etc. 126. Example. In a direct-current shunt motor, the im- pressed voltage is eo = 125 volts; the armature resistance is ro = 0.02 ohm; the f ...", "... utely can certainly not be considered a small quantity) is neglected as small quantity compared with the mass of the sun. Also in the effect of a lightning stroke on a primary distribution circuit, the normal line voltage of 2200 may be neglected as small compared with the voltage impressed by lightning, etc. 126. Example. In a direct-current shunt motor, the im- pressed voltage is eo = 125 volts; the armature resistance is ro = 0.02 ohm; the field resistance is ri = 50 ohms; the power consumed by friction is pf=^300 watts, and the power consumed by iron loss is pi= iOO watts. What is the po ...", "... a3/2(l-3s2+2-- + S2--) \\ a a / \\ 4 a. a J 138. As further example may be considered the equations of an alternating-current electric circuit, containing distributed resistance, inductance, capacity, and shunted conductance, for instance, a long-distance transmission line or an underground high-potential cable. Equations of the Transmission Line. Let I be the distance along the line, from some starting point; E^ the voltage; 7, the current at point I, expressed as vector quantities or general numbers; Zo^ro—jxo, the line impedance per unit length (for instance, per mile); Yo=^go—jhQ = Hne a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_title": "Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 736-2388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient phenomena", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... he electromagnetic wave — has the same speed of propagation as the light wave, and has shown that the electromagnetic wave and the (polarized) light wave are identical in all their properties. Hence light is an electromagnetic wave — that is, an alternating electro- magnetic field of extremely high frequency. Electrophysics has been successfully developed to its present high state, and has dealt with alternating currents, voltages and electromag- netic fields, without ever requiring or considering a medium such as the ether. Whatever may be the mechanism of the electro- magnetic wave, it cer ...", "... with alternating currents, voltages and electromag- netic fields, without ever requiring or considering a medium such as the ether. Whatever may be the mechanism of the electro- magnetic wave, it certainly is not a mere transverse wave motion of matter, and the light, being shown to be a high-frequency electro- magnetic wave, cannot be considered any more as a wave motion of the ether. The ether thus vanishes. M Fig. 4. 22 RELATIVITY AND SPACE following the phlogiston and other antiquated physical conceptions. The conception of the field of force, or, as we should more correctly ...", "... time, may be very great wherever time and distance enter the same equations, and it is therefore useful in electrical engineering, for instance, when dealing with transmission line phenomena. Thus in my paper on the \"General Equations of the Electric Circuit\" {A.I.E.E. Transactions, 1907, also \"Transient Phenomena,\" Section IV) the equa- tions contain exponential and trigonometric functions of time t and distance I, of the form cos {qt ± kl), etc. By choosing time measure for the distance (as more convenient in this case, since the time is the dominant term) : X = al, where a = s/hC is the reciprocal of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-36", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 15: Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 36, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9918-10123", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulses", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "impulse", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "snippets": [ "... rotary prime movers, as turbines or electric motors, this is usually the case; but with reciprocating machines, as steam engines, the torque and thus the speed of rotation rises and falls periodically during each revolution, with the frequency of the engine impulses. The alternator con- nected with the engine will thus not have uniform frequency, but a frequency which pulsates, that is, rises and falls. The amplitude of this pulsation depends upon the design of the engine, the momentum of its fly-wheel, and the action ...", "... ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING will be a pulsating power cross current between the alternators, transferring power from the leading to the lagging machine, that is, alternately from the one to the other, and inversely, with the frequency of the engine impulses. These pulsating cross currents are the most undesirable, since they tend to make the voltage fluctuate and to tear the alternators out of synchro- nism with each other, especially when the conditions are favorable to a cumulative increase of this effect by ...", "... em of the regulation of their prime movers, especially steam A ^^ engines. With alternators driven by gas engines, the problem of parallel operation is made more difficult by the more jerky nature of the gas-engine ^ 73._Phase displacement between impulse. In such machines, alternators to be synchronized, therefore, squirrel-cage wind- ings in the field-pole faces are commonly used, to assist synchron- izing by the currents induced in this short-circuited winding, on the principle of the induction machine. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-88", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 88, "number": 10, "location": "lines 15811-15892", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "snippets": [ "X. Frequency 101. While converters can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25-cycle converter. The commutator surface moves the distance from brush to next brush, ...", "X. Frequency 101. While converters can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25-cycle converter. The commutator surface moves the distance from brush to next brush, or the commutator pitch, during one-half cycle, that is, 3^50 second with a 25-cycle, J^20 second with a 60-cycle converter. Th ...", "... the commutator pitch. Within this pitch must be in- cluded as many commutator segments as necessary to take care of the voltage from brush to brush, and these segments must have a width sufficient for mechanical strength. With the smaller pitch required for high frequency, this may become impossible, and the limits of conservative design thus may have to be exceeded. In a converter, due to the absence of armature reaction and field distortion, a higher voltage per commutator segment can be 258 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL EN ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... uc- tion of the current, thereby causing an increase of the ohmic resistance due to unequal current distribution. The general solution of this problem for round conduc- tors leads to complicated equations, and can be found in Maxwell. In practice, this phenomenon is observed only with very high frequency currents, as lightning discharges ; in power distribution circuits it has to be avoided by either keeping the frequency sufficiently low, or having a shape of con- ductor such that unequal current distribution . does not take place, as by using a tubular or a stranded conductor, or several con ...", "... ereby causing an increase of the ohmic resistance due to unequal current distribution. The general solution of this problem for round conduc- tors leads to complicated equations, and can be found in Maxwell. In practice, this phenomenon is observed only with very high frequency currents, as lightning discharges ; in power distribution circuits it has to be avoided by either keeping the frequency sufficiently low, or having a shape of con- ductor such that unequal current distribution . does not take place, as by using a tubular or a stranded conductor, or several conductors in parallel. ...", "... e loss of power by eddy currents in the iron, and thus a loss of energy per cycle proportional to the frequency. The existence of a loss of power in the dielectric, pro- portional to the square of the frequency, I observed some time ago in paraffined paper in a high electrostatic field and at high frequency, by the electro-dynamometer method, and other observers under similar conditions have found the same result. Arno of Turin found at low frequencies and low field strength in a larger number of dielectrics, a loss of energy per cycle independent of the frequency, but proportional to the 1.6** ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... uctance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner by the vector diagram. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in long-distance lines, in underground cables, especially concentric cables, and to a certain degree in the high-potential coils of alternating- current transformers. It has the effect that not only the E.M.Fs., but also the currents, at the beginning, end, and different points of the conductor, are different in intensity and in phase. Where the capacity effect of the line is small, it may with sufficient approx ...", "... he expression of E^ and of 7^ are the same in A.) and in B.). § 106] DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 155 106. C) Complete investigation of distributed capacity, indnctanccy leakage, and resistattce. In some cases, especially in very long circuits, as in lines conveying alternating power currents at high potential over extremely long distances by overhead conductors or un- derground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance — which consumes E.M.Fs. in phase with the current — and of the line reactatice — which c ...", "... tributed capacity, indnctanccy leakage, and resistattce. In some cases, especially in very long circuits, as in lines conveying alternating power currents at high potential over extremely long distances by overhead conductors or un- derground cables, or with very feeble currents at extremely high frequency, such as telephone currents, the consideration of the line resistance — which consumes E.M.Fs. in phase with the current — and of the line reactatice — which con- sumes E.M.Fs. in quadrature with the current — is not sufficient for the explanation of the phenomena taking place in the line, but ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "lightning", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... c- tion of the current, thereby causing an increase of the ohmic resistance due to unequal current distribution. The general solution of this problem for round conduc- tors leads to complicated equations, and can be found else- where. In practice, this phenomenon is observed only with very high frequency currents, as lightning discharges ; in power distribution circuits it has to be avoided by either keeping the frequency sufficiently low, or having a shape of con- ductor such that unequal current distribution does not take place, as by using a tubular or a flat conductor, or several conductor ...", "... reby causing an increase of the ohmic resistance due to unequal current distribution. The general solution of this problem for round conduc- tors leads to complicated equations, and can be found else- where. In practice, this phenomenon is observed only with very high frequency currents, as lightning discharges ; in power distribution circuits it has to be avoided by either keeping the frequency sufficiently low, or having a shape of con- ductor such that unequal current distribution does not take place, as by using a tubular or a flat conductor, or several conductors in parallel. 140 A ...", "... e loss of power by eddy currents in the iron, and thus a loss of energy per cycle proportional to the frequency. The existence of a loss of power in the dielectric, pro- portional to the square of the frequency, I observed some time ago in paraffined paper in a high electrostatic field and at high frequency, by the electro-dynamometer method, and other observers under similar conditions have found the same result. Arno of Turin found at low frequencies and low field strength in a larger number of dielectrics, a loss of energy per cycle independent of the frequency, but proportional to the 1.6th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... is Z1 = - njn (XQ + XJ = - 4.8 njn The exciting admittance of the motor, for these higher harmonics, is, by neglecting the conductance, n and the higher harmonics of counter E.M.F. Thus we have, Current input in the condenser, fc = E, Yc = - 4.28/i - 1.54/3 + 4.93/5 + 4.02/7 High frequency component of motor impedance current, |£ = .92/3 - 1.06y5 - .44/7 High frequency component of motor exciting current, = .07/3 - -08/5 - . 428 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHEA'OAIENA. thus, total high frequency component of motor current, /o1 = |f + & y1 = .99y3 - 1.14,; - .47/7 and t ...", "... these higher harmonics, is, by neglecting the conductance, n and the higher harmonics of counter E.M.F. Thus we have, Current input in the condenser, fc = E, Yc = - 4.28/i - 1.54/3 + 4.93/5 + 4.02/7 High frequency component of motor impedance current, |£ = .92/3 - 1.06y5 - .44/7 High frequency component of motor exciting current, = .07/3 - -08/5 - . 428 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHEA'OAIENA. thus, total high frequency component of motor current, /o1 = |f + & y1 = .99y3 - 1.14,; - .47/7 and total current, without condenser, 4 = 4 + 41 = Is + .99/3 - 1.14,; - .47/7 wi ...", "... input in the condenser, fc = E, Yc = - 4.28/i - 1.54/3 + 4.93/5 + 4.02/7 High frequency component of motor impedance current, |£ = .92/3 - 1.06y5 - .44/7 High frequency component of motor exciting current, = .07/3 - -08/5 - . 428 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHEA'OAIENA. thus, total high frequency component of motor current, /o1 = |f + & y1 = .99y3 - 1.14,; - .47/7 and total current, without condenser, 4 = 4 + 41 = Is + .99/3 - 1.14,; - .47/7 with condenser, = 4 - 4.28,i - . and herefrom the power factor. 3.79,; + 3.55/7 T PER PHASE In the following table and in Fig ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... mutator does not meet the full- frequency reactance, X\\, of the secondary, but only the low-fre- quency reactance, sxi, especially if the commutated winding is in the same slots with the squirrel-cage winding: the short-circuited squirrel-cage winding acts as a short-circuited secondary to the high-frequency pulsation of the commutated current, and there- fore makes the circuit non-inductive for these high-frequency pulsations, or practically so. That is, in the short-circuited con- ductors, local currents are induced equal and opposite to the high-frequency component of the commutated current, and ...", "... ance, sxi, especially if the commutated winding is in the same slots with the squirrel-cage winding: the short-circuited squirrel-cage winding acts as a short-circuited secondary to the high-frequency pulsation of the commutated current, and there- fore makes the circuit non-inductive for these high-frequency pulsations, or practically so. That is, in the short-circuited con- ductors, local currents are induced equal and opposite to the high-frequency component of the commutated current, and the total resultant of the currents in each slot thus is only the low- frequency current. Such short-circu ...", "... s as a short-circuited secondary to the high-frequency pulsation of the commutated current, and there- fore makes the circuit non-inductive for these high-frequency pulsations, or practically so. That is, in the short-circuited con- ductors, local currents are induced equal and opposite to the high-frequency component of the commutated current, and the total resultant of the currents in each slot thus is only the low- frequency current. Such short-circuited squirrel cage in addition to the commu- tated winding, makes the use of a commutator practicable for power-factor control in the induction mo ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... t also is a commutating machine. Thus it is an illustration of the impossibility of a rigid classi- fication of all the machine types. INDEX Also see alphabetical list of apparatus in Chapter XXIII. Acyclic, see Unipolar. Adjustable speed polyphase motor, 321, 378 Alcxanderson very high frequency inductor alternator, 279 Amplifier, 281 Arc rectifier, 248 Armature reaction of regulating pole converter, 426, 437 of unipolar machine, 457 B Balancer, phase, 228 Battery charging rectifier, 244 Brush arc machine as quarterphase rectifier, 244, 254 Capacity storing energy in ph ...", "... tor, 372 Compensating winding, singlephase commutator motor, 336, 338 Concatenation of induction motors, 14, 40 Condenser excitation of induction motor secondary, 55, 84 singlephase induction motor, 120 speed control of induction motor, 13, 16 Contact making rectifier, 245 Cumulative oscillation of synchro- nous machine, 299 D Deep bar rotor of induction motor, 11 Delta connected roctifier, 251 Direct current in induction motor secondary, 54, 57 Disc type of unipolar machine, 454 Double squirrel cage induction motor, 29 Double synchronous induction gen- erator, 191, 199, ...", "... Disc type of unipolar machine, 454 Double squirrel cage induction motor, 29 Double synchronous induction gen- erator, 191, 199, 201 Drum type of unipolar machine, 454 477 478 lUfiEX E Eddy current starting device of in- duction motor, 8 in unipolar machine, 456 Eickemeyer high frequency inductor alternator, 280 F Flashing of rectifier, 249 Frequency converter, 176 pulsation, effect in induction motor, 131 Full wave rectifier, 245 G General alternating current motor, 300 Generator regulation affecting induc- tion motor stability, 137 H Half wave rectifie ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The General Number", "section_title": "The General Number", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 915-3491", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulse", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... and negative numbers, +a and —a, THE GENERAL NUMBER. 33 may be called the linear numbers, as they represent the points of a line. Example: Steam Path in a Turbine. 23. As an example of a simple operation with general num- bers one may calculate the steam path in a two-wheel stage of an impulse steam turbine. +2^ 1 «)))»»)) « »)>M») > +a; Fig. 17. Path of Steam in a Two-wheel Stage of an Impulse Turbine. Let Fig. 17 represent diagrammatically a tangential section through the bucket rings of the turbine wheels. Wi and W2 are the two revolving wheels, moving in the dire ...", "... ints of a line. Example: Steam Path in a Turbine. 23. As an example of a simple operation with general num- bers one may calculate the steam path in a two-wheel stage of an impulse steam turbine. +2^ 1 «)))»»)) « »)>M») > +a; Fig. 17. Path of Steam in a Two-wheel Stage of an Impulse Turbine. Let Fig. 17 represent diagrammatically a tangential section through the bucket rings of the turbine wheels. Wi and W2 are the two revolving wheels, moving in the direction indicated by the arrows, with the velocity s = 400 feet per sec. / are the stationary intermediate buckets, whic ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_title": "Potential Series And Exponential Function", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3492-6063", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ve differential equa- tions is given by the exponential function, but that in this function the exponent may be real, or may be imaginary, and in the latter case, the expression is put into real form by intro- ducing the trigonometric functions. EXAMPLE 1. 6o. A condenser (as an underground high-potential cable) of 20 mf. capacity, and of a voltage of eo = 10,000, discharges through an inductance of 50 mh. and of negligible resistance, What is the equation of the discharge current? The current consumed by a condenser of capacity C and potential difference e is proportional to the rate of chan ...", "... all disturbances in electric circuits consist of such oscillating currents and voltages. 600^ = 2;: gives, as the time of one complete period, and the frequency is ^ = ^ = 0.0105 sec; 600 ' /=-^ = 95.3 cycles per sec. In this particular case, as the resistance is relatively high, the oscillations die out rather rapidly. The reader is advised to calculate and plot the numerical values of i and e, and of their exponential terms, for every 30 T T T degrees, that is, for ^ = 0, -rx, 2 j^, 3 t^, etc., for the first two periods, and also to derive the equations, and calculate and plot t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_title": "Fields of Force", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 7737-7990", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "snippets": [ "... earth, forces are exerted on other masses — which cause the stone to fall toward the earth, and water to run down hill — and this space thus is a field of gravitational force, the earth the gram- motive force. In the space surrounding conductors having a high potential difference, we observe a field of dielectric force, that is, electro- static or dielectric forces are exerted, and the potential difference between the conductors is the electromotive force of the dielectric field. The force exerted by the earth as gravimotiv ...", "... lux, magnetic field intensity, permeability, as used in dealing with magnetic circuits, correspond the terms 118 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING dielectric flux, dielectric field intensity, permittivity, as used in dealing with the electrostatic fields of high potential apparatus, as transmission insulators, transformer bushings, etc. The fore- most difference is that in the magnetic field, a line of force must always return into itself in a closed circuit, while in the electro- static or dielectric field, a line of force m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3267-3618", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... Obviously by graphical construction the circuit characteristics appear more or less as broken lines, due to the necessity of using finite line elements, while in reality they are smooth curves when calculated by the differential method, as explained in Section III of \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" 40, As further example may be considered a three-phase cir- cuit supplied over a long-distance transmission line of distrib- uted capacitj^, self-induction, resistance, and leakage. Let, in Fig. 33, OEi, OE2, OEz = three-phase voltages at re- ceiver cir ...", "... on the circuit characteristics appear more or less as broken lines, due to the necessity of using finite line elements, while in reality they are smooth curves when calculated by the differential method, as explained in Section III of \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations.\" 40, As further example may be considered a three-phase cir- cuit supplied over a long-distance transmission line of distrib- uted capacitj^, self-induction, resistance, and leakage. Let, in Fig. 33, OEi, OE2, OEz = three-phase voltages at re- ceiver circuit, equidistant from each other and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25135-25681", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... t is, a fluctuation of the voltage with the period of the engine revolution, due to the alternating transfer of the load from one engine to the other, which may even become so excessive as to throw the machines out of step, especially when by an ap- proximate coincidence of the period of engine impulses (or a multiple thereof), with the natural period of oscillation of the revolving structure, the effect is made cumulative. This diffi- culty as a rule does not exist with turbine or water-wheel driving, but is specially severe with gas-engine drive, and special pre- cautions are then often tak ...", "... ine revolution, due to the alternating transfer of the load from one engine to the other, which may even become so excessive as to throw the machines out of step, especially when by an ap- proximate coincidence of the period of engine impulses (or a multiple thereof), with the natural period of oscillation of the revolving structure, the effect is made cumulative. This diffi- culty as a rule does not exist with turbine or water-wheel driving, but is specially severe with gas-engine drive, and special pre- cautions are then often taken, by the use of a short-circuited squirrel cage winding in the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 32540-33010", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... than 46 per cent, of the fundamental. The voltage will not exceed twice the normal, even at a fre- quency of complete resonance with the higher harmonic, if none of the higher harmonics amounts to more than 7 per cent, of the fundamental. Herefrom it follows that the danger of resonance in high-potential lines is frequently overestimated, since the conditions assumed in this example are rather more severe than found in hnes of moderate length, the capacity current of such line very seldom reaching 20 per cent, of the main current, 254. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-i ...", "... power consumed by eddy currents bears a constant relation to the output of the secondary circuit, as obvious, since the division of power between the two secondary circuits— the eddy-current circuit and the useful or consumer circuit — is unaffected by wave-shape or intensity of magnetism. In high-potential lines, distorted waves whose maxima are very high above the effective values, as peaked waves, are objectionable by increasing the strain on the insulation. The striking-distance of an alternating voltage depends upon the maximum value, except at extremely high frequencies, such as oscillating ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 33: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 33, "location": "lines 36515-37127", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high tension", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... omparison. In moderate-potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from live wires entering buildings or otherwise accessible, the comparison on the basis of maximum potential also appears appropriate. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-distance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is to be made on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential existing in the system; the comparison of low-poten- tial distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires ...", "... n re- quires the same copper. A saving results only in the number of insulators required, etc. Only where the amount of power is so small that mechanical strength, and not power loss, determines the size of the conductor, a saving results by replacing one of the conductors by the ground. The high-tension, direct-current system, whether insulated, or with grounded neutral, or with ground return, appears equal in copper efficiency to a single-phase system of the same character (insulated, or with grounded neutral, or with ground return) and of the same effective voltage, that is, with a sine wave ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 35: Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 35, "location": "lines 37453-37957", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... 3 henry, and herefrom the reactance, X = 2TrfL = 88 ohms. The capacity of the transmission line may be calculated directly, or more conveniently it may be derived from the inductance. If C is the capacity of the circuit, of which the inductance is L, then is the fundamental frequency of oscillation, or natural period, that is, the frequency which makes the length, I, of the line a quarter-wave length. Since the velocity of propagation of the electric field is the ve- ^ \"Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering.\" BALANCED SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 451 locity of light, v, w ...", "... f the line a quarter-wave length. Since the velocity of propagation of the electric field is the ve- ^ \"Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering.\" BALANCED SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 451 locity of light, v, with a wave-length, 4 I, the number of waves per second, or frequency of oscillation of the line, is f - — and herefrom then follows: hence, for V I Vlc I = 100 miles, V = 186,000 miles per second, L = 0.23 henry, C = 1.26 mf. and the capacity susceptance, 6 = 2 tt/C = 475 X 10-«. Representing, as approximation, the line capacity by a con- denser shunte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "section_title": "Ri", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 20, "location": "lines 24560-25119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... 6,227] EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS, 341 The voltage ^ill not exceed twice the normal, even at a frequency of complete resonance with the higher har- monic, if none of the higher harmonics amounts to more than 7 per cent, of the fundamental. Herefrom it follows that the danger of resonance in high potential lines is in general greatly over-estimated. 226. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-inductive circuit is the sum of the powers of the individual harmonics. Thus if upon a sine wave of alter- nating E.M.F. higher harmonic waves are superposed, the effective E.M.F., and the ...", "... by eddy currents bears a constant relation to the output of the secondary circuit, as obvious, since the division of power between the two secondary circuits — the eddy current circuit, and the useful or consumer cir- cuit — is unaffected by wave-shape or intensity of mag- netism. • 231. In high potential lines, distorted waves whose maxima arc very high above the effective values, as peaked waves, may be objectionable by increasing the strain on the insulation. It is, however, not settled yet beyond doubt whether the striking-distance of a rapidly alternat- ing j)otential dej)ends upon the max ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17597-18052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "impulses", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "oscillation", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... t is, a fluctuation of the lights with the period of the engine revo- lution, due to the alternating transfer of the load from one engine to the other, which may even become so excessive as to throw the machines out of step, especially when by an approximate coincidence of the period of engine impulses (or a multiple thereof), with the natural period of oscillation of the revolving structure, the effect is made cumulative. This difficulty as a rule does not exist with turbine or water- wheel driving. 192. In synchronizing alternators, we have to distin- guish the phenomena taking place whe ...", "... ne revo- lution, due to the alternating transfer of the load from one engine to the other, which may even become so excessive as to throw the machines out of step, especially when by an approximate coincidence of the period of engine impulses (or a multiple thereof), with the natural period of oscillation of the revolving structure, the effect is made cumulative. This difficulty as a rule does not exist with turbine or water- wheel driving. 192. In synchronizing alternators, we have to distin- guish the phenomena taking place when throwing the ma- chines in parallel or out of parallel, and th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 21983-22448", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... al. The voltage will not exceed twice the normal, even at a frequency of complete resonance with the higher har- monic, if none of the higher harmonics amounts to more EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 405 than 7 per cent, of the fundamental. Herefrom it follows that the danger of resonance in high potential lines is in general greatly over-estimated, since the conditions assumed in this instance are rather more severe than found in prac- tice, the capacity current of the line very seldom reaching 20% of the main current. 247. The power developed by a complex harmonic wave in a non-inductive cir ...", "... ed by eddy currents bears a constant relation to the output of the secondary circuit, as obvious, since the division of power between the two secondary circuits — the eddy current circuit, and the useful or consumer cir- cuit — is unaffected by wave-shape or intensity of mag- netism. 252. In high potential lines, distorted waves whose maxima are very high above the effective values, as peaked waves, may be objectionable by increasing the strain on the insulation. It is, however, not settled yet beyond doubt whether the striking-distance of a rapidly alternat- ing potential depends upon the maxim ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Review", "section_title": "Review", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 23, "location": "lines 32138-32819", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... types of apparatus, methods of construction and of operation, discussed in the preceding, an alphabetical list of them is given in the following, comprising name, definition, principal characteristics, advantages and dis- advantages, and the paragraph in which they are discussed. Alexanderson High-frequency Inductor Alternator. — 159. Comprises an inductor disk of very many teeth, revolving at very high speed between two radial armatures. Used for producing very high frequencies, from 20,000 to 200,000 cycles per second. Amortisseur. — Squirrel-cage winding in the pole faces of the synchronous m ...", "... encies, from 20,000 to 200,000 cycles per second. Amortisseur. — Squirrel-cage winding in the pole faces of the synchronous machine, proposed by Leblanc to oppose the hunt- ing tendency, and extensively used. Amplifier. — 161. An apparatus to intensify telephone and radio telephone currents. High-frequency inductor alternator excited by the telephone current, usually by armature reaction through capacity. The generated current is then rectified, be- fore transmission in long-distance telephony, after transmission in radio telephony. Arc Machines. — 138. Constant-current generators, usually dir ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 6942-9061", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "damping", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... armatures of direct-current motors at high armature reaction and low field excitation, due to the flux distortion, and under certain conditions in the armatures of regulating pole converters. A large number of small unsymmetrical cycles are sometimes superimposed upon the alternating cycle by high-frequency pul- sation of the alternating flux due to the rotor and stator teeth, and then may produce high losses. Such, for instance, is the case in induction machines, if the stator and rotor teeth are not proportioned so as to maintain uniform reluctance, or in alterna- tors or direct-current machine ...", "... tor and stator teeth, and then may produce high losses. Such, for instance, is the case in induction machines, if the stator and rotor teeth are not proportioned so as to maintain uniform reluctance, or in alterna- tors or direct-current machines, in which the pole faces are slotted to receive damping windings, or compensating windings, etc., if the proportion of armature and pole-piece slots is not carefully designed. 46. The hysteresis loss in an unsymmetrical cycle, between limits Si and B2, that is, with the amplitude of magnetic variation B = 2 — ) follows the same approximate law of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification. 249", "section_title": "Arc Rectification. 249", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 711-744", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transient", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... -lap. 252 19. Constant-current rectifier: Arrangement of apparatus. 255 20. Theory and calculation: Differential equations. 256 21. Integral equations. 258 22. Terminal conditions and final equations. 260 23. Calculation of numerical example. 262 24. Performance curves and oscillograms. Transient term. 263 25. Equivalent sine waves: their derivation. 267 26. 25 Continued. 269 27. Equations of the equivalent sine waves of the mercury arc rectifier. Numerical example. 271 SECTION III. TRANSIENTS IN SPACE.", "... 60 23. Calculation of numerical example. 262 24. Performance curves and oscillograms. Transient term. 263 25. Equivalent sine waves: their derivation. 267 26. 25 Continued. 269 27. Equations of the equivalent sine waves of the mercury arc rectifier. Numerical example. 271 SECTION III. TRANSIENTS IN SPACE." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Discussion Of General Equations. 431", "section_title": "Discussion Of General Equations. 431", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1063-1086", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "decrement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS. 431 7. The two component waves and their reflected waves. Attenuation in time and in space. 431 8. Period, wave length, time and distance attenuation constants. 433 9. Simplification of equations at high frequency, and the velocity unit of distance. 434 10. Decrement of traveling wave. 436 11. Physical meaning of the two component waves. 437 12. Stationary or standing wave. Trigonometric arid logarith- mic waves. 438 13. Propagation constant of wave. 440", "... SSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS. 431 7. The two component waves and their reflected waves. Attenuation in time and in space. 431 8. Period, wave length, time and distance attenuation constants. 433 9. Simplification of equations at high frequency, and the velocity unit of distance. 434 10. Decrement of traveling wave. 436 11. Physical meaning of the two component waves. 437 12. Stationary or standing wave. Trigonometric arid logarith- mic waves. 438 13. Propagation constant of wave. 440" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges. 535", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges. 535", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 9, "location": "lines 1286-1316", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "decrement", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "transients", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... S. 535 64. Massed inductance discharging into distributed circuit. Combination of generating station and transmission line. 535 65. Equations of inductance, and change of constants at transition point. 536 66. Line open or grounded at end. Evaluation of frequency constant and resultant decrement. 538 67. The final equations, and their discussion. 540 68. Numerical example. Calculation of the first six har- monics. 542 APPENDIX: VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 545 SECTION I TRANSIENTS IN TIME TKANSIENTS IN TIME", "... 6 66. Line open or grounded at end. Evaluation of frequency constant and resultant decrement. 538 67. The final equations, and their discussion. 540 68. Numerical example. Calculation of the first six har- monics. 542 APPENDIX: VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 545 SECTION I TRANSIENTS IN TIME TKANSIENTS IN TIME" ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-02-discussion-of-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 3: Discussion of Recommendations", "section_title": "Discussion of Recommendations", "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "PDF pages 12-16, lines 721-1138", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "oscillations", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "snippets": [ "... ometimes drifting farther apart, etc., until at some time they happen to drift close enough together within \\% so as to pull each other in step. The characteristic of this drift out of synchronism is that the fluctua- tions of current, etc., are constant, and not gradually decreasing, as in hunting oscillations, and the frequency or period of fluctuation is ir- regular. This seems to agree with the observations. It appears then : if a station section has dropped out of synchronism by a short circuit or other trouble, as indicated by its voltage not coming back promptly at the clearing of the short, then i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_title": "Alternating Current Railway Motor", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 8649-9342", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "snippets": [ "... rally used in an alternating current than in a direct current motor. Good direct current motor design requires a strong field and weak armature, to get little field distortion and therefore good commutation ; that is high n and low m. But such pro- portions, even at low supply frequency N and high frequency of rotation No, would give a hopelessly bad power factor, and ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTOR 179 thus a commercially impractical motor. In the alternating cur- rent commutator motor, it is therefore essential to use as strong an armature and as weak a field (that is, as large a number of armatu ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-15", "section_label": "Lecture 15: Electrochemistry", "section_title": "Electrochemistry", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 9343-9686", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "snippets": [ "... urnace are siloxicon, sili- con monoxide, etc., and numerous alloys of refractory metals, mainly with iron; as of vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, etc., which are used in steel manufacture. The use of the electric arc for the production of nitric acid and mtraite fertilizers ; of the high potential glow discharge for the production of ozone for water purification, etc., also are applications of electric power, which are of rapidly increas- ing industrial importance." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-105", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 105, "number": 8, "location": "lines 18666-18812", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "snippets": [ "... r obviously is that it electrically interconnects primary and sec- ondary circuit and thereby puts the voltage of the higher voltage circuit onto the lower voltage circuit. Thus, when using auto- transformers, the insulation of the low voltage circuit and the high potential tests of all the apparatus used in the low voltage circuit must be those of the high voltage circuit. Furthermore, a ground in one of the two circuits of an autotransformer also is a ground on the other circuit, while with a transformer, a ground on th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "... ssentially as reaction machine. A number of types of synchronous induction genera- tors have been devised, either with commutator for excitation or without commutator and with excitation by low-frequency synchronous or commutating machine, in the armature, or by high-frequency excitation. For particulars regarding these very interesting machines, see \" Theory and Calculation of Alternat- ing-current Phenomena.\"" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-37", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 16: Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 37, "number": 16, "location": "lines 10124-10189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "snippets": [ "... that is, the value of the energy current supplying the losses in the machine. It is only in the parallel operation of very large high-speed machines (steam turbine driven alternators) of high armature reaction and very low armature self-induction that such high- frequency cross currents may require consideration, and even then only in three-phase F-connected generators with grounded neutral, as cross currents between the neutrals of the machines. In a three-phase machine, the voltage between the terminals, or delta voltage, cont ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-89", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 89, "number": 11, "location": "lines 15893-15982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "snippets": [ "... of the double-current generator is limited to those sizes and speeds at which a good direct-current generator can be built with the same number of poles as a good alternator, that is, low- frequency machines of large output and relatively high speed; while high-frequency low-speed double-current generators are undesirable. The essential difference between double-current generator and converter is, however, that in the former the direct current and the alternating current are not in opposition as in the latter, but in the same ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-90", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 90, "number": 12, "location": "lines 15983-16064", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "snippets": [ "... or, having an armature reaction equal to half that of a direct-current generator. Such motor converters have been recommended for high-fre- quency systems, as their commutating component is of half frequency, and thus affords a better commutator design than a high-frequency converter. They are necessarily much larger than standard converters, but are smaller than motor generator sets, as half the power is converted in either machine. One advantage of this type of machine for phase control is that it requires no additional reac ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1120-1683", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... ally negligible — except in the case of low-resistance circuits containing large inductive reactance and large condensive reactance in series with each other, so as to produce resonance effects of these higher harmonics, and also under certain conditions of long-distance power transmission and high-potential distribution. 8. Experimentally, the impedance, effective resistance, induc- tance, capacity, etc., of a circuit or a part of a circuit are con- veniently determined by impressing a sine wave of alternating e.m.f. upon the circuit and measuring with alternating-current INTRODUCTION 9 amme ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... erter, the most convenient way of varying the field excitation with the load is automatically, by a series field-coil traversed by the direct-current output. The field windings of converters intended for phase control — as for the supply of power to electric railways, from substations fed by a high-potential alternating-current transmission line — ■ are compound-wound, and the shunt field is adjusted for under- excitation, so as to produce at no-load the lagging current, i'o, and the series field adjusted so as to make the reactive compo- nent of current, i', disappear at the desired load, ii. In ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_title": "Dielectric Losses", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14334-15409", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "arrester", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... ction of t^ = o^Tr ~ 2 fk A dielectric circuit, in which the power-factor decreases with increasing frequency, for instance, is that of the capacity of the transmission line; a dielectric circuit, in which the power-factor increases with the frequency, is that of the aluminum-cell light- ning arrester. 121. As seen, in the dielectric circuit, that is, in insulators in which the current is essentially a displacement current, the relations between voltage, current, power, phase angle and power- factor can be represented by the same symbolic equations as the relations between voltage, curre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "number": 25, "location": "lines 29375-32539", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "snippets": [ "... e by 44.6 per cent., and the voltage wave has become very peaked, by a pronounced third harmonic of an effective value of 0.24 E — that is, 38.5 per cent, of the effective value of the total wave. The very high peak of e.m.f. produced by this wave-shape distortion is liable to be dangerous in high-potential, three- phase systems by increasing the strain on the insulation between lines and ground, and leading to resonance phenomena with the third harmonic. The maximum value of the distorted wave of magnetism is 8.89, while with a sine wave it would be 10.0, that is, the maxi- mum of the wave of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 26428-26583", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... n, and that consequently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy eff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 26584-27052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... system ; that is, equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from wires or high differences of potential. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is to be made on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential existing in the system. The comparison of low potential distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 29: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 29, "location": "lines 24805-25135", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "energy stored", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "... n, and that consequently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy eff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 25136-25597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... system ; that is, •equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from live wires entering human habitations. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is to be made on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential existing in the system. The comparison of low potential distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires co ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "section_title": "Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 14, "location": "lines 17125-18412", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "stored energy", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... d cost of induc- tance decreases with increasing, and increases with decroaniBg kilovolt-ampere capacity. Furthermore, the use of mechanical momentum means moving machinery, requiring more or less attention, thus becomes less suitable, for smaller values of power. Hence, for smaller amounts of stored energy, inductance and capacity may become more economical than momentum, and for very small amounts of energy, the condenser may lie the cheapest device. The above figures thus give only the approxi- • \"Theorv and Calculation of Alterwi ting-current Phenomena,\" edition, Chapter XXXII. PHASE CONV ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3895-5444", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "transients", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... ately indicated on the curves. It is essential for the electrical engineer to thoroughly undeiv stand the nature of the arc, not only because of its use as illumi- nant, in arc lighting, but more still because accidental arcs are the foremost cause of instability and troubles from dangerous transients in electric circuits. \\ .^ s \\ ( m \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ ™ V \\ '^ \\ s ^ ^ V ^ '.,. ■\" .^ ~~^ -i ■^ 'W \\, ~ ~~ — — - O.J «.. I.T7 ,„ ~ m « f 22. The voltage consumed by an arc strea ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves : General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12222-12961", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high frequency", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... y small and still further suppressed by the inductance of the circuit. They may become serious and even dangerous, however, if capacity is present in the circuit, as the current taken by capacity is proportional to the frequency, and even small voltage harmonics, if of very high order, that is, high frequency, produce very large currents, and these in turn may cause dangerous voltages in inductive devices connected in series into the circuit, such as current transformers, or cause resonance effects in transformers, etc. With the increasing extent of very high-voltage transmission, introducing capaci ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "section_title": "Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 24023-27995", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "high potential", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... THREE z £ 2 I dfe o< Jo CONSTANT CURRENT ' 8INQIC*PHA8E Fig. 124. the losses in these transformers have not been included, since these transformers are obviously not essential but merely for the convenience of separating electrically the constant-current cir- cuit from the high-potential line. It is evident, for instance, in Fig. 124, that the constant-current and constant-potential cir- g Ul 2 u 5 ^ ^ $-§- f ^'^\"^^ o VTX o 5 o _/ o \"X ^v.. o ^>' o ^ V \\ ^ CONSTANT CURRENT SINOLE-PHASE Fig. 125. cuits instead of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 29302-30428", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "surges", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... 2 behind the voltage, the current is i = / cos (« - I) (8) and the instantaneous power thus, p = EI cos cos(<^ — ^j = -^ sm 2 = Qcos(20-^)i (9) Thus, the power comprises only an alternating component, but no continuous component; in other words, no power is consumed, but the power surges or alternates between +Q and — Q, that is, power is stored and then again returned to the circuit. If the circuit is closed by a capacity, C, the current leads the TT impressed voltage by ^, thus is i = / cos (« + I) (10) and the instantaneous power thus, p = EI cos ^ ~ rn ^ ^ m ^ 5- ^ y' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i: Fig. 79. . ia shunted by a condenser, the condenser nmkes the arc unstable and puts it out; the available supply voltage, however, starts it again, and so periodically the arc starts and extinguishes, aa an \"oscillating arc.\" 84. There are certain circuit elements which tend to produce instability, such as arcs, pyroelectric con ...", "... e arc when it goes out, and the arc «■ 1.D ^ iin \\ C^ -' litn \\ V ^^ fn \\ in \\ \\ ■ ^ ■m ~- ^ .0 ■^ >^ ~ rn ^ ^ m ^ 5- ^ y' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i: Fig. 79. . ia shunted by a condenser, the condenser nmkes the arc unstable and puts it out; the available supply voltage, however, starts it again, and so periodically the arc starts and extinguishes, aa an \"oscillating arc.\" 84. There are certain circuit elements which tend to produce instability, such as arcs, pyroelectric conductors, conden ...", "... denser nmkes the arc unstable and puts it out; the available supply voltage, however, starts it again, and so periodically the arc starts and extinguishes, aa an \"oscillating arc.\" 84. There are certain circuit elements which tend to produce instability, such as arcs, pyroelectric conductors, condensers, induction and synchronous motors, etc., and their recognition therefore is of great importance to the engineer, in guarding \\^ 1 [<^ INSTABILITY OF CIRCUITS 165 s^ainst instability. Whether instability results, and what form it assumes, depends, however, not only on the \"exciting ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series Condenser Charge And Discharge", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 5, "location": "lines 4072-5311", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 75, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 56 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 16 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES. CONDENSER CHARGE AND DISCHARGE. 29. If a continuous e.m.f . e is impressed upon a circuit contain- ing resistance, inductance, and capacity in series, the stationary condition of the circuit is zero current, i = o, and the poten- tial difference at the condenser equals the impresse ...", "CHAPTER V. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES. CONDENSER CHARGE AND DISCHARGE. 29. If a continuous e.m.f . e is impressed upon a circuit contain- ing resistance, inductance, and capacity in series, the stationary condition of the circuit is zero current, i = o, and the poten- tial difference at the condenser equals the impressed e.m.f., et =• e, no ...", "CHAPTER V. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES. CONDENSER CHARGE AND DISCHARGE. 29. If a continuous e.m.f . e is impressed upon a circuit contain- ing resistance, inductance, and capacity in series, the stationary condition of the circuit is zero current, i = o, and the poten- tial difference at the condenser equals the impressed e.m.f., et =• e, no permanent current exists, but only the transient current of charge or discharge of the condenser. The capacity C of a condenser i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1003-1658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 70, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the r ...", "... ic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductors, and the magnetic field consists of eccentric circles surrounding the conductors, as shown by the drawn lines in Fig. 9. An electrostatic, or, as more properly called, dielectric field, issues from the conductors, that is, a dielectric flux passes between the conductors, which is measured by the number of lines of dielectric force ^. With a single conductor, the lines of dielectric force are radial straight lines, as shown dotted ...", "... n Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductors, and the magnetic field consists of eccentric circles surrounding the conductors, as shown by the drawn lines in Fig. 9. An electrostatic, or, as more properly called, dielectric field, issues from the conductors, that is, a dielectric flux passes between the conductors, which is measured by the number of lines of dielectric force ^. With a single conductor, the lines of dielectric force are radial straight lines, as shown dotted in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_title": "The Electric Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 883-1530", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 70, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 55 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 10 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... er line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the ...", "... ic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductors, and the magnetic field consists of eccentric circles surrounding the conductors, as shown by the drawn lines in Fig. 9. An electrostatic, or, as more properly called, dielectric field, issues from the conductors, that is, a dielectric flux passes between the conductors, which is measured by the number of lines of dielectric force ty. With a single conductor, the lines of dielectric force are radial straight lines, as shown dotte ...", "... n Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductors, and the magnetic field consists of eccentric circles surrounding the conductors, as shown by the drawn lines in Fig. 9. An electrostatic, or, as more properly called, dielectric field, issues from the conductors, that is, a dielectric flux passes between the conductors, which is measured by the number of lines of dielectric force ty. With a single conductor, the lines of dielectric force are radial straight lines, as shown dotted in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "section_title": "Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 24023-27995", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 67, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 45 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... rnating voltage, or inversely, constitutes a good application of the terms \"impedance,\" admittance,\" etc., and offers a large number of problems or examples for the symbolic method of dealing with alternating-current phenomena. Even outside of arc lighting, such combinations of inductance and capacity which t«nd toward constant-voltage constant-cur- rent transformation are of considerable importance as a poffsiblo source of danger to the system. In a constant-current circuit, the load is taken off by short-circuiting, while opc;n-circuiting causes the voltage to rise to the maximum value pcj ...", "... r Xo = Vxoo* - r2 - At (15) Non-inductive load : Xo = Vxoo^ - r2. (16) 131. As seen, a constant series inductive reactance gives an approximately constant-current regulation with non-inductive load, but if the load is inductive this regulation is spoiled. Inversely it can be shown, that condensive reactance, that is, a source of leading current in the load, improves the constant- current regulation. With a non-inductive load, series condensive reactance exerts the same efifect on the current regulation as series inductive re- actance; the equations discussed in the preceding paragraphs re- main ...", "... ly constant-current regulation with non-inductive load, but if the load is inductive this regulation is spoiled. Inversely it can be shown, that condensive reactance, that is, a source of leading current in the load, improves the constant- current regulation. With a non-inductive load, series condensive reactance exerts the same efifect on the current regulation as series inductive re- actance; the equations discussed in the preceding paragraphs re- main the same, except that the sign of x© is reversed and the cur- rent always leading. With series condensive reactance, condensive reactance in the loa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6804-8485", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 65, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 36 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "... LATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in the circuit, the oscillating energy of the transient must steadily decline, that is, the transient must die out, at a rate depending on the energy dissipation in the cir- cuit. Thus, the oscillation resulting from a change of circuit ...", "... ne. 122 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES ANDJMPULSES grams, Figs. 62 to 65, were taken on an artificial transmission line.* Oscillations of the type 64 and 65 are industrially used, as ''sing- ing arc, \" in wireless telegraphy, and are produced by shunting a suitable arc by a circuit containing capacity and inductance in series with each other. Fig. 62. — Semi -continuous Recurrent Oscillation of Arcing Ground in Transmission Line. Fig. 63. — Semi-continuous Hecurrent Oscillation of Arcing Ground in Transmission Lino. * \"Design, Construction and Test of an Artificial Transmission Line, ...", "... ynchronous motors and converters. The mechanism, by which the hysteresis cycle supplies the energy of continual oscillations, has been investigated in the case of the hunting of synchronous machines,* but is still practically un- known in the case of continual oscillations between magnetic and dielectric energy in electric circuits. Recurrent oscillations, as in Fig. 59, must be or very soon be- come continual, that is, the successive wave trains are of approx- imately constant amplitude, since each starts with the same energy, the stored energy of the supply system. Continual oscillations, h ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1317-1992", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 63, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 33 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "dielectrics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... (Thus, while the voltage may decrease from generator to receiver circuit, as is usually the case, or may increase, as in an alternating-current circuit with leading current, and while the current may remain constant throughout the circuit, or decrease, as in a transmission line of considerable capacity with a leading or non-inductive receiver circuit, the flow of energy always decreases from generating to receiving circuit, and the power gradient therefore is characteristic of the direc- tion of the flow of energy.) In the space outside of the conductor, during the flow of energy through t ...", "... e conductor exerts magnetic and elec- trostatic actions. The magnetic action is a maximum in the direction concen- tric, or approximately so, to the conductor. That is, a needle- shaped magnetizable body, as an iron needle, tends to set itself in a direction concentric to the conductor. The electrostatic action has a maximum in a direction radial, or approximately so, to the conductor. That is, a light needle- shaped conducting body, if the electrostatic component of the field is powerful enough, tends to set itself in a direction radial to the conductor, and light bodies are attracted or repel ...", "... nductor. That is, a needle- shaped magnetizable body, as an iron needle, tends to set itself in a direction concentric to the conductor. The electrostatic action has a maximum in a direction radial, or approximately so, to the conductor. That is, a light needle- shaped conducting body, if the electrostatic component of the field is powerful enough, tends to set itself in a direction radial to the conductor, and light bodies are attracted or repelled radially to the conductor. Thus, the electric field of a circuit over which energy flows has three main axes which are at right angles with each ot ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-29", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "section_title": "Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity In Series In Alternating-Current Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "number": 7, "location": "lines 6798-7825", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 60, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 21 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VII. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT. 65. Let, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the condensive reactance ...", "CHAPTER VII. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT. 65. Let, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the condensive reactance is xc = > 2 7T/C J where/ = frequency and 6 = 2 nft. (3) Then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance is ri\\ the e.m.f. consumed by inductance, is di di Ldt = xJe' and the e.m.f. consumed by capacity is , (4) wh ...", "... UCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT. 65. Let, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the condensive reactance is xc = > 2 7T/C J where/ = frequency and 6 = 2 nft. (3) Then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance is ri\\ the e.m.f. consumed by inductance, is di di Ldt = xJe' and the e.m.f. consumed by capacity is , (4) where i = instantaneous value of the current. di di C Hence, e = ri + x ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 15410-16076", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "dielectric loss", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of ...", "... tant. In what follows, the quantities r, x, g, b, will always be consid- ered as the coefficients of the power and reactive components of current and e.m.f. — ^that is, as the effective quantities — so that the results are directly appHcable to the general electric circuit containing iron and dielectric losses. Introducing now, in Chapters VIII, to XI, instead of \"ohmic resistance,\" the term \"effective resistance,\" etc., as discussed in the preceding chapter, the results apply also — within the range discussed in the preceding chapter — to circuits containing iron and other materials produci ...", "... resistance,\" the term \"effective resistance,\" etc., as discussed in the preceding chapter, the results apply also — within the range discussed in the preceding chapter — to circuits containing iron and other materials producing energy losses outside of the electric conductor. 128. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or 168 DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY 169 other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, however, the condensive react- ance is distributed over the w ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 11564-12672", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 59, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectrics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XII. DIBTBISnTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, BESISTANCE, AND liEAKAGE. 102. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is di ...", "CHAPTER XII. DIBTBISnTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, BESISTANCE, AND liEAKAGE. 102. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circ ...", "CHAPTER XII. DIBTBISnTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, BESISTANCE, AND liEAKAGE. 102. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi. nit ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "section_title": "Inductance And Capacity Of Round Parallel Conductors", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6089-7274", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 32 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 25 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE X. INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITY OF ROUND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS. A. Inductance and capacity. 43. As inductance and capacity are the two circuit constants which represent the energy storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The i ...", "LECTURE X. INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITY OF ROUND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS. A. Inductance and capacity. 43. As inductance and capacity are the two circuit constants which represent the energy storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The inductance is the ratio of the interlinkages of the mag- net ...", "LECTURE X. INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITY OF ROUND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS. A. Inductance and capacity. 43. As inductance and capacity are the two circuit constants which represent the energy storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The inductance is the ratio of the interlinkages of the mag- netic flux to the current, £ = ?- ( ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-58", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Inductive Discharges", "section_title": "Inductive Discharges", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 58, "number": 9, "location": "lines 34897-40349", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 58, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 31 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "snippets": [ "... ISCHARGES. 64. The discharge of an inductance into a transmission line may be considered as an illustration of the phenomena in a complex circuit comprising sections of very different constants; that is, a combination of a circuit section of high inductance and small resistance and negligible capacity and conductance, as a generating station, with a circuit of distributed capacity and inductance, as a transmission line. The extreme case of such a discharge would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is connected to the generating ...", "... onsidered as an illustration of the phenomena in a complex circuit comprising sections of very different constants; that is, a combination of a circuit section of high inductance and small resistance and negligible capacity and conductance, as a generating station, with a circuit of distributed capacity and inductance, as a transmission line. The extreme case of such a discharge would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is connected to the generating station. Let r = the total resistance and L = the total inductance of the indu ...", "... would occur if a short circuit at the busbars of a gen- erating station opens while the transmission line is connected to the generating station. Let r = the total resistance and L = the total inductance of the inductive section of the circuit; also let g = 0, C= 0, and L0 = inductance, <70 = capacity, r0 = resistance, g0 = conduc- tance of the total transmission line connected to the inductive circuit. In either of the two circuit sections the total length of the section is chosen as unit distance, and, translated to the velocity measure, the length of the transmission line is and the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 22449-23642", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 56, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 29 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 27 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... e complex vector quantity. The replacement of the general wave by its equivalent sine wave, as before discussed, that is a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accu- rate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, espe- cially in circuits containing capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction ma- chines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated mag- netic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alternating wa ...", "... is that part of the reactance which is proportional to the frequency (inductance, etc.). x0 is that part of the reactance which is independent of the frequency (mutual induction, synchronous motion, etc.). xc is that part of the reactance which is inversely pro- portional to the frequency (capacity, etc.). The impedance for the nth harmonic is, r —Jnn xm This term can be considered as the general symbolic expression of the impedance of a circuit of general wave shape. 412 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Ohm's law, in symbolic expression, assumes for the general alternating wave ...", "... s a rule, is < 1. 256. Some applications of this symbolism will explain its mechanism and its usefulness more fully. \\st Instance : Let the E.M.F., be impressed upon a circuit of the impedance, 7 • ( *CN Z = *•—./„ \\nxm -- that is, containing resistance r, inductive reactance xm and capacity reactance xc in series. Let e? = 720 ef = 540 V = 283 4\" = - 283 e£ = - 104 *6\" = 138 or, ^ = 900 tan e^ = .75 *, = 400 tan o)3 = - 1 ^5 = 173 tan w5 = - 1.33 It is thus in symbolic expression, Zj = 10 + 80/; *! = 80.6 Z3 = 10 zz = 10 ZB = 10 - 32/; 25 = 33.5 and, E.M.F., ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-27", "section_label": "Chapter 27: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "section_title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "number": 27, "location": "lines 33011-34776", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 54, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 28 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 22 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "snippets": [ "... ne complex vector quantity. The replacement of the general wave by its equivalent sine wave, as before discussed, that is, a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated magnetic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alter- nating wave ...", "... s that part of the reactance which is proportional to the frequency (inductance, etc.), ^ Xo is that part of the reactance which is independent of the frequency (mutual inductance, synchronous motion, etc.). Xc is that part of the reactance which is inversely propor- tional to the frequency (capacity, etc.). The impedance for the nth harmonic is + jn (nxr^ + a^o + -^ ) This term can be considered as the general symbolic expression of the impedance of a circuit of general wave-shape. Ohm's law, in symbolic expression, assumes for the general alternating wave the form 7 = ^or, S2n-i ...", "... electrolytic conductors above the dissociation voltage of the electrolyte, etc. Such cir- cuits cannot correctly, and in many cases not even approximately, be treated by the theory of the equivalent sine waves, but re- quire the symbolism of the complex harmonic wave. 263. Second Example. — A condenser of capacity, Co = 20 mf. is connected into the circuit of a 60-cycle alternator giving a wave of the form, e = E{cos 4> - 0.10 cos 3 0 - 0.08 cos 5 0 + 0.06 cos 7 4>), or, in symbolic expression, E = e(li - O.IO3 - O.O85 + O.O67). The synchronous impedance of the alternator is Zo = n -\\ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 2, "location": "lines 1993-2658", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 53, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... ds Fig. 1. Rise and decay of continuous current in an inductive circuit. continuous current in an inductive circuit: the exciting current of an alternator field, or a circuit having the constants r = 12 ohms; L = 6 henrys, and eQ = 240 volts; the abscissas being seconds of time. 13. If an electrostatic condenser of capacity C is connected to a continuous e.m.f. e0, no current exists, in stationary con- dition, in this direct-current circuit (except that a very small current may leak through the insulation or the dielectric of the condenser), but the condenser is charged to the potential dif- ...", "... Rise and decay of continuous current in an inductive circuit. continuous current in an inductive circuit: the exciting current of an alternator field, or a circuit having the constants r = 12 ohms; L = 6 henrys, and eQ = 240 volts; the abscissas being seconds of time. 13. If an electrostatic condenser of capacity C is connected to a continuous e.m.f. e0, no current exists, in stationary con- dition, in this direct-current circuit (except that a very small current may leak through the insulation or the dielectric of the condenser), but the condenser is charged to the potential dif- ference e ...", "... y of continuous current in an inductive circuit. continuous current in an inductive circuit: the exciting current of an alternator field, or a circuit having the constants r = 12 ohms; L = 6 henrys, and eQ = 240 volts; the abscissas being seconds of time. 13. If an electrostatic condenser of capacity C is connected to a continuous e.m.f. e0, no current exists, in stationary con- dition, in this direct-current circuit (except that a very small current may leak through the insulation or the dielectric of the condenser), but the condenser is charged to the potential dif- ference eo; or contai ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 4, "location": "lines 5555-8554", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 52, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 37 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... the speed is very low, that is, the number of poles large compared with the out- put, and the pole pitch thus must for economical reasons be kept small — as for instance a 100-hp. 60-cycle motor for 90 revolu- tions, that is, 80 poles— or where the requirement of an exutMrVV momentary overload capacity has to be met, etc. In such motors of necessity the exciting current or current at no-load — which is practically all magnetizing current — is a very large part of full-load current, and while fair efficiencies may nevertheless be secured, power-factor and apparent efficiency necessarily are v ...", "... field is excited in scries or shunt with the armature, in the circuit of the induction machine secondary, it generates voltage at the frequency of slip, whatever the latter may be. That is, the induction motor remains asynchronous, increases in slip with increase of load. 5. Excitation by a condenser in the secondary circuit of the induction motor. As the magnetizing current required by the induction motor is a reactive, that is, wattless lagging current, it does not require a generator for its production, but any apparatus consuming lead- ing, that is, generating lagging currents, such a ...", "... the secondary circuit of the induction motor. As the magnetizing current required by the induction motor is a reactive, that is, wattless lagging current, it does not require a generator for its production, but any apparatus consuming lead- ing, that is, generating lagging currents, such as a condenser, can be used to supply the magnetizing current. 40, However, condenser, or synchronous or commutating machine, etc., in the secondary of the induction motor do not merely give the magnetizing current and thereby permit power- factor control, but they may, depending on their design or appli- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 8384-9380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 51, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 19 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectrics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... umed thereby effective resistance of mutual inductance ; ^ = effective reactance of mutual inductance. The susceptance of mutual inductance is negative, or of opposite sign from the reactance of self-inductance. Or, Mutual inductance consumes energy and decreases the self- inductance. Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena. 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, con- densance has an energy component also, namely, dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hysteresis due to molecular ...", "... effective resistance of mutual inductance ; ^ = effective reactance of mutual inductance. The susceptance of mutual inductance is negative, or of opposite sign from the reactance of self-inductance. Or, Mutual inductance consumes energy and decreases the self- inductance. Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena. 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, con- densance has an energy component also, namely, dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hysteresis due to molecular friction, and sim ...", "... of self-inductance. Or, Mutual inductance consumes energy and decreases the self- inductance. Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena. 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, con- densance has an energy component also, namely, dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hysteresis due to molecular friction, and similarly, energy is also consumed in an alternating electrostatic field in the dielectric medium, in what is called electrostatic or dielectric hysteresis. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRE ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 10500-11563", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 48, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectrics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... nductance ; r,» + jf« — »f », Xi b = — ^-^^^ — ■* = effective susceptance of mutual inductance. The susceptance of mutual inductance is negative, or of opposite sign from the susceptance of self-inductance. Or, Mutual itidtutance consumes energy and decreases the self- inductatice. Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena, 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, cori- densance has an energy component also, called dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hysteresis due to molecula ...", "... r,» + jf« — »f », Xi b = — ^-^^^ — ■* = effective susceptance of mutual inductance. The susceptance of mutual inductance is negative, or of opposite sign from the susceptance of self-inductance. Or, Mutual itidtutance consumes energy and decreases the self- inductatice. Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena, 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, cori- densance has an energy component also, called dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hysteresis due to molecular friction, and si ...", "... self-inductance. Or, Mutual itidtutance consumes energy and decreases the self- inductatice. Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena, 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, cori- densance has an energy component also, called dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hysteresis due to molecular friction, and similarly, energy is also consumed in an alternating electrostatic field in the dielectric medium, in what is called dielectric hys- teresis. i 99] FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 145 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_title": "Fields of Force", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 7737-7990", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 39 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectrics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "snippets": [ "... cause the stone to fall toward the earth, and water to run down hill — and this space thus is a field of gravitational force, the earth the gram- motive force. In the space surrounding conductors having a high potential difference, we observe a field of dielectric force, that is, electro- static or dielectric forces are exerted, and the potential difference between the conductors is the electromotive force of the dielectric field. The force exerted by the earth as gravimotive force, on any mass in the gravitational fi ...", "... nd water to run down hill — and this space thus is a field of gravitational force, the earth the gram- motive force. In the space surrounding conductors having a high potential difference, we observe a field of dielectric force, that is, electro- static or dielectric forces are exerted, and the potential difference between the conductors is the electromotive force of the dielectric field. The force exerted by the earth as gravimotive force, on any mass in the gravitational field of the earth, causes the mass to move w ...", "... e. In the space surrounding conductors having a high potential difference, we observe a field of dielectric force, that is, electro- static or dielectric forces are exerted, and the potential difference between the conductors is the electromotive force of the dielectric field. The force exerted by the earth as gravimotive force, on any mass in the gravitational field of the earth, causes the mass to move with increasing rapidity. The direction of motion then shows the direction in which the force acts, that is, the dir ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-31", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Divided Circuit", "section_title": "Divided Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "number": 9, "location": "lines 9228-10474", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 44, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 24 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 15 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IX. DIVIDED CIRCUIT. 72. A circuit consisting of two branches or multiple circuits 1 and 2 may be supplied, over a line or circuit 3, with an impressed e.m.f., e0. Let, in such a circuit, shown diagrammatically in Fig 31, rv Lv Cl and r2, L2, Cz — resistance, inductance, and capacity, respectively, of the two branch circuits 1 and 2; r0, L0, C0 = Co Fig. 31. Divided circuit. resistance, inductance, and capacity of the undivided part of the circuit, 3. Furthermore let e = potential difference at terminals of branch circuits 1 and 2, it and i2 respectively = currents in ...", "... e or circuit 3, with an impressed e.m.f., e0. Let, in such a circuit, shown diagrammatically in Fig 31, rv Lv Cl and r2, L2, Cz — resistance, inductance, and capacity, respectively, of the two branch circuits 1 and 2; r0, L0, C0 = Co Fig. 31. Divided circuit. resistance, inductance, and capacity of the undivided part of the circuit, 3. Furthermore let e = potential difference at terminals of branch circuits 1 and 2, it and i2 respectively = currents in branch circuits 1 and 2, and i3 = current in undivided part of circuit, 3. Then ia = il + i2 and e.m.f. at the terminals of circuit ...", "... - 2 7T/G densive reactance, referred to a standard frequency, such as / = 60 cycles per second. Instead of the time t, then, an angle 0 = 2 nft (5) is introduced, and then we have di x di dd di ^ * (6) i/iift - 2 Kfo f Id0 - Xc/i dd, t since Hereby resistance, inductance, and capacity are expressed in the same units, ohms. Time is expressed by an angle 6 so that 360 degrees correspond to sV of a second, and the time effects thus are directly com- parable with the phenomena on a 60-cycle circuit. A better conception of the size or magnitude of inductance and capacity is s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3721-4369", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... power-dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field. To = -, (2) r where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage con ...", "... coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be ...", "... oefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TV - -, (3) g 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = eoe~'^\\ (4) Similar single-energy transients m ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "section_title": "Double-Energy Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3287-3955", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 43, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... the power-dissipation coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field, T0 = £, (2) where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage co ...", "... oefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be ...", "... efficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transient of the spontaneous discharge of a condenser would be represented by e = e0e~£ct. (4) Similar single-energy transients ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "section_title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19339-21720", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 41, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "dielectrics", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "snippets": [ "... Z = 783 miles for./, - 60 cycles. It follows herefrom that many existing transmission lines are such small fractions of a quarter-wave length of the impressed frequency that the change of voltage and current along the line can be assumed as linear, or at least as parabolic; that is, the line capacity can be represented by a condenser in the middle of the line, or by condensers in the middle and at the two ends of the line, the former of four times the capacity of either of the two latter (the first approximation giving linear, the second a para- bolic distribution). For further investigat ...", "... . It follows herefrom that many existing transmission lines are such small fractions of a quarter-wave length of the impressed frequency that the change of voltage and current along the line can be assumed as linear, or at least as parabolic; that is, the line capacity can be represented by a condenser in the middle of the line, or by condensers in the middle and at the two ends of the line, the former of four times the capacity of either of the two latter (the first approximation giving linear, the second a para- bolic distribution). For further investigation of these approximations see \"T ...", "... ransmission lines are such small fractions of a quarter-wave length of the impressed frequency that the change of voltage and current along the line can be assumed as linear, or at least as parabolic; that is, the line capacity can be represented by a condenser in the middle of the line, or by condensers in the middle and at the two ends of the line, the former of four times the capacity of either of the two latter (the first approximation giving linear, the second a para- bolic distribution). For further investigation of these approximations see \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-Current ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "section_title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3577-5333", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 39, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY. 42. Having, in the foregoing, reestablished Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, ...", "... rnating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quantities — calculate alternating-current cir- cuits and networks of circuits containing resistance, induc- tance, and capacity in any combination, without meeting with greater difficulties than when dealing with continuous- current circuits. It is obviously not possible to discuss with any com- pleteness all the infinite varieties of combinations of resis- tance, inductance, and capacity which can be imagined, and w ...", "... esistance, induc- tance, and capacity in any combination, without meeting with greater difficulties than when dealing with continuous- current circuits. It is obviously not possible to discuss with any com- pleteness all the infinite varieties of combinations of resis- tance, inductance, and capacity which can be imagined, and which may exist, in a system or network of circuits ; there- fore only some of the more common or more . interesting combinations will here be considered. 1.) Resistance in series with a circuit. 43. In a constant-potential system with impressed E.M.F., o = e. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-11", "section_label": "Theory Section 11: Capacity and Condensers", "section_title": "Capacity and Condensers", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 3586-3760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "snippets": [ "11. CAPACITY AND CONDENSERS 51. The charge of an electric condenser is proportional to the impressed voltage, that is, potential difference at its terminals, and to its capacity. A condenser is said to have unit capacity if unit current exist- ing for one second produ ...", "11. CAPACITY AND CONDENSERS 51. The charge of an electric condenser is proportional to the impressed voltage, that is, potential difference at its terminals, and to its capacity. A condenser is said to have unit capacity if unit current exist- ing for one second produces unit differ ...", "11. CAPACITY AND CONDENSERS 51. The charge of an electric condenser is proportional to the impressed voltage, that is, potential difference at its terminals, and to its capacity. A condenser is said to have unit capacity if unit current exist- ing for one second produces unit difference of potential at its terminals. The ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 37: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 37, "location": "lines 38393-40115", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 18 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "displacement current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... nary numbers are represented by the points of half-axis OB' downward; the complex imaginary or general numbers are represented by the points outside of the coordinate axes. INDEX Absolute values of complex quanti- ties, 37 Actual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque eff ...", "... mplex imaginary or general numbers are represented by the points outside of the coordinate axes. INDEX Absolute values of complex quanti- ties, 37 Actual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating res ...", "... e values of complex quanti- ties, 37 Actual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating resistance, 352 volt-ampere characteristic, 354 wave constrtiction, 355 Armature reaction of alternator, 260, 272 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Capacity", "section_title": "Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3872-6370", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 35, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 14 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER VIII. ; 348 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS or, by substitution, Es^ = xl i€-*»* cos ...", "... x7 (a — j) dec a. Hence the apparent reactance of the oscillating-current cir- cuit is, in symbolic expression, X = x{a — j) dec a. Hence it contains a power component, ax, and the impedance is Z = (r—X) dec a= {r—x{a—j)] dec a = {r —ax +jx) dec a. Capacity 186. Let r = resistance, C = capacity, and Xc = o~~7?t = con- ZtJkj densive reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating current, 7, the e.m.f. consumed due to the capacity, C, is Ere = ^(idt = 2^ J /d« = fc fld4>; 348 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS or, by substitution, Es^ = xl i€-*»* cos (0 — e) d4> X i€\"\"<** {sin (0 — «) ...", "... t contains a power component, ax, and the impedance is Z = (r—X) dec a= {r—x{a—j)] dec a = {r —ax +jx) dec a. Capacity 186. Let r = resistance, C = capacity, and Xc = o~~7?t = con- ZtJkj densive reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating current, 7, the e.m.f. consumed due to the capacity, C, is Ere = ^(idt = 2^ J /d« = fc fld4>; 348 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS or, by substitution, Es^ = xl i€-*»* cos (0 — e) d4> X i€\"\"<** {sin (0 — «) — a cos (0 — ^)} 1 + a2 (1 + a^) cos a ^ ^' hence, in symbolic expression, (a — j) (cos ^ — i sin 6) dec a; 1 + a^ hence. ^«c = rr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-44", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 44, "number": 4, "location": "lines 23179-23585", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 27, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 26 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- ...", "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil contains a large number of turns, a great length of conductor, and therefore its electrostatic capacity is appreciable, and such a coil thus repre ...", "... very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil contains a large number of turns, a great length of conductor, and therefore its electrostatic capacity is appreciable, and such a coil thus represents a circuit of distributed resistance, inductance, and capacity somewhat similar to a transmission line. The same applies to reactive coils, etc., wound for very high voltages, and even in smaller reactive coils at very high frequency. This capa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 4370-5278", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maxi ...", "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient current, 60 = maxi ...", "... sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy surges between magnetic — and dielectric — , and a transient component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum value of magnetic energy must equal the maximum value of dielectric '^'^e^gy- Li„^ Ce, 0 \"^^0 (1) where Iq = maximum value of transient current, 60 = maximum value of transient voltage. This gives the relation between Bq and Iq, ^^ = Jl ,^ = 1, (2) where Zq is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, 2/0 the natural or surge admittance o ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "section_title": "Line Oscillations", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3956-4744", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 26, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 23 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy ...", "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient voltage. T ...", "... sts of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient voltage. This gives the relation between eQ and io, e0 V/L_ 1 i-0 = \\C-ZQ-yQ' where ZQ is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, y0 the natural or surge admittance of the circuit. As ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 8555-10582", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... -resistance motor armature, which on polyphase supply gives a good apparent starting-torque efficiency, v would be much lower, due to the lower angle, . In this case, however, a reactance, +ja, would give fairly good starting-torque efficiency . In the same manner the effect of reactance or capacity inserted into one of the two motor coils can be calculated. As instances are given, in Fig. 37, the apparent torque efficiency, v, of the single-phase induction-motor starting device consisting of the insertion, in one of the two parallel motor circuits, of various amounts of reactance, induc ...", "... the two motor coils can be calculated. As instances are given, in Fig. 37, the apparent torque efficiency, v, of the single-phase induction-motor starting device consisting of the insertion, in one of the two parallel motor circuits, of various amounts of reactance, inductive or positive, and capacity 166 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS or negative, for a low secondary resistance motor of impedance: Z - 0.1 +0.3; and a high resistance armature, of the motor impedance: Z = 0.3 + 0.1 j resistance inserted into the one motor circuit, has the same effect .ft .r. z= 1+1 n 1 + 1 o- + ...", "... + 1 m Pin in t inv 6 the circ 90° anc A 37.— Apparent starting-torque eflutenoei of phase-splitting de parallel cumieition uf motor cireuits. lie first motor, as positive reactance in the second motor, rsely. K Higher values of starting-torque efficiency are aecurec use of capacity in the one, and inductance in the other m nit. It is obvious that by resistance and inductance al phase displacement between the two component curre thus true quarter-phase relation, can not be reached. s resistance consumes energy, the use of resistance is justi and by tor ne, its;, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "number": 3, "location": "lines 21721-23178", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 25, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "snippets": [ "... ion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit containing self- inductance and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exceed a certain critical value depending upon the capacity and the self-inductance) ; that is, the discharge current alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of ...", "... oad, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit containing self- inductance and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exceed a certain critical value depending upon the capacity and the self-inductance) ; that is, the discharge current alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge depends upon the capacity C and the self -inductance L of the circuit, and to a much lesser extent upon the resistance, so that, if the resistan ...", "... nce and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exceed a certain critical value depending upon the capacity and the self-inductance) ; that is, the discharge current alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge depends upon the capacity C and the self -inductance L of the circuit, and to a much lesser extent upon the resistance, so that, if the resistance of the circuit is not excessive, the frequency of oscillation can, by neglecting the resistance, be expressed with fair, or even close, approximation by the formula An el ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "section_title": "Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1368-3542", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 17 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... haracteristic than shunt character- istic, except that its speed is limited by synchronism. Series resistance in the armature thus is not suitable to produce steady running at low speeds. To a considerable extent, this disadvantage of inconstancy of speed can be overcome: (a) By the use of capacity or effective capacity in the motor secondary, which contracts the range of torque into that of approximate resonance of the capacity with the motor inductance, and thereby gives fairly constant speed, independent of the load, at various speed values determined by the value of the capacity. (6 ...", "... nt character- istic, except that its speed is limited by synchronism. Series resistance in the armature thus is not suitable to produce steady running at low speeds. To a considerable extent, this disadvantage of inconstancy of speed can be overcome: (a) By the use of capacity or effective capacity in the motor secondary, which contracts the range of torque into that of approximate resonance of the capacity with the motor inductance, and thereby gives fairly constant speed, independent of the load, at various speed values determined by the value of the capacity. (6) By the use of a resi ...", "... s not suitable to produce steady running at low speeds. To a considerable extent, this disadvantage of inconstancy of speed can be overcome: (a) By the use of capacity or effective capacity in the motor secondary, which contracts the range of torque into that of approximate resonance of the capacity with the motor inductance, and thereby gives fairly constant speed, independent of the load, at various speed values determined by the value of the capacity. (6) By the use of a resistance of very high negative tempera- ture coefficient in the armature, so that with increase of load and curre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity", "section_title": "Distributed Series Capacity", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 45, "number": 5, "location": "lines 23586-23947", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 24, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 20 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 43. The capacity of a transmission line, cable, or high-poten- tial transformer coil is shunted capacity, that is, capacity from conductor to ground, or from conductor to return conductor, or shunting across a section of the conductor, as from turn to turn or layer to layer of a transformer ...", "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 43. The capacity of a transmission line, cable, or high-poten- tial transformer coil is shunted capacity, that is, capacity from conductor to ground, or from conductor to return conductor, or shunting across a section of the conductor, as from turn to turn or layer to layer of a transformer coil. In some circ ...", "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 43. The capacity of a transmission line, cable, or high-poten- tial transformer coil is shunted capacity, that is, capacity from conductor to ground, or from conductor to return conductor, or shunting across a section of the conductor, as from turn to turn or layer to layer of a transformer coil. In some circuits, in addition to this shunted capacity, dis- tributed series capacity also exists, t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 959-3894", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 22, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... flow of power, and also inside thereof. The phenomena outside of the conductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into heat; that is, electric power is consumed in the conductor by what may be considered as a kind of resistance of the conductor to the flow of electric power, and so ...", "... ductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into heat; that is, electric power is consumed in the conductor by what may be considered as a kind of resistance of the conductor to the flow of electric power, and so we speak of resistance of the conductor as an electric quantity, r ...", "... an alternating current flows through the cell, which produces the hydrogen and oxygen films which hold back the current flow by their counter e.m.f. The current thus flows ahead of the voltage or counter e.m.f. which it produces, as a leading current, and the polarization cell thus acts like a condenser, and is called an \"electrolytic condenser.\" It has an enormous electrostatic capacity, or \"effective capacity,\" but can stand low voltage only — 1 volt or less — and therefore is of limited industrial value. As chemical action requires appreciable time, such electrolytic condensers show at comm ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_title": "Trigonometric Series", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 6064-15155", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 21, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "snippets": [ "... sumed as sine waves. 108 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. f ■ . Theoretically, obviously this condition can never be perfectly attained, and frequently the deviation from sine shape is suffi- cient to require practical consideration/ especially in those cases, where the electric circuit contains electrostatic capacity, as is for instance, the case with long-distance transmission lines, underground cable systems, high potential transformers, etc. (However, no matter how much the alternating or other periodic wave differs from simple sine shape — ^that is, however much the wave is '' distorted,\" it can alway ...", "... sin 72^)0^\"; (18) Hereby any individual harmonic can be calculated, without calculating the preceding harmonics. For instance, let the generator e.m.f. wave, Fig. 44, Table II, column 2, be impressed upon an underground cable system Fig. 44. Generator e.m.f. wave. of such constants (capacity and inductance), that the natural frequency of the system is 670 cycles per second, while the generator frequency is 60 cycles. The natural frequency of the TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES. 115 circuit is then close to that of the 11th harmonic of the generator wave, 660 cycles, and if the generat ...", "... se machines, resolved into a trigonomet- ric series, give for the voltage between each terminal and the neutral, or the Y voltage of the three-phase system, the equa- tion : e = eo{sin ^-0.12 sin (3<9- 2. 3°) -0.23 sin (5^-1.5°) +0.13 sin (7^-6. 2°)1. . (1) In first approximation, the line capacity may be considered as a condenser shunted across the middle of the line; that is, half the line resistance and half the line reactance is in series with the line capacity. As the receiving apparatus do not utilize the higher har- monics of the generator wave, when using the old generators, th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1120-1683", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... r z — \\/r\" + X\". The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, however, where energy is also expended outside of the conductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective re- sistance. It may no longer be a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not represent the expenditure of energy as ...", "... e resistance, r, refers to the power or active component of e.m.f., or the e.m.f. in phase with the current, the re- actance, X, refers to the wattless or reactive component of e.m.f., or the e.m.f. in quadrature with the current. 3. The principal sources of reactance are electromagnetism and capacity. Electromagnetism An electric current, i, in a circuit produces a magnetic flux surrounding the conductor in lines of magnetic force (or more correctly, lines of magnetic induction), of closed, circular, or other form, which alternate with the alternations of the current, INTRODUCTION 3 ...", "... r; the e.m.f. consumed by reactance is 62 = iXm', and, since both e.m.fs. are in quadrature to each other, the total e.m.f. is e = Ver + 62^ = i Vr^ + x„,^ = iz; that is, the impedance, z, takes in alternating-current circuits the place of the resistance, r, in continuous-current circuits. Capacity 4. If upon a condenser of capacity C an e.m.f., e, is impressed, the condenser receives the electrostatic charge, Ce. If the e.m.f., e, alternates with the frequency, /, the average rate of charge and discharge is 4 /, and 2 irf the maximum rate of charge and discharge, sinusoidal waves supp ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "section_title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 27501-29124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 20, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... y sin w) dec a ; that is, E^ = — X I{a +j) dec a. Hence the apparent reactance of the oscillating current circuit is, in symbolic expression, X == X (a +y) dec a. Hence it contains an energy component ax, and the impedance is Z ={r — X) dec a = {r — x (a +j)) dec a = {r—ax —jx) dec a. Capacity, 285. Let r = resistance, C= capacity, and x^ = 1/ 2 «• C = capacity reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating §286] OSCILLATING CURRENTS. 415 current /, the electromotive force consumed by the capacity C is or, by substitution, Ej,^x Cu-^* cos (<^ — «) // — w)} (1 + f^ ) co ...", "... reactance of the oscillating current circuit is, in symbolic expression, X == X (a +y) dec a. Hence it contains an energy component ax, and the impedance is Z ={r — X) dec a = {r — x (a +j)) dec a = {r—ax —jx) dec a. Capacity, 285. Let r = resistance, C= capacity, and x^ = 1/ 2 «• C = capacity reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating §286] OSCILLATING CURRENTS. 415 current /, the electromotive force consumed by the capacity C is or, by substitution, Ej,^x Cu-^* cos (<^ — «) // — w)} (1 + f^ ) cos a hence, in symbolic express ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 557-1002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... me more lights, or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i\\ and possibly different voltages e' ', but again i' and e' are per- manent, that is, remain the same as long as the circuit remains unchanged. Let, however, in Fig. 2, a direct-current generator G be connected to an electrostatic condenser C. Before the switch S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator ...", "... s, or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i\\ and possibly different voltages e' ', but again i' and e' are per- manent, that is, remain the same as long as the circuit remains unchanged. Let, however, in Fig. 2, a direct-current generator G be connected to an electrostatic condenser C. Before the switch S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator. When the ...", "... ver, in Fig. 2, a direct-current generator G be connected to an electrostatic condenser C. Before the switch S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator. When the \"A ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. condenser C is charged, the current in the Hne A and the condenser C is zero again. That is, the permanent condition before closing the switch S, and also some time afte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 460-882", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... e more lights, or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i', and possibly different voltages e1 '; but again i' and e' are per- manent, that is, remain the same as long as the circuit remains unchanged. Let, however, in Fig. 2, a direct-current generator G be connected to an electrostatic condenser C. Before the switch S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator ...", "... , or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i', and possibly different voltages e1 '; but again i' and e' are per- manent, that is, remain the same as long as the circuit remains unchanged. Let, however, in Fig. 2, a direct-current generator G be connected to an electrostatic condenser C. Before the switch S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator. When the ...", "... ver, in Fig. 2, a direct-current generator G be connected to an electrostatic condenser C. Before the switch S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage given by the generator. When the 1 DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. condenser C is charged, the current in the line A and the condenser C is zero again. That is, the permanent condition before closing the switch S, and also some time after the c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_title": "Arc Lighting", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 9920-12795", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "snippets": [ "... t ground, and so contain an electric charge against ground. These moisture particles conglomer- ate with each other to larger moisture particles and ultimately 264 GENERAL LECTURES rain drops. By the collection of n* particles into one, the diameter of the particle has increased n fold. Its capacity has also increased n fold (the capacity of a sphere being pro- portional to the diameter). The particle contains, however, the accumulated charges of n* smaller particles, and n' times the charge, with n times the capacity, gives ii^ times the poten- tial. It follows herefrom that with the con ...", "... rge against ground. These moisture particles conglomer- ate with each other to larger moisture particles and ultimately 264 GENERAL LECTURES rain drops. By the collection of n* particles into one, the diameter of the particle has increased n fold. Its capacity has also increased n fold (the capacity of a sphere being pro- portional to the diameter). The particle contains, however, the accumulated charges of n* smaller particles, and n' times the charge, with n times the capacity, gives ii^ times the poten- tial. It follows herefrom that with the conglomeration of the water particles, thei ...", "... ticles into one, the diameter of the particle has increased n fold. Its capacity has also increased n fold (the capacity of a sphere being pro- portional to the diameter). The particle contains, however, the accumulated charges of n* smaller particles, and n' times the charge, with n times the capacity, gives ii^ times the poten- tial. It follows herefrom that with the conglomeration of the water particles, their potential must increase rapidly, propor- tionately to the square of their diameter. The conglomeration of moisture particles in the clouds is, however, very uneven, due to the uneve ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Quarter-Phase System", "section_title": "Quarter-Phase System", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 25904-27405", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... >) dec a ; that is, Ex = — x I (a +/') dec a . Hence the apparent reactance of the oscillating current circuit is, in symbolic expression, X = x (a +y') dec a. Hence it contains an energy component ax, and the impedance is Z = (r — X) dec a = {r — x (a +/')} dec a = (r — ax —jx) dec a. Capacity. 314. Let r = resistance, C = capacity, and xc = 1 /2-n-JVC = capacity reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating OSCILLATING CURRENTS. 503 current /, the electromotive force consumed by the capacity Cis or, by substitution, Ex = x I * e~a* cos (<£ {sin (<£ — w) — a COS (<£ ...", "... ec a . Hence the apparent reactance of the oscillating current circuit is, in symbolic expression, X = x (a +y') dec a. Hence it contains an energy component ax, and the impedance is Z = (r — X) dec a = {r — x (a +/')} dec a = (r — ax —jx) dec a. Capacity. 314. Let r = resistance, C = capacity, and xc = 1 /2-n-JVC = capacity reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating OSCILLATING CURRENTS. 503 current /, the electromotive force consumed by the capacity Cis or, by substitution, Ex = x I * e~a* cos (<£ {sin (<£ — w) — a COS (<£ — oi 2 (1 + 02) COS a hence, in s ...", "... ance of the oscillating current circuit is, in symbolic expression, X = x (a +y') dec a. Hence it contains an energy component ax, and the impedance is Z = (r — X) dec a = {r — x (a +/')} dec a = (r — ax —jx) dec a. Capacity. 314. Let r = resistance, C = capacity, and xc = 1 /2-n-JVC = capacity reactance. In a circuit excited by the oscillating OSCILLATING CURRENTS. 503 current /, the electromotive force consumed by the capacity Cis or, by substitution, Ex = x I * e~a* cos (<£ {sin (<£ — w) — a COS (<£ — oi 2 (1 + 02) COS a hence, in symbolic expression, sin ( — ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 48, "number": 8, "location": "lines 26095-27002", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 19, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 11 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "snippets": [ "... nvestigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the electric field starts at the conductor and propa- gates from there through space with a finite though very high velocity, the velocity of light; that is, at any point in space the electric field at any moment corresponds not to th ...", "... the case where the field at a considerable distance from the conductor is of importance as in wireless telegraphy. In wireless telegraphy the electric field of the sending antennae propagating through space impinges upon the receiving antennae and there is observed by its electromagnetic and electrostatic effect. 68. The electric field of an infinitely long conductor without return conductor decreases inversely proportionally to the dis- tance, and therefore is represented by ^r #-j, CD where ^ is the intensity of the electric field at unit distance from the conductor. The electric fie ...", "... th the square of the distance. Hence, where, as in wireless teleg- raphy, action at great distance is required, only conductors without return conductor can be used. To establish consider- able currents in such open conductors requires high frequen- cies, so that the current is absorbed by the capacity of the conductor or the capacity attached to its end. No conductor f parallel to the ground can be treated as conductor without : return conductor, since secondary currents in the ground and ! also in the higher strata of the atmosphere act as return con- ductor with regard to the electric fie ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 21538-22301", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 13 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... es or in shunt with each other, or in any other way related, as by transformation. The impedances of these circuits are made different from each other as much as possible to produce a phase displacement between them. This can be done either by inserting external impedances in the circuits, as a condenser and a reactive coil, or by making the internal impedances of the motor circuits different, as by making one coil of high and the other of low resistance. 2. Inductive Devices. The different primary circuits of the motor are inductively related to each other in such a way as to produce a phas ...", "... e.m.f. and impressed upon the motor, either directly or after com- bination with the single-phase main e.m.f. Such wattless quadrature e.m.f. can be produced by the common connection of two impedances of different power-factor, as an inductive reactance and a resistance, or an inductive and a condensive reactance connected in series across the mains. The investigation of these starting-devices offers a very instructive application of the symbolic method of investiga- tion of alternating-current phenomena, and a study thereof is thus recommended to the reader.^ ' See paper on the Single-phase Inductio ...", "... e -yc— = v, the single-phase motor torque at standstill is: Do =vDi= aie^v, and the single-phase motor torque at slip s is: D = aieHl - {I - v) s]. 180. In the single-phase motor considerably more advan- tage is gained by compensating for the wattless magnetizing component of current by capacity than in the polyphase motor, where this wattless component of the current is relatively small. The use of shunted capacity, however, has the dis- advantage of requiring a wave of impressed e.m.f. very close to sine shape, since even with a moderate variation from sine shape the wattless chargi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Review", "section_title": "Review", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 23, "location": "lines 32138-32819", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 18, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 9 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... f the synchronous machine, proposed by Leblanc to oppose the hunt- ing tendency, and extensively used. Amplifier. — 161. An apparatus to intensify telephone and radio telephone currents. High-frequency inductor alternator excited by the telephone current, usually by armature reaction through capacity. The generated current is then rectified, be- fore transmission in long-distance telephony, after transmission in radio telephony. Arc Machines. — 138. Constant-current generators, usually direct-current, with rectifying commutators. The last and most extensively used arc machines were: Bru ...", "... transformer, and exciting a scries field winding by the rectified current. The limitation of l he power, which can be rectified, and the need of readjusting the brushes with a change of the inductivity of the load, hasmade njGfl compounding unsuitahie for the modern high-power altcrnu- ton. Condenser Motor. — 77. Single-phase induction motor with condenser in tertiary circuit on stator, for producing shirting torque and high power-factor. The space angle between pri- mary and tertiary stator circuit usually is 45° to 60°, and often a three-phase motor is used, with single-phase supply on on ...", "... ectified current. The limitation of l he power, which can be rectified, and the need of readjusting the brushes with a change of the inductivity of the load, hasmade njGfl compounding unsuitahie for the modern high-power altcrnu- ton. Condenser Motor. — 77. Single-phase induction motor with condenser in tertiary circuit on stator, for producing shirting torque and high power-factor. The space angle between pri- mary and tertiary stator circuit usually is 45° to 60°, and often a three-phase motor is used, with single-phase supply on one phase. and condenser on a Becond phase. With the small ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves : General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 12222-12961", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 17, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 9 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... der certain conditions, or in certain parts of the circuit, it may change to a shape which is undesirable or even Figs. 46 to 49. dangerous. Voltage, e, and current, i, are related to each other \\>y proportionality, by differentiation and by integration, with sistance, r, inductance, L, and capacity, C, as factors, e = n, r di e = cl idt, and as the differentials and integrals of sines are sines, as long SB r, L and C are constant — which is mostly the case — sine waves of SHAPING OF WAVES 113 voltage produce sine waves of current and inversely, that is, the sine wave shape ...", "... A flat-topped current wave like Fig. 47, however, would by differentiation give a self-inductive voltage wave, which is peakedj like Fig. 48, A voltage wave like Fig. 48, which is more efficient in transformation, may by further distortion, as by intensifica- tion of the triple harmonic by line capacity, assume the shape, Fig. 49, and the latter then would give, when impressed upon a transformer, a double-peaked wave of magnetism, Fig. 50, and such wave of magnetism gives a magnetic cycle with two small i secondary loops at high density, as shown in Fig. 51, and an additional energy lo ...", "... low harmonics, third, fifth, seventh, are relatively harm- less, except where very excessive and causing appreciable increase of the maximiun voltage, or the maximum magnetic flux ahd thus hysteresis loss. The very high harmonics as a rule are rela- tively harmless in all circuits containing no capacity, since they are necessarily fairly small and still further suppressed by the inductance of the circuit. They may become serious and even dangerous, however, if capacity is present in the circuit, as the current taken by capacity is proportional to the frequency, and even small voltage harmonic ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "section_title": "Luminescence", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 5077-6608", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "snippets": [ "... equently met, but its origin, that is, the mechanism of light production by the firefly, etc., is still unknown. When splitting a sheet of mica, or shaking a well-exhausted tube containing mercury, flashes of light are seen in the darkness. This, however, is not real phosphorescence but due to electrostatic flashes of frictional electricity. The light given by fluorescence and phosphorescence of solids or liquids, gives a continuous spectrum, that is, is a mixture of all frequencies, just as is the case with temperature radiation; it differs, however, from temperature radiation by the distribu- ...", "... the electrodes, tends to change to continuous conduction, by vapors forming at the negative elec- trode and gradually bridging the space between the electrodes, and thereby replacing the gas which fills the space, by the elec- trode vapor as conductor. This is usually expressed by saying: the electrostatic spark between two terminals starts, or tends to start, an arc. Disruptive conduction, thus, does not follow Ohm's law; it is zero below the disruptive voltage, while with a supply voltage exceeding the disruptive voltage of the gas between the terminals, current exists, but the terminal volta ...", "... ube, thus, cannot be operated directly on a constant potential supply of unlimited power, but requires a current limiting im- pedance in series with it, or a source of limited power, that is, a source in which the voltage drops with increase of cur- rent, as a constant current transformer or an electrostatic machine, etc. The disruptive voltage essentially depends on the gas pressure in the space between the electrodes, and also on the chemical nature, and on the temperature of the gas. It is over a wide range, directly proportional to the gas pressure. Thus, at n atmospheres pressure the voltag ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "number": 24, "location": "lines 25682-29374", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "snippets": [ "... ransmitted, at 50 per cent. efficiency, into a non-inductive circuit. In this case, 7-1 ■> ^ -^0 ^ \"^/^e) In general, it is, taken from the diagram, at the condition of maximum efficiency, El = V{Eo - Iry-\\- Px^- Comparing these results with those in Chapter XI on Induct- ive and Condensive Reactance, we see that the condition of maximum efficiency of the synchronous motor system is the same as in a system containing resistance and condensive reactance, fed over an inductive line, the lead of the current against the generated e.m.f., Ei, here acting in the same way as the con- denser capac ...", "... ram, at the condition of maximum efficiency, El = V{Eo - Iry-\\- Px^- Comparing these results with those in Chapter XI on Induct- ive and Condensive Reactance, we see that the condition of maximum efficiency of the synchronous motor system is the same as in a system containing resistance and condensive reactance, fed over an inductive line, the lead of the current against the generated e.m.f., Ei, here acting in the same way as the con- denser capacity in Chapter XI. 218. D. Eo = constant; Pi = constant. If the power of a synchronous motor remains constant, we have (Fig. 154) I X OEi^ = constant, o ...", "... tance, we see that the condition of maximum efficiency of the synchronous motor system is the same as in a system containing resistance and condensive reactance, fed over an inductive line, the lead of the current against the generated e.m.f., Ei, here acting in the same way as the con- denser capacity in Chapter XI. 218. D. Eo = constant; Pi = constant. If the power of a synchronous motor remains constant, we have (Fig. 154) I X OEi^ = constant, or, since OE^ = Ir, I = ^^^ and OE' X OE^^ = OE' X E'E,' = constant, r Hence we get the diagram for any value of the current, I, at p cons ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "section_title": "Mutual Inductance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 10, "location": "lines 10475-12216", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 15, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER X. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE. 82. In the preceding chapters, circuits have been considered containing resistance, self-inductance, and capacity, but no mutual inductance; that is, the phenomena which take place in the circuit have been assumed as depending upon the impressed e.m.f. and the constants of the circuit, but not upon the phenomena taking place in any other circuit. Of the magnetic flux produced by the current in a circuit ...", "... impressed upon the first circuit and e2 = the e.m.f. impressed upon the second circuit, the equations of the circuits are dL di7 e, = r^ + x^-± + xm ^ + xci and r J il dO (1) -*2^+^^+*C2/V^, (2) where r1 = the resistance, xl = 2 7r/L1 = the inductive re- actance, and xci = = the condensive reactance of the first circuit; r2 = the resistance, x2 = 2 rfL2 = the inductive reactance, xca = = the condensive reactance of the second circuit, and xm = 2 nfM = mutual inductive reactance between the two circuits. 83. In these equations, xl and x2 are the total inductive reactance, Ll and L2 the ...", "... ts are dL di7 e, = r^ + x^-± + xm ^ + xci and r J il dO (1) -*2^+^^+*C2/V^, (2) where r1 = the resistance, xl = 2 7r/L1 = the inductive re- actance, and xci = = the condensive reactance of the first circuit; r2 = the resistance, x2 = 2 rfL2 = the inductive reactance, xca = = the condensive reactance of the second circuit, and xm = 2 nfM = mutual inductive reactance between the two circuits. 83. In these equations, xl and x2 are the total inductive reactance, Ll and L2 the total inductance of the circuit, that is, the number of magnetic interlinkages of the circuit with the total flux p ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-20", "section_label": "Theory Section 20: Nomenclature", "section_title": "Nomenclature", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 7991-8291", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "snippets": [ "... he Standardization Rules of the A. I. E. E., but as far as possible standard letters have been used, and script letters avoided as impracticable or at least inconvenient in writing and still more in typewriting. Therefore F has been chosen for m.m.f., and dielectric field intensity changed to K. Also, a few symbols not contained in the Standardization Rules had to be added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential difference Electromotive ...", "... rce meter. Ampere-turns Electrical R Reluctance (magnetic Electrical L M S .. . resistance) Inductance Mutual inductance Self-inductance Henry; milhenry Henry; milhenry Henry; milhenry Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic *,Q D K Leakage inductance Dielectric flux Electric quantity or charge Dielectric density Dielectric field inten- Lines of dielectric force Coulombs Dielectric lines per cm.2 Coulombs per cm.2 Dielectric Dielectric Dielectric k sity Permittivity Dielectric Specific capacity 120 ELE ...", "... (magnetic Electrical L M S .. . resistance) Inductance Mutual inductance Self-inductance Henry; milhenry Henry; milhenry Henry; milhenry Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic *,Q D K Leakage inductance Dielectric flux Electric quantity or charge Dielectric density Dielectric field inten- Lines of dielectric force Coulombs Dielectric lines per cm.2 Coulombs per cm.2 Dielectric Dielectric Dielectric k sity Permittivity Dielectric Specific capacity 120 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TABLE OF SYMBOLS. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 13649-16361", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 12 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... r in shunt with each other, or in any other way related, as by transformation. The impedances of these circuits are made different from each other as much as possible, to produce a phase displacement between them. This can be done either by inserting external impedances into the circuits, as a condenser and a reactive coil, or by making the internal impedances of the motor circuits differ- ent, as by making one coil of high and the other of low resistance. 2. Inductive Devices. The different primary circuits of the motor are inductively related to each other in such a way as to produce a ph ...", "... enoting the value —~ = v &f the single-phase motor torque at standstill is : and the single-phase motor torque at slip s is : T = of [1 - (1 - v) s] 178. In the single-phase motor considerably more advantage is gained by compensating for the wattless mag- netizing component of current by capacity than in the polyphase motor, where this wattless current is relatively small. The use of shunted capacity, however, has the dis- advantage of requiring a wave of impressed E.M.F. very close to sine shape ; since even with a moderate variation from sine shape the wattless charging current of th ...", "... r torque at slip s is : T = of [1 - (1 - v) s] 178. In the single-phase motor considerably more advantage is gained by compensating for the wattless mag- netizing component of current by capacity than in the polyphase motor, where this wattless current is relatively small. The use of shunted capacity, however, has the dis- advantage of requiring a wave of impressed E.M.F. very close to sine shape ; since even with a moderate variation from sine shape the wattless charging current of the con- denser of higher frequency may lower the power factor more than the compensation for the wattless c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "section_title": "General System Of Circuits", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 40, "location": "lines 12217-12884", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 14, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XL GENERAL SYSTEM OF CIRCUITS. (A) Circuits containing resistance and inductance only. 95. Let, upon a general system or network of circuits con- nected with each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In ...", "... 4 + 11 a3 - 0.11 a2 - 0.2 a + 0.001 = 0. The sixteen coefficients, A?, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ft = 1, 2, 3, 4, are now determined by the 16 independent linear equations (12) and (13). (27) 1T4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (B) Circuits containing resistance, self -inductance, mutual in- ductance and capacity. 97. The general method of dealing with such a system is the same as in (A). Kirchhoff's equation (1) is of the form i dt = 0. (28) Eliminating now all the currents which can be expressed in terms of other currents, by means of equation (2), leaves n independent currents : iK, K = 1, ...", "... stituting these currents iK in equations (28) gives n inde- pendent equations of the form n n 7 • n eq - X\" &A - X\" c«'-ir - X\" &ff / *« dt = °- (29) i i i Resolving these equations for / iK dt gives e/ = i fi*= 2> + I>- + 2;c^ (so) as the equations of the potential differences at the condensers. Differentiating (29) gives where q = 1, 2, . . . n. By the same reasoning as before, the solution of these equa- tions (31) can be split into two components, a permanent term, (32) and a transient term, which disappears for t = oo , and is given by the n simultaneous differential equa ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "section_label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "number": 26, "location": "lines 32540-33010", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "snippets": [ "... he current and the e.m.f. in the non-inductive part of the circuit show the higher harmonics in a reduced amplitude. That is, self-inductive react- ance in series with a non-inductive circuit reduces the higher harmonics or smooths out the wave to a closer resemblance to sine-shape. Inversely, capacity in series to a non-inductive circuit consumes less e.m.f. at higher than at lower frequency, and thus makes the higher harmonics of current and of potential EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS 373 difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pro- nounced— intensifies the harmonics. Se ...", "... on-inductive circuit consumes less e.m.f. at higher than at lower frequency, and thus makes the higher harmonics of current and of potential EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS 373 difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pro- nounced— intensifies the harmonics. Self-induction and capacity in series may cause an increase of voltage due to complete or partial resonance with higher har- monics, and a discrepancy between volt-amperes and watts, without corresponding phase displacement, as will be shown hereafter. 253. In long-distance transmission over lines of noticeable inducti ...", "... ies may cause an increase of voltage due to complete or partial resonance with higher har- monics, and a discrepancy between volt-amperes and watts, without corresponding phase displacement, as will be shown hereafter. 253. In long-distance transmission over lines of noticeable inductive and condensive reactance, rise of voltage due to reso- nance may occur with higher harmonics, as waves of higher fre- quency, while the fundamental wave is usually of too low a frequency to cause resonance. An approximate estimate of the possible rise by resonance with various harmonics can be obtained by the investi ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "section_title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 21983-22448", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 13, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... thus the current and the E.M.F. in the non-inductive part of the circuit shows the higher harmonics in a reduced amplitude. That is, self-induction in series to a non-induc- tive circuit reduces the higher harmonics or smooths out the wave to a closer resemblance with sine shape. In- versely, capacity in series to a non-inductive circuit con- sumes less E.M.F. at higher than at lower frequency, and thus makes the higher harmonics of current and of poten- tial difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pronounced — intensifies the harmonics. Self-induction and capacity in seri ...", "... ersely, capacity in series to a non-inductive circuit con- sumes less E.M.F. at higher than at lower frequency, and thus makes the higher harmonics of current and of poten- tial difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pronounced — intensifies the harmonics. Self-induction and capacity in series may cause an in- crease of voltage due to complete or partial resonance with higher harmonics, and a discrepancy between volt-amperes and watts, without corresponding phase displacement, as will be shown hereafter. 246. In long-distance transmission over lines of notice- able induc ...", "... may cause an in- crease of voltage due to complete or partial resonance with higher harmonics, and a discrepancy between volt-amperes and watts, without corresponding phase displacement, as will be shown hereafter. 246. In long-distance transmission over lines of notice- able inductance and capacity, rise of voltage due to reso- nance may occur with higher harmonics, as waves of higher frequency, while the fundamental wave is usually of too low a frequency to cause resonance. An approximate estimate of the possible rise by reso- nance with various harmonics can be obtained by the inves- ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "number": 7, "location": "lines 3508-3780", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "snippets": [ "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the ...", "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the former varying with the ...", "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the former varying with the voltage, the latter with the current in the line ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "section_title": "Ri", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 20, "location": "lines 24560-25119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "capacity current", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... thus the current and the E.M.F. in the non-inductive part of the circuit shows the higher harmonics in a reduced amplitude. That is, self-induction in series to a non-induc- tive circuit reduces the higher harmonics or smooths out the wave to a closer resemblance with sine shape. In- versely, capacity in series to a non-inductive circuit con- sumes less E.M.F. at higher than at lower frequency, and thus makes the higher harmonics of current and of poten- tial difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pronounced — intensifies the harmonics. Self-induction and capacity in seri ...", "... ersely, capacity in series to a non-inductive circuit con- sumes less E.M.F. at higher than at lower frequency, and thus makes the higher harmonics of current and of poten- tial difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pronounced — intensifies the harmonics. Self-induction and capacity in series may cause an in- crease of voltage due to complete or partial resonance. 225. In long-distance transmission over lines of notice- able inductance and capacity, rise of voltage due to reso- nance may under circumstances be expected with higher harmonics, as waves of higher frequency, ...", "... - tial difference in the non-inductive part of the circuit more pronounced — intensifies the harmonics. Self-induction and capacity in series may cause an in- crease of voltage due to complete or partial resonance. 225. In long-distance transmission over lines of notice- able inductance and capacity, rise of voltage due to reso- nance may under circumstances be expected with higher harmonics, as waves of higher frequency, while the funda- mental wave is usually of too low a frequency to cause resonance. An approximate estimate of the possible rise by reso- nance with various harmonics c ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "section_title": "Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 16964-17631", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... e harmonics of the supply voltage, e, reduced in propor- tion to their order, n. Even if r is large compared with x, and thus c^>lj iSnally c^ becomes negligible with n^, and the harmonics decrease with their order. 77. The screening effect of the series reactance is increased by shunting a capacity, C, beyond the inductance, L, that is, across the resistance, r, as shown in Fig. 73. By consuming current jTRRRRRTl e 1 rmmM Fig. 73. r e Fig. 74. proportional to frequency and voltage, the condenser shimts the more of the current passing through the reactance, the higher ...", "... . The screening effect of the series reactance is increased by shunting a capacity, C, beyond the inductance, L, that is, across the resistance, r, as shown in Fig. 73. By consuming current jTRRRRRTl e 1 rmmM Fig. 73. r e Fig. 74. proportional to frequency and voltage, the condenser shimts the more of the current passing through the reactance, the higher the frequency, and thereby still further reduces the higher harmonies of current in the resistance, r, and thus of voltage across this re- sistance. Its effect is limited, however, by the decreasing voltage distortion at ...", "... of the current passing through the reactance, the higher the frequency, and thereby still further reduces the higher harmonies of current in the resistance, r, and thus of voltage across this re- sistance. Its effect is limited, however, by the decreasing voltage distortion at r and thus at the condenser, C. Thus the screening effect is still further increased by inserting a second inductance, L, beyond the condenser, C, in series to the resistance, r, as shown in Fig. 74. By making the second induct- ance equal to the first one, and making the condenser, C, of the same reactance, for the fun ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 29302-30428", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 12, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 5 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... system thus requires a storage of energy, hence can not be done by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machine. Electrically, energy is stored by inductance and by capacity. The question then arises, whether by the use of a reactor, or a condenser, con- nected to a suitable phase of the system, an unequally loaded polyphase system can be balanced, so as to give constant power during the cycle. In interlinked polyphase circuits, such as the three-phase sys- tem, ...", "... thod of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machine. Electrically, energy is stored by inductance and by capacity. The question then arises, whether by the use of a reactor, or a condenser, con- nected to a suitable phase of the system, an unequally loaded polyphase system can be balanced, so as to give constant power during the cycle. In interlinked polyphase circuits, such as the three-phase sys- tem, with unbalanced load carried over lines of appreciable im- pedance, the vo ...", "... pedance, the voltages of the three phases become unequal. This makes voltage regulation more complicated than in a balanced system. A great unbalancing of the load, such as produced by operating a heavy single-phase load, as a single-phase railway or electric furnace, greatly reduces the power capacity of lines, trans- formers and generators. Unbalanced load on the generators causes a pulsating armature reaction: at single-phase load, the armature reaction pulsates between more than twice the average value, and a small reversed value, between f (cos a + 1) and F(cos a — 1), where cos a is th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_title": "Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 736-2388", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "snippets": [ "... nation of two waves (as two beams of light or two alternating currents) may be anything between their sum and their difference. Thus the two alternating currents consumed by two incandescent lamps add, being in phase; the two alternating currents consumed respectively by an inductance and by a capacity subtract, giving a resultant equal to their difference; that is, if they are equal, they extinguish each other. The phenomenon of interference thus leads to the wave theory of light. If light is a wave motion, there must be something to move, and this hypothetical carrier of the light wave ha ...", "... call the field. Thus we can go further and define the field as ''a condition of energy storage in space exerting a force on a body susceptible to this energy.'' The space surrounding a magnet is a magnetic field. If we electrify a piece of sealing wax by rubbing it, it surrounds itself by a dielectric or electrostatic field, and bodies susceptible to electrostatic forces- — such as light pieces of paper — are attracted. The earth is surrounded by a gravitational field, the lines of gravitational force CONCLUSIONS FROM RELATIVITY THEORY 19 issuing radially from the earth. If a stone falls ...", "... d. Thus we can go further and define the field as ''a condition of energy storage in space exerting a force on a body susceptible to this energy.'' The space surrounding a magnet is a magnetic field. If we electrify a piece of sealing wax by rubbing it, it surrounds itself by a dielectric or electrostatic field, and bodies susceptible to electrostatic forces- — such as light pieces of paper — are attracted. The earth is surrounded by a gravitational field, the lines of gravitational force CONCLUSIONS FROM RELATIVITY THEORY 19 issuing radially from the earth. If a stone falls to the earth, i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_title": "Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 608-1548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 8 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... conductor carrying alternating current is a polarized wave: the direction parallel to the conductor is the direction of energy flow; the direction concentric to the con- ductor is the direction of the electromagnetic component, and the direction radial to the conductor is the direction of the electrostatic component of the electric field. Therefore, if light rays can be polarized, that is, made to ex- hibit different properties in two directions at right angles to each other and to the direction of wave travel, this would prove tke light wave to be a transversal vibration. This is actually the c ...", "... produced from the heated silicon rods at moderate temperatures were invisible because of too low frequency and are thus called \" ultra-red rays,\" or \" infra-red rays/' as they are outside of and below the red end of the range of visible radiation. To produce powerful ultra-violet rays, I use a condenser dis- charge between iron terminals, a so-called ultra-violet arc lamp. Three iron spheres, 7 in Fig. 11, of about f in. diameter, are mounted on an insulator B. The middle sphere is fixed, the NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 13 outer ones adjustable and set for about ^ in. gap. Thi ...", "... violet arc lamp. Three iron spheres, 7 in Fig. 11, of about f in. diameter, are mounted on an insulator B. The middle sphere is fixed, the NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 13 outer ones adjustable and set for about ^ in. gap. This lamp is connected across a high voltage 0.2-mf. mica condenser C, which is connected to the high voltage terminal of a small step-up trans- former T giving about 15,000 volts (200 watts, 110 •*- 13,200 volts). The low tension side of the transformer is connected to the 240-volt 60-cycle circuit through a rheostat R to limit the current. The transformer ch ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 1224-1727", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... nce, x, or — , The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, ;r, does not represent the expenditure of power, as doe ...", "... le the effective resist- ance, /', refers to the energy component of E.M.F., or the E.M.F. in phase with the current, the reactance, ;r, refers to the wattless component of E.M.F., or the E.M.F. in quadrature with the current. 3. The principal sources of reactance are electro-mag- netism and capacity. ELECTRO-MAGNETISM, An electric current, /, flowing through a circuit, produces a magnetic flux surrounding the conductor in lines of magnetic force (or more correctly, lines of magnetic induc- tion), of closed, circular, or other form, which alternate with the alternations of the current, ...", "... ir ; the E.M.F. consumed by reactance is : t\\ = Lv ; 1 4] INTRODUCTION, 5 and, since both E.M.Fs. are in quadrature to each other, the total E.M.F. is — that is, the impedance, ^, takes in alternating-current cir- cuits the place of the resistance, r, in continuous-current •circuits. CAPACITY. 4. If upon a condenser of capacity, C, an E.M.F., e, is impressed, the condenser receives the electrostatic charge, Ce. If the E.M.F., e, alternates with the frequency, iV, the average rate of charge and discharge is 4 A^, and 2w JV the maximum rate of charge and discharge, sinusoidal waves ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-01", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 963-1366", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 11, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "snippets": [ "... 0= Vr2 + Ar2. The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The reactance, x, does not represent the expenditure of power, as does ...", "... hile the effective resist- ance, r, refers to the energy component of E.M.F., or the E.M.F. in phase with the current, the reactance, x, refers to the wattless component of E.M.F., or the E.M.F. in quadrature with the current. 3. The principal sources of reactance are electro-mag- netism and capacity. ELECTRO— MAGNETISM. An electric current, i, flowing through a circuit, produces a magnetic flux surrounding the conductor in lines of magnetic force (or more correctly, lines of magnetic induc- tion), of closed, circular, or other form, which alternate with the alternations of the current, ...", "... r ; the E.M.F. consumed by reactance is : 0, 6 < 0; if a > 1, when g = 0, or g > 0, 6 < 0, that is, condensive reactance; if a < I, when g = 0, 6 > 0, TRANSMISSION LINES 91 when g = — go + \\j {-^j — &o\", \"+m' when g > — go + -yl {~j — ho\", b < 0, or, in other words, if a < I, the phase difference in the main line must change from lag to lead with increasing load. 76. The value of a giving the maximu ...", "... nes. 94 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA use of shunted reactance, so that a much larger output can be transmitted over the Hne with no drop, or even with a rise, of voltage. Shunted susceptance, therefore, is extensively used for voltage control of transmission lines, by means of synchronous condensers, or by synchronous converters with compound field winding. 5. Maximum Rise of Voltage at Receiver Circuit 78. Since, under certain circumstances, the voltage at the receiver circuit may be higher than at the generator, it is of interest to determine what is the maximum value of voltage, E, ...", "... neither 7'o nor g can be negative. The next possible value is g = 0 — a wattless circuit. Substituting this valae, we get, \\= (1+ 0-06)2 + ro262; a and by substituting, in 6 + 6o = 0; that is, the sum of the susceptances = 0, or the inductive sus- ceptance of the line is balanced by the capacity susceptance of the load. TRANSMISSION LINES 95 Substituting we have The current in this case is h = — bo, 1 zo yo ■VroOo ''0 9^0 ahEo = XqEq zoro N k. \\ s. VOLT SOOU 1900 1800 6 \\ \\, \\ s \\, \\ ; \\. ' \\ \\ 1700 V \\\\ 1600 \\ ^ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 2774-3131", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... of the generator E°E£E°. In Fig. 29, the diagram is shown for 45° lag, in Fig. 30 for noninductive load, and in Fig. 31 for 45° lead of the currents with regard to their E.M.Fs. BALANCED THREE -PHASE SYSTEM 45° LEAD THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT 80°LA» TRANSMISSION LINE' WITH DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCB RESISTANCE AUD LEAKAQB •I, Fig. 31. Fig. 32. As seen, the induced generator E.M.F. and thus the generator excitation with lagging current must be higher, with leading current lower, than at non-inductive load, or conversely with the same generator excitation, that is the ...", "... the E.M.Fs. at the receiver's circuit, Ev Ez, E9 fall off more with lagging, less with leading current, than with non- inductive load. 36. As further instance may be considered the case of a single phase alternating current circuit supplied over a cable containing resistance and distributed capacity. 48 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Let in Fig. 33 the potential midway between the two terminals be assumed as zero point 0. The two terminal voltages at the receiver circuit are then represented by the points E and El equidistant from 0 and opposite each other, and the two currents issuin ...", "... , and under angle & with E and El respectively. Considering first an element of the line or cable next to the receiver circuit. In this an E.M.F. EEl is consumed by the resistance of the line element, in phase with the current OI, and proportional thereto, and a current //x con- sumed by the capacity, as charging current of the line element, 90° ahead in phase of the E.M.F. OE and propor- tional thereto, so that at the generator end of this cable element current and E.M.F. are OI^ and OEl respectively. Passing now to the next cable element we have again an E.M.F. E1EZ proportional to and ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "section_label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "section_title": "General Equations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "number": 1, "location": "lines 27761-28694", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 7 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "snippets": [ "... requency. g = effective (shunted) conductance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the voltage, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating voltage, the current, eg, in phase with the voltage. C = effective capacity, representing the energy storage e*C depending upon the voltage, — , as electrostatic component of the electric field; or the current consumed by a change of the de voltage, C — , that is, with an alternating voltage, the (leading) dt reactive current consumed in the circuit - jbe, wher ...", "... energy consumption depending upon the voltage, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating voltage, the current, eg, in phase with the voltage. C = effective capacity, representing the energy storage e*C depending upon the voltage, — , as electrostatic component of the electric field; or the current consumed by a change of the de voltage, C — , that is, with an alternating voltage, the (leading) dt reactive current consumed in the circuit - jbe, where 6 = 2 and / = frequency. 417 418 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA In the investigation of el ...", "... ge and current distribution in long-distance, high-potential circuits, cables, telephone circuits, etc., this assumption is not permissible, but r, L, g, C must be treated as distributed throughout the circuit. In the case of a circuit with distributed resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacity, as r, L, g, C, are denoted the effec- tive resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacity, respec- tively, per unit length of circuit. The unit of length of the circuit- may be chosen as is convenient, thus : the centimeters in the high- frequency oscillation over the multigap lightning arr ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "section_title": "Standing Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 52, "number": 3, "location": "lines 29316-30243", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 9, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "snippets": [ "... ength, if rC - gL = 0, (126) or - = §J (127) that is, the ratio of the energy coefficients is equal to the ratio of the reactive coefficients of the circuit. The standing wave can never be oscillatory, but is always exponential, or gradually dying out, if either the inductance L or the capacity 0 vanishes ; that is, the circuit contains no capacity or contains no inductance. In all other cases the standing wave is oscillatory for waves shorter than the critical value L = -— , where 0 V - 9 V §} > (128) and is exponential or gradual for standing waves longer than the critical w ...", "... at is, the ratio of the energy coefficients is equal to the ratio of the reactive coefficients of the circuit. The standing wave can never be oscillatory, but is always exponential, or gradually dying out, if either the inductance L or the capacity 0 vanishes ; that is, the circuit contains no capacity or contains no inductance. In all other cases the standing wave is oscillatory for waves shorter than the critical value L = -— , where 0 V - 9 V §} > (128) and is exponential or gradual for standing waves longer than the critical wave length lWo; or for k < ko the standing wave is exp ...", "... §} > (128) and is exponential or gradual for standing waves longer than the critical wave length lWo; or for k < ko the standing wave is exponential, for k > ka it is oscillatory.0 The value kQ = m VLC thus takes a similar part in the theory of standing waves as the value r02 = 4 L0C0 in the condenser discharge through an inductive circuit; that is, it separates the exponential or gradual from trigonometric or oscillatory conditions. The difference is that the condenser discharge through an inductive circuit is gradual, or oscillatory, depending on the circuit constants, while in a genera ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "section_title": "The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3595-6820", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 4 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... cal universe are that the electromagnetic energy and the electromagnetic field do not yet satisfactorily fit into it. INDEX Aberration of light, 15 Absolute number, meaning, 38 Accelerated motion, and gravitation, 52 Acceleration, 9, 47 Action at distance, 19 Alternating current, 14 dielectric field, 20 Analogue, 2 dimensional, of uni- verse, 119 Axioms of mathematics, 70 metric, of space, 95, 110 B Beltrami's pseudosphere, 91 Bending of space, 88 Betel geuse, 67 Bolyai, 71 Bullet velocity, 13 C Capacity and wave velocity, 23 Centrifugal field, 47 force and inerti ...", "... ion, 9, 47 Action at distance, 19 Alternating current, 14 dielectric field, 20 Analogue, 2 dimensional, of uni- verse, 119 Axioms of mathematics, 70 metric, of space, 95, 110 B Beltrami's pseudosphere, 91 Bending of space, 88 Betel geuse, 67 Bolyai, 71 Bullet velocity, 13 C Capacity and wave velocity, 23 Centrifugal field, 47 force and inertia, 49 mass, 47 Characteristic of space, 69 constant of space, 81 Charge, electrostatic, 47 Circle, in centrifugal and gravita- tional field, 62 circumference and diameter, 61 Color, relatively, 7 Combination of velocities in ...", "... , 70 metric, of space, 95, 110 B Beltrami's pseudosphere, 91 Bending of space, 88 Betel geuse, 67 Bolyai, 71 Bullet velocity, 13 C Capacity and wave velocity, 23 Centrifugal field, 47 force and inertia, 49 mass, 47 Characteristic of space, 69 constant of space, 81 Charge, electrostatic, 47 Circle, in centrifugal and gravita- tional field, 62 circumference and diameter, 61 Color, relatively, 7 Combination of velocities in rela- tivity, 42 Comet, orbits, 60 velocity, 13 Completely metric space, 115 Cone, as Euclidean 2-space, 90 Conic in projective geometry, 107 Con ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "section_title": "Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1527-2561", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 8 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... age battery reserve in a direct current dis- tribution. Since of the three parts of the cost, only one, B, is propor- tional to the power used, hence constant per kilowatt output, — the other two parts being independent of the output, — hence the higher per kilowatt, the smaller a part of the capacity of the plant the output is ; it follows that the cost of power delivered is a function of the ratio of the actual output of the plant, to the available capacity. Interest on the investment of developing the water power or building the steam plant, the transmission lines, cables and distribut ...", "... er kilowatt output, — the other two parts being independent of the output, — hence the higher per kilowatt, the smaller a part of the capacity of the plant the output is ; it follows that the cost of power delivered is a function of the ratio of the actual output of the plant, to the available capacity. Interest on the investment of developing the water power or building the steam plant, the transmission lines, cables and distribution circuits, and depreciation are items of the character A, or fixed cost, since they are practically independent of the power which is produced and utilized. ...", "... ortional cost B, — economy of operation requires therefore a shifting of as large a part thereof over into class B, by shutting down smaller substations during periods of light load, etc. Incandescent lamp renewals, arc lamp trimming, etc., are essentially proportional costs, B. The reserve capacity of a plant, the steam reserve main- tained at the receiving end of a transmission line, the difference in cost between a duplicate pole line and a single pole line with two circuits, the storage battery reserve of the distribution system, the tie feeders between stations, etc., are items of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "section_label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "section_title": "Impedance and Admittance", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 6814-7380", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "snippets": [ "... nt circuits, e is the IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE ' 99 total e.m.f. resulting from the impressed e.m.f. and all e.m.fs. produced by the current i in the circuit. Such counter e.m.fs. may be due to inductance, as self-induc- tance, or mutual inductance, to capacity, chemical polarization, etc. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction, or e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field produced by the alternating current i, is repre- sented by a quantity of the same dimensions as resistance, and measured in ohms: reactance x. The e. ...", "... otor having an im- pressed e.m.f. e = 110 volts per phase, the current is /0 = ii — jiz = 100 — 100 j at standstill, the torque = D0. The two phases are connected in series in a single-phase cir- cuit of e.m.f. e = 220, and one phase shunted by a condenser of 1 ohm capacity reactance. What is the starting torque D of the motor under these con- ditions, compared with Z>0, the torque on a quarter-phase cir- IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 103 cuit, and what the relative torque per volt-ampere input, if the torque ...", "... pressed e.m.f. e = 110 volts per phase, the current is /0 = ii — jiz = 100 — 100 j at standstill, the torque = D0. The two phases are connected in series in a single-phase cir- cuit of e.m.f. e = 220, and one phase shunted by a condenser of 1 ohm capacity reactance. What is the starting torque D of the motor under these con- ditions, compared with Z>0, the torque on a quarter-phase cir- IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 103 cuit, and what the relative torque per volt-ampere input, if the torque is proportional to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "section_title": "Symbolic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2760-3266", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... or, we have Y _ (e -\\- je') (r — jx) _er -\\- e'x . e'r — ex ^ or, if £\" = e + je' is the impressed voltage and 7 = t + ji' the current in the circuit, its impedance is jE ^ e + je' ^ (e + je') (i - ji') ^ ei + e'i' . e'i - ei' I i + ji' i^ -F i'^ i^ -\\- i\"- \"^ ^ i- + i'^ ' 32. If C is the capacity of a condenser in series in a circuit in which exists a current I = i + ji' , the voltage impressed upon the terminals of the condenser is E = ^ .^, 90° behind the cur- 36 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA ji rent; and may be represented by — o'— 779 or — jxj, where Ztt/u ^1 ~ o — Tr* i^ ...", "... Y _ (e -\\- je') (r — jx) _er -\\- e'x . e'r — ex ^ or, if £\" = e + je' is the impressed voltage and 7 = t + ji' the current in the circuit, its impedance is jE ^ e + je' ^ (e + je') (i - ji') ^ ei + e'i' . e'i - ei' I i + ji' i^ -F i'^ i^ -\\- i\"- \"^ ^ i- + i'^ ' 32. If C is the capacity of a condenser in series in a circuit in which exists a current I = i + ji' , the voltage impressed upon the terminals of the condenser is E = ^ .^, 90° behind the cur- 36 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA ji rent; and may be represented by — o'— 779 or — jxj, where Ztt/u ^1 ~ o — Tr* i^ ^^6 condensive ...", "... t in the circuit, its impedance is jE ^ e + je' ^ (e + je') (i - ji') ^ ei + e'i' . e'i - ei' I i + ji' i^ -F i'^ i^ -\\- i\"- \"^ ^ i- + i'^ ' 32. If C is the capacity of a condenser in series in a circuit in which exists a current I = i + ji' , the voltage impressed upon the terminals of the condenser is E = ^ .^, 90° behind the cur- 36 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA ji rent; and may be represented by — o'— 779 or — jxj, where Ztt/u ^1 ~ o — Tr* i^ ^^6 condensive reactance or condensance of the Z irjL condenser. Condensive reactance is of opposite sign to inductive reactance; bot ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3267-3618", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 6 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... oltages at the receiver's circuit, Ei, E2, Es, fall off more with lagging, and less with leading current, than with non-inductive load. 39. As a further example may be considered the case of a single-phase alternating-current circuit supplied over a cable containing resistance and distributed capacity. Let, in Fig. 32, the potential midway between the two ter- minals be assumed as zero point 0. The two terminal voltages at the receiver circuit are then represented by the points E and E^, equidistant from 0 and opposite each other, and the two cur- rents at the terminals are represented by ...", "... and E^ respectively. Considering first an element of the line or cable next to the receiver circuit. In thi^ voltage, EE^, is consumed by the re- sistance of the line element, in phase with the current, 01, and proportional thereto, and a current. Hi, consumed by the TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD 43 capacity, as charging current of the hne element, 90*' ahead in phase of the voltage, OE, and proportional thereto, so that at the generator end of this cable element current and voltage are 01 1 and OEi respectively. Passing now to the next cable element we have again_ajyoltage, EiEo, proportional to ...", "... E^E^^ = I^r^ and parallel to OTi and E^^E\"^ = loXo and 90° ahead of O/o, gives the (nominal) generated e.m.f. of the generator OE^, where Zo = Tq + jxo = internal impedance of the generator. In Fig. 32 is shown the circuit characteristics for 60° lag of a cable containing only resistance and capacity. Obviously by graphical construction the circuit characteristics appear more or less as broken lines, due to the necessity of using finite line elements, while in reality they are smooth curves when calculated by the differential method, as explained in Section III of \"Theory and Calculation ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-33", "section_label": "Chapter 33: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "number": 33, "location": "lines 36515-37127", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "snippets": [ "... apparatus suitable for a certain maximum potential only, but where the limitation of potential depends upon the problem of insulating the conductors against disruptive discharge, the proper com- parison is on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential; that is, equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. In this case, the comparison voltage may be either the poten- tial difference between any two conductors of the system, or it may be the potential difference between any conductor of the system and the ground, depending on the character of the circuit. The dielect ...", "... lectric strain on the insulation. In this case, the comparison voltage may be either the poten- tial difference between any two conductors of the system, or it may be the potential difference between any conductor of the system and the ground, depending on the character of the circuit. The dielectric stress is from conductor to conductor, or be- tween any two conductors, in a system which is insulated from the ground, as is mostly the case in medium voltage overhead transmissions, and frequently in underground cables. In an ungrounded cable system, in which all the conductors are enclosed ...", "... disruptive stress is from conductor to ground and back from ground to conductor. If the system is of considerable extent — as is the case where high voltages of serious disruptive strength have to be considered — • the neutral of the system is maintained at approximate ground potential by the capacity of the system, and the normal voltage stress from conductor to ground therefore is that from conductor to neutral, that is, the same as in a system with grounded neutral, and the basis of comparison then is the voltage from line to ground, and not between lines. Since, however, one conductor ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Symbouc Mbthod", "section_title": "Symbouc Mbthod", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 2744-3229", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... denominator, we have — 7 ^ (^+J^(^+Jx) ^ er — /x , . /r + ') O'-./*'') «'+^*'' . ' ~ ei' ' 40 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 30. If C is the capacity of a condenser in series in a circuit of current I = i + //', the E.M.F. impressed upon the terminals of the condenser is E = - - , 90° behind the current ; and may be represented by — - - , or jx^ /, where x^ = - is the capacity reactance or condensatice 2 TT NC of the condenser. Capaci ...", "... eliminate the imaginary from the denominator, we have — T _ or, if E = e -\\-je' is the impressed E.M.F., and 7 = i ' -\\- ji' the current flowing in the circuit, its impedance is — 0 +./>') O'-./*'') «'+^*'' . ' ~ ei' ' 40 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 30. If C is the capacity of a condenser in series in a circuit of current I = i + //', the E.M.F. impressed upon the terminals of the condenser is E = - - , 90° behind the current ; and may be represented by — - - , or jx^ /, where x^ = - is the capacity reactance or condensatice 2 TT NC of the condenser. Capacity reactance is ...", "... .F., and 7 = i ' -\\- ji' the current flowing in the circuit, its impedance is — 0 +./>') O'-./*'') «'+^*'' . ' ~ ei' ' 40 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 30. If C is the capacity of a condenser in series in a circuit of current I = i + //', the E.M.F. impressed upon the terminals of the condenser is E = - - , 90° behind the current ; and may be represented by — - - , or jx^ /, where x^ = - is the capacity reactance or condensatice 2 TT NC of the condenser. Capacity reactance is of opposite sign to magnetic re- actance ; both may be combined in the name reactance. We therefore hav ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Motor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 18053-19457", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 8, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 5 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... mum efficiency : no displacement of phase of the impressed SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 329 E.M.F., or self-induction of the circuit compensated by the effect of the lead of the motor current. This condition of maximum efficiency of a circuit we have found already in the Chapter on Inductance and Capacity. 202. B. EQ and El constant, I variable. Obviously EQ lies again on the circle eQ with EQ as radius and O as center. Fig. 143. E lies on a straight line e, passing throtigh the origin; Since in the parallelogram OE E0 Ev EEQ = E^ we derive EQ by laying a line EEQ = E± from any point ...", "... an be transmitted, at 50 per cent, efficiency, into a non- inductive circuit. -334 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. In this case, In general, it is, taken from the diagram, at the condi- tion of maximum efficiency : Comparing these results with those in Chapter IX. on Self-induction and Capacity, we see that the condition of maximum efficiency of the synchronous motor system is the same as in a system containing only inductance and •capacity, the lead of the current against the induced E.M.F. El here acting in the same way as the condenser capacity in Chapter IX. 204. Fig. 147. ...", "... is, taken from the diagram, at the condi- tion of maximum efficiency : Comparing these results with those in Chapter IX. on Self-induction and Capacity, we see that the condition of maximum efficiency of the synchronous motor system is the same as in a system containing only inductance and •capacity, the lead of the current against the induced E.M.F. El here acting in the same way as the condenser capacity in Chapter IX. 204. Fig. 147. D. En = constant ; P = constant. If the power of a synchronous motor remains constant, we have (Fig. 147) / x OE^ = constant, or, since OE1 — ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6125-6803", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... ions : the high-tension coil of the step-up transformer, the two lines, and the load. Let then Xi = length of line, X2 = length of transformer circuit, and X3 = length of load circuit, in velocity measure.* If then * If Zi = length of circuit section in any measure, and Lo = inductance, Co = capacity per unit of length U, then the length of the circuit in velocity measure is Xi = aoh, where o-q = v LoCo. Thus, if L = inductance, C = capacity per transformer coil, n = number of transformer coils, for the transformer the unit of length is the coil; hence the 110 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES ...", "... ircuit, and X3 = length of load circuit, in velocity measure.* If then * If Zi = length of circuit section in any measure, and Lo = inductance, Co = capacity per unit of length U, then the length of the circuit in velocity measure is Xi = aoh, where o-q = v LoCo. Thus, if L = inductance, C = capacity per transformer coil, n = number of transformer coils, for the transformer the unit of length is the coil; hence the 110 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. Ui = 900 = power- dissipation constant of the line, W2 = 100 = power-dissipation constant of transformer, and u^ = 1600 = power- ...", "... eases in its power at the rate e^^^^; that is, in the line: p = 79ie\"2oox^ the energy of the wave decreases slowly; in the transformer: p = p2€+^''°°^, the energy of the wave increases rapidly; length li = n, and the length in velocity measure, X = aou = n ^ LC. Or, if L = inductance, C = capacity of the entire transformer, its length in velocity measure is \\ = ^ LC. Thus, the reduction to velocity measure of distance is very simple. Oscillations of the compound circuit. Ill in the load: p = pse~^^^^^, the energy of the wave decreases rapidly. Here the coefficients of pi, p2, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-09", "section_label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "section_title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5521-6088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 7, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 7 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-09/", "snippets": [ "... tions: the high-tension coil of the step-up transformer, the two lines, and the load. Let then Xi = length of line, X2 = length of transformer circuit, and Xs = length of load circuit, in velocity measure.* If then * If Zi = length of circuit section in any measure, and L0 = inductance, Co = capacity per unit of length Zi, then the length of the circuit in velocity measure is Xi = o-oZi, where l)vi(iit 1, that is, when passing from ci a section of low inductance and high capacity into a section of high inductance and low capacity, as from a transmission line into a transformer or a reactive coil, the voltage of the wave is s* increased; if — < 1, that is, when passing from a section of high ci inductance and low capacity into a section of low inductance and high ...", "... = — (e^ — e\"). As result thereof,\" in passing from one section C2 of a circuit to another section, the voltage of the wave may ^ . decrease or may increase. If — > 1, that is, when passing from ci a section of low inductance and high capacity into a section of high inductance and low capacity, as from a transmission line into a transformer or a reactive coil, the voltage of the wave is s* increased; if — < 1, that is, when passing from a section of high ci inductance and low capacity into a section of low inductance and high capacity, as from a transformer to a transmission li ...", "... ci a section of low inductance and high capacity into a section of high inductance and low capacity, as from a transmission line into a transformer or a reactive coil, the voltage of the wave is s* increased; if — < 1, that is, when passing from a section of high ci inductance and low capacity into a section of low inductance and high capacity, as from a transformer to a transmission line, the voltage of the wave is decreased. This explains the frequent increase to destructive voltages, when entering a station from the transmission line or cable, of an impulse or a wave which in th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "section_title": "The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 3, "location": "lines 874-1745", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 4 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... POCH soil as fertilizer whatever we take out as crops, then under the present industrial organization of our country we will not be able to maintain our present standard of living. All these features together have created an abnormal increase of consuming capacity of our nation, and so it was only in the last decades that the means of possible production have be- gun to increase beyond the possible demand for consumption and the industrial problem has become urgent. This problem had not been expected in the early ...", "... mand for the product. The latter represents that part of the cost which is proportional to the amount of commodity produced. Fixed cost, for instance, 25 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH is the interest on the investment. Whether the factory is working full capacity, or only part of its capacity, or standing entirely idle, the interest charges continue the same. Proportionate cost, for instance, is that of raw materials; if we produce twice as much, twice as much material is needed. If the production ceases, the con- ...", "... r represents that part of the cost which is proportional to the amount of commodity produced. Fixed cost, for instance, 25 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH is the interest on the investment. Whether the factory is working full capacity, or only part of its capacity, or standing entirely idle, the interest charges continue the same. Proportionate cost, for instance, is that of raw materials; if we produce twice as much, twice as much material is needed. If the production ceases, the con- sumption of raw material ceases. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "section_title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 22302-23970", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... less than the decrease of density at the trailing pole corner. Since the internal self-inductive reactance of the alternator itself causes a certain lag of the current behind the generated e.m.f., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external negative reactance, as capacity, etc. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 2G1 If the armature current lags, it reaches the maximum later than the e.m.f.; that is, in a position where the armature-coil partly faces the field-pole which it approaches, as shown in dia- gram in Fig. 130. Since the armature current is in opposite di ...", "... field characteristic. As shown, the e.m.f. curve at non-inductive load is nearly horizontal at open-circuit, nearly vertical at short-circuit, and is similar to an arc of an ellipse. With reactive load the curves are more nearly straight lines. The voltage drops on inductive load and rises on capacity load. 26 24 22 20 3^u :10 \\ \\ \\ FIELD CHARACTERISTIC Eo=2500, Zo=1+10j,r=o. 90°LAG l2r=0 \\ \\, \\ \\ \\ \\, > \\ N •s_ / \\ \\% \\ ■. vV / ^w V. ft-:^ \\ / ^ \\ \\ / \\ K, N S, / \\ \\ \\ / \\ S.' \\ \\ A 0 ...", "... ^ ^' / 1 / 1 y < > , ,.»*' / / j 800 f* . X / / / , 7 ,,*\" / / / m /- -*''\" A -n pe •M /y /x. **' ;-r *•\"' 1 B , £ I | 2 0^ **•!•• 0 • 0 m Fig. 732. Field Characteristic of Alternator, at 60% Power-factor on Condenser Load. 306 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 1 I 1 1 '/ FIE LD CHARACTERISTIC / / i / f E0-2500, Zo-1-IOj, = o. 90°Leading Current / / I'R = O L / / / / / 7 / / r tu / / 2 / 1 / ? / / / s / ?/ r / J / ^ *X / ...", "... 2 / 1 / ? / / / s / ?/ r / J / ^ *X / / 7 I* 11 ^ / / ^x / // / // / / // ! / / / I/ / / // / / / / / / g / ^-x ^ x'' xlO 3- A, nps. fig. 133. Field Characteristic of Alternator, on Wattless Condenser Load. With reactive load the curves are more nearly straight lines. The voltage drops on inductive, rises on capacity load. The output increases from zero at open circuit to a maxi- mum, and then decreases again to zero at short circuit. AL TERN A TING-CURRENT GENERA TOR. 307 M ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 12, "location": "lines 14897-17124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... mpedance: Zi + Z = (n + r) +js(xi + x); hence, secondary current: T E\\ _ snie /i ~ v T 7z - Zi + Z (n + r) + js (X! + x) 1 This applies to the case where the secondary contains inductive react- ance only; or, rather, that kind of reactance which is proportional to the frequency. In a condenser the reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency, in a synchronous motor under circumstances independent of the frequency. Thus, in general, we have to set, x = x' -f x\" + s'\", where x' is that part of the reactance which is proportional to the frequency, x\" that part of the reactance i ...", "... or eco- nomical reasons, be built for the supply frequency, when motor, and for the generated or secondary frequency, when generator. Such a couple of frequency converter and driving motor and auxiliary generator has over a motor-generator set the advan- tage, that it requires a total machine capacity only equal to the output, while with a motor-generator set the total machine capacity equals twice the output. It has, however, the dis- advantage not to be as standard as the motor and the generator. If a synchronous machine is used, the frequency is constant ; if an induction machine is use ...", "... nerated or secondary frequency, when generator. Such a couple of frequency converter and driving motor and auxiliary generator has over a motor-generator set the advan- tage, that it requires a total machine capacity only equal to the output, while with a motor-generator set the total machine capacity equals twice the output. It has, however, the dis- advantage not to be as standard as the motor and the generator. If a synchronous machine is used, the frequency is constant ; if an induction machine is used, there is a slip, increasing with the load, that is, the ratio of the two frequencies ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "section_title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "number": 2, "location": "lines 3895-5444", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 4, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 3 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "snippets": [ "... y impossible to secure stability by series resistance, but the con- duction changes to arc conduction, if sufficient current is avail- able, as from power generators, or the conduction ceases by the voltage drop of the supply source, and then starts again by the recovery of voltage, as with an electrostatic machine. Thus spark conduction also is called disruptive conduction and discon- tinuous conduction. Apparently continuous — though still interipittent — spark con- duction is produced at atmospheric pressure by capacity in series to the gaseous conductor, on an alternating-voltage supply, as ...", "... source, and then starts again by the recovery of voltage, as with an electrostatic machine. Thus spark conduction also is called disruptive conduction and discon- tinuous conduction. Apparently continuous — though still interipittent — spark con- duction is produced at atmospheric pressure by capacity in series to the gaseous conductor, on an alternating-voltage supply, as corona, and as Geissler tube conduction at a partial vacuum, by an alternating-supply voltage with considerable reactance or resistance in series, or from a direct-current source of very high voltage and very Umited curre ...", "... to the gaseous conductor, on an alternating-voltage supply, as corona, and as Geissler tube conduction at a partial vacuum, by an alternating-supply voltage with considerable reactance or resistance in series, or from a direct-current source of very high voltage and very Umited current, as an electrostatic machine. In the Geissler tube or vacuum tube, on alternating-voltage supply, the effective voltage consumed by the tube, at constant temperature and constant gas pressure, is approximately con- stant and independent of the effective current, that is, the volt- ampere characteristic a straight ..." ] }, { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 5279-6124", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-\"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decre ...", "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constant,\" and i0 and eQ the maximunl current and vol ...", "... y flow of power along the circuit, p0) and a pulsation or surge, pi, of the same nature as that of the standing wave (2) : Such a flow of power along the circuit is called a traveling wave. It occurs very frequently. For instance, it may be caused if by a lightning stroke, etc., a quantity of dielectric energy is impressed A • Fig. 39. — Starting of Impulse, or Traveling Wave. upon a part of the circuit, as shown by curve A in Fig. 39, or if by a local short circuit a quantity of magnetic energy is impressed upon a part of the circuit. This energy then gradually distributes over the cir ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "number": 2, "location": "lines 19166-20427", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "snippets": [ "... condary, is just as unsatisfactory as the insertion of resistance in the primary circuit. 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 FIG. 180. — Induction motor starting torque with resistance secondary. in the Capacity inserted in the secondary very greatly increases the torque within the narrow range of capacity corresponding to resonance with the internal reactance of the motor, and the torque which can be produced in this way is far in excess of the maximum torque of ...", "... 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 FIG. 180. — Induction motor starting torque with resistance secondary. in the Capacity inserted in the secondary very greatly increases the torque within the narrow range of capacity corresponding to resonance with the internal reactance of the motor, and the torque which can be produced in this way is far in excess of the maximum torque of the motor when running or when starting with resistance in the secondary. 326 ELEMENTS OF ...", "... h can be produced in this way is far in excess of the maximum torque of the motor when running or when starting with resistance in the secondary. 326 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING But even at its best value, the torque efficiency available with capacity in the secondary is below that available with resistance. For further discussion of the polyphase inductance motor, see \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena.\"" ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "section_title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "number": 4, "location": "lines 21158-21588", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "snippets": [ "... rs or converters in the same system, or from synchronous alternating- current generators operated in parallel with the induction gen- erator, in which latter case, however, these currents can be said to come from the synchronous alternator as lagging currents. Electrostatic condensers, as an underground cable system, may also be used for excitation, but in this case besides the condensers a synchronous machine or other means is required to secure stability. The induction machine may thus be considered as consuming a lagging r ...", "... ers in the same system, or from synchronous alternating- current generators operated in parallel with the induction gen- erator, in which latter case, however, these currents can be said to come from the synchronous alternator as lagging currents. Electrostatic condensers, as an underground cable system, may also be used for excitation, but in this case besides the condensers a synchronous machine or other means is required to secure stability. The induction machine may thus be considered as consuming a lagging reactive mag ...", "... duction gen- erator, in which latter case, however, these currents can be said to come from the synchronous alternator as lagging currents. Electrostatic condensers, as an underground cable system, may also be used for excitation, but in this case besides the condensers a synchronous machine or other means is required to secure stability. The induction machine may thus be considered as consuming a lagging reactive magnetizing current at all speeds, and con- suming a power current below synchronism, as motor, supplying a pow ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-29", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 8: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "section_title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 29, "number": 8, "location": "lines 9399-9553", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensers", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "snippets": [ "... - mission lines, compensating for wattless currents of induction motors, etc. Synchronous machines used merely for supplying wattless currents, that is, synchronous motors or generators running light, with over-excited or under-excited field, are called synchronous condensers. They are used as exciters for induc- tion generators, as compensators for the reactive lagging currents SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 147 of induction motors, for voltage control of transmission lines, etc. Sometimes they are called \"rotary condensers\" or \"dynamic ...", "... d synchronous condensers. They are used as exciters for induc- tion generators, as compensators for the reactive lagging currents SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 147 of induction motors, for voltage control of transmission lines, etc. Sometimes they are called \"rotary condensers\" or \"dynamic condensers\" when used only for producing lead- ing currents.", "... They are used as exciters for induc- tion generators, as compensators for the reactive lagging currents SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 147 of induction motors, for voltage control of transmission lines, etc. Sometimes they are called \"rotary condensers\" or \"dynamic condensers\" when used only for producing lead- ing currents." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-32", "section_label": "Chapter 32: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "section_title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "number": 32, "location": "lines 36062-36514", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "snippets": [ "... d. The delta-Y connection of step-up transformers is frequently used in long-distance transmissions, to allow grounding of the high-potential neutral. Under certain conditions — which there- fore have to be guarded against — it is liable to induce excessive voltages by resonance with the line capacity. J_I_i P^^lIM nm Fig. 210. The reverse thereof, or the Y-delta connection, is undesirable on unbalanced load, since it gives what has been called a \"float- ing neutral;\" the three primary Y voltages do not remain even approximately constant, at unequal distribution of load on the ...", "... omes very greatly distorted even at moderate inequality of load, and the system thus loses all ability to maintain constant voltage at unequal distribution of load, that is, becomes inoperative. In high-potential systems in this case excessive voltages may be induced by resonance with the line capacity. For instance, if only one phase of the secondary triangle is 426 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA loaded, the other two unloaded, the primary current of the loaded phase must return over the other two transformers, which, at open secondaries, act as very high reactances, thus limiting the c ...", "... liable to unbalance the system mm) mu Fig. 212. by the internal impedance of the transformers. It is convenient for small powers at moderate voltage, since it requires only two transformers, but is dangerous in high potential circuits, being liable to produce destructive voltages by its electrostatic un- balancing. 5. The main and teaser, or T connection of transformers be- tween three-phase systems, is shown in Fig. 212. One of the 428 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA two transformers is wound for V3 2 times the voltage of the other (the altitude of the equilateral triangle), an ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "section_title": "Commutatob Motobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21339-22387", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "snippets": [ "... k on alternating-cur- rent circuits, the magnetism of the field should be approxi- mately in phase with the impressed E.M.F., that is, the field reactance negligible. Since the self-induction of the field is far in excess to its resistance, this requires the insertion of negative reactance, or capacity, in the field. If the self-induction of the field circuit is balanced by capacity, the motor will operate, provided that the armature reactance is low, and that in starting sufficient resistance is inserted in the armature circuit to keep the armature current approximately in phase with the E ...", "... mately in phase with the impressed E.M.F., that is, the field reactance negligible. Since the self-induction of the field is far in excess to its resistance, this requires the insertion of negative reactance, or capacity, in the field. If the self-induction of the field circuit is balanced by capacity, the motor will operate, provided that the armature reactance is low, and that in starting sufficient resistance is inserted in the armature circuit to keep the armature current approximately in phase with the E.M.F. Under these conditions the equations of the motor will be similar to those of ...", "... d in the armature circuit to keep the armature current approximately in phase with the E.M.F. Under these conditions the equations of the motor will be similar to those of the series motor. However, such motors have not been introduced, due to the difficulty of maintaining the balance between capacity and self-induction in the field circuit, which depends upon the square of the frequency, and thus is disturbed by the least change of frequency. The main objection to both series and shunt motors is the destructive sparking at the commutator due to the in- duction of secondary currents in th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "section_title": "Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 23274-24559", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... distorted waves can be replaced by their equivalent sine waves, and the investigation with suffi- cient exactness for most cases be carried out under the assumption of sine waves, as done in the preceding chapters. Similar phenomena take place in circuits containing polarization cells, leaky condensers, or other apparatus representing a synchronously varying negative reactance. Possibly dielectric hysteresis in condensers causes a dis- tortion similar to that due to magnetic hysteresis. Pulsation of Resistance, 219. To'a certain extent the investigation of the effect of synchronous pulsat ...", "... cient exactness for most cases be carried out under the assumption of sine waves, as done in the preceding chapters. Similar phenomena take place in circuits containing polarization cells, leaky condensers, or other apparatus representing a synchronously varying negative reactance. Possibly dielectric hysteresis in condensers causes a dis- tortion similar to that due to magnetic hysteresis. Pulsation of Resistance, 219. To'a certain extent the investigation of the effect of synchronous pulsation of the resistance coincides with that of reactance ; since a pulsation of reactance, when uns ...", "... t cases be carried out under the assumption of sine waves, as done in the preceding chapters. Similar phenomena take place in circuits containing polarization cells, leaky condensers, or other apparatus representing a synchronously varying negative reactance. Possibly dielectric hysteresis in condensers causes a dis- tortion similar to that due to magnetic hysteresis. Pulsation of Resistance, 219. To'a certain extent the investigation of the effect of synchronous pulsation of the resistance coincides with that of reactance ; since a pulsation of reactance, when unsymmetrical with regard to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 28: Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "number": 28, "location": "lines 26584-27052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "snippets": [ "... itable for a certain maximum potential only, but where the limitation of potential depends upon the problem of insulating the conductors against disruptive discharge, the proper comparison is on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential in the system ; that is, equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from wires or high differences of potential. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for mo ...", "... ompares with the continuous-cur- rent circuit of potential e V2, which latter requires only half the copper of the alternating system. This comparison of the alternating with the continuous*- current system is not proper however, since the continuous- current potential introduces, besides the electrostatic strain, an electrolytic strain on the dielectric which does not exist in the alternating system, and thus makes the action of the continuous-current potential on the insulation more severe than that of an equal alternating potential. Besides, at the voltages which came under consideration, the ...", "... ential e V2, which latter requires only half the copper of the alternating system. This comparison of the alternating with the continuous*- current system is not proper however, since the continuous- current potential introduces, besides the electrostatic strain, an electrolytic strain on the dielectric which does not exist in the alternating system, and thus makes the action of the continuous-current potential on the insulation more severe than that of an equal alternating potential. Besides, at the voltages which came under consideration, the continuous current is excluded to begin with. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 6957-8383", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... f the difficulties met in dealing analytically with alternating-current circuits containing iron. 73. The foremost sources of energy loss in alternating- current circuits, outside of the true ohmic resistance loss, are as follows : 1.) Molecular friction, as, a.) Magnetic hysteresis ; b.) Dielectric hysteresis. 106 .ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 2.) Primary electric currents, as, a.} Leakage or escape of current through the insu- lation, brush discharge ; b.) Eddy currents in the conductor or unequal current distribution. 3.) Secondary or induced currents, as, a.) Eddy or Foucault ...", "... istribution. 3.) Secondary or induced currents, as, a.) Eddy or Foucault currents in surrounding mag- netic materials ; b.} Eddy or Foucault currents in surrounding conducting materials ; c.} Sec- ondary currents of mutual inductance in neigh- boring circuits. 4.) Induced electric charges, electrostatic influence. While all these losses can be included in the terms effec- tive resistance, etc., only the magnetic hysteresis and the eddy currents in the iron will form the subject of what fol- lows, since they are the most frequent and important sources of energy loss. Magnetic Hysteresis. 7 ...", "... by its equivalent sine wave, keeping in mind, however, the existence of a higher harmonic as a possible disturbing factor which may become noticeable in those cases where the frequency of the higher harmonic is near the fre- quency of resonance of the circuit, that is, in circuits con- taining capacity besides the inductance. 79. The equivalent sine wave of exciting current leads the sine wave of magnetism by an angle a, which is called the angle of Jiysteretic advance of phase. Hence the cur- rent lags behind the E.M.F by ^ 90° — a, and the power is therefore, p=f£ cog (9QO _ a) = /E sin ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 19458-20501", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... k on alternating-cur- rent circuits, the magnetism of the field should be approxi- mately in phase with the impressed E.M.F., that is, the field reactance negligible. Since the self-induction of the field is far in excess to its resistance, this requires the insertion of negative reactance, or capacity, in the field. If the self-induction of the field circuit is balanced by capacity, the motor will operate, provided that the armature reactance is low, and that in starting sufficient resistance is inserted in the armature circuit to keep the armature current approximately in phase with the E ...", "... mately in phase with the impressed E.M.F., that is, the field reactance negligible. Since the self-induction of the field is far in excess to its resistance, this requires the insertion of negative reactance, or capacity, in the field. If the self-induction of the field circuit is balanced by capacity, the motor will operate, provided that the armature reactance is low, and that in starting sufficient resistance is inserted in the armature circuit to keep the armature current approximately in phase with the E.M.F. Under these conditions the equations of the motor will be similar to those of ...", "... d in the armature circuit to keep the armature current approximately in phase with the E.M.F. Under these conditions the equations of the motor will be similar to those of the series motor. However, such motors have not been introduced, due to the difficulty of maintaining the balance between capacity and self-induction in the field circuit, which depends upon the square of the frequency, and thus is disturbed by the least change of frequency. The main objection to both series and shunt motors is the destructive sparking at the commutator due to the in- duction of secondary currents in th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 21190-21982", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensers", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... distorted waves can be replaced by their equivalent sine waves, and the investigation with suffi- cient exactness for most cases be carried out under the assumption of sine waves, as done in the preceding chapters. Similar phenomena take place in circuits containing polarization cells, leaky condensers, or other apparatus representing a synchronously varying negative reactance. Possibly dielectric hysteresis in condensers causes a dis- tortion similar to that due to magnetic hysteresis. Pulsation of Resistance. 240. To a certain extent the investigation of the effect of synchronous pulsat ...", "... cient exactness for most cases be carried out under the assumption of sine waves, as done in the preceding chapters. Similar phenomena take place in circuits containing polarization cells, leaky condensers, or other apparatus representing a synchronously varying negative reactance. Possibly dielectric hysteresis in condensers causes a dis- tortion similar to that due to magnetic hysteresis. Pulsation of Resistance. 240. To a certain extent the investigation of the effect of synchronous pulsation of the resistance coincides with that of reactance ; since a pulsation of reactance, when uns ...", "... t cases be carried out under the assumption of sine waves, as done in the preceding chapters. Similar phenomena take place in circuits containing polarization cells, leaky condensers, or other apparatus representing a synchronously varying negative reactance. Possibly dielectric hysteresis in condensers causes a dis- tortion similar to that due to magnetic hysteresis. Pulsation of Resistance. 240. To a certain extent the investigation of the effect of synchronous pulsation of the resistance coincides with that of reactance ; since a pulsation of reactance, when unsymmetrical with regard to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-30", "section_label": "Chapter 30: Efficiency Of Systems", "section_title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "number": 30, "location": "lines 25136-25597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "snippets": [ "... table for a certain maximum potential only, but where the limitation of potential depends upon the problem of insulating the conductors against disruptive discharge, the proper comparison is on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential in the system ; that is, •equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from live wires entering human habitations. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for mot ...", "... ompares with the continuous-cur- rent circuit of potential e A/2, which latter requires only half the copper of the alternating system. This comparison of the alternating with the continuous- current system is not proper however, since the continuous- current potential introduces, besides the electrostatic strain, an electrolytic strain on the dielectric which does not exist in the alternating system, and thus makes the action of the continuous-current potential on the insulation more severe than that of an equal alternating potential. Besides, self- induction having no effect on a steady curren ...", "... ential e A/2, which latter requires only half the copper of the alternating system. This comparison of the alternating with the continuous- current system is not proper however, since the continuous- current potential introduces, besides the electrostatic strain, an electrolytic strain on the dielectric which does not exist in the alternating system, and thus makes the action of the continuous-current potential on the insulation more severe than that of an equal alternating potential. Besides, self- induction having no effect on a steady current, continuous current circuits as a rule have a s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Trans Former. 342", "section_title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Trans Former. 342", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 4, "location": "lines 875-887", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANS- FORMER. 342 40. The transformer coil as circuit of distributed capacity, and the character of its capacity. 342 41. The differential equations of the transformer coil, and their integral equations. 344 42. Terminal conditions and final approximate equations. 346" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-55", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 55, "number": 6, "location": "lines 32709-33527", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 3 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "snippets": [ "... n be measured throughout the entire circuit, and across transition points, at which the circuit constants change, and the same equations (266) and (267) apply throughout the entire circuit. In this case, however, in any section of the circuit, (268) where Lt and Ct are the inductance and the capacity, respect- ively, of the section i of the circuit, per unit length, for instance, per mile, in a line, per turn in a transformer coil, etc. In a complex circuit the time variable t is the same throughout the entire circuit, or, in other words, the frequency of oscillation, as represented by q, ...", "... h I, so that the actual linear length of conductor may be unknown. For instance, choosing the total length of conductor in the high-potential transformer as unit length, then the length of the transformer winding in the velocity measure ^ is >10 = \\/L0C0, where L0 — total inductance, C0 = total capacity of transformer. The introduction of the distance variable ^ thus permits the representation in the circuit of apparatus as reactive coils, etc., in which one of the constants is very small compared with the other and therefore is usually neglected and the apparatus considered as \"massed indu ...", "... representation in the circuit of apparatus as reactive coils, etc., in which one of the constants is very small compared with the other and therefore is usually neglected and the apparatus considered as \"massed inductance,'7 etc., and allows the investi- gation of the effect of the distributed capacity of reactive coils and similar matters, by representing the reactive coil as a finite (frequently quite long) section ^0 of the circuit. 43. Let y*0, Av >^2, ... kn be a number of transition points at which the circuit constants change and the quantities may be denoted by index 1 in the sectio ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "number": 7, "location": "lines 33528-34202", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 3, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 }, { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-56/", "snippets": [ "... and a part which is a function of time £ only but not of the distance ^, 1 2 (317) and the total energy of the electromagnetic field of circuit element dX at time t is Aw'rr 1 /7 \"~ = V £~2\"\"'{ (4(7+BI)) cos 2 9' + (^0-JSC) sin 2 qt\\, dX d^ dl dX dX 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field of the conductor or by the capacity C is given by CV dw2 = — dl\\ 518 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA or, substituting (310), and substituting in (319) the value of e from equation (290) gives the same expression as (311) except that the sign of the last two terms is reversed ; that is, the ...", "... but not of the distance ^, 1 2 (317) and the total energy of the electromagnetic field of circuit element dX at time t is Aw'rr 1 /7 \"~ = V £~2\"\"'{ (4(7+BI)) cos 2 9' + (^0-JSC) sin 2 qt\\, dX d^ dl dX dX 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field of the conductor or by the capacity C is given by CV dw2 = — dl\\ 518 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA or, substituting (310), and substituting in (319) the value of e from equation (290) gives the same expression as (311) except that the sign of the last two terms is reversed ; that is, the total energy of the electro- static field ...", "... s the total stored energy of the electric field of the conductor, dw dw, dw2 cydw^ dw' and integrated over a complete period of time this gives « 2^ = dw\" dw\"' The last two terms, — and — , thus represent the energy which is transferred, or pulsates, between the electromagnetic and the electrostatic field of the circuit; and the term — repre- sents the alternating (or rather oscillating) component of stored energy. 53. The energy stored by the electric field in a circuit section ^, between A, and A2, is given by integrating - - between A2 and AI} U/A as - (€-2«J, _ ^-2.^ (Ca + £>2) ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_title": "Empirical Curves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 6, "location": "lines 16483-21988", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "... , for the reason that in nature the conditions on which the rational law is based are rarely perfectly fulfilled. For instance, the representation of a decaying current by an exponential fimction is based on the assumption that the resistance and the inductance of the cu'cuit are constant, and capacity absent, and none of these conditions can ever be perfectly satisfied, and thus a deviation occurs from the theoretical condition, by what is called \" secondary effects.\" 143. To derive an equation, which represents an empirical curve, careful consideration should first be given to the physical ...", "... i\"; e-30-90.4i;-o-5; 90.4 e = 30+- \\% EMPIRICAL CURVES, 239 which is the equation of the magnetite arc volt-ampere charac- teristic. 155. Example 3. The change of current resulting from a change of the conditions of an electric circuit containing resist- ance, inductance, and capacity is recorded by oscillograph and gives the curve reproduced as I in Fig. 81. From this curve log ■\\ \"^ _^ ^ H V i \\ \\ s 0 A 1 \\ \\^ N \\ \\ \\ \\ \\, \\ \\ N \\^ ] r \\ V \\ II \\ 1 n —) V*- \\ N k y \\, \"< K iiA^ \\ \\, \\. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_title": "Numerical Calculations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 7, "location": "lines 21989-25587", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... rtance to know whether this current is 3 or 4 times normal current, or whether it is 40 to 50 times normal current, but it is immaterial whether it is 45 to 46 or 50 times normal. In studying lightning phenomena, and, in general, abnormal voltages in electric systems, calculating the discharge capacity of lightning arres- ters, etc., the magnitude of the quantity is often sufficient. In 254 ^ ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. calculating the critical speed of turbine alternators, or the natural period of oscillation of synchronous machines, the same applies, since it is of importance only to see t ...", "... a curve to see whether they give a smooth curve. If the entire curve is irregular, the calculation should be thrown away, and the entire work done anew, and if this happens repeatedly with the same calculator, the calculator is advised to find another position more in agreement with his mental capacity. If a single point of the curve appears irregular, this points to an error in its calculation, and the calculation of the point is checked; it the error is not found, this point is calculated entirely separately, since it is much more difficult to find an error which has been made than it is t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "section_title": "Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 2389-3594", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... c field intensity and P the magnetic mass, the same quantity which in the days of action at a distance was called the magnetic pole strength, and which is related to the magnetic flux $ by: $ = AtP. The force exerted by an electric field on an electrified body is: F=KQ, (2) where K is the dielectric field intensity and Q the electric mass or electric quantity, also called electrostatic charge, measured in coulombs. The force exerted by a gravitational field is : F = gN, (3) where g is the gravitational field intensity and N the sus- ceptibility of the body to a gravitational field, or ...", "... ion at a distance was called the magnetic pole strength, and which is related to the magnetic flux $ by: $ = AtP. The force exerted by an electric field on an electrified body is: F=KQ, (2) where K is the dielectric field intensity and Q the electric mass or electric quantity, also called electrostatic charge, measured in coulombs. The force exerted by a gravitational field is : F = gN, (3) where g is the gravitational field intensity and N the sus- ceptibility of the body to a gravitational field, or the gravitational mass of the body- — often simply called the mass. The force exerte ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Generation", "section_title": "Generation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 3781-4217", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "snippets": [ "... and decreased necessity of heavy foundations to withstand reciprocating strains. d. Greater reliability of operation and far less attend- ance required. The steam turbine reaps a far greater benefit in economy than the steam engine from superheat of the steam, and from a high vacuum in the condenser. Some of the disadvantages of the steam turbine are : a. It is a new type of machine, developed only within the last ten years, and operating engineers and attendants are therefore less familiar with it than with the reciprocating engine ; and the steam turbine is replacing the steam engine ...", "... far more power than when burned under the boilers of the most efficient steam turbine. The cause is that the gas engine works over a far greater temperature range than the steam engine and even the steam turbine — although the latter, by its ability to economic- ally utilize superheat and high condenser vacuum, gets the benefit of a larger temperature range over the steam engine. If therefore the gas engine were not so very greatly handi- capped in every other respect, it would long have superseded the steam engine and the steam turbine. The disadvantages of the gas engine in every respeot ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-103", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 6: Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 103, "number": 6, "location": "lines 18461-18520", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "snippets": [ "... ipating the heat produced by the internal losses, by the natural ventilation of the air currents pro- duced by the centrifugal forces in rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. Smaller distribu ...", "... eat produced by the internal losses, by the natural ventilation of the air currents pro- duced by the centrifugal forces in rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. Smaller distribution trans ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_title": "Induction Machines: General", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "number": 1, "location": "lines 18949-19165", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "snippets": [ "... th the e.m.f., while in the field winding the current is lagging nearly 90 deg., as magnetizing current. Thus field and armature would be out of phase with each other. To overcome this objection either there is inserted in series with the field circuit a condenser of such capacity as to bring the current back into p>hase with the voltage, or the field may be excited from a separate e.m.f. differing 90 deg. in phase from that supplied to the armature. The former arrange- ment has the disadvantage of requiring almost ...", "... le in the field winding the current is lagging nearly 90 deg., as magnetizing current. Thus field and armature would be out of phase with each other. To overcome this objection either there is inserted in series with the field circuit a condenser of such capacity as to bring the current back into p>hase with the voltage, or the field may be excited from a separate e.m.f. differing 90 deg. in phase from that supplied to the armature. The former arrange- ment has the disadvantage of requiring almost perfect con- sta ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-12", "section_label": "Theory Section 12: Impedance of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Impedance of Transmission Lines", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 3761-4464", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "snippets": [ "... pressed upon the line; I = the line current; E = the e.m.f. at receiving end of the line, and 6 = the angle of lag of current 7 behind e.m.f. E. B < 0 thus denotes leading, 0 > 0 lagging current, and 6 = 0 a non-in- ductive receiver circuit. The capacity of the transmission 0 line shall be considered as negligible. FIG. 27.— Vector diagram ,1 i f , v i. of current and e.m.fs. in a _Assummg the phase of the current transmission line assuming QI = / as zero in the polar diagram, ...", "... transmission 0 line shall be considered as negligible. FIG. 27.— Vector diagram ,1 i f , v i. of current and e.m.fs. in a _Assummg the phase of the current transmission line assuming QI = / as zero in the polar diagram, zero capacity. Fig. 27, the e.m.f. E is represented by vector OE, ahead of 07 by angle 0. The e.m.f. consumed by re- sistance r is OEi = Ei = Ir in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. consumed by reactance x is OE% = Ez = Ix, 90 time de- grees ahead of the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_title": "Phase Control", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 9767-10717", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "snippets": [ "... mes the impressed voltage (after allowing for the impedance of the motor). Phase control of transmission lines is especially suited for circuits supplying synchronous motors or converters; since such machines, in addition to their mechanical or electrical load, can with a moderate increase of capacity carry or produce con- siderable values of wattless current. For instance, a quadrature component of current equal to 50 per cent, of the power com- ponent of current consumed by a synchronous motor would increase the total current only to VI 4- 0.5^ = 1.118, or 11.8 per cent., while a quadratu ...", "... range of load, but a relatively low value of i^, and where very great overload capacities are required, i„i may not be sufficient, and ii may have to be chosen corresponding to full-load and a higher value of i'o permitted, that is, some sacrifice made in the power-factor, in favor of overload capacity. So, for instance, the values may be chosen ii, corresponding to full-load, and required that i'o does not exceed half of full-load current; i'o < 0.5ii, and that the synchronous converter or motor can carry at least 100 per cent, overload, that is, im > 2 ii. We then can put, tm = 2 ii ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "section_title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 12, "location": "lines 10718-13483", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... st of the difficulties met in dealing analytically with alternating-current circuits containing iron. 90. The foremost sources of energy loss in alternating-current circuits, outside of the true ohmic resistance loss, are as follows : 1. Molecular friction, as, (a) Magnetic hysteresis; (6) Dielectric hysteresis. 2. Primary electric currents, as, (a) Leakage or escape of current through the insulation, brush discharge, corona. (6) Eddy currents in the conductor or unequal current distribution. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE 113 -» 3. Secondary or induced currents, as, (a) E ...", "... TANCE 113 -» 3. Secondary or induced currents, as, (a) Eddy or Foucault currents in surrounding magnetic materials; (b) Eddy or Foucault currents in surrounding conducting materials ; (c) Secondary currents of mutual inductance in neighboring circuits. 4. Induced electric charges, electrostatic induction or influence. While all these losses can be included in the terms effective resistance, etc., the magnetic hysteresis and the eddy currents are the most frequent and important sources of energy loss. Magnetic Hysteresis 91. In an alternating-current circuit surrounded by iron or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 16521-17716", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensive reactance", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... 113 gives the locus of the various quantities when the load is changed from full-load, /i = 60 amp. in a non-inductive secondary external circuit, to no-load or open-circuit: (a) By increase of secondary current; (6) by increase of secondary inductive resistance; (c) by increase of secondary condensive reactance. As shown in (a), the locus of the secondary terminal voltage, El, and thus of E^, etc., arc straight lines; and in (6) and (c), parts of one and the same circle; (a) is shown in full lines, {h) in heavy full lines, and (c) in light full lines. This diagram corre- sponds to constant maximum m ...", "... er IX, and the results derived there are now directly applicable to the transformer, giving the variation and the control of secondary terminal voltage, resonance phenomena, etc. Thus, for instance, if Z'l = Zo, and the transformer contains an additional secondary coil, constantly closed by a condensive reactance of such size that this auxiliary circuit, together with the exciting circuit, gives the reactance, ~ Xo, with a non-inductive secondary circuit, Zi = ri, we get the condition of transformation from constant primary potential to constant secondary current, and inversely. ALTERNATING-CURRENT T ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "section_title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2122-2743", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... er words, the drop of potential in an inductive line is greater, if the receiving circuit is inductive, than if it is non-inductive. From ¥\\g, 16, — Eo = V(^ cos a> + Jry + {E^m u> -f Jx)\\ Fig. 16. If, however, the current in the receiving circuit is leading, as is the case when feeding condensers or syn- chronous motors whose counter E.M.F. is larger than the -impressed E.M.F., then the E.M.F. will be represented, in Fig. 17, by a vector, OEy lagging behind the current, Oly by the angle of lead w; and in this case we get, by combining OE with OE^y in phase with the current, and OEj^y ...", "... creases and lead decreases, the primary current and primary E.M.F. required to produce in the secondary circuit the ^ame E.M.F. and current ; or conversely, at a given primary >A Flq, 20. impressed E.M.F., E^^ the secondary E.M.F., E^, will be smaller with an inductive, and larger with a condenser (leading current) load, than with a non-inductive load. At the same time we see that a difference of phase existing in the secondary circuit of a transformer reappears / V 82 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 22 in the primary circuit, somewhat decreased if leading, and slightly i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "section_title": "Kbsistanci: And Kbactance Of Transmission Iine8", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 6371-8268", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... = 0, ^j, = 0, or a non-inductive line and non- inductive receiver circuit, or a non-inductive receiver circuit and a non-inductive line. In conclusion, it may be remarked here that of the sources of susceptance, or reactance, a choking coil or reactive coil corresponds to an inductance ; a condenser corresponds to a condensance ; a polarization cell corresponds to a condensance ; a synchronizing alternator (motor or generator) corresponds to an inductance or a condensance, at will ; an induction motor or generator corresponds to an inductance or condensance, at will. The choking coi ...", "... e ; a synchronizing alternator (motor or generator) corresponds to an inductance or a condensance, at will ; an induction motor or generator corresponds to an inductance or condensance, at will. The choking coil and the. polarization cell are specially suited for series reactance, and the condenser and syn- chronizer for shunted susceptance. 104 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. . [§ 72" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: F", "section_title": "F", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 10, "location": "lines 8269-10499", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectric", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... of the difficulties met in dealing analytically with alternating-current circuits containing iron. 73. The foremost sources of energy loss in alternating- current circuits, outside of the true ohmic resistance loss, are as follows : 1.) Molecular friction, as, a.) Magnetic hysteresis; b) Dielectric hysteresis. 106 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 74 2.) Primary electric currents, as, a.) Leakage or escape of current through the in- sulation, brush discharge ; b.) Eddy currents in the conductor or unequal current distribution. 3.) Secondary or induced currents, as, a,) Eddy or F ...", "... istribution. 3.) Secondary or induced currents, as, a,) Eddy or Foucault currents in surrounding mag- netic materials ; b.) Eddy or Foucault currents in surrounding con- ducting materials ; r.) Secondary currents of mutual inductance in neighboring circuits. 4.) Induced electric charges, electrostatic influence. While all these losses can be included in the terms effective resistance, etc., only the magnetic hysteresis and the eddy currents in the iron will form the subject of what follows. Magnetic Hysteresis, 74. In an alternating-current circuit surrounded by iron or other magnetic ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "section_title": "Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 12673-14088", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "... the locus of the. various quantities when the load is changed from full load, /j = 60 amperes in a non-inductive secondary external circuit to no load or open circuit. a.) By increase of secondary resistance ; 6.) by increase of secondary inductive reactance ; c.) by increase of sec- ondary capacity reactance. As shown in a.), the locus of the secondary terminal vol- tage, ^j-, and thus of E^y etc., are straight lines; and in d.) and c), parts of one and the same circle a.) is shown i 123] ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 177 in full lines, b,) in heavy full lines, and c.) in ligh ...", "... hapter VIII., and the results derived there are now directly appli- cable to the transformer, giving the variation and the con- trol of secondary terminal voltage, resonance phenomena, etc. Thus, for instance, if Z( = Z^, and the transformer con- tains a secondary coil, constantly closed by a condenser reactance of such size that this auxiliary circuit, together with the exciting circuit, gives the reactance —x^y with a non-inductive secondary circuit Z^ = /-p we get the condi- tion of transformation from constant primary potential to constant secondary current, and inversely, as previously ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "section_title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 16, "location": "lines 17025-18828", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 160 density at the trailing-pole corner. Since the internal self- inductance of the alternator alone causes a certain lag of the current behind the induced E.M.F., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external nega- tive reactance, as capacity, etc. If the armature current lags, it reaches the maximum later than the E.M.F. ; that is, in a position where the armature coil partly faces the following-field pole, as shown in diagram in Fig. 111. Since the armature current flows Fiq. Ill, in opposite direction to the current in the ...", "... f c/iamcUristic. As shown, the E.M.F. curve at non-inductive load is nearly horizontal at open circuit, nearly vertical at .short circuit, and is similar to an arc of an ellipsis. With reactive load the curves are more nearly straight lines. The voltage drops rapidly on inductive, rises on capacity The output increases from zero at open circuit to a max- imum, and then decreases again to zero at short circuit. 242 ALTERNATIXG-CURREKT PTIEKOMENA. [§164 1 ' i 1 1 1 s 0-2 ELD CMARACTERIS 50O. ZrMOj, r4o, B '^ N N s s \\ s. s V 1. ><• ■ ^. ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Representation", "section_title": "Graphic Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 1743-2321", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... words, the drop of potential in an inductive line is greater, if the receiving circuit is inductive, than if it is non-inductive. From Fig. 16, — E0 = V(^ cos w + Ir)2 -f- (E sin w + Ix)z. Fig. 18. If, however, the current in the receiving circuit is leading, as -is the case when feeding condensers or syn- chronous motors whose counter E.M.F. is larger than the impressed E.M.F., then the E.M.F. will be represented, in Fig. 17, by a vector, OE, lagging behind the current, Of, by the angle of lead £'; and in this case we get, by combining OE with OEr, in phase with the current, and OEX, 9 ...", "... t in- creases and lead decreases, the primary current and primary E.M.F. required to produce in the secondary circuit the same E.M.F. and current ; or conversely, at a given primary Fig. 20. impressed E.M.F., E0, the secondary E.M.F., E^ will be smaller with an inductive, and larger with a condenser (leading current) load, than with a non-inductive load. At the same time we see that a difference of phase existing in the secondary circuit of a transformer reappears 32 AL TERNA TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. in the primary circuit, somewhat decreased if leading, and slightly increased if lagg ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 9: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "section_title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 9, "location": "lines 5334-6956", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "... -inductive receiver cir- cuit, (Curve III.) ; the condition b = 0, b0 = 0, or a non-inductive line and non- inductive receiver circuit. In conclusion, it may be remarked here that of the sources of susceptance, or reactance, a choking coil or reactive coil corresponds to an inductance ; a condenser corresponds to a condensance ; a polarization cell corresponds to a condensance ; a synchronizing alternator (motor or generator) corresponds to an inductance or a condensance, at will; an induction motor or generator corresponds to an inductance. The choking coil and the polarization cell ...", "... corresponds to a condensance ; a synchronizing alternator (motor or generator) corresponds to an inductance or a condensance, at will; an induction motor or generator corresponds to an inductance. The choking coil and the polarization cell are specially suited for series reactance, and the condenser and syn- chronizer for shunted susceptance. 104 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "section_title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 11605-12682", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... s the locus of the various quantities when the load is changed from full load, /j = 60 amperes in a non-inductive secondary external circuit to no load or open circuit. a.) By increase of secondary resistance ; b.} by increase of secondary inductive reactance ; c.) by increase of sec- ondary capacity reactance. As shown in a.), the locus of the secondary terminal vol- tage, J5lt and thus of E0, etc., are straight lines; and in b.) and c.}, parts of one and the same circle a.} is shown AL TERNA TING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 203 in full lines, b.} in heavy full lines, and c.} in light fu ...", "... , and the results derived there are now directly appli- cable to the transformer, giving the variation and the con- trol of secondary terminal voltage, resonance phenomena, etc. Thus, for instance, if Z/ = Z0, and the transformer con- tains an additional secondary coil, constantly closed by a condenser reactance of such size that this auxiliary circuit, together with the exciting circuit, gives the reactance — x0, . with a non-inductive secondary circuit Z^ = rv we get the • condition of transformation from constant primary potential to constant secondary current, and inversely, as previously ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 19: Alternating- Current Motors In General", "section_title": "Alternating- Current Motors In General", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 19, "location": "lines 21713-23905", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... ngle-phase induction motor. For studying the action of the motor at intermediate and at low speed, as for instance, when investigating the performance of a starting device, in bringing the motor up to speed, that is, during acceleration, this method so is more suited. An applica- tion to the \"condenser motor,\" that is, a single-phase induction motor using a condenser in a stationary tertiary circuit (under an angle, usually 60°, with the primary circuit) is given in the paper on \"Alternating-Current Motors,\" A. I. E. E. Transac- tions, 1904. P&D Fig. 151. 180. As example are shown, in ...", "... at intermediate and at low speed, as for instance, when investigating the performance of a starting device, in bringing the motor up to speed, that is, during acceleration, this method so is more suited. An applica- tion to the \"condenser motor,\" that is, a single-phase induction motor using a condenser in a stationary tertiary circuit (under an angle, usually 60°, with the primary circuit) is given in the paper on \"Alternating-Current Motors,\" A. I. E. E. Transac- tions, 1904. P&D Fig. 151. 180. As example are shown, in Fig. 151, with the speed as abscissae, the curves of a single-pha ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_title": "Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 20, "location": "lines 23906-30087", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... is easy to produce a lagging current by self-inductance, the commutator thus affords an easy means of producing the equivalent of a leading current. Therefore, the alternating-current commutator is one of the important methods of compensating for lagging: currents. Other methods are the use of electrostatic or electro- lytic condensers and of overexcited synchronous machines. Based on this principle, a number of designs of induction motors and other apparatus have been developed, using Qm commutator for neutralizing the lagging magnetizing current and the lag caused by self-inductance, and there ...", "... rent by self-inductance, the commutator thus affords an easy means of producing the equivalent of a leading current. Therefore, the alternating-current commutator is one of the important methods of compensating for lagging: currents. Other methods are the use of electrostatic or electro- lytic condensers and of overexcited synchronous machines. Based on this principle, a number of designs of induction motors and other apparatus have been developed, using Qm commutator for neutralizing the lagging magnetizing current and the lag caused by self-inductance, and thereby produdng unity power-facto ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 24, "location": "lines 32820-33531", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... xanderson very high frequency inductor alternator, 279 Amplifier, 281 Arc rectifier, 248 Armature reaction of regulating pole converter, 426, 437 of unipolar machine, 457 B Balancer, phase, 228 Battery charging rectifier, 244 Brush arc machine as quarterphase rectifier, 244, 254 Capacity storing energy in phase conversion, 212 Cascade control, see Concatenation. Coil distribution giving harmonic torque in induction motor, 151 Commutating e.m.f. in rectifier, 239 field, singlephase commutator motor, 355, 359 machine, concatenation with in- duction motor, 55, 78 po ...", "... motor, 347 Commutator excitation of induction motor, 54, 89 induction generator, 200 leads, singlephase commutator motor, 351 motors, singlephase, 331 Compensated series motor, 372 Compensating winding, singlephase commutator motor, 336, 338 Concatenation of induction motors, 14, 40 Condenser excitation of induction motor secondary, 55, 84 singlephase induction motor, 120 speed control of induction motor, 13, 16 Contact making rectifier, 245 Cumulative oscillation of synchro- nous machine, 299 D Deep bar rotor of induction motor, 11 Delta connected roctifier, 251 Direc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "section_title": "Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "number": 8, "location": "lines 12962-16963", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "snippets": [ "... uit: whether constant potential, that is, a sine wave of voltage impressed upon the reactance; or constant current, that is, a sine wave of current traversing the circuit; or any intermediate condition, such as brought about by the insertion of various amounts of resistance, or of reactance or capacity, in series to the closed magnetic cir- cuit reactance. The numerical values in Table III illustrate this. / gives the magnetic field intensity, and thus the direct current. SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 133 which produces the magnetic density, B — that is, the B-H curve of the ...", "... e power transformers, that is, -- , / ^ N V B/ \\ ^ // \\t ^^=?rT\" / 1 a^ ^ \\ 5= \" 1 i / r*° U- ^ s // ^ ) // ^ V y ! frequencies with which the high-voltage coils of transformers, as circuits of distributed capacity, can resonate. 76. Magnetic saturation, and closed or partly closed magnetic circuits thus are a likely source of wave-shape distortion, resulting in high voltage peaks, and where they are liable to occur, as in 152 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS current transformers, series transformers at open second ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "section_title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit. 513", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 7, "location": "lines 1228-1261", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit sec ...", "... an power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit section. 519 55. Relations between power supplied by the electric field ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-35", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "section_title": "Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "number": 13, "location": "lines 13936-14548", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "snippets": [ "... t of the wave at which the circuit was closed, and that this tran- sient term is oscillatory. In the preceding chapter, in circuits containing only resistance and inductance, the transient term has always been gradual or logarithmic, and oscillatory phenom- ena occurred only in the presence of capacity in addition to in- ductance. In the rotating field, or the polyphase m.m.f., we thus have a case where an oscillatory transient term occurs in a circuit containing only resistance and inductance but not capacity, and where this transient term is independent of the point of the wave at which th ...", "... adual or logarithmic, and oscillatory phenom- ena occurred only in the presence of capacity in addition to in- ductance. In the rotating field, or the polyphase m.m.f., we thus have a case where an oscillatory transient term occurs in a circuit containing only resistance and inductance but not capacity, and where this transient term is independent of the point of the wave at which the circuits were closed, that is, is always the same, regardless of the moment of start of the phe- nomenon. The transient term of the polyphase m.m.f. thus is independ- ent of the moment of start, and oscillator ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-37", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "number": 1, "location": "lines 15354-15625", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "snippets": [ "... - mediary between the two extremes can thus be produced. On this principle, for instance, operated the controlling solenoid of the Thomson-Houston arc machine, and also numerous auto- matic potential regulators. 2. Production of high frequency oscillating currents by period- ically recurring condenser discharges has been discussed under \" oscillating current generator,\" in Section I, paragraph 44. Non-sinusoidal high frequency alternating currents are pro- duced by an arc, when made unstable by shunting it with a condenser, as discussed before. The Ruhmkorff coil or inductorium also repre ...", "... of high frequency oscillating currents by period- ically recurring condenser discharges has been discussed under \" oscillating current generator,\" in Section I, paragraph 44. Non-sinusoidal high frequency alternating currents are pro- duced by an arc, when made unstable by shunting it with a condenser, as discussed before. The Ruhmkorff coil or inductorium also represents an appli- cation of periodically recurring transient phenomena, as also does Prof. E. Thomson's dynamostatic machine. 3. By reversing the connections between a source of alter- INTRODUCTION 221 nating voltage and the ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_title": "Introduction", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "number": 1, "location": "lines 19260-19338", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 2 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "snippets": [ "... hat is, real quantities. Otherwise the method of treatment and the general form of the equations are the same as with transient functions of time. 2. Some of the cases in which transient phenomena in space are of importance in electrical engineering are : (a) Circuits containing distributed capacity and self-induc- tance, as long-distance energy transmission lines, long-distance telephone circuits, multiple spark-gaps, as used in some forms of high potential lightning arresters (multi-gap arrester), etc. (b) The distribution of alternating current in solid conductors and the increase of ...", "... t decrease of permeability and increase of power consumption resulting therefrom. (d) The distribution of the electric field of a conductor through space, resulting from the finite velocity of propagation of the electric field, and the variation of self-inductance and mutual inductance and of capacity of a conductor without return, as function of the frequency, in its effect on wireless telegraphy. (e) Conductors conveying very high frequency currents, as lightning discharges." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-54", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations", "section_title": "Free Oscillations", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 54, "number": 5, "location": "lines 31451-32708", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 2, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 }, { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "snippets": [ "... r inversely, the accumulation of the energy of the electric field; and their appearance therefore presupposes the possibility of energy storage in more than one form so as to allow 478 FREE OSCILLATIONS 479 an interchange or surge of energy between its different forms, electromagnetic and electrostatic energy. Free oscillations occur only in circuits containing both capacity C and inductance, L. The absence of energy supply or abstraction defines the free oscillations by the condition that the power p = ei at the two ends of the circuit or section of the circuit must be zero at all times, o ...", "... pearance therefore presupposes the possibility of energy storage in more than one form so as to allow 478 FREE OSCILLATIONS 479 an interchange or surge of energy between its different forms, electromagnetic and electrostatic energy. Free oscillations occur only in circuits containing both capacity C and inductance, L. The absence of energy supply or abstraction defines the free oscillations by the condition that the power p = ei at the two ends of the circuit or section of the circuit must be zero at all times, or the circuit must be closed upon itself. The latter condition, of a circ ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 9: America in the Individualistic Era", "section_title": "America in the Individualistic Era", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "number": 9, "location": "lines 4268-4715", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "snippets": [ "... re intense, and more destructive. Finally, in the 90's the end was reached; especially in those industries which had been organized into a few large corporations. The necessity of keeping the factories going, with the steadily increasing excess of productive capacity over the demand for the products, had made competition so vicious that it threatened with destruction the victor as well as the van- quished, in a universal v.Tcck of the industry. Thus co-operation had to come, of neces- sity, to avoid the destructive eff ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Evolution: Inhibitory Power", "section_title": "Evolution: Inhibitory Power", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 14, "location": "lines 6233-6597", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... y its own success, as was the individualistic age. At least, so it appears. It might be called an aristocratic democracy, using the term aristocratic in its original mean- ing, that the influence of the individual on so- ciety should be proportional to his capacity — democratic; everybody has the same chance, the same right, and there is no discrimination — egalite; everybody is free to choose his ac- tivity, to develop his individuality — liberie; everybody is guaranteed in his standard of living, as a matter of neces ..." ] }, { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Conclusion", "section_title": "Conclusion", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 17, "location": "lines 7568-8027", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... ent, competent, and efficient than our present political govern- ment, and commissions, made as competent and permanent as possible, would take over most of the work of industrial control and operation, the direct elective officials mainly acting in supervisory capacity, directing the policies of the commissions. Such organizations, if once created, would probably be as efficient and sat- isfactory as the industrial government devel- oped from the industrial corporation would be. However, it would require an entire change of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_title": "Record of Four Troubles", "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "snippets": [ "... nism with each other. Too large reactance between the alternators reduces the synchroniz- ing power by limiting the synchronizing current; too small reactance may again reduce the maximum synchronizing power by lowering the EMF by the large voltage drop due to the large interchange currents. With a capacity of about 60,000 KW per station section and machines of the general characteristics of those involved (100% synchronous reactance, \\2^/^% true reactance, in average) , maximum synchronizing power would require a reactance between each station section and the rest of the system of a little less than ..." ] }, { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Methods Of Approximation", "section_title": "Methods Of Approximation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15156-16482", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... RING MATHEMATICS. hence, F = ^i/2xa3/4(l+|il)x4(l-|82)xaV4x(l+2^)(l-2j) (1 _ \\4a2 a a J a3/2(l-3s2+2-- + S2--) \\ a a / \\ 4 a. a J 138. As further example may be considered the equations of an alternating-current electric circuit, containing distributed resistance, inductance, capacity, and shunted conductance, for instance, a long-distance transmission line or an underground high-potential cable. Equations of the Transmission Line. Let I be the distance along the line, from some starting point; E^ the voltage; 7, the current at point I, expressed as vector quantities or ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: General Review", "section_title": "General Review", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "number": 1, "location": "lines 154-565", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "snippets": [ "... les. In a direct current system, the current must be supplied from a generating station or a converter substation, that is, a station containing revolv- ing machinery. As such a station requires continuous atterv- GENERAL REVIEW 17 tion, its operation would hardly be economical if not of a capacity of at least some hundred kilowatts. The direct cur- rent distribution system therefore can be used economically only if a sufficient demand exists, within a radius of i to 2 miles, to load a good sized generator or converter substation. The use of direct current is therefore restricted to those ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-03", "section_label": "Lecture 3: Light And Power Distribution", "section_title": "Light And Power Distribution", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "number": 3, "location": "lines 983-1526", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "snippets": [ "... ltage; and the current of the alternating current motor is lagging, the voltage drop caused by it in the reactance is therefore far greater than would be caused by the same current taken by a non-inductive load, as lamps. Furthermore, alternating current supply mains usually are of far smaller capacity, and therefore more affected in voltage. Large motors are therefore rarely connected to the lighting mains of an alternating current system, but separate transformers and frequently separate feeders are used for the motors, and very large motors commonly built for the primary distribution volt ..." ] }, { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "section_title": "Lightning Protection", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "number": 11, "location": "lines 4931-5294", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "snippets": [ "... on, but requir- ing an extremely high voltage to start a reverse arc. These lightning arresters operated satisfactorily with the smaller machines and circuits of limited power used in the earlier days, but when large machines of close regulation, and therefore of very large momentary overload capacity were in- 138 GENERAL LECTURES troduced, and a number of such machines operated in multiple, these lightning arresters became insufificient : the machine cur- rent following the lightning discharge frequently was so enor- mous that the circuit did not open at the end of the half wave, but t ..." ] }, { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Chemical And Physical Effects Of Radiation", "section_title": "Chemical And Physical Effects Of Radiation", "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 3639-3945", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-04/", "snippets": [ "... silicate) and some pieces of calcite. As you see, none of them show any appreciable fluorescence in the mercury light. But if I turn off the mercury light, the calcium sulphide phosphoresces brightly in a blue glow, the others do not. Now I show you all three under the ultra-violet rays of the condenser discharge between iron terminals, or ultra-violet lamp (Fig. 11) and you see all three fluoresce brilliantly, in blue, green and red. Turning off the light all three continue to glow with about the same color, that is, phosphoresce, but the red fluorescence of the calcite very rapidly decreases ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-104", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 104, "number": 7, "location": "lines 18521-18665", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "snippets": [ "... nic — as with YY connection — the shell-type three-phase transformer may produce triple frequency voltages, resulting from the triple frequency ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 299 flux, and under unfavorable conditions, as when connecting to a system of high capacity — which intensifies these voltages — this may lead to destructive voltages, and YY connections with shell-type three-phase transformers thus lead to serious high voltage dangers. 125. The usual shell-type construction of three-phase trans- formers is shown in sec ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-106", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 9: Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 106, "number": 9, "location": "lines 18813-18948", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "snippets": [ "... akage and thus gives less liability to eddy currents in the conductors. 130. A transformer of output P = e2iz has a size of winding space of ezi2 + #iii = 2 e2z*2, that is (with the air gap inserted into the magnetic circuit), gives a reactor of the capacity ei = 2 P. That is, a reactor has the size of a transformer of half its output. Reactors are frequently used in series to apparatus, and the vol- tage consumed by the reactance then varies with the current, and is, due to the air gap, proportional to ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-15", "section_label": "Theory Section 15: Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "section_title": "Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 5832-6221", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "snippets": [ "... cuit i = 0, e = E0 and P = 0, as is to be expected. At short circuit, e = 0, 0 = \\/#o2 — xzi2 — ri, and ° ; (6) X' that is, the maximum line current which can be established with a non-inductive receiver circuit and negligible line capacity. 71. The condition of maximum 'power delivered over the line '• i| f-* on that is, substituting (3): '! V#o2 - x*i* = e + ri, and expanding, gives e* = (r2 + x2) i2 (8) = z2i2; hence, e — zi, and - = z. (9) -T- = 7*1 is th ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-53", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 53: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 53, "number": null, "location": "lines 11132-11213", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "snippets": [ "... which commutation occurs, and excited so as to produce a commutating flux proportional to the load, and thus giving the required commutating field at all loads. Such machines then give no inductive sparking, but regarding commutation are limited in overload capacity only by the current density under the brush. Such commutating poles are excited by series coils, that is, coils connected in series with the armature and having a number of effective turns higher than the number of effective series turns per armature pole ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 79, "number": null, "location": "lines 13019-13119", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "snippets": [ "... d with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the field causes the main current to lag behind the impressed voltage and thereby lowers the power-factor of the mot ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-80", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 80: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "section_title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 80, "number": null, "location": "lines 13120-13188", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "snippets": [ "... 4. For power-factor compensation. In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage or, what is the same, the voltage leads the current, and the power-factor thus can be raised by compensation either by introducing a leading current, as from condenser or overexcited synchronous motor, or by in- troducing a lagging voltage. In the commutating machines, the voltage induced in the armature by its rotation is in phase with the field magnetism, and by lagging the field exciting current, 222 ELEMENTS OF ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-82", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 82, "number": 3, "location": "lines 13796-13888", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "snippets": [ "... mining the wave shape of impressed e.m.f. at the con- verter terminals, not only the wave of generator e.m.f., but also that of the converter counter e.m.f., may be instrumental. Thus, with a converter connected directly to a generating system of very large capacity, the impressed e.m.f. wave will be practically identical with the generator wave, while at the terminals of a converter connected to the generator over long lines with re- active coils or inductive regulators interposed, the wave of im- pressed e.m.f. may be ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "section_title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "number": 5, "location": "lines 15161-15475", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "snippets": [ "... of the field caused thereby, this limitation does not exist in a converter; and a much greater armature reaction can be safely used in converters than in direct-current generators, the dis- tortion being absent in the former. The practical limit of overload capacity of a converter is usu- ally far higher than in a direct-current generator, since the arma- ture heating is relatively small, and since the distortion of field, which causes sparking on the commutator under overloads in a direct-current generator, is absent in ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-96", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "section_title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 96, "number": 2, "location": "lines 16912-17026", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "electrostatic", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "snippets": [ "... ndary coils. These are load losses, increasing with the square of the load. (c) Spurious load losses, as eddy currents in the conductors and other metal parts. With proper design these should be negligible. (d) In very high voltage transformers, electrostatic losses in the insulation appear. These usually are small in large well- designed transformers. In large transformers, the total &r loss may be less than 1 per cent., and so also the core loss, resulting in efficiencies of over 98 per cent. As instan ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "section_title": "Vector Representation", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "number": 4, "location": "lines 2149-2759", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "snippets": [ "... f potential in an inductive line is greater if the receiving circuit is inductive than if it is non-inductive. From Fig. 16, Ea = V{E COS 6 4- /r)2 + (E sin 6 + Ixy. If, however, the current in the receiving circuit is leading, as 26 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA is the case when feeding condensers or synchronous motors whose counter e.m.f. is larger than the impressed voltage, then the voltage will be. represented, in Fig. 17, by a vector, OE, lagging behind the current, 01, by the angle of lead, d'; and in this case we get, by combining OE with OEi, in phase with the current, and OEi, ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "number": 22, "location": "lines 23971-25134", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "snippets": [ "... alues corresponding to the short-circuit condition. Thus the momentary short- circuit current of an alternator is far greater than the perma- nent short-circuit current; many times in a machine of low self-induction and high armature reaction, as a low-frequency, high-speed alternator of large capacity; relatively little in a machine of low armature reaction and high self-induction, as a high-frequency unitooth alternator, 193. Graphically, the internal reactions of the alternating- current generator can be represented as follows: Let the impressed m.m.f., or field excitation, Fo, be repre ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "number": 23, "location": "lines 25135-25681", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "snippets": [ "... happen to be crossed, the one engine will pull, while the other is near the dead- point, and conversely. Consequently, alternately the one alter- nator will tend to speed up and the other slow down, then the other speed up and the first slow down. This effect, if not taken care of by fly-wheel capacity, causes a \"hunting\" or surging 292 SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 293 action; that is, a fluctuation of the voltage with the period of the engine revolution, due to the alternating transfer of the load from one engine to the other, which may even become so excessive as to throw the machines ou ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "section_title": "Topographic Method", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "number": 6, "location": "lines 3230-3545", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-06/", "snippets": [ "... will be represented by a closed figure, which may be called the topographic circuit characteristic. Such a characteristic is, for instance, OE^E-IE^E^E^E^^ in Figs. 31 to 34, etc. ; further instances are shown in the following chapters, as curved characteristics in the chapter on distributed capacity, etc. 62 AL TERNA TJNG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. ^ [§ 38" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 14, "location": "lines 14089-14918", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... dary terminal voltage E\\ = El — -^Zi = /yZ = snie \\ 1 ri-jsxi ) _ snie{r^jsx) ^ \\ {ri + r)-'js{xi + x)) (ri+r) ^js{xi + x) ♦ This applies to the case where the secondary contains inductive reac- tance only : or, rather, that kind of reactance which is proportional to the fre- quency. In a condenser the reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency in a synchronous motor under circumstances independent of the frequency. Thus, in general, we have to set, x = x' -^ x\" -^ x''\\ where x' is that part of the reactance which is proportional to the frequency, jt\" that part of the reac- tanc ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "section_title": "Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "number": 17, "location": "lines 18829-19345", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-17/", "snippets": [ "... p- pen to be crossed, the one engine will pull, while the other is near the dead-point, and conversely. Consequently, alter- nately the one alternator will tend to speed up and the other slow down, then the other speed up and the first slow down. This effect, if not taken care of by fly-wheel capacity, causes a \"hunting\" or pumping action; that is, a fluctuation of the lights with the period of the engine revo- lution, due to the alternating transfer of the load from one engine to the other, which may even become so excessive as to throw the machines out of step. This difficulty does not ex ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "section_title": "Beactiox Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 20, "location": "lines 22388-23273", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... d excita- tion, always a large lag of the current behind the impressed E.M.F. exists ; and an alternating generator will yield an E.M.F. without field excitation, only when closed by an external circuit of large negative reactance; that is, a circuit in which the current leads the E.M.F., as a condenser, or an over-excited synchronous motor, etc. Self-excitation, of the alternator by armature reaction can be explained by the fact that the counter E.M.F. of self-induction is not wattless or in quadrature with the cur- rent, but contains an energy component ; that is, that the reactance is of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "section_title": "The General Alternating-Current Transformer Or Frequency Converter", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 15, "location": "lines 12683-13648", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... uced E.M.F. EI = sn^e. Total secondary impedance Z, + Z= (r, + r) hence, secondary current Secondary terminal voltage * This applies to the case where the secondary contains inductive reac- tance only ; or, rather, that kind of reactance which is proportional to the fre- quency. In a condenser the reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency, in a synchronous motor under circumstances independent of the frequency. Thus, in general, we have to set, x = x' + x\" -\\ x\"\\ where x' is that part of the reactance which is proportional to the frequency, x\" that part of the reac- tance ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators", "section_title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "number": 18, "location": "lines 17597-18052", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "snippets": [ "... p- pen to be crossed, the one engine will pull, while the other is near the dead-point, and conversely. Consequently, alter- nately the one alternator will tend to speed up and the other slow down, then the other speed up and the first slow down. This effect, if not taken care of by fly-wheel capacity, causes a \"hunting\" or pumping action; that is, a fluctuation of the lights with the period of the engine revo- lution, due to the alternating transfer of the load from one engine to the other, which may even become so excessive as to throw the machines out of step, especially when by an appro ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "number": 21, "location": "lines 20502-21189", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "snippets": [ "... d excita- tion, always a large lag of the current behind the impressed E.M.F. exists; and an alternating generator will yield an E.M.F. without field excitation, only when closed by an external circuit of large negative reactance ; that is, a circuit in which the current leads the E.M.F., as a condenser, or an over-excited synchronous motor, etc. Self-excitation of the alternator by armature reaction can be explained by the fact that the counter E.M.F. of self-induction is not wattless or in quadrature with the cur- rent, but contains an energy component ; that is, that the reactance is of ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Synchronizing Induction Motors", "section_title": "Synchronizing Induction Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 8, "location": "lines 13956-14465", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "... rque is a maximum for r = 45°, and is, by (14), (15), and (16): i), = ^6l~6. (20) As instances are shown, in Fig. 59, the motor torque, from equation (18), and the maximum synchronizing torque, from equation (20), for a motor of 5 per cent, drop of speed at full- load and very high overload capacity (a maximum power nearly two and a half times and a maximum torque somewhat over three times the rated value), that is, of low reactance, as can be produced at low frequency, and is desirable for intermittent service, hence of the constants : Zx = Zo = i+i, Y = 0.005 - 0.02 i, e0 = 1000 vol ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "section_title": "Reaction Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "number": 16, "location": "lines 19374-20293", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "snippets": [ "... eld excitation, always a large lag of the current behind the impressed e.m.f. exists; and an alternating-current generator will yield an e.m.f. without field excitation only when closed by an external circuit of large negative reactance; that is, a circuit in which the current the e.m.f., as a condenser, or an overexcited synchronous iotor, etc. 14S. The usual explanation of the operation of the synchronous machine without field excitation is self-excitation by reactive armature currents. In a synchronous motor a lagging, in a generator a leading armature current magnetizes the field, and i ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Inductor Machines", "section_title": "Inductor Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "number": 17, "location": "lines 20294-20974", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "snippets": [ "... y. It is obvious, that the high inductance of the field coil, F, of the machine, Fig. 138, would make it impossible to force a tele- phone current through it, but the telephonic exciting current would be sent through the armature winding, which is of very low inductance, and by the use of the capacity the armature made self-exciting by leading current. Instead of sending the high-frequency machine current, which pulsates in amplitude with telephonic frequency, through radio transmission and rectifying the receiving current, we can rectify directly the generated machine current and so get a ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "number": 18, "location": "lines 20975-21712", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condensers", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "snippets": [ "... b , «! + PpJL. (2Q) Of these two terms b represents the consumption, a the oscilla- tion of energy by the pulsation of phase angle, p. b and a thus SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 295 have a similar relation as resistance and reactance in alternating- current circuits, or in the discharge of condensers, a is the same term as in paragraph 167. Differential equation (19) is integrated by: 5 = Atc', (21) which, substituted in (19), gives: aAtc* + 2 bCAf + C2Aec* - 0, a + 2 bC + C2 = 0, which equation has the two roots: Ci - -6 + Vb*-a, C, = -6 - y/b2 - a. (22) 1. If a < 0, or nega ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Unipolar Machines", "section_title": "Unipolar Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "number": 22, "location": "lines 31716-32137", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "snippets": [ "... five-wire machine, or as a direct-current converter, bj nut intermediary connections, from the collector rings 2, 3. 4. 250, As each conductor of the unipolar machine requires a separate pair of collector rings, with a reasonably moderate number of collector rings, unipolar machines of medium capacity are suited for low voltages only, such as for electrolytic machines, and have been built for this purpose to a limited extent, but in general it has been found more economical by series connection of the electrolytic cells to permit the use of higher voltages, and then employ standard machines ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Magnetism", "section_title": "Magnetism", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "number": 5, "location": "lines 9062-11050", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "dielectrics", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-05/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-05/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V MAGNETISM Magnetic Constants 47. With the exception of a few ferromagnetic substances, the magnetic permeability of all materials, conductors and dielectrics, gases, liquids and solids, is practically unity for all industrial purposes. Even liquid oxygen, which has the highest permea- bility, differs only by a fraction of a per cent, from non-magnetic materials. Thus the permeability of neodymium, which is one of the most paramagnetic metals, is ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "number": 13, "location": "lines 23466-24022", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER XIII REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is bei ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "section_title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line. 320", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "number": 3, "location": "lines 836-874", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "condenser", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discharge of line of constant voltage and ze ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-09", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity. 348", "section_title": "Distributed Series Capacity. 348", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "number": 5, "location": "lines 888-903", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-09/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-09/", "snippets": [ "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 348 43. Potential distribution in multigap circuit. 348 44. Probable relation of the multigap circuit to the lightning flash in the clouds. 349 45. The differential equations of the multigap circuit, and their integral equations. 350 46. Terminal conditions, and final equations. 351 ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "section_title": "Velocity Of Propagation Op Electric Field. 387", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "number": 8, "location": "lines 972-1013", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-12/", "snippets": [ "... . Evaluation of functions sil al and col al. 394 73. Self-inductive impedance, and numerical example. 395 74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as function of frequency. 396 75. Mutual inductance of two distant conductors of finite length. 398 76. Example. 399 77. Capacity of a sphere in space. 400 78. Example. 401 79. Sphere at a distance from ground. 402" ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors", "section_title": "High-Frequency Conductors", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 49, "number": 9, "location": "lines 27003-27760", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "snippets": [ "... field of the conductor, and this depends upon the presence and location of other conductors, etc., in space, on the length of the conductor, and the distance from the return con- ductor. Since very high frequency currents, as lightning dis- charges, frequently have no return conductor, but the capacity at the end of the discharge path returns the current as \" dis- placement current,\" the extent and distribution of the magnetic field is indeterminate. If, however, the conductor under con- sideration is a small part of the total discharge — as the ground connection of a lightning arrester, a s ..." ] }, { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-53", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Traveling Waves", "section_title": "Traveling Waves", "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 53, "number": 4, "location": "lines 30244-31450", "status": "candidate", "word_count": null, "occurrence_count": 1, "top_aliases": [ { "alias": "capacity", "count": 1 } ], "source_text_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "workbench_url": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "snippets": [ "... rm of fundamental frequency may appear which has the time decrement, that is, dies out at the rate In this decrement the factor 474 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is the usual decrement of a circuit of resistance r and inductance Lj while the other factor, may be attributed to the conductance and capacity of the circuit, and the total decrement is the product, A further discussion of the equations (176) and (177) and the meaning of their transient term requires the consideration of the terminal conditions of the circuit. 27. The alternating components of (176) and (177), io = s-ja{C1 cos ( ..." ] } ] } ] }