{ "generated_at": "2026-04-29", "quality_note": "Passage atlas records are OCR/PDF-text discovery aids. Exact quotation and claims require scan verification.", "total_candidate_records": 5427, "public_balanced_records": 150, "theme_counts": { "field-language": 36, "magnetism-hysteresis": 36, "radiation-light": 36, "ether-and-relativity": 36, "transients-waves-surges": 36, "power-systems": 36, "dielectric-capacity": 36, "engineering-philosophy": 19, "symbolic-ac": 36 }, "records": [ { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-480", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 1215, "line_end": 1237, "local_line_start": 480, "local_line_end": 502, "score": 544, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light", "ether-and-relativity", "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 12, "ether-and-relativity": 4, "transients-waves-surges": 4, "magnetism-hysteresis": 6, "radiation-light": 5, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning", "historical-language" ], "passage": "The conception of the field of force, or, as we should more correctly say, the field of energy, thus takes the place of the conception of action at a distance and of the ether. The beam of light and the electromagnetic wave (like that of the radio communication station or that surrounding a power transmission line) are therefore periodic alternations of the electromagnetic energy field in space, and the differ- ences are merely those due to the differences of frequency. Thus the electromagnetic field of the 60-cycle transmission line has a wave length of 3 X lO^V^O cm. = 5000 km. Its extent is limited to the space between the conductors and their immediate surroundings, being therefore extremely small compared with the wave length, and under these conditions the part of the electromagnetic energy which is radiated into space is extremely small. It is so small that it may be neglected and that it may be s...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19-passage-239", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_slug": "section-19", "line_start": 7975, "line_end": 7989, "local_line_start": 239, "local_line_end": 253, "score": 470, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "engineering-philosophy", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 14, "magnetism-hysteresis": 6, "dielectric-capacity": 10, "power-systems": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "In using the conception of electric quantity Q, we consider only the terminals of the lines of dielectric flux, that is, deal merely with the effect of the dielectric flux on the electric circuit which produced it. This conception is in many cases more convenient, but it necessarily fails, when the distribution of the dielectric flux in the dielectric field is of importance, such as is the case when dealing with high dielectric field intensities, approach- ing the possibility of disruptive effects in the field of force, or when dealing with the effect produced by the introduction of ma- terials of different permittivity into the dielectric field. There- fore, with the increasing importance of the dielectric field in engineering, the conception of electric quantity, or charge, is gradually being replaced by the conception of the dielectric flux and the dielectric field, analogous to the magnetic field, wh...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43-passage-548", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_slug": "chapter-43", "line_start": 22268, "line_end": 22276, "local_line_start": 548, "local_line_end": 556, "score": 448, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "field-language", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 3, "transients-waves-surges": 9, "dielectric-capacity": 10, "radiation-light": 2, "power-systems": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "A simple harmonic oscillation as a line discharge would require a sinoidal distribution of potential on the transmission line at the instant of discharge, which is not probable, so that probably all lightning discharges of transmission lines or oscillations produced by sudden changes of circuit conditions are complex waves of many harmonics, which in their relative magnitude depend upon the initial charge and its distribution - that is, in the case of the lightning discharge, upon the atmospheric electrostatic field of force.", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20-passage-4", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-20", "line_start": 21541, "line_end": 21561, "local_line_start": 4, "local_line_end": 24, "score": 436, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "symbolic-ac": 6, "magnetism-hysteresis": 9, "power-systems": 11 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other to the primary exciting circuit. In the single-phase motor the one flux is produced by the primary circuit, the other by the currents produced in the secondary or armature, which are carried into quadrature posi- tion by the rotation of the armature. In consequence thereof, while in all these motors the magnetic distribution is the same at or near synchronism, and can be represented by a rotating field of uniform intensity and uniform velocity, it remains such in polyphase and monocyclic motors; but in the single-phase motor, with increasing slip - that is, decreasing...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-109-passage-48", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-109", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 3: Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "section_slug": "section-109", "line_start": 20475, "line_end": 20497, "local_line_start": 48, "local_line_end": 70, "score": 434, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "radiation-light", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 10, "radiation-light": 6, "power-systems": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "Consequently, in the polyphase motor running synchronously, that is, doing no work whatever, the secondary becomes current- less, and the primary current is the exciting current of the motor only. In the single-phase induction motor, even when running light, the secondary still carries the exciting current of the mag- netic flux in quadrature with the axis of the primary exciting coil. Since, this flux has essentially the same intensity as the flux in the direction of the axis of the primary exciting coil, the current in the armature of the single-phase induction motor run- ning light, and therefore also the primary current corresponding thereto, has the same m.m.f., that is, the same intensity, as the primary exciting current, and the total primary current of the single-phase induction motor running light is thus twice the exciting current, that is, it is the exciting current of the main magnetic flux p...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107-passage-128", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_slug": "section-107", "line_start": 19076, "line_end": 19086, "local_line_start": 128, "local_line_end": 138, "score": 424, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "ether-and-relativity": 2, "symbolic-ac": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 9, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "In consequence of the relative motion of the primary and secondary, the magnetic circuit of the induction motor must be arranged so that the secondary while revolving does not leave the magnetic field of force. That means, the magnetic field of force must be of constant intensity in all directions, or, in other words, the component of magnetic flux in any direction in space be of the same or approximately the same intensity but differing in phase. Such a magnetic field can either be considered as the superposition of two magnetic fields of equal intensity in quad- rature in time and space, or it can be represented theoretically by a revolving magnetic flux of constant intensity, or rotating", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18-passage-2303", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-18", "line_start": 26208, "line_end": 26233, "local_line_start": 2303, "local_line_end": 2328, "score": 420, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "symbolic-ac": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 9, "power-systems": 13 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The inductively compensated series motor with secondary ex- citation, or inverted repulsion motor, 3, takes an intermediary position between the series motors and the repulsion motors; it is a series motor in so far as the armature is in the main supply circuit, but magnetically it has repulsion-motor characteristics, that is, contains a lagging quadrature flux. As the field exci- tation consumes considerable voltage, when supplied from the compensating winding as secondary circuit, considerable voltage must he generated in this winding, thus giving a corresponding transformer flux. With increasing speed and therewith decreas- ing current, the voltage consumed by the field coils decreases, and therewith the transformer flux which generates this voltage. Therefore, the inverted repulsion motor contains a transformer flux which has approximately the intensity and the phase re- quired for commutation; it la...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13-passage-1790", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_slug": "chapter-13", "line_start": 11530, "line_end": 11538, "local_line_start": 1790, "local_line_end": 1798, "score": 412, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "field-language", "power-systems", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 3, "transients-waves-surges": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 9, "radiation-light": 2, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "A simple harmonic oscillation as a line discharge would require a sinoidal distribution of potential on the trans- mission line at the instant of discharge, which is not proba- ble, so that probably all lightning discharges of transmission lines or oscillations produced by sudden changes of circuit conditions are complex waves of many harmonics, which in their relative magnitude depend upon the initial charge and its distribution - that is, in the case of the lightning dis- charge, upon the atmospheric electrostatic field of force.", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06-passage-1119", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "section_slug": "lecture-06", "line_start": 6195, "line_end": 6217, "local_line_start": 1119, "local_line_end": 1141, "score": 408, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 11, "radiation-light": 14 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "between iron or magnetite terminals, and requiring about 75 volts, is white and very brilliant, that is, has a spectrum with many lines about uniformly distributed over the visible range. We can greatly increase the temperature of the arc by using a high-frequency condenser discharge: in this case very large currents of very short duration exist as oscillations between the terminals, with periods of rest between the oscillations, very long compared with the duration of the current. In this case the duration of the current is too short to feed a large volume of electrode vapor into the arc stream, and as the current is very large during the short moment of the discharge, the vapor between the terminals is very greatly overheated. Oscil- lating condenser discharges thus offer a means of increasing the temperature of the arc stream very greatly beyond the boiling point of the material. When using a condense...", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13-passage-178", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_slug": "chapter-13", "line_start": 23643, "line_end": 23666, "local_line_start": 178, "local_line_end": 201, "score": 398, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language", "symbolic-ac", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "symbolic-ac": 3, "magnetism-hysteresis": 13, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "A part of this magnetic flux (lines a in Fig. 111-4) interlinks with the armature circuit only, that is, is true self-inductive or leakage flux. Another part, however, (6) interlinks with the field also, and thus is mutual inductive flux of the armature cir- cuit on the field circuit. In a polyphase machine, the resultant armature flux, that is, the resultant of the fluxes. Fig. Ill, of all phases, revolves synchronously at (approximately) constant in- tensity, as a rotating field of armature reaction, and, therefore, is stationary with regard to the synchronously revolving field, F, Hence, the mutual inductive flux of the armature on the field, though an alternating flux, exerts no induction on the field circuit, is indeed a unidirectional or constant flux with regards to the field circuit. Therefore, under stationary conditions of load, no difference exists between the self-inductive and the mutual in-...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05-passage-6", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_slug": "lecture-05", "line_start": 3392, "line_end": 3402, "local_line_start": 6, "local_line_end": 16, "score": 396, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "transients-waves-surges": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "dielectric-capacity": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "22. Usually in electric circuits; current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc.; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may be expressed, the inductance L is not constant, but varies w^ith the current, or the capacity is not constant, but varies with the voltage.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-05/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05-passage-6", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "section_label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "section_slug": "lecture-05", "line_start": 2977, "line_end": 2987, "local_line_start": 6, "local_line_end": 16, "score": 396, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "transients-waves-surges": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "dielectric-capacity": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc. ; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may be expressed, the inductance L is not constant, but varies with the current, or the capacity is not constant, but varies with the voltage.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-97", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 832, "line_end": 850, "local_line_start": 97, "local_line_end": 115, "score": 396, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "ether-and-relativity", "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 10, "transients-waves-surges": 6, "radiation-light": 6 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "historical-language" ], "passage": "If light is a wave motion, there must be something to move, and this hypothetical carrier of the light wave has been called the ether. Here our troubles begin. The phenomenon of polarization shows that light is a transverse wave; that is, the ether atoms move at right angles to the light beam, and not in its direction as. is the case with sound waves. In such transverse motion a vibrating ether atom neither approaches nor recedes from the next ether atom, and the only way in which in the propagation of the light wave the vibratory motion of each ether atom can be transmitted to the next one is by forces acting between the ether atoms so as to hold them together in their relative positions. Bodies in which the atoms are held together in their relative positions are solid bodies. That is, trans- verse waves can exist only in solid bodies. As the velocity of light is extremely high, the forces between the e...", "why_review": "This passage may clarify exactly how Steinmetz uses, revises, or abandons ether language in context.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17-passage-2699", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_slug": "lecture-17", "line_start": 12618, "line_end": 12635, "local_line_start": 2699, "local_line_end": 2716, "score": 396, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "radiation-light", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 14, "dielectric-capacity": 11, "radiation-light": 4, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "circuit current during the fraction of the half-wave, which the discharge over the multi-gap arrester lasts, is moderate, due to its very short duration, and can easily be absorbed and radiated by the arrester; so that even if lightning discharges rapidly follow each other for some time, they can be taken care of by the arrester with moderate temperature rise : assuming a vicious thunder storm, in which lightning flashes succeed each other practically continuously, several per second. Each discharge causes a short circuit over the lightning arrester, varying in duration from nearly a half-wave - if the discharge occurs at the beginning of a half-wave - to practically nothing - if the discharge takes place near the end of a half-wave - ^that is, in average, for one-half of one-half wave, or :- • sec, in a 60 cycle system. Therefore from two to three lightning dis- charges per second would still short circ...", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12-passage-4", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_slug": "lecture-12", "line_start": 16488, "line_end": 16502, "local_line_start": 4, "local_line_end": 18, "score": 394, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "engineering-philosophy", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "field-language", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "ether-and-relativity": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "radiation-light": 9, "power-systems": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "110. Artificial light is used for the purpose of seeing and distinguishing objects clearly and comfortably when the day- light fails. The problem of artificial lighting thus comprises con- sideration of the source of light or the illuminant; the flux of light issuing from it; the distribution of the light flux in space, that is, the light flux density in space and more particularly at the illuminated objects; the illumination, that is, the light flux density reflected from the illuminated objects, and the effect produced thereby on the human eye. In the latter, we have left the field of physics and entered the realm of physiology, which is not as amenable to exact experimental determination, and where our knowledge thus is far more limited than in physical science. This then constitutes one of the main difficulties of the art of illuminating engineering: that it embraces the field of two dif- ferent scie...", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08-passage-121", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_slug": "lecture-08", "line_start": 4865, "line_end": 4886, "local_line_start": 121, "local_line_end": 142, "score": 390, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "ether-and-relativity", "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "dielectric-capacity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "ether-and-relativity": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 9, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "power-systems": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "former, the high-tension switches are opened at the generator end of the transmission line. The energy stored magnetically and dielectrically in line and transformer then dissipates by a transient, as shown in the oscillogram Fig. 41. This gives the oscillation of a circuit consisting of 28 miles of line and 2500-kw. 100-kv. step-up and step-down transformers, and is produced by discon- necting this circuit by low-tension switches. In the transformer, the duration of the transient would be very great, possibly several seconds, as the stored magnetic energy (L) is very large, the dis- sipation of power (r and g) relatively small; in the line, the tran- sient is of fairly short duration, as r (and g) are considerable. Left to themselves, the line oscillations thus would die out much more rapidly, by the dissipation of their stored energy, than the transformer oscillations. Since line and transformer are co...", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08-passage-131", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_slug": "lecture-08", "line_start": 5409, "line_end": 5430, "local_line_start": 131, "local_line_end": 152, "score": 390, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "ether-and-relativity", "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "dielectric-capacity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "ether-and-relativity": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 9, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "power-systems": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "former, the high-tension switches are opened at the generator end of the transmission line. The energy stored magnetically and dielectrically in line and transformer then dissipates by a transient, as shown in the oscillogram Fig. 41. This gives the oscillation of a circuit consisting of 28 miles of line and 2500-kw. 100-kv. step-up and step-down transformers, and is produced by discon- necting this circuit by low-tension switches. In the transformer, the duration of the transient would be very great, possibly several seconds, as the stored magnetic energy (L) is very large, the dis- sipation of power (r and g) relatively small; in the line, the tran- sient is of fairly short duration, as r (and g) are considerable. Left to themselves, the line oscillations thus would die out much more rapidly, by the dissipation of their stored energy, than the transformer oscillations. Since line and transformer are co...", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-523", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 1258, "line_end": 1268, "local_line_start": 523, "local_line_end": 533, "score": 390, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "ether-and-relativity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "ether-and-relativity": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "radiation-light": 2, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "As the electromagnetic field represents energy storage in space, it cannot extend through space instantaneously, but must propagate through space at a finite velocity, the rate at which the power radiated by the source of the field can fill up the space with the field energy. The field energy is proportional to the energy radiation of the source of the field (transmission line, radio antenna, incandescent body) and to the electromagnetic constants of space (permeability, or specific inductance, and permittivity, or specific capac- ity), and the velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic field - that is, the velocity of light - ^thus is:", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12-passage-239", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_slug": "lecture-12", "line_start": 16723, "line_end": 16746, "local_line_start": 239, "local_line_end": 262, "score": 390, "lane": "magnetic-material-language", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "engineering-philosophy" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism-hysteresis": 8, "radiation-light": 10, "power-systems": 5, "engineering-philosophy": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "giving most of the light flux between the horizontal and 20 deg. below the horizontal; in many cases of indoor illumination a light source giving most of the light between the vertical and an angle of from 30 to 60 deg. from the vertical - depending on the diameter of the area of concentrated illumination and the height of the illuminant above it. It can also be done by modifying or directing the light flux of the illuminant by reflec- tion or diffraction and diffusion, either from walls and ceilings of the illuminated area, or by attachments to the illuminant, as reflectors, diffusing globes, diffracting shades, etc. Further- more, the required flux distribution can be secured by the use of a number of illuminants, and with a larger area this usually is necessary. Frequently the desired flux distribution is pro- duced by using an illuminant giving more light flux than neces- sary, and destroying the exc...", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-257", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 992, "line_end": 1004, "local_line_start": 257, "local_line_end": 269, "score": 388, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "ether-and-relativity", "engineering-philosophy", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 4, "transients-waves-surges": 12, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "engineering-philosophy": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "historical-language" ], "passage": "Hence the logical error which led to the ether theory is the assumption that a w^ave must necessarily be a wave motion. A wave may be a wave motion of matter, as the water wave and sound wave, or it may not be a wave motion. Electrical engineering has dealt with alternating- current and voltage waves, calculated their phenomena and applied them industrially, but has never considered that anything material moves in the alternating-current wave and has never felt the need of an ether as the hypothetical carrier of the electric wave. When Maxwell and Hertz proved the identity of the electromagnetic wave and the light wave, the natural conclusion was that light is an electromagnetic wave, that the ether was unnecessary also", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-299", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 1034, "line_end": 1053, "local_line_start": 299, "local_line_end": 318, "score": 386, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "ether-and-relativity", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 16, "ether-and-relativity": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning", "historical-language" ], "passage": "Suppose we have a permanent bar magnet M (Fig. 2) and bring a piece of iron / near it. It is attracted, or moved; that is, a force is exerted on it. We bring a piece of copper near the magnet, and nothing happens. We say the space surrounding the magnet is a magnetic field. A field, or field of force, we define as \"a condition in space exerting a force on a body susceptible to this field.\" Thus, a piece of iron being magnetizable - that is, susceptible to a magnetic field^ - ^will be acted upon; a piece of copper, not being magnetizable, shows no action. A field is completely defined and characterized at any point by its intensity and its direction, and in Faraday's pictorial representation of the field by the lines of force, the direction of the lines of force represents the direction of the field, and the density of the lines of force represents the intensity of the field. To produce a field of force r...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79-passage-7", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_slug": "section-79", "line_start": 13025, "line_end": 13041, "local_line_start": 7, "local_line_end": 23, "score": 384, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "dielectric-capacity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 11, "symbolic-ac": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the field causes the main current to lag behind the impressed voltage and thereby lowers the power-factor of the motor. Thus, to get good power-factor, the field self-inductance must be made low, that is, the field as weak and the armature as strong as possible. With such a strong armature, and weak field, the commutating pole is not sufficient to control ma...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48-passage-5", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "section_slug": "chapter-48", "line_start": 26099, "line_end": 26112, "local_line_start": 5, "local_line_end": 18, "score": 384, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "ether-and-relativity", "symbolic-ac", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 11, "ether-and-relativity": 4, "symbolic-ac": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the electric field starts at the conductor and propa- gates from there through space with a finite though very high velocity, the velocity of light; that is, at any point in space the electric field at any moment corresponds not to the condi- tion of the electric energy flow at that moment but to that at a moment earlier by the time of propagation from the conductor to the point under consideration, or, in other words, the electric field lags the more, the greater the distance from the conductor.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19-passage-221", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "section_label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "section_slug": "section-19", "line_start": 7957, "line_end": 7967, "local_line_start": 221, "local_line_end": 231, "score": 382, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "dielectric-capacity": 7, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "dielectric flux, dielectric field intensity, permittivity, as used in dealing with the electrostatic fields of high potential apparatus, as transmission insulators, transformer bushings, etc. The fore- most difference is that in the magnetic field, a line of force must always return into itself in a closed circuit, while in the electro- static or dielectric field, a line of force may terminate in a con- ductor. The terminals of the lines of electrostatic flux, ^ at the conductor, then are represented by the conception of a quantity of electricity or electric charge, Q, being located on the con- ductor. Thus, at the terminal of the line of unit dielectric flux, unit electric quantity is located on the conductor.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17-passage-2225", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_slug": "lecture-17", "line_start": 12144, "line_end": 12162, "local_line_start": 2225, "local_line_end": 2243, "score": 378, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "field-language", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "transients-waves-surges": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 12, "radiation-light": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction" ], "passage": "To estimate the current which discharges in the lightning flash, the conductivity of air in the path of the discharge, and the diameter of the discharge are required, and as both are unknown, any estimate must be very approximate only. The specific resistance of gases and vapors decreases with increasing temperature and with decreasing pressure. It is a few ohm centimeters at atmospheric pressure and the high temperature of the magnetite or carbon arc, and is also a few ohm centimeters at the low temperature and low pressure of a high current Geissler tube discharge. The mercury arc stream also gives a specific resistance of a few ohms. The temperature of the air in the lightning discharge probably is moderately high, but the pressure is also not far from atmos- pheric, so that lOO ohm centimeters may not be very far from the true magnitude of the resistance. Estimating one to two feet as the diameter of...", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79-passage-84", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "section_label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "section_slug": "section-79", "line_start": 13102, "line_end": 13113, "local_line_start": 84, "local_line_end": 95, "score": 376, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac", "power-systems", "field-language", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 3, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 7, "magnetism-hysteresis": 8, "power-systems": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "80. Alternating-current motors are usually single-phase, since the possibility of commutation control makes the single-phase easier than a polyphase design. In the single-phase motor, the magnetic field flux is constant in direction, and the direction in quadrature to the main field flux thus is available for pro- ducing a suitable commutating flux. In the polyphase motor, however, the magnetic flux rotates, assuming successively all directions, and thus no commutating flux can be used. For this reason, designs of polyphase commutator motors have been made in which the different (2 and 3) phases are kept separate, and spaces left between them for accommodating commutating fluxes.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11-passage-5", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_slug": "chapter-11", "line_start": 8388, "line_end": 8400, "local_line_start": 5, "local_line_end": 17, "score": 376, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "magnetism-hysteresis": 11 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is produced, which makes solid masses of iron unsuitable for alternating fields, and necessitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11-passage-7", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_slug": "chapter-11", "line_start": 10506, "line_end": 10518, "local_line_start": 7, "local_line_end": 19, "score": 376, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "magnetism-hysteresis": 11 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is produced, which makes solid masses of iron unsuitable for alternating fields, and necessitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13-passage-4", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_slug": "chapter-13", "line_start": 13487, "line_end": 13498, "local_line_start": 4, "local_line_end": 15, "score": 376, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "magnetism-hysteresis": 11 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field produces a current therein. The m.m.f. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is produced, which makes solid masses of iron unsuitable for alternating fields, and necessitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107-passage-146", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_slug": "section-107", "line_start": 19094, "line_end": 19115, "local_line_start": 146, "local_line_end": 167, "score": 370, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 11, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "power-systems": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "134. The operation of the induction motor thus can also be considered as due to the action of a rotating magnetic field upon a system of short-circuited conductors. In the motor field or primary, usually the stator, by a system of polyphase impressed e.m.fs. or by the combination of a single-phase impressed e.m.f. and the reaction of the currents produced in the secondary, a rotating magnetic field is produced. This rotating field produces currents in the short-circuited armature or secondary winding, usually the rotor, and by its action on these currents drags along the secondary conductors, and thus speeds up the armature and tends to bring it up to synchronism, that is, to the same speed as the rotating field, at which speed the secondary currents would disappear by the armature conductors moving together with the rotating field, and thus cutting no lines of force. The secondary therefore slips in spe...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18-passage-15", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-18", "line_start": 23920, "line_end": 23937, "local_line_start": 15, "local_line_end": 32, "score": 370, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 7, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "power-systems": 7 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt or series motor, remains the same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautions are taken to have the field reverse simul- taneously with the armature. If the reversal of field magnetism should occur later than the reversal of armature current, during the time after the armature current has reversed, but before the field has reversed, the motor torque would be in opposite direc- tion and thus subtract; that is, the field magnetism of the alter- nating-curren...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11-passage-6", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "section_slug": "chapter-11", "line_start": 14902, "line_end": 14923, "local_line_start": 6, "local_line_end": 27, "score": 368, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "power-systems": 6 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other words, power is transferred through space, by magnetic energy, from primary to secondary circuit. This power finds its mechanical equivalent in a repulsive llirusi acting between primary and secondary conductors. Thus, if the secondary is not held rigidly, with regards to the primary, it will be repelled and move. This repulsion is used in the constant-current transformer for regulating the current for constancy independent of the load. In the induction motor, this mechanical force is made use of for doing the work: the induction motor represents an alternating-current...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45-passage-102", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity", "section_slug": "chapter-45", "line_start": 23687, "line_end": 23704, "local_line_start": 102, "local_line_end": 119, "score": 368, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "radiation-light", "ether-and-relativity", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 12, "radiation-light": 3, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "44. Such circuits with distributed series capacity are of great interest in that it is probable that lightning flashes in the clouds are discharges in such circuits. From the distance traversed by lightning flashes in the clouds, their character, and the disruptive strength of air, it appears certain that no potential difference can exist in the clouds of such magnitude as to cause a disruptive discharge across a mile or more of space. It is probable that as the result of condensation of moisture, and the lack of uni- formity of such condensation, due to the gusty nature of air currents, a non-uniform distribution of potential is produced between the rain drops in the cloud; and when the potential gradient somewhere in space exceeds the disruptive value, an oscillatory discharge starts between the rain drops, and grad- ually, in a number of successive discharges, traverses the cloud and equalizes the pot...", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12-passage-191", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_slug": "lecture-12", "line_start": 16675, "line_end": 16688, "local_line_start": 191, "local_line_end": 204, "score": 362, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 9, "radiation-light": 12 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "istics of the illuminant, while flux density is a function of the space traversed by the light flux, but not of the source of light : with the same source of light, in the space from the surface of the illuminant to infinite distance, all light flux densities exist between the maximum at the surface of the illuminant (its brilliancy) and zero. Brilliancy thus is the maximum of the light-flux density. While intensity and brilliancy depend upon the shape of the illuminant, light flux is independent thereof. Illumination is a quantity which depends not only on the source of light, that is, light flux and flux density, but also on the illumi- nated objects and their nature, and thus is the light flux density as modified by the illuminated objects. Very commonly, how- ever, the term \" illumination \" is used to denote \" light flux density,\" irrespective of the illuminated objects.", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-10-passage-24", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Light Flux And Distribution", "section_slug": "lecture-10", "line_start": 9412, "line_end": 9423, "local_line_start": 24, "local_line_end": 35, "score": 360, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 8, "radiation-light": 9, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The unit of light intensity, or the candle power thus given, with a radiator of uniform light-flux distribution, 4 x lumens of light flux, and inversely, a radiator which gives 4 it lumens of light flux, gives an intensity of one candle, if the intensity is uniform in all directions, and, if the distribution of the intensity is not uniform, the average or mean spherical intensity of the radiator is one candle. Thus one mean spherical candle rep- resents 4 it lumens of light flux, and very frequently the mean spherical candle is used as representing the light flux: the light flux is 4 TT times the mean spherical intensity, and the mean spherical intensity is the total light flux divided by 4 it, regard- less whether the light flux is uniformly distributed or not.", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11-passage-53", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "section_slug": "chapter-11", "line_start": 9819, "line_end": 9836, "local_line_start": 53, "local_line_end": 70, "score": 360, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "radiation-light", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 9, "symbolic-ac": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "81. If in a direct-current motor, at constant impressed voltage, the field excitation and therefore the field magnetism is decreased, the motor speed increases, as the armature has to revolve faster to consume the impressed e.m.f., and if the field excitation is increased, the motor slows down. A synchronous motor, however, cannot vary in speed, since it must keep in step with the impressed frequency, and if, therefore, at constant impressed voltage the field excitation is decreased below that which gives a field magnetism, that at the synchronous speed consumes the impressed voltage, the field magnetism still must remain the same, and the armature current thus changes in phase in such a manner as to magnetize the field and make up for the deficiency in the field excitation. That is, the armature current becomes lagging. Inversely, if the field excitation of the synchronous motor is increased, the magnet...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43-passage-1402", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_slug": "chapter-43", "line_start": 23122, "line_end": 23145, "local_line_start": 1402, "local_line_end": 1425, "score": 358, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "power-systems", "transients-waves-surges", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 10, "power-systems": 13 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "When in a circuit, as a transmission line, a disturbance or oscillation occurs while this circuit is connected to other cir- cuits - as the generating system and the receiving apparatus - as is usually the case, the disturbance generally penetrates into the circuits connected to the circuit in which the disturbance originated, that is, the entire system oscillates, and this oscilla- tion usually is a full- wave oscillation; that is, the oscillation of a circuit closed upon itself; occasionally a half- wave oscillation. For instance, if in a transmission system comprising generators, step-up transformers, high-potential lines, step-down trans- formers, and load, a short circuit occurs in the line, the circuit comprising the load, the step-down transformers, and the lines from the step-down transformers to the short circuit is left closed upon itself without power supply, and its stored energy is, therefor...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-234", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 969, "line_end": 990, "local_line_start": 234, "local_line_end": 255, "score": 356, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "radiation-light", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 21, "radiation-light": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "historical-language" ], "passage": "The phenomenon of interference proves that light is a wave, a periodic phenomenon, just like an alternating current. Thus the wave theory of light and radiation stands today as unshaken as ever. However, when this theory was established, the only waves with which people were familiar were the waves in water and the sound waves, and both are wave motions. As the only known waves were wave motions, it was natural that the light wave also was considered as a wave motion. This led to the question of what moves in the light wave, and thus to the hypothesis of the ether, with all its contradictory and illogical attri- butes. But there is no more reason to assume the light wave to be a wave motion than there is to assume the alternating-current wave to be a motion of matter. We know that nothing material is moving in the alternating- current or voltage wave, and if the wave theory of light had been propounded a...", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17-passage-2402", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_slug": "lecture-17", "line_start": 12321, "line_end": 12338, "local_line_start": 2402, "local_line_end": 2419, "score": 354, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "radiation-light", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 11, "dielectric-capacity": 9, "radiation-light": 2, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Assuming a thunder cloud to pass over the line. The ground below the cloud then assumes an electrostatic charge, corresponding to the opposite charge of the cloud. The trans- mission line, as part of the ground, thus also assumes a static charge, higher than that of the ground, since it projects above it. Any equalization of the potential distribution in the cloud by a lightning flash, as discussed in the preceding, requires a change in the electrostatic charge of the line, corresponding to the changed potential difference between ground and cloud above the ground, and the static charge thus set free on the line rushes as an impulse or wave along the line. The wave shape of such impulses induced by cloud discharges is in general not a smooth sine wave, but may be very irregular : during the equalization of the cloud potential by the lightning flash, the potential difference against ground, of the part of...", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108-passage-9", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "section_slug": "section-108", "line_start": 19174, "line_end": 19185, "local_line_start": 9, "local_line_end": 20, "score": 352, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "symbolic-ac", "power-systems", "field-language", "ether-and-relativity", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 3, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 9, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "power-systems": 7 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocyclic, or single-phase e.m.f., is at normal condition of operation, that is, near synchronism, a polyphase field. Thus to a certain extent all induction motors can be called polyphase machines. When supplied with a polyphase system of e.m.fs. the internal reactions of the induction motor are simplest and only those of a transformer with moving second- ary, while in the single-phase induction motor at the same time a phase transformation occurs, the second or magnetizing phase being produced from the impressed phase of e.m.f. by the rota- tion of the motor, which carries the secondary currents into quadrature position with the primary current.", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07-passage-66", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "section_label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "section_slug": "lecture-07", "line_start": 3573, "line_end": 3583, "local_line_start": 66, "local_line_end": 76, "score": 350, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "radiation-light", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 10, "dielectric-capacity": 5, "radiation-light": 4, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The wave length of oscillation thus depends on the length of the circuit in which the stored energy readjusts itself. For instance, in the short circuit oscillation of the system, the wave extends over the entire circuit, including generators and trans- formers ; and the entire circuit so represents one wave, or one- half wave, that is, the wave length is very considerable. If the readjustment of stored energy takes place only over a section of the circuit, the wave length is shorter. For instance, if by a thunder cloud a static charge is induced on the trans- mission line, and by a lightning flash in the cloud, the cloud discharges, the electrostatic charge induced by it on the line", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14-passage-691", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_slug": "chapter-14", "line_start": 15024, "line_end": 15040, "local_line_start": 691, "local_line_end": 707, "score": 350, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "field-language", "ether-and-relativity", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 6, "ether-and-relativity": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "dielectric-capacity": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "In an ununiform electric conductor, the relation of the voltage to the length of the conductor does not determine whether the conductor is safe or whether locally, due to small cross-section or high resistivity, unsafe current densities may cause destructive heating, but the adaptability of the conductor to the current carried by it must be considered throughout its entire length. So in the dielectric field, the thickness of the dielectric may be such that the voltage impressed upon it may give a very safe average voltage gradient or average dielectric flux density, and the dielectric nevertheless may break down, due to local concen- tration of the dielectric flux density in the insulating material. Thus, for instance, in the dielectric field between parallel con- ductors, at a voltage far below that which would jump from conductor to conductor, locally at the conductor surface the concentration of elect...", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03-passage-1394", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "section_slug": "chapter-03", "line_start": 6948, "line_end": 6960, "local_line_start": 1394, "local_line_end": 1406, "score": 350, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 9, "symbolic-ac": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 3, "power-systems": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "Exciting admittance in the induction motor, and synchronous impedance in the synchronous motor, are corresponding quanti- ties, representing the magnetizing action of the armature cur- rents. In the induction motor, in which the magnetic field is produced by the magnetizing action of the armature currents, very high magnetizing action of the armature current is desirable, so as to produce the magnetic field with as little magnetizing cur- rent as possible, as this current is lagging, and spoils the power- factor. In the synchronous motor, where the magnetic field is produced by the direct current in the field coils, the magnetizing action of the armature currents changes the resultant field excita- tion, and thus requires a corresponding change of the field current to overcome it, and the higher the armature reaction, the more", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17-passage-1968", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_slug": "lecture-17", "line_start": 11887, "line_end": 11904, "local_line_start": 1968, "local_line_end": 1985, "score": 346, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "radiation-light", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 7, "radiation-light": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Naturally, as soon as determinations of spark voltages became available, attempts were made to estimate the voltage of a lightning flash. Considering, in a lightning flash, the dis- charge as that in an ununiform field, similar to that between needle points, and so requiring about 10,000 volts per inch. In this case, a lightning flash of two miles, or about 10,000 feet length, would require a potential difference of about 1200 million volts. The existence of such voltages in the clouds does not appear possible: a potential difference of 1000 mil- lion volts would produce a brush discharge of about one-half mile in length, before the final lightning flash occurs. In the brush discharge the air is electrically broken down, and becomes conducting. But it is also mechanically and chemically broken down, that is, the molecules are dissociated and recombine after the discharge, in all possible combinations. Th...", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13-passage-206", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_slug": "chapter-13", "line_start": 23671, "line_end": 23685, "local_line_start": 206, "local_line_end": 220, "score": 346, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "transients-waves-surges": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 9 }, "signals": [ "causal-logic" ], "passage": "and the change of flux, b, thus induces in the field circuit an e.m.f. and causes a current which retards the change of this flux com- ponent, 6. Or, in other words, an increase of armature current tends to increase its mutual magnetic flux, 6, and thereby to de- crease the field flux. This decrease of field flux induces in the field circuit an e.m.f., which adds itself to the voltage impressed upon the field, thereby increases the field current and maintains the field flux against the demagnetizing action of the armature cur- rent, causing it to decrease only gradually. Inversely, a decrease of armature current gives a simultaneous decrease of the self- inductive part of the flux, a in Fig. Ill, but a gradual decrease of the mutual inductive part, 6, and corresponding gradual increase of the resultant field flux, by inducing a transient voltage in the field, in opposition to the exciter voltage, and the...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107-passage-18", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "section_slug": "section-107", "line_start": 18966, "line_end": 18981, "local_line_start": 18, "local_line_end": 33, "score": 344, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "symbolic-ac", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 6, "symbolic-ac": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "dielectric-capacity": 2, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The shunt motor on an alternating-current circuit has the objection that in the armature winding the current should be power current, thus in phas£ with the e.m.f., while in the field winding the current is lagging nearly 90 deg., as magnetizing current. Thus field and armature would be out of phase with each other. To overcome this objection either there is inserted in series with the field circuit a condenser of such capacity as to bring the current back into p>hase with the voltage, or the field may be excited from a separate e.m.f. differing 90 deg. in phase from that supplied to the armature. The former arrange- ment has the disadvantage of requiring almost perfect con- stancy of frequency, and therefore is not practicable. In the latter arrangement the armature winding of the motor is fed by one, the field winding by the other phase of a quarter-phase sys- tem, and thus the current in the armature...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18-passage-82", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-18", "line_start": 23987, "line_end": 23998, "local_line_start": 82, "local_line_end": 93, "score": 344, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 7, "magnetism-hysteresis": 7, "power-systems": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "190. In the commutating machine the magnetic field flux gen- erics the e.in.f. in the revolving armature conductors, which gives the motor output; the armature reaction, that is, the mag- net k Mux produced by the armature current, distorts and weakens the field, and requires a shifting of the brushes to avoid Bparldag due to the short-circuit current under the commutator brushes, and where the brushes can not l>e shifted, as in a reversible motor. this necessitates the use of a strong field and weak armature to keep down the magnetic flux at the brushes. In the alternating- current motor the magnetic field flux generates in the armature conductors by their rotation the e.m.f. which does the work of the motor, but, as the field flux is alternating, it also generates", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43-passage-1333", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "section_slug": "chapter-43", "line_start": 23053, "line_end": 23064, "local_line_start": 1333, "local_line_end": 1344, "score": 344, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "radiation-light", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 5, "radiation-light": 5, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "causes an oscillation in which the lower frequencies predominate, that is, a low-frequency high-power surge. A spark discharge from the line, a sudden high voltage charge entering the line locally, as directly by a lightning stroke, or indirectly by induc- tion during a lightning discharge elsewhere, gives a distribution of potential which momentarily is very non-uniform, changes very abruptly along the line, and thus gives rise mainly to very high harmonics, but as a rule does not contain to any appre- ciable extent the lower frequencies; that is, it causes a high- frequency oscillation, more or less local in extent, and while of high voltage, of rather limited power, and therefore less destruc- tive than a low-frequency surge.", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18-passage-755", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-18", "line_start": 24660, "line_end": 24670, "local_line_start": 755, "local_line_end": 765, "score": 342, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "symbolic-ac": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 10, "power-systems": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "196. In those motor types in which a transformation of power occurs between compensating winding, C, and armature winding, A, a transformer flux exists in the direction of the brushes, that is, at right angles to the field flux. In general, therefore, the single-phase commutator motor contains two magnetic fluxes in quadrature position with each other, the main flux or field flux, A', in the direction of the axis of the field coils, or at right angles to the armature brushes, and the quadrature flux, or transformer flux, or commu taring flux, *j, in line with the armature brushes, or in the direction of the axis of the compensating winding, that is, at right angles (electrical) with the field flux.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04-passage-525", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 2686, "line_end": 2701, "local_line_start": 525, "local_line_end": 540, "score": 338, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "transients-waves-surges", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Since the resultant m.m.f. of the machine, which produces the flux, is the difference of the field excitation, Fig. 21 D and the armature reaction, then if the armature reaction shows an initial os- cillation, in Fig. 21 E, the field-exciting current must give the same oscillation, since its m.m.f. minus the armature reaction gives the resultant field excitation corresponding to flux $>. The starting transient of the polyphase armature reaction thus appears in the field current, as shown in Fig. 22(7, as an oscillation of full machine frequency. As the mutual induction between armature and field circuit is not perfect, the transient pulsation of armature reaction appears with reduced amplitude in the field current, and this reduction is the greater, the poorer the mutual inductance, that is, the more distant the field winding is from the armature wind- ing. In Fig. 22(7 a damping of 20 per cent is assume...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-444", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 1179, "line_end": 1186, "local_line_start": 444, "local_line_end": 451, "score": 338, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "field-language", "radiation-light", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "radiation-light": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "historical-language" ], "passage": "Maxwell then has deduced mathematically, and Hertz demonstrated experimentally, that the alternating electro- magnetic field - that is, the electromagnetic wave - has the same speed of propagation as the light wave, and has shown that the electromagnetic wave and the (polarized) light wave are identical in all their properties. Hence light is an electromagnetic wave - that is, an alternating electro- magnetic field of extremely high frequency.", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14-passage-409", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_slug": "lecture-14", "line_start": 9057, "line_end": 9074, "local_line_start": 409, "local_line_end": 426, "score": 338, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "symbolic-ac": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "power-systems": 7 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "In direct current motors, commutation may be controlled by an interpole or commutating pole; that is, by producing a magnetic field at the brush, in direction opposite to the field of armature reaction, and by this field inducing in the arma- ture turn during commutation, an e. m. f. of rotation which reverses the current. Such a commutating pole, connected in series into a circuit, would, in the alternating current motor, induce an e. m. f. in the short circuited turn, by its rotation; but this e. m. f . would be in phase with the field of the commu- tating pole, and thus with the current, that is, with the main field of the motor. Therefore it could not neutralize the e. m. f. induced in the short circuited turn by the alternation of the main field through it, since this latter e. m. f. is in quadrature with the main field, and thus with the current; but would simply add itself to it, and so make the s...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06-passage-196", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "section_label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "section_slug": "lecture-06", "line_start": 3328, "line_end": 3347, "local_line_start": 196, "local_line_end": 215, "score": 338, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 7, "radiation-light": 5, "power-systems": 13 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction" ], "passage": "In a three-phase generator, if the e. m. f . of one phase con- tains a third harmonic, as is usually the case, then by connect- ing the three phases in delta connection, the third harmonics of the generator e. m. f.'s are short circuited and so produce a triple frequency current circulating in the generator delta. This triple frequency circulating current can be measured by connecting an ammeter in one corner of the generator delta, and the sum of voltages of the three third harmonics can be measured by putting a voltmeter in a corner of the generator delta. This local current in the generator winding is the triple frequency voltage divided by the generator impedance (the stationary impedance, at triple frequency, but not the syn- chronous impedance, since the latter includes armature reac- tion). In generators of low impedance or close regulation, as turbine alternators, this local current may be far mo...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20-passage-104", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-20", "line_start": 21641, "line_end": 21658, "local_line_start": 104, "local_line_end": 121, "score": 338, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "symbolic-ac", "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 20, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "power-systems": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "Since at or near synchronism, at the same impressed e.m.f. - that is, the same magnetic density - the total volt-amperes excitation of the single-phase induction motor must be the same as of the same motor on polyphase circuit, it follows that by operating a quarter-phase motor from single-phase circuit on one primary coil, its primary exciting admittance is doubled. Operating a three-phase motor single-phase on one circuit its primary exciting admittance is trebled. The self-inductive primary impedance is the same single-phase as polyphase, but the secondary impedance reduced to the primary is lowered, since in single-phase operation all secondary circuits corre- spond to the one primary circuit used. Thus the secondary impedance in a quarter-phase motor running single-phase is reduced to one-half, in a three-phase motor running single- phase reduced to one-third. In consequence thereof the slip of spee...", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11-passage-65", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "section_label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "section_slug": "lecture-11", "line_start": 4995, "line_end": 5005, "local_line_start": 65, "local_line_end": 75, "score": 336, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "radiation-light", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 12, "radiation-light": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition" ], "passage": "To limit the machine current which followed the light- ning discharge, and so enable the lightning arrester to open the discharge circuit, series resistance was introduced in the arrester. Series resistance, however, also limited the discharge current, and with very heavy discharges, such lightning arresters with series resistance failed to protect the circuits, that is, failed to discharge the abnormal voltage without destructive pressure rise. This difficulty was solved by the introduction of shunted resistances, that is, resistances shunt- ing a part of the spark gaps. All the minor discharges then pass over the resistances and the unshunted spark gaps, the", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation-passage-1551", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "line_start": 3715, "line_end": 3767, "local_line_start": 1551, "local_line_end": 1603, "score": 336, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "symbolic-ac", "radiation-light", "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 13, "transients-waves-surges": 2, "dielectric-capacity": 3, "radiation-light": 6, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:49]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz 43 Denotations e = nominal induced E. M. F. of alternator or group of alternators. Xii = true self inductive reactance of alternator or group of alter- nators. xn= external reactance of alternator or group of alternators, thus. Xi = xn+Xi2 = total self inductive reactance of alternators or group of alternators. xj = effective reactance of armature reaction of alternator or group of alternators, thus: Xo=xn+x 2 synchronous reactance of alternator or group of alternators. x = reactance (or impedance) between alternators. z = impedance of circuit between alternators. = Vi- 2+(2x!+x) 2 , where r = resistance of circuit between alternators. Or approximately a = phase angle of circuit between alternators, where: tan a = Or approximately : a = 90 degrees. w = phase displacement from mean, of oscillating alternators, thus: 2co = total phase displacement of oscillati...", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-104-passage-96", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "section_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-104", "section_label": "Apparatus Section 7: Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "section_slug": "section-104", "line_start": 18616, "line_end": 18630, "local_line_start": 96, "local_line_end": 110, "score": 336, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "symbolic-ac", "radiation-light", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 8, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "radiation-light": 6, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "phase system, the three voltages, currents, etc., are displaced in phase from each other by 120°. Their third harmonics therefore are displaced in phase from each other by 3 X 120°, that is, by 360°, or in other words, are in phase with each other. In Fig. 169, such triple frequency fluxes in the three cores would have no magnetic return, except by leakage through the air, that is, cannot exist, except in negligible intensity, and there- fore the core type of three-phase transformer cannot give any serious triple frequency voltage. In the shell type Fig. 168, however, the three triple frequency fluxes, being in phase with each other, produce a triple frequency single-phase flux through a closed magnetic circuit. Where the circuit conditions and connections are such as to give a triple harmonic - as with YY connection - the shell-type three-phase transformer may produce triple frequency voltages, resultin...", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41-passage-11", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "section_label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "section_slug": "chapter-41", "line_start": 19270, "line_end": 19289, "local_line_start": 11, "local_line_end": 30, "score": 334, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "ether-and-relativity", "power-systems", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 7, "symbolic-ac": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 4, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "power-systems": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Similar transient phenomena also occur in space, that is, with space, distance, length, etc., as independent variable. Such transient phenomena then connect the conditions of the electric quantities at one point in space with the electric quantities at another point in space, as, for instance, current and potential difference at the generator end of a transmission line with those at the receiving end of the line, or current density at the surface of a solid conductor carrying alternating current, as the rail return of a single-phase railway, with the current density at the center or in general inside of the conductor, or the distribution of alternating magnetism inside of a solid iron, as a lamina of an alternating-current transformer, etc. In such transient phenom- ena in space, the electric quantities, which appear as functions of space or distance, are not the instantaneous values, as in the preceding...", "why_review": "This passage may clarify exactly how Steinmetz uses, revises, or abandons ether language in context.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-418", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 1153, "line_end": 1159, "local_line_start": 418, "local_line_end": 424, "score": 332, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "dielectric-capacity", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 12, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "dielectric-capacity": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Magnetic and dielectric fields are usually combined, since where there is a current producing a magnetic field there is a voltage producing a dielectric field. Thus the space surrounding a conductor carrying an electric current is an electromagnetic field - that is, a combination of a magnetic field, concentric with the conductor, and a dielectric field, radial to the conductor.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17-passage-2543", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "section_label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "section_slug": "lecture-17", "line_start": 12462, "line_end": 12474, "local_line_start": 2543, "local_line_end": 2555, "score": 332, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "radiation-light", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 7, "dielectric-capacity": 7, "radiation-light": 3, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The frequency of oscillations occurring in electric cir- cuits varies over an enormous range: from low frequencies, very little above alternator frequency, up to hundreds of mil- lions of cycles per second ; and the effect of the oscillations in the system therefore varies accordingly: from the relatively harmless static displays; brush discharges, streamers, sparks, etc., of extremely high frequencies, down to the disastrous high power low frequency short circuit oscillations, in which even in 10,000 volt system*^, currents ^i many thousands of amperes may surge, which voltages approaching 100,000, and with which no protective device can cope, which does not have unlimited discharge capacity, that is, contains no resistance whatever in the discharge path.", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12-passage-221", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "section_slug": "chapter-12", "line_start": 17345, "line_end": 17364, "local_line_start": 221, "local_line_end": 240, "score": 332, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "symbolic-ac", "power-systems", "dielectric-capacity" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 12, "dielectric-capacity": 2, "power-systems": 7 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "extensively used, and monocyclic generators built. These were .^iriulr-pluisi' alternating-eurrenl generators, having a small quadrature phase of high inductance, which combined with the main phase gives three-phase or quarter- phase voltages. The auxiliary phase was of such high reactance as to limit the quadra- < i < ti ■ poWCI and thus make the flow of energy essentially single- phase, that is, monocyclic. The purpose hereof was to permit the use of a small quadrature coil on the generator, and thereby to preserve the whole generator capacity for the single-phase main voltage, without danger of overloading the quadrature phase in case of a high motor load on the system. The genera] introduction of the three-phase system superseded the mono- cyclic generator, and monocyclic devices are today used only for local production of polyphase voltages from single-phase supply, for the starting of small siliEle...", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23-passage-497", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "section_label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "section_slug": "chapter-23", "line_start": 1813, "line_end": 1821, "local_line_start": 497, "local_line_end": 505, "score": 332, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 11, "magnetism-hysteresis": 3, "dielectric-capacity": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "8. Of the amount of energy consumed in creating the electric field of the circuit not all is returned at the disappearance of the electric field, but a part is consumed by conversion into heat in producing or in any other way changing the electric field. That is, the conversion of electric energy into and from the electromagnetic and electrostatic stress is not complete, but a loss of energy occurs, especially with the magnetic field in the so-called magnetic materials, and with the electrostatic field in unhomogeneous dielectrics.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28-passage-932", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-28", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Oscillating Currents,", "section_slug": "chapter-28", "line_start": 6243, "line_end": 6250, "local_line_start": 932, "local_line_end": 939, "score": 332, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 6, "dielectric-capacity": 13, "radiation-light": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "that is, the effective value of the discharge current is propor- tional to the condenser potential, e0, proportional to the square root of the capacity, C, and the frequency of charge, fv and inversely proportional to the square root of the resistance, r0, of the discharge circuit; but it does not depend upon the induc- tance L0 of the discharge circuit, and therefore does not depend on the frequency of the discharge oscillation. The power of the discharge is", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-28/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18-passage-1535", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Commutator Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-18", "line_start": 25440, "line_end": 25461, "local_line_start": 1535, "local_line_end": 1556, "score": 330, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "field-language", "symbolic-ac", "dielectric-capacity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 3, "symbolic-ac": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "power-systems": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "In the series repulsion motors, 6 and 7, a quadrature field also exfsts, just as in the repulsion motors, but this quadrature field depends upon that part of the total voltage which is impressed upon the commutating winding, C, and thus can be varied by varying the distribution of supply voltage between the two cir- cuits; hence, in this type of motor, the commutating flux can be maintained through all (higher) speeds by impressing the total voltage upon the compensating circuit and short-circuiting the armature circuit for all speeds up to that at which the required commutating flux has decreased to the quadrature, flux given by the motor, and from this speed upward only a part of the supply voltage, inversely proportional (approximately) to the square of the speed, is impressed upon the compensating circuit, the rest shifted over to the armature circuit. The difference between 6 and 7 is that in 6 the...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49-passage-5", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49", "section_label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors", "section_slug": "chapter-49", "line_start": 27007, "line_end": 27021, "local_line_start": 5, "local_line_end": 19, "score": 330, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "field-language", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 6, "dielectric-capacity": 4, "radiation-light": 6, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and the voltage drop, may be of an entirely different magnitude from the values which would be found by using the usual values of resistance and induc- tance. In conductors such as are used in the connections and the discharge path of lightning arresters and surge protectors, the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII) and the power and voltage consumed by electric radiation, due to the finite velocity of the electric field (Chapter VIII), require con- sideration.", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14-passage-434", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "section_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "section_label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "section_slug": "lecture-14", "line_start": 9082, "line_end": 9093, "local_line_start": 434, "local_line_end": 445, "score": 328, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "radiation-light", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 12, "symbolic-ac": 2, "radiation-light": 3, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "by an opposite e. m. f. induced in this turn by its rotation through a quadrature field or commutating field, this field must therefore have the proper phase. The e. m. f. of alternation of the main field through the short circuited turn is proportional to the main field F and frequency N, and is in quadrature with the main field. The e. m. f. induced in the short circuited turn by its rotation (through the commutating field is proportional to the frequency of rotation or speed No, and to the commutating field Fo, and in phase therewith ; to be in opposition and equal to the e. m. f. of alternation, the commutating field must there- fore be in quadrature with the main field, and frequency times main field must equal speed times commutating field. That is :", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08-passage-1260", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "section_slug": "lecture-08", "line_start": 8400, "line_end": 8423, "local_line_start": 1260, "local_line_end": 1283, "score": 328, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 11, "symbolic-ac": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 6, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "The Brush machine in its principle essentially is a quarter- phase constant-current alternator with rectifying commutator. An alternator of low armature reaction and strong magnetic field regulates for constant potential: the change of armature reaction, resulting from a change of load, has little effect on the field and thereby on the terminal voltage, if the armature reaction is low. An alternator of very high armature reaction and weak field, however, regulates for constant current: if the m.m.f., that is, the ampere-turns required in the field coil to produce the magnetic flux, are small compared with the field ampere-turns required to take care of the armature reaction, and the resultant or magnetism-producing field ampere-turns thus the small difference between total field excitation and armature reaction, a moderate increase of armature current and thereby of armature reaction makes it equal to th...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16-passage-2119", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_slug": "chapter-16", "line_start": 15767, "line_end": 15786, "local_line_start": 2119, "local_line_end": 2138, "score": 326, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "symbolic-ac", "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 19, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "power-systems": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "Since at or near synchronism, at the same impressed E.M.F. - that is, the same magnetic density - the total voltamperes excitation of the single-phase induction motor must be the same as of the same motor on polyphase circuit, it follows that by operating a quarter-phase motor from single-phase circuit on one primary coil, its primary excit- ing admittance is doubled. Operating a three-phase motor single-phase on one circuit its primary exciting admittance is trebled. The self-inductive primary impedance is the same single-phase as polyphase, but the secondary impe- dance reduced to the primary is lowered, since in single- phase operation all secondary circuits correspond to the one primary circuit used. Thus the secondary impedance in a quarter-phase motor running single-phase is reduced to one-half, in a three-phase motor running single-phase re- duced to one-third. In consequence thereof the slip of s...", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52-passage-342", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "section_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "section_slug": "chapter-52", "line_start": 29657, "line_end": 29666, "local_line_start": 342, "local_line_end": 351, "score": 326, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 8, "radiation-light": 10 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The frequency at the wave length lWo is zero, since at this wave length the phenomenon ceases to be oscillatory ; that is, due to the energy losses in the circuit, by the effective resistance r and effective conductance g, the frequency / of the wave is reduced below the value corresponding to the wave length lw, the more, the greater the wave length, until at the wave length lWo the frequency becomes zero and the phenomenon thereby non-oscillatory. This means that with increasing wave length the velocity of propagation of the phenomenon decreases, and becomes zero at wave length lWo.", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01-passage-508", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_slug": "lecture-01", "line_start": 1115, "line_end": 1127, "local_line_start": 508, "local_line_end": 520, "score": 324, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "radiation-light", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 5, "dielectric-capacity": 13, "radiation-light": 2, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition" ], "passage": "outer ones adjustable and set for about ^ in. gap. This lamp is connected across a high voltage 0.2-mf. mica condenser C, which is connected to the high voltage terminal of a small step-up trans- former T giving about 15,000 volts (200 watts, 110 •*- 13,200 volts). The low tension side of the transformer is connected to the 240-volt 60-cycle circuit through a rheostat R to limit the current. The transformer charges the condenser, and when the voltage of the condenser has risen sufficiently high it discharges through the spark gaps I by an oscillation of high frequency (about 500,000 cycles), then charges again from the transformer, discharges through the gap, etc. As several such condenser dis- charges occur during each half wave of alternating supply voltage the light given by the discharge appears continuous.", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04-passage-5", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "section_slug": "chapter-04", "line_start": 8559, "line_end": 8577, "local_line_start": 5, "local_line_end": 23, "score": 324, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "engineering-philosophy" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 13, "power-systems": 5, "engineering-philosophy": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "60. As more fully discussed in the chapters on the single-phase induction motor, in \" Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineer- ing\" and \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" the single-phase induction motor has inherently, no torque at standstill, that is, when used without special device to produce such torque by converting the motor into an unsym- metrical ployphase motor, etc. The magnetic flux at standstill is a single-phase alternating flux of constant direction, and the line of polarization of the armature or secondary currents, that is, the resultant m.m.f. of the armature currents, coincides with the axis of magnetic flux impressed by the primary circuit. When revolving, however, even at low speeds, torque appears in the single-phase induction motor, due to the axis of armature polarization being shifted against the axis of primary impressed magnetic flux, by the rotatio...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04-passage-551", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 3035, "line_end": 3050, "local_line_start": 551, "local_line_end": 566, "score": 322, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "transients-waves-surges", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 7, "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Since the resultant m.m.f. of the machine, which produces the flux, is the difference of the field excitation. Fig. 2 ID and the armature reaction, then if the armature reaction shows an initial os- cillation, in Fig. 21 E, the field-exciting current must give the same oscillation, since its m.m.f. minus the armature reaction gives the resultant field excitation corresponding to flux $. The starting transient of the polyphase armature reaction thus appears in the j&eld current, as shown in Fig. 22C, as an oscillation of full machine frequency. As the mutual induction between armature and field circuit is not perfect, the transient pulsation of armature reaction appears with reduced amplitude in the field current, and this reduction is the greater, the poorer the mutual inductance, that is, the more distant the field winding is from the armature wind- ing. In Fig. 22(7 a damping of 20 per cent is assumed,...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04-passage-695", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 2856, "line_end": 2871, "local_line_start": 695, "local_line_end": 710, "score": 320, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges", "field-language", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 6, "radiation-light": 10 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "On the field current, which, due to the single-phase armature reaction, shows a permanent double-frequency pulsation, is now superimposed the transient full-frequency pulsation resultant from the transient armature reaction, as discussed in paragraph 20. Every second peak of the permanent double-frequency pulsation then coincides with a peak of the transient full-frequency pulsa- tion, and is thereby increased, while the intermediate peak of the double-frequency pulsation coincides with a minimum of the full- frequency pulsation, and is thereby reduced. The result is that successive waves of the double-frequency pulsation of the field current are unequal in amplitude, and high and low peaks alter- nate. The difference between successive double-frequency waves is a maximum in the beginning, and gradually decreases, due to the decrease of the transient full-frequency pulsation, and finally the double-frequ...", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21-passage-770", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "section_slug": "chapter-21", "line_start": 24043, "line_end": 24055, "local_line_start": 770, "local_line_end": 782, "score": 320, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 7, "magnetism-hysteresis": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "216. The main causes of a pulsation of reactance are : magnetic saturation and hysteresis, and synchronous motion. Since in an ironclad magnetic circuit the magnetism is not proportional to the M.M.F., the wave of magnetism and thus the wave of E.M.F. will differ from the wave of cur- rent. As far as this distortion is due to the variation of permeability, the distortion is symmetrical and the wave of induced E.M.F. represents no power. The distortion caused by hysteresis, or the lag of the magnetism behind the M.M.F., causes an unsymmetrical distortion of the wave which makes the wave of induced E.M.F. differ by more than 90° from the current wave and thereby represents power, - the power consumed by hysteresis.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22-passage-482", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_slug": "chapter-22", "line_start": 21671, "line_end": 21683, "local_line_start": 482, "local_line_end": 494, "score": 320, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 7, "magnetism-hysteresis": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "237. The main causes of a pulsation of reactance are : magnetic saturation and hysteresis, and synchronous motion. Since in an ironclad magnetic circuit the magnetism is not proportional to the M.M.F., the wave of magnetism and thus the wave of E.M.F. will differ from the wave of cur- rent. As far as this distortion is due to the variation of permeability, the distortion is symmetrical and the wave of induced E.M.F. 'represents no power. The distortion caused by hysteresis, or the lag of the magnetism behind the M.M.F., causes an unsymmetrical distortion of the wave which makes the wave of induced E.M.F. differ by more than 90° from the current wave and thereby represents power, - the power consumed by hysteresis.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16-passage-599", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-16", "line_start": 21573, "line_end": 21588, "local_line_start": 599, "local_line_end": 614, "score": 320, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language", "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 3, "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 7, "radiation-light": 2, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "I of the synchronous machine, corresponding to the field excita- tion. The actual magnetic flux of the machine, however, does not correspond to e, and thus to the field excitation, but corre- sponds to the resultant m.m.f. of field excitation and armature reaction, which latter varies in intensity and in phase during the oscillation of 0. Hence, while e is constant, the magnetic flux is not constant, but pulsates with the oscillations of the machine. This pulsation of the magnetic flux lags l>ehind the pulsation of m.m.f., and thereby gives rise to a term in 6 in equation (28). If PB, &, e, eu, Z are such that a retardation of the motor increases the magnetizing, or decreases the demagnetising force of the armature reaction, a negative term, P,, appears, otherwise a positive term. Pi in this case is the energy consumed by the magnetic cycle uf the machine at full frequency, assuming the cycle at full fre...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-16/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02-passage-190", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 1072, "line_end": 1083, "local_line_start": 190, "local_line_end": 201, "score": 318, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "ether-and-relativity": 3, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "dielectric-capacity": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning", "historical-language" ], "passage": "There obviously is no more sense in thinking of the capacity current as current which charges the conductor with a quantity of electricity, than there is of speaking of the inductance voltage as charging the conductor with a quantity of magnetism. But while the latter conception, together with the notion of a quantity of magnetism, etc., has vanished since Faraday's representation of the magnetic field by the lines of magnetic force, the termi- nology of electrostatics of many textbooks still speaks of electric charges on the conductor, and the energy stored by them, without considering that the dielectric energy is not on the surface of the conductor, but in the space outside of the conductor, just as the magnetic energy.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02-passage-200", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 1202, "line_end": 1213, "local_line_start": 200, "local_line_end": 211, "score": 318, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "ether-and-relativity": 3, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "dielectric-capacity": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning", "historical-language" ], "passage": "There obviously is no more sense in thinking of the capacity current as current which charges the conductor with a quantity of electricitj^, than there is of speaking of the inductance voltage as charging the conductor with a quantity of magnetism. But while the latter conception, together with the notion of a quantity of magnetism, etc., has vanished since Faraday's representation of the magnetic field b}^ the lines of magnetic force, the termi- nology of electrostatics of many textbooks still speaks of electric charges on the conductor, and the energy stored by them, without considering that the dielectric energy is not on the surface of the conductor, but in the space outside of the conductor, just as the magnetic energy.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10-passage-3653", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "section_slug": "chapter-10", "line_start": 21284, "line_end": 21305, "local_line_start": 3653, "local_line_end": 3674, "score": 318, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 8, "dielectric-capacity": 20 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Assume now that a ground, P, is brought near one of the IjneBi A, to within the striking distance of the voltage, e. A dischaigB then occurs over the conductor, P. Such may occur by the puiu>* ture of a line insulator as not infrequently the case. Let r «■ re- sistance of discharge path, P. While without this discharge path, the voltage between A and C would be ei = e (assuming sini^ phase circuit) with a grounded conductor, P, approaching line A within striking distance of voltage, e, a discharge occurs over P forming an arc, and the circuit of the impressed voltage, 2 s, now comprises the condenser, C2, in series to the multiple circuit of con- denser, Ci, and arc, P, and the condenser, Ci, rapidly discharges^ voltage, eij decreases, and the voltage, 62, increases. With a de- crease of voltage, ei, the discharge current, i, also decreaseSi and the voltage consumed by the discharge arc, e', increases un...", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01-passage-73", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_slug": "lecture-01", "line_start": 532, "line_end": 546, "local_line_start": 73, "local_line_end": 87, "score": 316, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 7, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "dielectric-capacity": 3, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A , there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \"dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy stored in the space surround- ing the line conductors. There is energy stored also in the genera- tor and in the load ; for instance, the mechanical momentum of the revolving fan in Fig. 1, and the heat energy of the incandescent lamp filaments. The permanent condition of the circuit Fig. 3 thus represents not only flow of power, but also storage of energy. When the switch S is open, and no power flows, no energy is stored in the system. If we now close the switch, before t...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01-passage-83", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "section_slug": "lecture-01", "line_start": 639, "line_end": 653, "local_line_start": 83, "local_line_end": 97, "score": 316, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 7, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "dielectric-capacity": 3, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A, there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \" dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there is electric energy stored in the space surround- ing the line conductors. There is energy stored also in the genera- tor and in the load ; for instance, the mechanical momentum of the revolving fan in Fig. 1, and the heat energy of the incandescent lamp filaments. The permanent condition of the circuit Fig. 3 thus represents not only flow of power, but also storage of energy. When the switch S is open, and no power flows, no energy is stored in the sj^stem. If we now close the switch, before...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-396", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 1131, "line_end": 1142, "local_line_start": 396, "local_line_end": 407, "score": 316, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition" ], "passage": "Suppose now, in Fig. 2, instead of a periuanent magnet M, we have a bundle of soft iron wires with a coil of insul- ated copper wire around it and send a constant direct cur- rent through the latter. We then have an electromagnet, and the space surrounding M is a magnetic field, character- ized at every point by an intensity and a direction. If now we increase the current, the magnetic field increases; if we decrease the current, the field decreases ; if we reverse the current, the field reverses; if we send an alternating current through the coil, the magnetic field alternates - that is, is a periodic phenomenon or a wave, an alternating magnetic field wave.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10-passage-51", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_slug": "lecture-10", "line_start": 6854, "line_end": 6877, "local_line_start": 51, "local_line_end": 74, "score": 314, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "symbolic-ac", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 3, "transients-waves-surges": 16, "dielectric-capacity": 5, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "For instance, if in an isolated high-potential transmission line, the ground is brought within striking distance of one of the line conductors - as by the puncture of an insulator. A spark dis- charge then occurs to the ground, and the arc following the spark discharges the line by a transient oscillation, that is, brings it down to ground potential (and the other two lines, in a three- phase sj^stem, then correspondingly rise in voltage to ground, from the Y to the delta voltage). As soon as the line is dis- charged the arc ceases, that is, the spark gap to ground opens, and the line then charges again, from the power supply of the system, and its voltage to ground rises, until sufficient to jump to ground again and start a second transient oscillation, and so on continual transient oscillations follow each other, as a ^'con- tinual transient,\" or ''arcing ground.\" Oscillograms, Figs. 59 and 60, show su...", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10-passage-142", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "section_label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "section_slug": "lecture-10", "line_start": 6945, "line_end": 6958, "local_line_start": 142, "local_line_end": 155, "score": 312, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "ether-and-relativity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 11, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "dielectric-capacity": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "44. However, the formation of continuous oscillations, Figs. 61 to 65, from the recurrent oscillations. Figs. 59 and 60, is not a mere running together and overlapping of successive wave trains. In Fig. 59, the succeeding oscillation cannot start, until the pre- ceding oscillation has died out and a sufficient time elapsed, for the line to charge again to a voltage which is high enough to dis- charge to ground and so start the next oscillation, that is, to store the energy for the next oscillation. If then, with an overlap of successive oscillations, no dead period occurs, during which the energy, which oscillates during the next wave train, is supplied to the line, this energy must be supplied during the oscillation, that is, there must be such a phase displacement or lag within the oscil- lation, which gives a negative energy cycle, or reversed hysteresis loop. Thus, essential for such a continual osci...", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01-passage-144", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-01", "section_label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Different Forms Of Radiation", "section_slug": "lecture-01", "line_start": 751, "line_end": 770, "local_line_start": 144, "local_line_end": 163, "score": 312, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 3, "transients-waves-surges": 4, "radiation-light": 11 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "historical-language" ], "passage": "3. Regarding the nature of radiation, two theories have been proposed. Newton suggested that light rays consisted of extremely minute material particles thrown off by the light- giving bodies with enormous velocities, that is, a kind of bom- bardment. This theory has been revived in recent years to explain the radiations of radium, etc. Euler explained the light as a wave motion. Which of these explanations is correct can be experimentally decided in the following manner: Assum- ing light to be a bombardment of minute particles, if we com- bine two rays of light in the same path they must add to each other, that is, two equal beams of light together give a beam of twice the intensity. If, however, we assume light is a wave motion, then two equal beams of light add to one of twice the intensity only in case the waves are in phase, as Al and B^ in Fig. 3 add to Cr If, however, the two beams A2 and B2 are n...", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12-passage-52", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_slug": "lecture-12", "line_start": 16536, "line_end": 16554, "local_line_start": 52, "local_line_end": 70, "score": 310, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 7, "radiation-light": 9, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "The intensity of a light source is measured in candles. The unit of light intensity, or the candle, is a quantity not directly related to the absolute system of units, but reproduced from specifica- tions or by comparison with maintained standards, and for white light is probably between 0.04 and 0.02 watt. Intensity has a meaning only for a point source of light; that is, an illumi- nant in which the flux of light issues from a point or such a small area that, at the distance considered, it can be considered as a point. \" Intensity of light \" thus is a physical quantity of the same nature as \" intensity of magnet pole,\" which latter also presupposes that the total magnetic flux issues from a point, and thus is applicable only when dealing with such distances from the source of the light flux or magnetic flux, that the flux can be assumed as issuing from a point. Frequently the inten- sity of a light sou...", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20-passage-103", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "section_slug": "chapter-20", "line_start": 22490, "line_end": 22507, "local_line_start": 103, "local_line_end": 120, "score": 310, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac", "field-language", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "symbolic-ac": 3, "transients-waves-surges": 4, "magnetism-hysteresis": 7, "radiation-light": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "207. Obviously, if the reactance or reluctance is vari- able, it will perform a complete cycle during the time the armature coil moves from one field pole to the next field pole, that is, during one-half wave of the main current. That is, in other words, the reluctance and reactance vary with twice the frequency of the alternating main current. Such a case is shown in Figs. 148 and 149. The impressed E.M.F., and thus at negligible resistance, the counter I'2.M.F., is represented by the sine wave E, thus the magnetism pro- duced thereby is a sine wave J/\", 90^ ahead of E. The reactance is represented by the sine wave x, varying with the double frequency of if, and shown in Fig. 148 to reach the maximum value during the rise of magnetism, in I'ig. 149 during the decrease of magnetism. The current / re- quired to produce the magnetism * is found from * and x in combination with the cycle of molecular magnet...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21-passage-103", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21", "section_label": "Chapter 21: Reaction Machines", "section_slug": "chapter-21", "line_start": 20604, "line_end": 20621, "local_line_start": 103, "local_line_end": 120, "score": 310, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac", "field-language", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "symbolic-ac": 3, "transients-waves-surges": 4, "magnetism-hysteresis": 7, "radiation-light": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "228. Obviously, if the reactance or reluctance is vari- able, it will perform a complete cycle during the time the armature coil moves from one field pole to the next field pole, that is, during one-half wave of the main current. That is, in other words, the reluctance and reactance vary with twice the frequency of the alternating main current. Such a case is shown in Figs.. 164 and 165. The impressed E.M.F., and thus at negligible resistance, the counter E.M.F., is represented by the sine wave E, thus the magnetism pro- duced thereby is a sine wave 4>, 90° ahead of E. The reactance is represented by the sine wave x, varying with the double frequency of E, and shown in Fig. 164 to reach the maximum value during the rise of magnetism, in Fig. 165 during the decrease of magnetism. The current / re- quired to produce the magnetism is found from 3> and-^r in combination with the cycle of molecular magnet...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04-passage-724", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 3208, "line_end": 3223, "local_line_start": 724, "local_line_end": 739, "score": 308, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges", "field-language", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 6, "radiation-light": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "On the field current, which, due to the single-phase armature reaction, shows a permanent double-frequency pulsation, is now superimposed the transient full-frequency pulsation resultant from the transient armature reaction, as discussed in paragraph 20. Every second peak of the permanent double-frequency pulsation then coincides with a peak of the transient full-frequency pulsa- tion, and is thereby increased, while the intermediate peak of the double-frequency pulsation coincides with a minimum of the full- frequency pulsation, and is thereby reduced. The result is that successive waves of the double-frequency pulsation of the field current are unequal in amplitude, and high and low peaks alter- nate. The difference between successive double-frequency waves is a maximum in the beginning, and gradually decreases, due to the decrease of the transient full-frequenc}^ pulsation, and finally the double-freq...", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25-passage-898", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "section_label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "section_slug": "chapter-25", "line_start": 30272, "line_end": 30283, "local_line_start": 898, "local_line_end": 909, "score": 308, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 7, "magnetism-hysteresis": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "236. The main causes of a pulsation of reactance are mag- netic saturation and hysteresis, and synchronous motion. Since in an iron-clad magnetic circuit the magnetism is not propor- tional to the m.m.f., the wave of magnetism and thus the wave of e.m.f. will differ from the wave of current. As far as this distortion is due to the variation of permeability, the distortion is symmetrical and the wave of generated e.m.f. represents no power. The distortion caused by hysteresis, or the lag of the magnetism behind the m.m.f., causes an unsymmetrical distor- tion of the wave which makes the wave of generated e.m.f. differ by more than 90° from the current wave and thereby represents power - the power consumed by hysteresis.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16-passage-1621", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_slug": "chapter-16", "line_start": 15269, "line_end": 15288, "local_line_start": 1621, "local_line_end": 1640, "score": 306, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "power-systems", "radiation-light", "ether-and-relativity", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "radiation-light": 6, "power-systems": 14 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The frequency of the secondary E.M.F. of the first motor, and thus the frequency impressed upon the second motor, is the frequency of slip below complete synchronism, s. The frequency of the secondary induced E.M.F. of the second motor is the difference between its impressed frequency, s, and its speed ; thus, if both motors are connected together mechanically to turn at the same speed, 1 - s, the secondary frequency of the second motor is 2^-1, hence equal to zero at s = .5. That is, the second motor reaches its syn- chronism at half speed. At this speed its torque becomes equal to zero, the energy current flowing into it, and conse- quently the energy component of the secondary current of the first \"motor, and thus the torque of the first motor be- comes equal to zero also, when neglecting the hysteresis energy current of the second motor. That is, a system of concatenated motors with short-circuited s...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02-passage-7", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "section_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-02", "section_label": "Lecture 2: Conclusions From The Relativity Theory", "section_slug": "lecture-02", "line_start": 742, "line_end": 758, "local_line_start": 7, "local_line_end": 23, "score": 304, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "ether-and-relativity", "field-language", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "ether-and-relativity": 9, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning", "historical-language" ], "passage": "The theory of relativity of Einstein and his collaborators has profoundly revolutionized our conceptions of nature. Time and space have ceased to be entities and have become mere forms of conception. The length of a body and the time on it and the mass have ceased to be fixed properties and have become dependent on the conditions of obser- vation. The law of conservation of matter thus had to be abandoned and mass became a manifestation of energy. The law of gravitation has been recast, and the force of gravitation has become an effect of inertial motion, like centrifugal force. The ether has been abandoned, and the field of force of Faraday and Maxwell has become the fundamental conception of physics. The laws of mechanics ^ have been changed, and time and space have been bound' together in the four-dimensional world space, the dimen- sions of which are neither space nor time, but a symmetrical combinat...", "why_review": "This passage may clarify exactly how Steinmetz uses, revises, or abandons ether language in context.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/four-lectures-relativity-space/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07-passage-370", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "section_slug": "chapter-07", "line_start": 12591, "line_end": 12608, "local_line_start": 370, "local_line_end": 387, "score": 302, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "transients-waves-surges", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Thus with the distributed armature winding, which is now al- most exclusively used, the wave-shape distortion due to the non- sinusoidal distribution of the field flux is greatly reduced, that is, the higher harmonics in the voltage wave decreased, the more so, the higher their order, and very high harmonics, such as the seven- teenth, thirty-fifth, etc., therefore do not exist in such machines to any appreciable extent, except where produced by other causes. Such are a pulsation of the magnetic reluctance of the field due to the armature slots, or a pulsation of the armature reactance, as discussed in Chapter XXV of ** Theory and Calculation of Alter- nating-current Phenomena,'' or a space resonance of the armature conductors with some of the harmonics. The latter may occur if the field flux distribution contains a harmonic of such order, that the voltages induced by it are in phase in the successive ar...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16-passage-2499", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_slug": "chapter-16", "line_start": 16147, "line_end": 16169, "local_line_start": 2499, "local_line_end": 2521, "score": 300, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 6, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 12 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "At synchronism such a motor represents an electric cir- cuit of an admittance varying with twice the periodicity of the primary frequency, since twice per period the axis of the armature coil and that of the primary coil coincide. A vary- ing admittance is obviously identical in effect with a varying reluctance, which will be discussed in the chapter on reac- tion machines. That is, the induction motor with one •closed armature circuit is, at synchronism, nothing but a reaction machine, and consequently gives zero torque at synchronism if the maxima and minima of the periodically varying admittance coincide with the maximum and zero values of the primary circuit, but gives a definite torque if they are displaced therefrom. This torque may be positive or negative according to the phase displacement between admittance and primary circuit ; that is, the lag or lead of the maximum admittance with regard to t...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12-passage-264", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "section_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "section_label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "section_slug": "lecture-12", "line_start": 16748, "line_end": 16763, "local_line_start": 264, "local_line_end": 279, "score": 298, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "engineering-philosophy", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 3, "radiation-light": 7, "power-systems": 4, "engineering-philosophy": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "113. Thus far, the problem is one of physics, and the result, that is, the objective illumination, can be measured by photometer or luminometer, and thus checked. The duty of the illuminat- ing engineer, however, does not end here, but with the same objective illumination, that is, the same distribution of light flux throughout the entire illuminated area, as measured by photometer, the illumination may be very satisfactory, or it may be entirely unsatisfactory, depending on whether the physio- logical requirements are satisfied or are violated ; and very often we find illuminations which seem entirely unsatisfactory, tiring, or uncomfortable, but when judged by the density and the distribution of the light flux, should be satisfactory. Even numerous commercial illuminants, designed to give suitable distribution curves, fail to do justice to their light flux and its distribution, by violating fundamental...", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/radiation-light-and-illumination/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04-passage-294", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 2455, "line_end": 2467, "local_line_start": 294, "local_line_end": 306, "score": 296, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 6, "symbolic-ac": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "with the armature current, that is, is instantaneous. The arma- ture reaction, however, is the m.m.f. of the armature current in its reaction on the m.m.f. of the field-exciting current. That is, that part xz = XQ - Xi of the synchronous reactance which corresponds to the armature reaction is not a true reactance at all, consumes no voltage, but represents the consumption of field ampere turns by the m.m.f. of the armature current and the corresponding change of field flux. Since, however, the field flux represents stored magnetic energy, it cannot change instantly, and the arma- ture reaction thus does not appear instantaneously with the arma- ture current, but shows a transient which is determined essentially by the constants of the field circuit, that is, is the counterpart of the field transient of the machine.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04-passage-597", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 2758, "line_end": 2771, "local_line_start": 597, "local_line_end": 610, "score": 296, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "field-language", "transients-waves-surges", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "transients-waves-surges": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "The field current i gives the same slow transient as the flux <£, starting with i0f = miQ, and tapering to the final value i0. Upon this is superimposed the initial full-frequency pulsation of the armature reaction. The transient of the rotating field, of duration T = .1 sec., is constructed as in paragraph 18, and for its instan- taneous values the percentage deviation of the resultant field from its permanent value .is calculated. Assuming 20 per cent damping in the reaction on the field excitation, the instantaneous values of the slow field transient (that is, of the current (i - i'0), since i0 is the permanent component) then are increased or de- creased by 80 per cent of the percentage variation of the transient field of armature reaction from uniformity, and thereby the field curve, Fig. 22C, is derived. Here the correction for the external field inductance is to be applied, if considerable.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04-passage-309", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 2793, "line_end": 2805, "local_line_start": 309, "local_line_end": 321, "score": 296, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 6, "symbolic-ac": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "with the armature current, that is, is instantaneous. The arma- ture reaction, however, is the m.m.f. of the armature current in its reaction on the m.m.f. of the field-exciting current. That is, that part X2 = a;o - Xi of the synchronous reactance which corresponds to the armature reaction is not a true reactance at all, consumes no voltage, but represents the consumption of field ampere turns by the m.m.f. of the armature current, and the corresponding change of field flux. Since, however, the field flux represents stored magnetic energy, it cannot change instantly, and the arma- ture reaction thus does not appear instantaneously with the arma- ture current, but shows a transient which is determined essentially by the constants of the field circuit, that is, is the counterpart of the field transient of the machine.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04-passage-625", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "section_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 3109, "line_end": 3122, "local_line_start": 625, "local_line_end": 638, "score": 296, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "field-language", "transients-waves-surges", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "transients-waves-surges": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "The field current i gives the same slow transient as the flux , starting with ^o' = mio, and tapering to the final value io. Upon this is superimposed the initial full-frequency pulsation of the armature reaction. The transient of the rotating field, of duration T = .1 sec, is constructed as in paragraph 18, and for its instan- taneous values the percentage deviation of the resultant field from its permanent value is calculated. Assuming 20 per cent damping in the reaction on the field excitation, the instantaneous values of the slow field transient (that is, of the current (^ ~ z'o), since I'o is the permanent component) then are increased or de- creased by 80 per cent of the percentage variation of the transient field of armature reaction from uniformity, and thereby the field curve. Fig. 22(7, is derived. Here the correction for the external field inductance is to be applied, if considerable.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18-passage-4", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "section_slug": "chapter-18", "line_start": 17720, "line_end": 17745, "local_line_start": 4, "local_line_end": 29, "score": 296, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 10 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "155. The induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary. It therefore is electromagnetically the same structure as the transformer. The difference is, that in the transformer secondary and primary are stationary, and the electromagnetic induction between the circuits utilized to trans- mit electric power to the secondary, while in the induction motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical forces between the primary, and secondary utilized to produce motion. In the general alternating-current trans- former or frequency converter we shall find an apparatus trans- mitting electric as well as mechanical energy, and comprising both, induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force be- tween primary and secondary is used, but...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22-passage-42", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "section_slug": "chapter-22", "line_start": 24012, "line_end": 24030, "local_line_start": 42, "local_line_end": 60, "score": 296, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 17, "magnetism-hysteresis": 7 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "effect, in some cases they differ in their action; the e.m.f. of self-inductance is instantaneous, that is, appears and disappears with the current to which it is due. The effect of the armature reaction, however, requires time; the change of the magnetic field resulting from the combination of the counter m.m.f. of arma- ture reaction with the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation occurs gradually, since the magnetic field flux interlinks with the field winding, and any sudden change of the field generates an e.m.f. in the field circuit, which temporarily increases or decreases the field current, and so retards the change of the field flux. So, for instance, a sudden increase of load results in a simultaneous increase of the counter e.m.f. of self-induction and counter m.m.f. of armature reaction. With the armature reaction demagnetizing the field, the field flux begins to decrease, and thus generates an...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14-passage-905", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "section_slug": "chapter-14", "line_start": 15238, "line_end": 15249, "local_line_start": 905, "local_line_end": 916, "score": 292, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 10, "dielectric-capacity": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "125. If the dielectric field is not uniform, but varying in density as, for instance, the field between two spheres or the field between two parallel wires, then with increasing voltage the breakdown gradient will not be reached simultaneously throughout the en- tire field, as in a uniform field, but it is first reached in the denser portion of the field - at the surface of the spheres or parallel wires, where the lines of dielectric force converge. Thus the dielectric will first break down at the denser portion of the field, and short- circuit these portions by the flow of dynamic current. This, however, changes the voltage gradient in the rest of the field, and may raise it so as to break down the entire field, or it may not do so.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08-passage-570", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08", "section_label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "section_slug": "lecture-08", "line_start": 5314, "line_end": 5324, "local_line_start": 570, "local_line_end": 580, "score": 290, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "radiation-light", "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 9, "magnetism-hysteresis": 1, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "radiation-light": 2, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "flection from the ends of the line of the single impulse caused by short circuiting the energized line at one end. In the beginning of a stationary oscillation of a compound circuit, that is, a circuit com- prising sections of different constants, traveling waves frequently occur, by which the energy stored magnetically or dielectrically in the different circuit sections adjusts itself to the proportion cor- responding to the stationary oscillation of the complete circuit. Such traveling waves then are local, and therefore of much higher frequency than the final oscillation of the complete circuit, and thus die out at a faster rate. Occasionally they are shown by the oscillograph as high-frequency oscillations intervening between", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11-passage-755", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "section_slug": "chapter-11", "line_start": 9138, "line_end": 9146, "local_line_start": 755, "local_line_end": 763, "score": 290, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "magnetism-hysteresis": 6, "dielectric-capacity": 7 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena. 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, con- densance has an energy component also, namely, dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hysteresis due to molecular friction, and similarly, energy is also consumed in an alternating electrostatic field in the dielectric medium, in what is called electrostatic or dielectric hysteresis.", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16-passage-2025", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Induction Motor", "section_slug": "chapter-16", "line_start": 15673, "line_end": 15687, "local_line_start": 2025, "local_line_end": 2039, "score": 290, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "symbolic-ac": 3, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "power-systems": 6 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "motor the one flux is produced by the primary circuit, the other by the currents induced in the secondary or armature, which are carried into quadrature position by the rotation of the armature. In consequence thereof, while in all these motors the magnetic distribution is the same at or near syn- chronism, and can be represented by a rotating field of uniform intensity and uniform velocity, it remains such in polyphase and monocyclic motors ; but in the single-phase motor, with increasing slip, - that is, decreasing speed, - the quadrature field decreases, since the induced armature currents are not carried to complete quadrature position ; and thus only a component available for producing the quadrature flux. Hence, approximately, the quadrature flux of a single-phase motor can be considered as proportional to its speed ; that is, it is zero at standstill.", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12-passage-422", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_slug": "chapter-12", "line_start": 23055, "line_end": 23066, "local_line_start": 422, "local_line_end": 433, "score": 290, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 3, "magnetism-hysteresis": 11, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "By the usual transformer theory, the hysteresis loss under load is calculated as that corresponding to the mutual induced voltage, E. The proper subdivision of the total transformer reactance, a?, into primary reactance, aJo, and secondary reactance, aJi, would then be that, which gives for a uniform magnetic flux, $, corresponding to the mutual induced voltage, E, the same hysteresis loss, as exists with the actual magnetic distribution of ^o = ^ + ^'o in the primary, and $i = $ - ^\\ in the secondary core. Thus, if Vo is the volume of iron carrying the primary flux, $o, at flux den- sity. Bo, Vi the volume of iron carrying the secondary flux, f>i, at flux density, Bi, the flux density of the theoretical mutual mag- netic flux would be given by", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13-passage-5", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_slug": "chapter-13", "line_start": 23470, "line_end": 23483, "local_line_start": 5, "local_line_end": 18, "score": 290, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "dielectric-capacity", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 6, "symbolic-ac": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "power-systems": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "119. The synchronous machine - ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser - consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rotation through the magnetic field - or, as now more usually the case, the rotation of the magnetic field through the armature circuit - the terminal voltage of the armature circuit is", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16-passage-5", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "section_slug": "chapter-16", "line_start": 29306, "line_end": 29321, "local_line_start": 5, "local_line_end": 20, "score": 288, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "symbolic-ac", "dielectric-capacity", "ether-and-relativity", "power-systems", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 9, "dielectric-capacity": 2, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "163. The total flow of power of a balanced symmetrical poly- phase system is constant. That is, the sum of the instantaneous values of power of all the phases is constant throughout the cycle. In the single-phase system, however, or in a polyphase system with unbalanced load, that is, a system in which the different phases are unequally loaded, the total flow of power is pulsating, with double frequency. To balance an unbalanced polyphase system thus requires a storage of energy, hence can not be done by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machine. Electrically, energy is stored by inductance and by capacity. The question then arises, whether by the use of a reactor, or a condenser, con- nected to a suitable phase of the system, an unequally loaded polyphase system can be bal...", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13-passage-1328", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_slug": "chapter-13", "line_start": 11068, "line_end": 11078, "local_line_start": 1328, "local_line_end": 1338, "score": 284, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "transients-waves-surges", "radiation-light", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 5, "dielectric-capacity": 8, "radiation-light": 3, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition" ], "passage": "In determining the frequency of the oscillating discharge of such a transmission line, a sufficiently close approximation is obtained by neglecting the resistance of the line, which, at the relatively high frequency of oscillating discharges, is small compared with the reactance. This assumption means that the dying out of the discharge current through the influence of the resistance of the circuit is neglected, and the current assumed as an alternating current of ap- proximately the same frequency and the same intensity as the initial waves of the oscillating discharge current. By this means the problem is essentially simplified.", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15-passage-337", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "section_slug": "chapter-15", "line_start": 15746, "line_end": 15765, "local_line_start": 337, "local_line_end": 356, "score": 284, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "symbolic-ac", "magnetism-hysteresis", "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 4, "transients-waves-surges": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 3, "dielectric-capacity": 7, "radiation-light": 2 }, "signals": [ "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "e.m.fs. consumed in phase with the current, I, and = rl, repre- senting consumption of power, and due to: Resistance, and its increase by unequal current distri- bution; to the power component of mutual inductive reactance or to induced currents; to the power component of self-inductive reactance or to electromagnetic hysteresis, and to radiation. e.m.fs. consumed in quadrature with the current, I, and = xl, wattless, and due to: Self -inductance, and mutual inductance. Currents consumed in phase with the e.mf., E, and = g E, representing consumption of power, and due to: Leakage through the insulating material, including silent discharge and corona; power component of electrostatic influence; power component of capacity or dielectric hysteresis, and to radiation. Currents consumed in quadrature to the e.m.f., E, and = bE, being wattless, and due to: Capacity and electrostatic influence. Hence we get fou...", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12-passage-25", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "section_slug": "chapter-12", "line_start": 22658, "line_end": 22667, "local_line_start": 25, "local_line_end": 34, "score": 284, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 9, "symbolic-ac": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition" ], "passage": "When dealing with alternating-current apparatus, especially those having several circuits, it must be realized, however, that the magnetic field of the circuit may have no independent exist- ence, but may merge into and combine with other magnetic fields, so that it may become difficult what part of the magnetic field is to be assigned to each electric circuit, and circuits may exist which apparently have no reactance. In short, in such cases, the magnetic fields of the reactance of the electric circuit may be merely a more or less fictitious component of the resultant mag- netic field.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13-passage-112", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "section_slug": "chapter-13", "line_start": 23577, "line_end": 23593, "local_line_start": 112, "local_line_end": 128, "score": 284, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "field-language", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 12, "radiation-light": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Considering the magnetic disposition, an armature current, which alone would produce the flux, Fig. Ill, in the presence of a field excitation which alone would give the flux, Fig. 110, has the following effect: in Fig. 112A, by the counter m.m.f. of the arma- ture current the resultant m.m.f. and with it the resultant flux are reduced from that due to the m.m.f. of field excitation, to that due to field excitation minus the m.m.f. of the armature current. The difference of the magnetic potential between the field poles is increased: in Fig. IIOA it is the sum of the m.m.f s. of the two air- gaps traversed by the flux (plus the m.m.f. consumed in the arma- ture iron, which may be neglected as small) ; in Fig. 112^1 it is the sum of the m.m.fs. of the two air-gaps traversed by the flux (which is slightly smaller than in Fig. 110 A, due to the reduced flux) plus the counter m.m.f. of the armature. The incr...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14-passage-24", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_slug": "chapter-14", "line_start": 14112, "line_end": 14121, "local_line_start": 24, "local_line_end": 33, "score": 276, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 7, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The condition that the secondary circuit, while moving with regard to the primary, does not leave the primary field of magnetic force, requires that this field is not undirec- tional, but that an active field exists in every direction. One way of producing such a magnetic field is by exciting different primary circuits angularly displaced in space with each other by currents of different phase. Another way is to excite the primary field in one direction only, and get the cross magnetization, or the angularly displaced mag- netic field, by the reaction of the secondary current.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08-passage-1831", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "section_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "section_label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "section_slug": "chapter-08", "line_start": 14792, "line_end": 14803, "local_line_start": 1831, "local_line_end": 1842, "score": 274, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac", "transients-waves-surges", "dielectric-capacity", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 5, "transients-waves-surges": 2, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "dielectric-capacity": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "67. From the preceding, it follows that the relation of alternat- ing current to alternating voltage, that is, the reactance of a closed magnetic circuit, within the range of magnetic saturation, is not constant, but varies not only with the magnetic density, B, but for the same magnetic density B, the reactance may have very differ- ent values, depending on the conditions of the circuit: whether constant potential, that is, a sine wave of voltage impressed upon the reactance; or constant current, that is, a sine wave of current traversing the circuit; or any intermediate condition, such as brought about by the insertion of various amounts of resistance, or of reactance or capacity, in series to the closed magnetic cir- cuit reactance.", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-18-passage-24", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 16: Il", "section_slug": "chapter-18", "line_start": 19369, "line_end": 19379, "local_line_start": 24, "local_line_end": 34, "score": 268, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 4, "power-systems": 10 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "If E^ is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the motor of induced E.M.F., E^. If E^ is the E.M.F. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If E^ is the induced E.M.F. of J:he generator, Z is the sum of the impedances of motor, line, and generator, and thus we have the prob- lem, generator of induced E.M.F. E^y and motor of induced E.M.F. E^\\ or, more general, two alternators of induced E.M.Fs., E^y E^y connected together into a circuit of total impedance, Z.", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22-passage-469", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "section_slug": "chapter-22", "line_start": 25028, "line_end": 25038, "local_line_start": 469, "local_line_end": 479, "score": 266, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 6, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "228. Inversely, if such a distorted wave 'of E.M.F. is impressed upon a magnetic circuit, as, for instance, a trans- former, the wave of magnetism in the primary will repeat in shape the wave of magnetism interlinked with the arma- ture coils of the alternator, and consequently, with a lesser maximum magnetic flux, the same effective counter E.M.F. will be produce.!, that is, the same power converted in the transformer. Since the hysteretic loss in the transformer depends upon the maximum value of magnetism, it follows that the hysteretic loss in a transformer is less with a dis- torted wave of a unitooth alternator than with a sine wave.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02-passage-1181", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_slug": "chapter-02", "line_start": 4672, "line_end": 4680, "local_line_start": 1181, "local_line_end": 1189, "score": 264, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 8, "magnetism-hysteresis": 6 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "In general, in an electric circuit, the current produces a magnetic field; that is, lines of magnetic flux surrounding the conductor of the current ; or, it is usually expressed, interlinked with the current. This magnetic field changes with a change of the current, and usually is proportional thereto. A change of the magnetic field surrounding a conductor, however, gen- erates an e.m.f. in the conductor, and this e.m.f. is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field; hence, is pro- portional to the rate of change of the current, or to", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04-passage-272", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "section_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "section_label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "section_slug": "lecture-04", "line_start": 2433, "line_end": 2450, "local_line_start": 272, "local_line_end": 289, "score": 260, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "symbolic-ac", "ether-and-relativity", "field-language", "power-systems", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 1, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 4, "transients-waves-surges": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 7, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "In an alternator, the voltage under load is affected by armature reaction and armature self-induction. Under permanent condi- tion, both usually act\" in the same way, reducing the voltage at noninductive and still much more at inductive load, and increasing it at antiinductive load; and both are usually combined in one quantity, the synchronous reactance XQ. In the transients result- ing from circuit changes, as short circuits, the self-inductive armature reactance and the magnetic armature reaction act very differently:* the former is instantaneous in its effect, while the latter requires time. The self-inductive armature reactance Xi consumes a voltage x\\i by the magnetic flux surrounding the armature conductors, which results from the m.m.f . of the armature current, and therefore requires a component of the magnetic-field flux for its production. As the magnetic flux and the current which produces it...", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20-passage-84", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "section_label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "section_slug": "chapter-20", "line_start": 22471, "line_end": 22484, "local_line_start": 84, "local_line_end": 97, "score": 260, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "transients-waves-surges", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 5, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called tlie angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the magnetism, or counter E.M.F. of self-induction, lags 90^ behind the magnetism, it lags 90 + a behind the current ; that is, the self-induction in a circuit containing iron is not in quadrature with the current and thereby wattless, but lags more than 90° and thereby consumes power, so that the reactance has to be represented by X = h -jx^ where h is what has been called the \" effectiv^e hysteretic resis- tance.\"", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14-passage-231", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "section_slug": "chapter-14", "line_start": 14319, "line_end": 14326, "local_line_start": 231, "local_line_end": 238, "score": 246, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "symbolic-ac", "dielectric-capacity", "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 4, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "radiation-light": 6, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "♦ This applies to the case where the secondary contains inductive reac- tance only : or, rather, that kind of reactance which is proportional to the fre- quency. In a condenser the reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency in a synchronous motor under circumstances independent of the frequency. Thus, in general, we have to set, x = x' -^ x\" -^ x''\\ where x' is that part of the reactance which is proportional to the frequency, jt\" that part of the reac- tance independent of the frequency, and jr'\" that part of the reactance which is inversely proportional to the frequency ; and have thus, at slip J, or frequency", "why_review": "This passage may connect physical radiation, waves, visible light, measurement, and illumination practice.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11-passage-816", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "section_label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "section_slug": "chapter-11", "line_start": 11315, "line_end": 11322, "local_line_start": 816, "local_line_end": 823, "score": 242, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "dielectric-capacity", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "dielectric-capacity": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, cori- densance has an energy component also, called dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hysteresis due to molecular friction, and similarly, energy is also consumed in an alternating electrostatic field in the dielectric medium, in what is called dielectric hys- teresis.", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12-passage-339", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "section_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "section_label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "section_slug": "chapter-12", "line_start": 11902, "line_end": 11907, "local_line_start": 339, "local_line_end": 344, "score": 238, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 3, "magnetism-hysteresis": 3, "dielectric-capacity": 7 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The alternating electrostatic field of force expends energy in dielectrics by what is called dielectric hysteresis. In concentric cables, where the electrostatic gradient in the dielectric is comparatively large, the dielectric hysteresis may at high potentials consume far greater amounts of energy than the resistance does. The dielectric hysteresis", "why_review": "This passage may show how capacity, charge, displacement, or dielectric storage enter circuit theory.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation-passage-4", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "line_start": 2168, "line_end": 2261, "local_line_start": 4, "local_line_end": 97, "score": 230, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "symbolic-ac", "power-systems", "ether-and-relativity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 8, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:28]] 22 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz APPENDIX Synchronous Operation A Consider the case of two alternators or groups of alternators such as station sections, which are running in synchronism with each other, that is, have the same frequency f, but are connected together while out of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the voltage phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchronizing energy current due to the phase difference, a reactive magnetizing current due to the voltage difference without materially changing the energy relations. The EMFs of the two alternators then may be represented by: ei = E cos (0 co) 1 e2 = Ecos (0+co) / (1) and the resultant voltage in the circuit between the alternators then is : e = ei e 2 = E cos \\ ( co) cos (+ co) [ =...", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation-passage-2778", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "line_start": 4942, "line_end": 4981, "local_line_start": 2778, "local_line_end": 2817, "score": 218, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 5, "transients-waves-surges": 2, "power-systems": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:62]] 56 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz gives two values of the surging current in the stations resulting from the oscillations of the machines. The lower value is calculated by the total station impedance, Column (5), the higher value by the self inductive impedance Column (14). The true value would be intermediate, probably nearer the larger figure, as the period of oscillation is too fast to develop more than a small part of the effective reactance of armature reaction. Either of the two assumptions gives values of magnitude which are reasonable and in accordance with the observed data, so that in the absence of any data on the phase angle between the stations, it is not possible to decide which is the correct explanation. It must be recognized, however, that neither of the two explanations is entirely satisfactory, as either fails to account sufficiently for the excessive heating of the rea...", "why_review": "This passage may show how Steinmetz turns phase geometry into calculable electrical algebra.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06-passage-713", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_slug": "chapter-06", "line_start": 22701, "line_end": 22708, "local_line_start": 713, "local_line_end": 720, "score": 212, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "ether-and-relativity", "transients-waves-surges", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 3, "transients-waves-surges": 3, "dielectric-capacity": 3, "radiation-light": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition" ], "passage": "For instance, when investigating the short-circuit current of an electric generating system, it is of importance to know whether this current is 3 or 4 times normal current, or whether it is 40 to 50 times normal current, but it is immaterial whether it is 45 to 46 or 50 times normal. In studying lightning phenomena, and, in general, abnormal voltages in electric systems, calculating the discharge capacity of lightning arres- ters, etc., the magnitude of the quantity is often sufficient. In", "why_review": "This passage may clarify exactly how Steinmetz uses, revises, or abandons ether language in context.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02-passage-732", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "section_label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "section_slug": "chapter-02", "line_start": 4223, "line_end": 4230, "local_line_start": 732, "local_line_end": 739, "score": 210, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "engineering-philosophy", "magnetism-hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "engineering-philosophy": 2 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "In electrical engineering, currents and voltages are dealt with as functions of time. The current and c.m.f. giving the power lost in resistance are related to each other by Ohm's law. Current also produces a magnetic field, and this magnetic field by its changes generates an e.m.f. - the e.m.f. of self- inductance. In this case, e.m.f. is related to the change of current; that is, the differential coefficient of the current, and thus also to the differential coefficient of e.m.f., since the e.m.f.", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-02/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03-passage-5670", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_slug": "chapter-03", "line_start": 11733, "line_end": 11742, "local_line_start": 5670, "local_line_end": 5679, "score": 210, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "ether-and-relativity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 2, "transients-waves-surges": 4, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The question arises, whether during times of light load the old 750-kw. generators can be used economically on the trans- mission line. These old machines give an electromotive force wave, which, like that of most earlier machines, differs con- vsiderably from a sine wave, and it is to be investigated, whether, due to this wave-shape distortion, the charging current of the transmission line will be so greatly increased over the value which it would have with a sine wave of voltage, as to make the use of these machines on the transmission line uneconom- ical or even unsafe.", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04-passage-514", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "section_slug": "chapter-04", "line_start": 1387, "line_end": 1400, "local_line_start": 514, "local_line_end": 527, "score": 208, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "of thought in the theoretical field, in our uni- versities, in our political offices, have not real- ized, neither do the mass of the people realize it yet, and consequently they mistake the effect for the cause. They imagine industrial consoli- dation is killing competition, and try to stop consolidation by breaking up the corporations, while in reality the death of competition as a beneficent industrial force is the cause of con- solidation, has led to the corporation as the only means of industrial production. Thus, not the \"trusts\" are killing competition, but the failure of competition is the cause of industrial consolidation, of the corporations.", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation-passage-1811", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "line_start": 3975, "line_end": 4059, "local_line_start": 1811, "local_line_end": 1895, "score": 208, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 5, "power-systems": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:51]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz 45 H In the trouble of September 18th, 1919, the following machines were involved : In Fisk B and Northwest Station : 123,000 KW rating, 105,000 KW load = 85.5% In Fisk A and Quarry Street: 114,000 KW rating, 90,000 KW load = 79% It was: Fisk A: Six 12,000 KW; 98% reactance. 79% load. Thus: Vl+.79x.98 2 = 1.265 e =1.265 x 5200 = 6600V. x 2 = 5.76; Xl =.458 +.405 = 863; M = 50xl0 6 . Quarry St. : Three 14,000 KW: 91% reactance. 79% load. Thus: Vl+.79x.91 2 =1.23. e =6400V. x 2 =4.60: Xl = .318+.347 = .665; M = 67xlO. FiskB: Four 12,000 KW; 98% reactance. 85.5% load. Thus: Vr+.855 2 x98 2 = 1.305. e = 6770V. One 25,000 KW was immediately shut down. Northwest Station: One 20,000 KW: 134% reactance, and one 30,000 KW: 125% reactance. 85.5% load. 20,000 KW: Vl-f.855 2 x 1.34 2 =1.52. e = 7900V. x 2 = 4.95; Xl =.325+.168 = .493; M = 78xl0 6 . 30,000 KW: Vl+ ,855 2...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-17-passage-173", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-17", "section_label": "Chapter 16: The Future Corporation", "section_slug": "chapter-17", "line_start": 7147, "line_end": 7160, "local_line_start": 173, "local_line_end": 186, "score": 206, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy", "ether-and-relativity", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 1, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 6 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "than true co-operation. Co-operation implies two parties coming together. Thus there may be co-operation between employer and employ- ees, co-operation between the public and the corporation; but co-operation of the employees with the employer in plans devised and intro- duced by the employer, of the public with the corporation on a basis established solely by the corporation, is a misnomer, and such one-sided attempts of co-operation not infrequently lead to the reverse, to strained relations and antag- onism, and that naturally, in a democratic na- tion, where everybody believes that he knows best what is good for him.", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-17/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05-passage-5492", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_slug": "chapter-05", "line_start": 21974, "line_end": 21986, "local_line_start": 5492, "local_line_end": 5504, "score": 206, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 4, "radiation-light": 4, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction" ], "passage": "Not infrequently wave-shape distortions are met, which are not due to higher harmonics of the fundamental wave, but are incommensurable therewith. In this case there are two entirely unrelated frequencies. This, for instance, occurs in the secondary circuit of the single-phase induction motor; two sets of currents, of the frequencies /« and (2/-/^) exist (where / is the primary frequency and /s the frequency of slip). Of this nature, frequently, is the distortion produced by surges, oscillations, arcing grounds, etc., in electric circuits; it is a combination of the natural frequency of the circuit with the impressed frequency. Telephonic currents commonly show such multiple frequencies, which are not harmonics of each other.", "why_review": "This passage may expose the time-domain behavior hidden by steady-state circuit language.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation-passage-2501", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "line_start": 4665, "line_end": 4728, "local_line_start": 2501, "local_line_end": 2564, "score": 206, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "power-systems", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "power-systems": 13 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:59]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz 53 Let us assume at first that these stations have dropped out of synchronism with each other, due to the trouble in Fisk A, and are drifting past each other, and calculate by the preceding equations for this condition the voltages and currents in the different stations, and compare them with the recorded values, to see whether this assumption is reasonable. It is then: (1.) Fisk A out of synchronism with Quarry Street: x 2 = (1.15+1.15)^-2 = 1.15; 2x 1 = .173+.166 = . x=1.75 z = 2.09 e = 5950V. E = ?- e =.645e =3840 V. z-f-x 2 Et = Eo = 3530 V. Et V3~= 6100 V. (2.) Quarry Street out of synchronism with Fisk B and Fisk A : x 2 =(1.15+.61)-7-2 = .88; 2Xl = .166+.087 = . x = .875; z = 1.128 E =.564e = E=3120V. Et V3 = 5400 V. io=6250 A. (3.) Fisk B out of synchronism with Northwest Station: x 2 = (1.30+ 1.36) -=-2 = 1.33; 2Xl = .176+.150 = .326; x = .074; r =...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05-passage-124", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "section_label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "section_slug": "chapter-05", "line_start": 16606, "line_end": 16617, "local_line_start": 124, "local_line_end": 135, "score": 204, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "power-systems", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 4, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "(e) Whether the law of the curve may change within the range of the observations, by some phenomenon appearing in some observations which does not occur in the other. Thus, for instance, in observations in which the magnetic density enters, as core loss, excitation curve, etc., frequently the curve law changes with the beginning of magnetic saturation, and in this case only the data below magnetic saturation would be used for deriving the theoretical equations, and the effect of magnetic saturation treated as secondary phenomenon. Or, for instance, when studying the excitation current of an induction motor, that is, the current consumed when running light, at low voltage the current may increase again with decreasing voltage,", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03-passage-7273", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_slug": "chapter-03", "line_start": 13336, "line_end": 13352, "local_line_start": 7273, "local_line_end": 7289, "score": 198, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy", "ether-and-relativity", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "symbolic-ac": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction" ], "passage": "105. In the calculation of maxima and minima of engineer- ing quantities x, y, by differentiation of the function y=f(x)j it must be kept in mind that this method gives the values of X, for which the quantity y of the mathematical equation y =f(x) becomes an extreme, but whether this extreme has a physical meaning in engineering or not requires further investigation; that is, the range of numerical values of x and y is unUmited in the mathematical equation, but may be limited in its engineer- ing application. For instance, if a: is a resistance, and the differentiation of y=f{x) leads to negative vahies of x, these have no engineering meaning; or, if the differentiation leads to values of x, which, substituted in y=f{x), gives imaginary, or negative values of y, the result also may have no engineering appUcation. In still other cases, the mathematical result may give values, which are so far beyond the r...", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation-passage-2404", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "line_start": 4568, "line_end": 4663, "local_line_start": 2404, "local_line_end": 2499, "score": 196, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "symbolic-ac", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 4, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 7 }, "signals": [ "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:58]] 52 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz such necessarily approximated calculations, it appears safe to accept the correctness of the explanation that Fisk Street A and Quarry Street remained in synchronism with each other, but Fisk Street B and Northwest Station broke out of synchronism with Quarry Street and with each other, and the individual machines of these latter two stations broke out of synchron- ism with each other, and were unable to pull into step, due to frequency differences greater than permissible by the small syn- chronising power existing between these machines at the low voltage existing due to the break of synchronism between the stations. I In the trouble of May 19th, 1919, the following machines were involved : Fisk A: Five 12,000 KW = 60,000 KW. Load 32,000 KW = 53%: 98% Reactance. .53 2 x.98 2 = 1.13 e = 5900V. x2 = 5.76: Xl =.458+.405 = .863: M = 50xlO. Quarry Street : F...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03-passage-2024", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_slug": "chapter-03", "line_start": 8087, "line_end": 8099, "local_line_start": 2024, "local_line_end": 2036, "score": 192, "lane": "transient-and-wave-reasoning", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy", "transients-waves-surges", "power-systems", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "transients-waves-surges": 3, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 4 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "83. In electrical engineering, the most important periodic functions are the alternating currents and voltages. Due to, the constructive features of alternating-current generators-, alternating voltages and currents are almost always symmet- rical waves; that is, the periodic function consists of alternate half -waves, which are the same in shape, but opposite in direc- tion, or in other words, the instantaneous values from 180 deg. to 360 deg. are the same numerically, but opposite in sign, from the instantaneous values between 0 to 180 deg., and each cycle or period thus consists of two equal but opposite half cycles, as shown in Fig. 44. In the earlier days of electrical engineering, the frequency has for this reason frequently been expressed by the number of half -waves or alternations.", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation-passage-697", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "line_start": 2861, "line_end": 2918, "local_line_start": 697, "local_line_end": 754, "score": 192, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "power-systems", "ether-and-relativity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:36]] 30 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz So thus is the limit of synchronizing power. Substituting again the effective value of EMF, E , for the maxi- mum value E, by: JR Eo= V2 gives the effective values: Resultant voltage: e = 2E sins4> (10 l ) Current: 2F\" io = ^-sins< (Hi) z Power transfer: p = cos (2s0-a) (12 1 ) X Energy transfer during one quarter cycle of sUp: Amplitude of pulsation of slip: Critical Slip, from which the machines pull each other into synchro- nism, or limits of synchronizing power: These expressions are very similar to those of A, with s< taking the place of , and 2s the place of p. C With two machines out of synchronism with each other by a greater speed difference 2s, than that, from which the machines can pull each other into synchronism within one quarter cycle of slip, from the equations of B it would follow, that the machines can never pull each other into synchron...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04-passage-648", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "section_slug": "chapter-04", "line_start": 1521, "line_end": 1546, "local_line_start": 648, "local_line_end": 673, "score": 186, "lane": "definition-or-distinction", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy" ], "theme_counts": { "engineering-philosophy": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "defective in many ways. Its activities are four- fold- financial, administrative, technical, and social. As capital is the foundation of our present industrial system, financial consolida- tion is the first step of industrial co-operation. Administrative consolidation and reorganiza- tion must follow, and then technical or engi- neering reorganization, to reap the benefit of industrial co-operation. The technical side of the corporation is the purpose of its existence; manufacture, transportation, etc., are technical or engineering pi'oblems, and the administra- tive and financial activities, therefore, merely means to accomplish the legitimate object of the corporation - production. Therefore, where the progress stops with administrative consoli- dation and does not reach engineering re- organization for the higher efficiency made possible thereby, the results are disappointing, and dissatisfaction of t...", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06-passage-2048", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "section_label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "section_slug": "chapter-06", "line_start": 24036, "line_end": 24040, "local_line_start": 2048, "local_line_end": 2052, "score": 184, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "field-language", "magnetism-hysteresis", "ether-and-relativity", "radiation-light", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 4, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 1, "magnetism-hysteresis": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition" ], "passage": "For instance, in the study of the propagation through space, of the magnetic field of a conductor, in wireless telegraphy, lightning protection, etc., we get new functions. If ^=/(0 is the current in the conductor, as function of the time t, at a distance x from the conductor the magnetic field lags by the", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03-passage-8794", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "section_id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 3: Trigonometric Series", "section_slug": "chapter-03", "line_start": 14857, "line_end": 14863, "local_line_start": 8794, "local_line_end": 8800, "score": 182, "lane": "magnetic-material-language", "themes": [ "magnetism-hysteresis", "power-systems", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism-hysteresis": 5, "radiation-light": 1, "power-systems": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "The power consumed by the motor while running light consists of: The friction loss, which can be assumed as con- stant, a; the hysteresis loss, which is proportional to the 1.6th power of the magnetic flux, and therefore of the voltage, he^-^\\ the eddy current losses, which are proportional to the square of the magnetic flux, and therefore of the voltage, ce^; and the i^r loss in the windings. The total power is^", "why_review": "This passage may preserve Steinmetz's magnetic material vocabulary and loss reasoning.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/engineering-mathematics/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-18-passage-5", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-18", "section_label": "Chapter 17: Conclusion", "section_slug": "chapter-18", "line_start": 7572, "line_end": 7590, "local_line_start": 5, "local_line_end": 23, "score": 172, "lane": "definition-or-distinction", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy" ], "theme_counts": { "engineering-philosophy": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "THE issue in the European war essentially is that between the individualistic era of the past and the co-operative era of the future, and whatever may be the military results of the war, this issue is decided and all civilized na- tions of Europe have abandoned the individual- is lie principle of industrial organization, and have organized or are organizing as rapidly as possible a co-operative system of industrial l)roduction. Against the vastly higher pro- ductive efficiency of industrial co-operation of the European nations after the war, our coun- try's individualistic industrial organization, with everybody fighting against everybody else, industrially, politically, and socially, is hope- less, and America thus will either fail, cease to be one of the world's leading industrial nations, or we must also organize a system of industrial production based on co-operation and not on", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record-passage-1", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "section_label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "section_slug": "section-03-record", "line_start": 1139, "line_end": 1197, "local_line_start": 1, "local_line_end": 59, "score": 170, "lane": "mathematical-language", "themes": [ "power-systems", "symbolic-ac" ], "theme_counts": { "symbolic-ac": 1, "power-systems": 9 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "II RECORD Four troubles were studied, occurring respectively on September 18th, 1919, 3:47 P.M. September 18th, 1919, 5:27 P.M. October 22nd, 1919, 12:20 P.M. May 19th, 1919, 7:25 A.M. The generating system is divided into four sections, connected in tandem, with the A section of Fisk Street, and the Northwest Station as the two ends of the chain, and with power limiting reactors stated to be 1.75 ohms each, between Fisk A and Quarry Street, and between Quarry Street and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no power limiting reactors between Fisk B and North- west Station, and the six tie cables between these stations are of very low resistance, the North...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-14-passage-165", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-14", "section_label": "Chapter 13: Evolution: Industrial Government", "section_slug": "chapter-14", "line_start": 5962, "line_end": 5988, "local_line_start": 165, "local_line_end": 191, "score": 162, "lane": "definition-or-distinction", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy" ], "theme_counts": { "engineering-philosophy": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "tern can he built up, as long as sucli altitude has any chance to succeed even temporarily. - How would the officers of such national gov- ernment by the co-operative organization of the industrial corporations be chosen?/' By popular election? Imagine the chief engineer of a man- ufacturing company elected by the majority vote of all the employees! Or the general man- ager, or the comptroller, or chemist, or bacteri- ologist, the mathematician, or designing engi- neer; it would not be democratic, but it would be chaotic. Not one-tenth of the emj)loyces are engineers and therefore capable of judging on the engineering qualifications, and their vote in electing the chief engineer would mean noth- ing; the elected officer almost certainly would be incompetent for his work, and the same applies to every other profession. Thus, where pro- fessional qualification is required by the office, popular election is...", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-14/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-14/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-15-passage-169", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-15", "section_label": "Chapter 14: Evolution: Inhibitory Power", "section_slug": "chapter-15", "line_start": 6401, "line_end": 6427, "local_line_start": 169, "local_line_end": 195, "score": 160, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "permitted to do it, but invested with an abso- lute veto to stop any Action of the industrial senate which is against the public's interest; that is, which is not commensal - a Trihuniciaie. The constructive activities of our industrial commonwealth require professional qualifica- tions for their direction, and economic efficiency thus demands an organization which reasonably assures such professional qualifications. There are, however, questions of general policy which have nothing to do with professional qualifica- tions, but where the decision depends on the personal preference, but is dictated by no economic law, and requires no special experi- ence or knowledge. Such would, for instance, be the question whether the increasing efficiency of industrial production should be utilized by increasing the standard of living, or by reducing the time of work, or by l^olh; and this question the unskilled labor...", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-15/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-15/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-10-passage-244", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-10", "section_label": "Chapter 9: America in the Individualistic Era", "section_slug": "chapter-10", "line_start": 4511, "line_end": 4535, "local_line_start": 244, "local_line_end": 268, "score": 160, "lane": "field-language", "themes": [ "field-language", "dielectric-capacity", "engineering-philosophy" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 2, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "power, in our country, as was represented by the central Govermncnt in Germany; our Govern- ments, from the federal down to the municipal, are not organized for constructive activity, and thus their entrance in the field is largely inhibi- tory, liable to disorganize by interference. The tariff wall excluded the check afforded by com- petition with other nations. Thus over-capi- talization was frequent, and seriously handi- capped some corporations for years, until their business had grown up to their capitalization. Sometimes the over-capitalization was inten- tional; water, or the result of excessive organi- zation charges; but the most frequent and most serious, because unavoidable, cause was the necessarily excessive cost of absorbing smaller competitors; the price usually is not the value of the competitor's business; often this is nil - but is based on the harm which the competitor could do in unre...", "why_review": "This passage may help distinguish Steinmetz's explicit field language from later interpretation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation-passage-858", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "section_label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "section_slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "line_start": 3022, "line_end": 3108, "local_line_start": 858, "local_line_end": 944, "score": 160, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "power-systems", "ether-and-relativity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "power-systems": 5 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:38]] 32 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz or approximately, since c is a small quantity: p = cos (2s$ a) -\\ cos (2s0 a) sin s$ cos (s0 a a) z z The first term: E 2 p' = - cos (2s$ a) is the slowly alternating energy transfer between the machines which causes their speed to fluctuate, but does not permanently bring them nearer to each other, that is, exerts no synchronizing power. The second term : p\" = cos (2s0 a) sin s< cos (s< a a) z f = - cos (2s0 a) | sin (a - sin (a+o-) cos (2s0 a)+^^-|sm(4s0 2a 2a z and cE 2 2z are slowly alternating, thus represent no permanent acceleration, that is, no synchronizing power. The third term however: cE 2 . P ~2z~ Sm * ' ' is constant, that is, represents a continuous synchronizing power, which steadily pulls the machines together, until their speed differ- ence 2s has bec...", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04-passage-269", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "section_slug": "chapter-04", "line_start": 1142, "line_end": 1156, "local_line_start": 269, "local_line_end": 283, "score": 154, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "dielectric-capacity", "engineering-philosophy", "ether-and-relativity", "transients-waves-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "ether-and-relativity": 1, "transients-waves-surges": 1, "dielectric-capacity": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 1 }, "signals": [ "definition", "distinction", "causal-logic" ], "passage": "Taxes and interest, however, most of the depreciation, and a small part of labor and of materials are fixed costs - that is, continue re- gardless whether the plant is operating full capacity, or at reduced output, or entirely standing idle. (Dividends should in reality be included in fixed cost, as without dividends no capital could be induced to invest, and the plant could, therefore, not exist. They will, however, be omitted, as temporarily, for some years, an industrial organization can continue without dividends. Surplus represents the amount of income set aside for times when the income falls below the cost of production - that is, is an insurance against temporary losses.)", "why_review": "This passage may clarify exactly how Steinmetz uses, revises, or abandons ether language in context.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-03-passage-189", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-03", "section_label": "Chapter 2: The Epoch of the French Revolution", "section_slug": "chapter-03", "line_start": 815, "line_end": 830, "local_line_start": 189, "local_line_end": 204, "score": 150, "lane": "ether-field-boundary", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy", "ether-and-relativity", "field-language" ], "theme_counts": { "field-language": 1, "ether-and-relativity": 1, "engineering-philosophy": 3 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "THE epoch of the French Revolution, ush- ered in by the declaration of the rights of man - liherte, egalite, fraternite - struck the fet- ters of feudalism from the human race, and gave free play to the intelligence, energy, and initia- tive of all the millions of human beings. The development of the steam-engine, of steamship and locomotive, and later of telegraph, tel- ephone, and electric power, forged the tools; the free and unrestrained competition, which is the industrial expression of the individualistic age, gave the driving force which led to the great industrial development of the last cen- tury. The result was that the last century has seen a greater progress of mankind than all the previous centuries together.", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-03/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-03/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04-passage-486", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "section_id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "section_label": "Chapter 3: The Individualistic Era: From Competition to Co-operation", "section_slug": "chapter-04", "line_start": 1359, "line_end": 1378, "local_line_start": 486, "local_line_end": 505, "score": 144, "lane": "definition-or-distinction", "themes": [ "engineering-philosophy" ], "theme_counts": { "engineering-philosophy": 7 }, "signals": [ "definition", "causal-logic", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "They see competition vanishing before co- operation or consolidation, and, still dreaming of competition as the beneficent force which it was in the early days of industrial develop- ment, endeavor to restore competition. There- fore, you see all the attempts to resurrect to life a dead issue by legal enactments, by trying to break up the cori^orations, enforcing com- petition by law, etc. All this is contrary to the economic laws underlying industrial produc- tion, and is therefore helpless, and must remain a failure. No legal enactment can change this, but the laws of nature are above man-made laws, and political law violating the laws of nature is void. You may destroy the indus- tries by legal interference, and plunge the na- tion in disaster and chaos, but you cannot re- store competition. It is dead, just as dead as the feudalism of the Middle Ages. Co-operation is taking its place.", "why_review": "This passage may show Steinmetz as a thinker about engineering, society, education, or scientific method.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/america-and-new-epoch/" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-02-discussion-of-recommendations-passage-386", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "section_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-02-discussion-of-recommendations", "section_label": "Report Section 3: Discussion of Recommendations", "section_slug": "section-02-discussion-of-recommendations", "line_start": 1106, "line_end": 1138, "local_line_start": 386, "local_line_end": 418, "score": 140, "lane": "definition-or-distinction", "themes": [ "power-systems" ], "theme_counts": { "power-systems": 8 }, "signals": [ "definition", "physical-meaning" ], "passage": "[[PDF_PAGE:16]] 10 * Report of Charles P. Steinmetz Similar drifting past each other, out of synchronism, may also occur, as the result of a disturbance such as a short circuit, between the turbo-alternators of one station, especially if they are machines of different types, as in the Northwest Station. Or a single machine may break out of synchronism, while the other machines in the same station stay in step especially if the off machine is of different type, as No. 11 in Fisk Street. As there are no power limiting reactors used between the machines of the same station, the quickest way of restoring syn- chronism would probably be, in the first case, to open the circuit break- ers of the individual machines and then synchronize them again ; in the latter case, to open the circuit breakers of the off machine, and syn- chronize it again.", "why_review": "This passage may connect Steinmetz's mathematics to real apparatus, stations, protection, and operation.", "status": "ocr-derived-passage-candidate", "verification": "needs scan verification before exact quotation", "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "workbench": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/chapter-workbench/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "source_overview": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "book_coverage": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/book-coverage/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/" } } ] }