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For instance, let, in Fig. 2, D be a disk per-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 679, "line_end": 679, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "siderable distance, for instance 5 miles; there the light is reflected", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 682, "line_end": 682, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "through the next hole H2, that is, the disk has moved a distance", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 721, "line_end": 721, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "Assume, for instance, that the disk D has 200 holes and makes", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 723, "line_end": 723, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "94 rev. per sec. at the moment when the light has again reached", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 728, "line_end": 728, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-001", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 1, "caption": "tion, the time at which the moon M should disappear from sight, FIG. 1. when seen from the earth E, by passing behind Jupiter, 7 (Fig. 1), could be exactly calculated. It was found, however, that some-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 656, "line_end": 656, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-002", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 2, "caption": "5_MOE_S FIG. 2. direction the light reappears. If the disk is slowly revolved, alter- nate light and darkness will be observed, but when the speed in-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 697, "line_end": 697, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-003", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 3, "caption": "from the upper surface of the plain glass plate A. A beam of FIG. 3. reflected light a, thus is a combination of a beam b and a beam c.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 785, "line_end": 785, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-004", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 4, "caption": "glass plates. At those points dv dv etc. at which the distance FIG. 4. between the two glass plates is J wave length, or j, J, etc., the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 794, "line_end": 794, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-005", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 5, "caption": "etc. in the plane of the paper, and thus perpendicular to the ray FIG. 5. of light. In the former case (a longitudinal vibration, as sound) there obviously can be no difference between the directions at", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 922, "line_end": 922, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-009", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 9, "caption": "it to you, by bringing the rods near to this Crookes' radiometer, FIG. 9. which is an instrument showing the energy of radiation. It con- sists (Fig. 10) of four aluminum vanes, mounted in a moderately", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1016, "line_end": 1016, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-010", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 10, "caption": "(red, orange and yellow) with increase in temperature, the light FIG. 10. 12", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1075, "line_end": 1075, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-011", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 11, "caption": "of the lower frequencies of visible radiation, red or orange. FIG. 11. In the tungsten lamp at high brilliancy and more still in the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1094, "line_end": 1094, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-quote-radiation-not-heat-627", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "quote_candidate": "used, therefore are wrong: the so-called radiant heat is not heat", "why_it_matters": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 627, "line_end": 627, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-quote-ether-seat-of-energy-883", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "quote_candidate": "is that it is the seat of energy) , then the ether is matter, as it is a", "why_it_matters": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 883, "line_end": 883, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE I. NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 1. Radiation is a form of energy, and, as such, can be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by an opaque body, usuaDy is converted into heat. Thus in an incandescent lamp, the heat energy produced by the electric current in the resistance of the filament, is converted into radiation. If I hold my hand near the lamp, the radiation intercepted by the hand is destroyed, that is, converted into heat, and is felt as such. On the way from the lamp to the hand, how- ever, the energy is not heat but radiation, and a body which", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE I. NATURE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION. 1. Radiation is a form of energy, and, as such, can be produced from other forms of energy and converted into other forms of energy. The most convenient form of energy for the production of rad- iation is heat energy, and radiation when destroyed by being intercepted by ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ght rays consisted of extremely minute material particles thrown off by the light- giving bodies with enormous velocities, that is, a kind of bom- bardment. This theory has been revived in recent years to explain the radiations of radium, etc. Euler explained the light as a wave motion. Which of these explanations is correct can be experimentally decided in the following manner: Assum- ing light to be a bombardment of minute particles, if we com- bine two rays of light in the same path they must add to each other, that is, two equal beams of light t ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... alternating current is a polarized wave: the direction parallel to the conductor is the direction of energy flow; the direction concentric to the con- ductor is the direction of the electromagnetic component, and the direction radial to the conductor is the direction of the electrostatic component of the electric field. Therefore, if light rays can be polarized, that is, made to ex- hibit different properties in two directions at right angles to each other and to the direction of wave travel, this would prove tke light wave to be a transversal vibration. Th ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... tics in three direc- tions at right angles to each other : one direction is the direction of propagation, or of wave travel; the second is the direction of vibration; IG' 6' and the third is the direction per- pendicular to progression and to vibration. For instance, the electric field of a conductor carrying alternating current is a polarized wave: the direction parallel to the conductor is the direction of energy flow; the direction concentric to the con- ductor is the direction of the electromagnetic component, and the direction radial to the conductor ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-02", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "title": "Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "label": "Lecture 2: Relation Of Bodies To Radiation", "slug": "lecture-02", "location": "lines 1549-2365", "line_start": 1549, "line_end": 2365, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5812, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "magnetism", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 281, "waves-lines": 57, "dielectricity": 6, "magnetism": 6, "ether": 3, "transients": 3, "fields": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 111, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 89, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 44, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 20, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "refractive-index", "label": "Refractive index", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "refraction", "label": "Refraction", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ultra-violet", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ultra-red", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "electric waves", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 15, "figure_count": 5, "quote_count": 1, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0058", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "The velocity of light in empty space is 3 X 1010 cm. per sec.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1634, "line_end": 1634, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0059", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "Let then Sl = speed of propagation in medium A, S2 = speed of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1657, "line_end": 1657, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0060", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "medium TF, only the distance CK = — 2 GH, and the wave front", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1674, "line_end": 1674, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0061", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "and a2 = angle of refraction, that is, the angle between the out-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1690, "line_end": 1690, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0062", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "FDH = a, and LHD = a2 ;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1694, "line_end": 1694, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0063", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "FH = DH sin a, and DL = DH sin av (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1697, "line_end": 1697, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0064", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "FH + DL = S, - S3; (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1703, "line_end": 1703, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0065", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "sin «1 Sl", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1708, "line_end": 1708, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-015", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 15, "caption": "edge of the beam reaches the boundary at D its speed changes FIG. 15. by entering the medium W — decreases in the present instance. Let then Sl = speed of propagation in medium A, S2 = speed of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1654, "line_end": 1654, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-016", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 16, "caption": "medium into another, and the higher frequencies are deflected FIG. 16. more than the lower frequencies, thus showing that the velocity of propagation decreases with an increase of frequency, that is,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1819, "line_end": 1819, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-017", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 17, "caption": "VIOLET FIG. 17. a number of very faint red and orange lines, of which three are indicated dotted in Fig. 17.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1885, "line_end": 1885, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-018", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 18, "caption": "perature rise, their brilliancy is greatly increased. FIG. 18. Combinations of the different types of spectra: continuous spectrum, line spectrum, band spectrum, reversed spectrum,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1974, "line_end": 1974, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-019", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 19, "caption": "and the body thus acts as a mirror, that is, gives a virtual image FIG. 19. back of it as shown in dotted line in Fig. 18. In the latter case (Fig. 19) the light is reflected irregularly in all directions.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2013, "line_end": 2013, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-quote-electric-waves-and-light-1553", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "quote_candidate": "be divided into two classes, the electric waves and the light waves,", "why_it_matters": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 1553, "line_end": 1553, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE II. RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 9. For convenience, the total range of known radiations can be divided into two classes, the electric waves and the light waves, which are separated from each other by the blank space in the middle of the spectrum of radiation (Fig. 14). Under light waves we here include also the invisible ultra-red radiation and the ultra-violet radiation and the non-refrangible radiations, as X-rays, etc., separated from the latter by the second blank space of the radiation spectrum. In the following, mainly the light waves, that is, the second or high frequency range of radiation, will be discussed. The elec- tric waves are usually of importance only in their relation to the radiator or oscillator which produces them, or to the receiver on which they impinge, and thus are", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE II. RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 9. For convenience, the total range of known radiations can be divided into two classes, the electric waves and the light waves, which are separated from each other by the blank space in the middle of the spectrum of radiation (Fig. 14). Under light waves we here include ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "LECTURE II. RELATION OF BODIES TO RADIATION. 9. For convenience, the total range of known radiations can be divided into two classes, the electric waves and the light waves, which are separated from each other by the blank space in the middle of the spectrum of radiation (Fig. 14). Under light waves we here include also the invisible ultra-red radiation and the ultra-violet radiation and the non-refrangible radiations, as ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ure of different and frequently of an infinite number of waves. Electric radiation usually is of a single frequency, that is, of the frequency or wave length determined by the constants of the electric circuit which produces the radiation, mainly the induct- ance L and the capacity C. They may, however, have different wave shapes, that is, comprise, in adolition to the fundamental wave, higher harmonics or multiples thereof, just as the sound waves which represent the same tone with different musical instruments are of the same frequency but of differe ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ectric wave is, when neglecting the energy losses in and by the con- ductor: S = -L= , (5) VLC where L is the inductance, C the capacity of the conductor per unit length (the length measured in the same measure as the speed S). The inductance L is proportional to the permeability /*, and the capacity C proportional to the dielectric constant, or specific capacity K of the medium surrounding the conductor, that is, the medium through which the electric wave propagates; that is, A V p* where A is a proportionality constant. The ratio of the speed ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-03", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "title": "Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "label": "Lecture 3: Physiological Effects Of Radiation", "slug": "lecture-03", "location": "lines 2366-3638", "line_start": 2366, "line_end": 3638, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 9087, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "ether", "fields", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 412, "waves-lines": 43, "ether": 4, "fields": 4, "transients": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 196, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 105, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 54, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 21, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 17, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ultraviolet", "label": "Ultra-violet radiation", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ultra-violet", "count": 41, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 17, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ultra-red", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 28, "figure_count": 6, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0073", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "20. The most important physiological effect is the visibility of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2371, "line_end": 2371, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0074", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "wave length 76 X 10~6 and 39 X 1Q-6.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2373, "line_end": 2373, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0075", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "(3). By the logarithmic law of sensation. The impression made", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2452, "line_end": 2452, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0076", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. 39", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2457, "line_end": 2457, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0077", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "1 to 2, but the change of sensation in the first case, log 1000 = 3,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2464, "line_end": 2464, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0078", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "log 2 - 0.301.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2466, "line_end": 2466, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0079", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. 43", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2631, "line_end": 2631, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0080", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "distance of 100 feet, by going nearer to the lamps the orange", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2664, "line_end": 2664, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-021", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 21, "caption": "VIOLET FIG. 21. in the ultra-red and ultra-violet, where no power of radiation can produce visibility. It thus varies about as indicated in Fig. 22.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2582, "line_end": 2582, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-022", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 22, "caption": "the basis of equal ease in distinguishing objects. As the pur- FIG. 22. pose for which light is used is to distinguish objects, the correct comparison of lights obviously is on the basis of equal distinctness", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2618, "line_end": 2618, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-023", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 23, "caption": "v FIG. 23. meter candles (or rather log i) as abscissas, for red light, wave length 65.0; orange yellow light, wave length 59; bluish green", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2694, "line_end": 2694, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-024", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 24, "caption": "\\ FIG. 24. (1 meter-candle is the illumination produced by 1 candle power", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2809, "line_end": 2809, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-025", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 25, "caption": "S FIG. 25. 62 for high intensities and changes in approximately the same range of intensities in which lwo changes; ks is also plotted in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 2945, "line_end": 2945, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-026", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 26, "caption": "YELLOW GREEN FIG. 26. carbon filament would be somewhat like C. That is, the physio-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 3036, "line_end": 3036, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE III. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Visibility. 20. The most important physiological effect is the visibility of the narrow range of radiation, of less than one octave, between wave length 76 X 10~6 and 39 X 1Q-6. The range of intensity of illumination, over which the eye can see with practically equal comfort, is enormous: the average intensity of illumination at noon of a sunny day is nearly one million times greater than the illumination given by the full moon, and still we can see fairly well in either case; that is, the human eye can adapt itself to enormous differences in the intensity of illumination, and that so perfectly that it is difficult to realize the differences in intensity without measuring them. The photo- graphic camera realizes it. An exposure taken in T^ second", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE III. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Visibility. 20. The most important physiological effect is the visibility of the narrow range of radiation, of less than one octave, between wave length 76 X 10~6 and 39 X 1Q-6. The range of intensity of illumination, over which the eye can see with practically equal c ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "LECTURE III. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Visibility. 20. The most important physiological effect is the visibility of the narrow range of radiation, of less than one octave, between wave length 76 X 10~6 and 39 X 1Q-6. The range of intensity of illumination, over which the eye can see with practically equal comfort, is enormous: the average intensity of illumination at noon of a sunny day is nearly one million times greater than the illumination given by th ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... ife, and has been used from practical experience since by-gone ages. It means that the same relative or percent- age change in intensity of light, sound, etc., gives the same change of sensation, or in other words, doubling the intensity gives the same change in sensation, whether it is a change of intensity from one candle power to two candle power, or from 10 to 20, or from 1000 to 2000 candle power. It is obvious that the change of sensation is not proportional to the change of intensity; a change of intensity of light by one candle power gives a ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... automatic action takes an appreciable, though short time, a flash light photograph shows the pupil of the eye fully open and thereby gives a staring impression to the faces which is avoided by keep- ing a photographically inactive light, as a candle, burning outside of the field of the camera when preparing for a flash light photo- graph. (2). By the fatigue of the optic nerves, exposed to high inten- sity of illumination, the nerves becomes less sensitive, while at low intensity they rest and thus become more sensitive, and the differences of sen ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-04", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "title": "Chemical And Physical Effects Of Radiation", "label": "Lecture 4: Chemical And Physical Effects Of Radiation", "slug": "lecture-04", "location": "lines 3639-3945", "line_start": 3639, "line_end": 3945, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2717, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 124, "waves-lines": 21, "dielectricity": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 49, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 43, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "luminescence", "label": "Luminescence", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ultra-violet", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ultra-red", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 2, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0101", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "and these free atoms then join existing molecules: 0 + 02 = 03,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 3701, "line_end": 3701, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0102", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "oxygen 02 and using the carbon in producing the complex carbon", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 3740, "line_end": 3740, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE IV. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Chemical Effects. 31. Where intense radiation is intercepted by a body chemical action may result by the heat energy into which the radiation is converted. This, however, is not a direct chemical effect of radiation but an indirect effect, resulting from the energy of the radiation. Direct chemical effects of radiation are frequent. It is such an effect on which photography is based : the dissociating action of radiation on silver salts, the chloride in ordinary photographic paper, the bromide and iodide in the negative plate and the quick printing papers. This chemical action is greatest in the violet and ultra-violet and decreases with increasing wave length, hence is less in the green, small in the yellow, and almost absent in the red and ultra-red, so that", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE IV. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION. Chemical Effects. 31. Where intense radiation is intercepted by a body chemical action may result by the heat energy into which the radiation is converted. This, however, is not a direct chemical effect of radiation but an indirect effect, resulting from the energy of th ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ased : the dissociating action of radiation on silver salts, the chloride in ordinary photographic paper, the bromide and iodide in the negative plate and the quick printing papers. This chemical action is greatest in the violet and ultra-violet and decreases with increasing wave length, hence is less in the green, small in the yellow, and almost absent in the red and ultra-red, so that the short waves, blue, violet and ultra-violet, have sometimes been called \" chemical rays.\" This, however, is a misnomer, just as the term \"heat rays\" sometimes app ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ieces of calcite. As you see, none of them show any appreciable fluorescence in the mercury light. But if I turn off the mercury light, the calcium sulphide phosphoresces brightly in a blue glow, the others do not. Now I show you all three under the ultra-violet rays of the condenser discharge between iron terminals, or ultra-violet lamp (Fig. 11) and you see all three fluoresce brilliantly, in blue, green and red. Turning off the light all three continue to glow with about the same color, that is, phosphoresce, but the red fluorescence of the calcite ve ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... that is, death. Therefore the short waves of radiation, green, blue, etc., which are more or less harmful to plants, are not used but are reflected by the chlorophyl; hence the green color. To some extent violet radiation is absorbed by chloro- phyl, but it is questionable whether the energy of violet light directly contributes to the chemical action, and it is rather probable that the violet radiation is converted into red light by fluorescence — chlorophyl fluoresces red — and used as red light. Excessive violet radiation seems to be harmful. Phys ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-05", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "title": "Temperature Radiation", "label": "Lecture 5: Temperature Radiation", "slug": "lecture-05", "location": "lines 3946-5076", "line_start": 3946, "line_end": 5076, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 8675, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "ether", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 335, "ether": 5, "waves-lines": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 233, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 61, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 23, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "luminescence", "label": "Luminescence", "count": 17, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ultra-violet", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ultra-red", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 34, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0103", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "tor and T2 = absolute temperature of the surrounding objects", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 3972, "line_end": 3972, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0104", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "Pr = kA (TV - ?V), (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 3976, "line_end": 3976, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0105", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "k = 5 X 1(T12; (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 3981, "line_end": 3981, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0106", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "Pr = kA (T, - T2) (TV + T*T2 + 7\\7y + 7y);", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 3997, "line_end": 3997, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0107", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "Pr = 4 kAT* (T, - T), (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 4000, "line_end": 4000, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0108", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "temperature rise, as long as the latter is moderate, equation (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 4013, "line_end": 4013, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0109", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "stationary air A^ reaches values as high as fct = 25 X 10~12 to", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 4016, "line_end": 4016, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0110", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "50 X 10~12.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 4017, "line_end": 4017, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-027", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 27, "caption": "fore, increase enormously with the increase of temperature. FIG. 27. With bodies in a vacuum, the radiation power is the power input and this above law can be used to calculate the tempera-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 4062, "line_end": 4062, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-028", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 28, "caption": "weight, exhibit a periodicity in their properties which permits FIG. 28. a systematic study of their properties. In diagram Fig. 28 the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 4310, "line_end": 4310, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-029", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 29, "caption": "\\\\ FIG. 29. power required to maintain the temperature is correspondingly less, hence the efficiency is the same and merely a larger radiator", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 4741, "line_end": 4741, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-030", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 30, "caption": "where colored radiation or luminescence is present. Thus the FIG. 30. radiation given by the interior of a closed body of uniform tem- perature ceases to be black body radiation if the interior is filled", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 4923, "line_end": 4923, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE V. TEMPERATURE RADIATION. 34. The most common method of producing radiation is by impressing heat energy upon a body and thereby raising its tem- perature. Up to a short time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a body by the transformation of chemical energy, that is, by combustion, and in later years by the trans- formation of electric energy, as in the arc and incandescent lamp. With increasing temperature of a body the radiation from the body increases. Thus, also, the power which is required to main- tain the body at constant temperature increases with increase of temperature. In a vacuum (as approximately in the incandes- cent lamp) , where heat conduction and heat convection from the radiating body is", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE V. TEMPERATURE RADIATION. 34. The most common method of producing radiation is by impressing heat energy upon a body and thereby raising its tem- perature. Up to a short time ago this was the only method avail- able for the production of artificial light. The temperature is raised by heating a bod ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... rresponding to a specific consumption of 2.5 to 2.6 watts per candle power, with very little blackening. These metal- lized carbon filament lamps exhibit characteristics similar to the metal filament lamps; their life is largely limited by breakage and not by blackening. Whether hereby the possibilities of carbon are exhausted or still more stable forms of carbon will be found, which permit raising the filament temperature as near to the boiling point of carbon as the temperature of the wolfram filament is to its melt- ing point * and thereby reach ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... on give the same radiation curve; that is, the same distribution of intensity as function of the frequency and thus the same fraction of visible to total radia- tion, that is, the same efficiency of light production. If T is the absolute temperature in deg. cent, and lw the wave length of radiation, the power radiated at wave length /„, and temperature T1 by normal temperature radiation is : b P (IJ = c,Alw % ^ , (Wien's law) ; or' r • i. * r1 P (U = c,Alw a\\e V-l\\ (Planck's law) ; TEMPERATURE RADIATION. 75 where a = 5 for normal temperatu ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-06", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "title": "Luminescence", "label": "Lecture 6: Luminescence", "slug": "lecture-06", "location": "lines 5077-6608", "line_start": 5077, "line_end": 6608, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 10895, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 203, "dielectricity": 15, "waves-lines": 15, "alternating-current": 10, "fields": 5, "impedance-reactance": 4, "transients": 4, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 81, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 59, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "luminescence", "label": "Luminescence", "count": 47, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 32, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 17, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ultraviolet", "label": "Ultra-violet radiation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ultra-violet", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ultra-red", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 37, "figure_count": 13, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0137", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "in carbon bisulphide, CS2, which ignites spontaneously at about", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5168, "line_end": 5168, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0138", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "45. Industrially this is the most important form of lumines-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5293, "line_end": 5293, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0139", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "spheres of a diameter 1.5 or more times their distance, with", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5402, "line_end": 5402, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0140", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "I have two needle-shaped terminals, 5 cm. distant from each other,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5437, "line_end": 5437, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0141", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "If the Geissler tube has a considerable diameter, 3 to 5 cm.,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5450, "line_end": 5450, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0142", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "less luminous spaces, about as shown in Fig. 32. The distance", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5461, "line_end": 5461, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0143", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "distances of 10 cm. and over very closely 4000 volts effective", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5488, "line_end": 5488, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0144", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "alternating per cm. (10,000 volts per inch) are required (a 2-cm.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5489, "line_end": 5489, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-031", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 31, "caption": "one, the other from the other terminal. They are stationary FIG. 31. only if the gas pressure is perfectly constant, but separate and contract with the slightest change of pressure, hence are almost", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5467, "line_end": 5467, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-032", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 32, "caption": "II II FIG. 32. decreasing gas pressure the voltage consumed in the space be-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5499, "line_end": 5499, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-033", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 33, "caption": "and you see the striated Geissler discharge through mercury FIG. 33. vapor appear between terminals 2 and 3, giving the green light> of the mercury spectrum. The terminals are quiet, as they do", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5680, "line_end": 5680, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-034", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 34, "caption": "3J=10 OHMS FIG. 34. and the spectrum of the arc is the spectrum of the negative ter- minal. An exception herefrom, occurs only in those cases in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5719, "line_end": 5719, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-035", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 35, "caption": "tendency exists of shifting the starting point, and the arc becomes FIG. 35. LUMINESCENCE.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5836, "line_end": 5836, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-036", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 36, "caption": "lished by the vapor stream coming from the negative. Thus the FIG. 36. arc can be started by merely starting a conducting vapor stream from the negative, as by an auxiliary arc. As soon as this con-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5860, "line_end": 5860, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-037", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 37, "caption": "draw it out until the arc flame wraps itself all around terminal FIG. 37. B} but the arc does not transfer. I even insert 10 ohms resist- ance rl in series with C (Fig. 37), so that the voltage AB is about", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5898, "line_end": 5898, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-038", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 38, "caption": "ws FIG. 38. negative, that is, at a higher potential difference and a shorter distance against A than B is. I even hold C for some time in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 5941, "line_end": 5941, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE VI. LUMINESCENCE. 43. All methods of producing radiation, and more particularly light, other than the temperature radiation or incandescence, are generally comprised by the name luminescence. Some special cases of luminescence have already been discussed in the phe- nomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence, represented by the conversion of the radiation absorbed by a body into radiation of a different wave length. Usually luminescence at ordinary temperature, or at moderate temperatures, that is, temperatures below incandescence, is called fluorescence or phosphorescence. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Fluorescence is the production of radiation from the energy supplied to and absorbed by the fluorescent body, while phos- phorescence is the production of radiation from the energy stored in the phosphorescent body. This energy may be derived from internal changes in the body, as slow combustion, or may have been", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE VI. LUMINESCENCE. 43. All methods of producing radiation, and more particularly light, other than the temperature radiation or incandescence, are generally comprised by the name luminescence. Some special cases of luminescence have already been discussed in the phe- nomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence, represented by the c ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... s origin, that is, the mechanism of light production by the firefly, etc., is still unknown. When splitting a sheet of mica, or shaking a well-exhausted tube containing mercury, flashes of light are seen in the darkness. This, however, is not real phosphorescence but due to electrostatic flashes of frictional electricity. The light given by fluorescence and phosphorescence of solids or liquids, gives a continuous spectrum, that is, is a mixture of all frequencies, just as is the case with temperature radiation; it differs, however, from temperature radiati ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... descence, are generally comprised by the name luminescence. Some special cases of luminescence have already been discussed in the phe- nomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence, represented by the conversion of the radiation absorbed by a body into radiation of a different wave length. Usually luminescence at ordinary temperature, or at moderate temperatures, that is, temperatures below incandescence, is called fluorescence or phosphorescence. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. Fluorescence is the production of radiation from the energy supplie ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... rgy of phos- phorescent radiation is supplied by the energy of chemical change in the body — as with yellow phosphorus — obviously the phosphorescence persists as long as these chemical changes can occur. The different forms of luminescence may be distinguished by the character of the energy which is converted into radiation. The conversion of radiation energy into radiation of different wave length, either immediately, or after storage in the body, thus may be called radio-fluorescence and radio-phosphorescence. It was discussed in Lecture II. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-07", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "title": "Flames As Illuminants", "label": "Lecture 7: Flames As Illuminants", "slug": "lecture-07", "location": "lines 6609-7140", "line_start": 6609, "line_end": 7140, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3110, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 69 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 39, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 23, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "luminescence", "label": "Luminescence", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ultraviolet", "label": "Ultra-violet radiation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ultra-violet", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 16, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0174", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "Thus methane, CH4, does not give a luminous flame, since it con-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 6663, "line_end": 6663, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0175", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "carbon atom. Ethane, C2H6, with a = 3, still gives a luminous", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 6879, "line_end": 6879, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0176", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "side, the gasolene flame, a = 2.33, is slightly smoky. However,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 6881, "line_end": 6881, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0177", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "flame of the parafnne candle a = 2.08 is still smokeless but", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 6885, "line_end": 6885, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0178", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "J in. or less diameter, even acetylene, a = 1, gives smokeless", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 6887, "line_end": 6887, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0179", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "gives smokeless flames even up to b = 50, or one carbon atom", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 6893, "line_end": 6893, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0180", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "to two hydrocarbon atoms, a = 2.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 6894, "line_end": 6894, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0181", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "Thus kerosene, which, due to its high carbon content a = 2.14,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 6896, "line_end": 6896, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE VII. FLAMES AS ILLUMINANTS. 56. Two main classes of illuminants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemical energy of combustion, almost exclusively hydrocarbon flames are used, as the gas flame, the candle, the oil lamp, the gasolene and kerosene lamp, etc.; that is, compounds of hydrogen and carbon or of hydrogen, carbon and some oxygen are burned. The hydrogen, H, com- bines with the oxygen, 0, of the air to water vapor, H20, and the carbon, C, with the oxygen of the air, to carbon dioxide, C02; or, if the air", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE VII. FLAMES AS ILLUMINANTS. 56. Two main classes of illuminants exist: those producing radiation by the conversion of the chemical energy of com- bustion— the flames — and those deriving the energy of radia- tion from electric energy — the incandescent lamp and the arc lamp, and other less frequently used electric illuminants. Flames. To produce light from the chemic ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-08", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "title": "Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "label": "Lecture 8: Arc Lamps And Arc Lighting", "slug": "lecture-08", "location": "lines 7141-8510", "line_start": 7141, "line_end": 8510, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 8747, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "fields", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 115, "impedance-reactance": 18, "alternating-current": 16, "fields": 14, "magnetism": 11, "ether": 5, "transients": 4, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 80, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 49, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 18, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 17, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 86, "figure_count": 6, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0190", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "62. The voltage consumed by an arc, at constant current,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7147, "line_end": 7147, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0191", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "intersect in a point which lies at I = — 0.125 cm. = — 0.05 in.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7199, "line_end": 7199, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0192", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "and e = 30 volts; that is, the voltage consumed by the arc", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7200, "line_end": 7200, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0193", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "consists of a part, e0 = 30 (for the magnetite arc), which is con-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7201, "line_end": 7201, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0194", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "the arc length plus a small quantity, 1L= 0.125 (for the magne-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7209, "line_end": 7209, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0195", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "tite arc): e^ = \\(l + 0.125), and depends upon the current,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7210, "line_end": 7210, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0196", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "magnetite arc, for I = 0.3, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 cm. = 0.125, 0.5, 1 and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7220, "line_end": 7220, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0197", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "stant part, e0 = 30 volts, which apparently represents the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7222, "line_end": 7222, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-045", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 45, "caption": "1 0 FIG. 45. arc length, I, we get tor every value of current, i, a practically straight line, as shown for the magnetite arc in Fig. 45, for values", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7181, "line_end": 7181, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-047", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 47, "caption": "1J5 IN. FIG. 47. lengths, however, the observed values of voltage drop below the straight line, as shown in Fig. 47, and converge towards a", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7364, "line_end": 7364, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-049", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 49, "caption": "arc. Thus comparing in Fig. 49 a 1-in. carbon arc A with a FIG. 49. 0.5-in. carbon arc B, the former requires, at 5 amperes, 112 volts and 560 watts, the latter only 84 volts and 420 watts,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7635, "line_end": 7635, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-050", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 50, "caption": "154 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. FIG. 50. FIG. 51a.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 7964, "line_end": 7964, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-052", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 52, "caption": "70. With the luminous arc, in which the light is proportional FIG. 52. 158", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8127, "line_end": 8127, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-054", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 54, "caption": "\\r FIG. 54. ous height follow each other. Thus with an average arc volt- age of 75, momentary peaks of 85 volts will probably be reached", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8224, "line_end": 8224, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE VIII. ARC LAMPS AND ARC LIGHTING. Volt- Ampere Characteristics of the Arc. 62. The voltage consumed by an arc, at constant current, increases with increase of arc length, and very closely propor- tional thereto. Plotting the arc voltage, e, as function of the 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 00 80 70 60 50 '40 30 20 10 I.fi6 0[5 25 1 0 FIG. 45. arc length, I, we get tor every value of current, i, a practically straight line, as shown for the magnetite arc in Fig. 45, for values of current of 1, 2, 4 and 8 amperes. These lines are steeper 137 138 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. for smaller currents, that is, low-current arcs consume a higher voltage for the same length than high-current arcs, the in-", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE VIII. ARC LAMPS AND ARC LIGHTING. Volt- Ampere Characteristics of the Arc. 62. The voltage consumed by an arc, at constant current, increases with increase of arc length, and very closely propor- tional thereto. Plotting the arc voltage, e, as function of the 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... by the arc and the steadying device increases with increase of current, and pulsations of current thus limit themselves. All arc lamps for use on constant voltage supply thus contain a sufficiently high steadying resistance, or, in alternating-current circuits, a steadying reactance. Arc lamps for use on constant-current circuits, that is, cir- cuits in which the current is kept constant by the source of power supply, as the constant-current transformer or the arc machine, require no steadying resistance or reactance. 152 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUM ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "LECTURE VIII. ARC LAMPS AND ARC LIGHTING. Volt- Ampere Characteristics of the Arc. 62. The voltage consumed by an arc, at constant current, increases with increase of arc length, and very closely propor- tional thereto. Plotting the arc voltage, e, as function of the 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 00 80 70 60 50 ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... t of the constant-current transformer to direct current without requiring moving machinery. The Brush machine in its principle essentially is a quarter- phase constant-current alternator with rectifying commutator. An alternator of low armature reaction and strong magnetic field regulates for constant potential: the change of armature reaction, resulting from a change of load, has little effect on the field and thereby on the terminal voltage, if the armature reaction is low. An alternator of very high armature reaction and weak field, however, regu ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-09", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "title": "Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "label": "Lecture 9: Measurement Of Light And Radiation", "slug": "lecture-09", "location": "lines 8511-9388", "line_start": 8511, "line_end": 9388, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6669, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism", "waves-lines", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 265, "magnetism": 21, "waves-lines": 11, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 143, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 70, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 39, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "photometry", "label": "Photometry", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light-flux-density", "label": "Light flux density", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "flux of light", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "light flux density", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "mechanical equivalent of light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ultra-red", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ultra-violet", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 15, "figure_count": 6, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0276", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8514, "line_end": 8514, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0277", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "of resistance of 1 in a million and, with very sensitive measure-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8541, "line_end": 8541, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0278", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "1 deg. cent, produces a resistance change of about 0.4 per cent,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8543, "line_end": 8543, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0279", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "logical effect exerted on the human eye by 5 sq. mm. of melting", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8618, "line_end": 8618, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0280", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "as a calibrated or standardized 16-cp. incandescent lamp, and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8716, "line_end": 8716, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0281", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "L -T- S = x2 -T- 7/2, where x and y are the two distances of the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8720, "line_end": 8720, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0282", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "where i0 is the illumination or light flux density when using", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9037, "line_end": 9037, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0283", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "81. Since light is a physiological effect, the measurement of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9040, "line_end": 9040, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-055", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 55, "caption": "as shown diagrammatically in its simplest form in Fig. 55, the FIG. 55. two white screens A and B are illuminated, the one, A, by the light, L, which is to be tested, the other, B, by the standard S,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8712, "line_end": 8712, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-057", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 57, "caption": "accuracy. FIG. 57. 78. When comparing lamps giving light of the same color, as incandescent lamps of the same filament temperature, that is,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8797, "line_end": 8797, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-058", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 58, "caption": "MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 175 FIG. 58. the photometer may be used as far as it agrees with the lumi-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 8928, "line_end": 8928, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-059", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 59, "caption": "Fig. 59, is the distribution curve in one meridian, it is the same FIG. 59. in every other meridian, and for photometric test of the illumi- nant it is sufficient to measure the light intensities in one merid-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9197, "line_end": 9197, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-060", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 60, "caption": "the former, giving a horizontal or equatorial distribution of FIG. 60. light intensity about as shown in Fig. 60. In this case the horizontal distribution curve may also be determined photo-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9242, "line_end": 9242, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-061", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 61, "caption": "side — minimum — intensity. Such curves are shown in Fig. 61. FIG. 61. This, however, carried out for every angle in the meridian, makes arc-light photometry rather laborious, especially as", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9306, "line_end": 9306, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE IX. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such by converting the energy of radiation into some other form of energy, as, for instance, into heat, and measuring the latter. Thus a beam of radiation may be measured by having it impinge on one contact of a thermo-couple, of which the other contact is maintained at constant temperature. A galvanom- eter in the circuit of this thermo-couple thus measures the voltage produced by the difference of temperature of the two contacts of the thermo-couple, and in this manner the temper- ature rise produced by the energy of the incident beam of radia- tion is observed. Probably the most sensitive method of measuring even very small amounts of radiation is the bolometer. The beam of the radiation", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE IX. MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT AND RADIATION. 74. Since radiation is energy, it can be measured as such by converting the energy of radiation into some other form of energy, as, for instance, into heat, and measuring the latter. Thus a beam of radiation may be measured by having it impinge on one conta ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... AND RADIATION. 177 nometer, can be secured by using gray print on white back- ground, and lights of different colors thereby compared over a wide range of illuminations. With a luminometer chart of gray letters, of albedo a, on white background, the illumination or light flux density, at which the luminometer readings are made as described above, is: where i0 is the illumination or light flux density when using black print on white background. 81. Since light is a physiological effect, the measurement of this effect requires a physiological ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... e temper- ature rise produced by the energy of the incident beam of radia- tion is observed. Probably the most sensitive method of measuring even very small amounts of radiation is the bolometer. The beam of the radiation (or after dissolving the beam into a spectrum, the wave length of which the power is to be measured) impinges upon a narrow and thin strip of metal, as platinum, and thereby raises its temperature by conversion of the radiation energy into heat. A rise of temperature, however, produces a rise of electric resistance, and the latte ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... arts still much more from that of the tungsten lamp. Instead of amyl acetate, pentane has been used and is still used. It gives a somewhat whiter flame, but the pentane lamp is not as constant. However, the Hefner lamp, while universally used as pri- mary standard, is altogether too inconvenient for general pho- tometric use, and, for this purpose, usually incandescent lamps are employed which have been compared with, and standard- ized by, the Hefner lamp. In reality, from these standard incandescent lamps, by comparison, other incandescent lamps ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-09.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-09.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-10", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "title": "Light Flux And Distribution", "label": "Lecture 10: Light Flux And Distribution", "slug": "lecture-10", "location": "lines 9389-12573", "line_start": 9389, "line_end": 12573, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 7958, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism", "complex-quantities", "fields", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 250, "magnetism": 124, "complex-quantities": 4, "fields": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 205, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 24, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 21, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 15, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "refraction", "label": "Refraction", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 15, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "flux of light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 10, "figure_count": 25, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0291", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "4 it lumens (since the area at unit distance from a point is the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9409, "line_end": 9409, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0292", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "the downward beam would be given by (f> = 0, the horizontal", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9472, "line_end": 9472, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0293", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "beam by ^ = 90 deg., and the upward beam by = 180 deg.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9473, "line_end": 9473, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0294", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "(<£ = 90 deg.) covers a zone of 2 rn circumference, while the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9497, "line_end": 9497, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0295", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "intensity in any other direction (f> covers a zone of 2 rn sin ", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9498, "line_end": 9498, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0296", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "dA = 2 n sin", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9546, "line_end": 9546, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-eq-candidate-0297", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "original_form": "= 27r/sind(/>.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 9559, "line_end": 9559, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-062", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 62, "caption": "is: FIG. 62. = 27r/sin FIG. 70. FIG. 71.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 10274, "line_end": 10274, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-071", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 71, "caption": "FIG. 70. FIG. 71. In Fig. 72 is plotted the intensity distribution in the meridian", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 10277, "line_end": 10277, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE X. LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. 86. The light flux of an illuminant is its total radiation power, in physiological measure. It therefore is the useful output of the illuminant, and the efficiency of an illuminant thus is the ratio of the total light flux divided by the power input. In general, the distribution of the light flux throughout space is not uniform, but the light-flux density is different in different directions from an illuminant. Unit light-flux density is the light-flux density which gives the physiological effect of one candle at unit distance. The unit of light flux, or the lumen, is the light flux passing through unit surface at unit light-flux density. The unit of light inten- sity, or one candle, thus gives, if the light-flux distribution is uniform in all directions, unit flux", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE X. LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. 86. The light flux of an illuminant is its total radiation power, in physiological measure. It therefore is the useful output of the illuminant, and the efficiency of an illuminant thus is the ratio of the total light flux divided by the power input. ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "LECTURE X. LIGHT FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION. 86. The light flux of an illuminant is its total radiation power, in physiological measure. It therefore is the useful output of the illuminant, and the efficiency of an illuminant thus is the ratio of the total light flux divided by the power input. In ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... IBUTION. 187 The distribution of light flux or of intensity is never uniform, and the investigation of intensity distribution of the light flux thus necessary. The distribution of the light intensity of an illuminant de- pends upon the shape of the radiator and upon the objects surrounding it; that is, the distribution of the light flux issuing from the radiator depends on the shape of the radiator, but is more or less modified by shadows cast by surrounding objects, by refraction, diffraction, diffusion in surrounding objects, etc. The most c ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... 5.44 4.88 4.98 90 0 0.75 1.37 2.00 5.51 4.94 4.94 100 0.39 1.00 110 0 09 0 07 120 0 0.04 130 0 02 140 0 005 150 0 77. SHADOWS. 93. The radiator of an illuminant can rarely be arranged so that no opaque bodies exist in its field of light flux and obstruct some light, that is, cast shadows. As the result of shadows, the distribution of intensity of the illuminant differs more or less from that of its radiator, and the total light flux is less. The most common form of shadow is the round shadow sym- ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-11", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "title": "Light Intensity And Illumination", "label": "Lecture 11: Light Intensity And Illumination", "slug": "lecture-11", "location": "lines 12574-16484", "line_start": 12574, "line_end": 16484, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4890, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 296, "magnetism": 39, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 142, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 140, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 14, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 16, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "flux of light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 16, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-095", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 95, "caption": "a horizontal plane P, then, for a point A at the horizontal dis- FIG. 95. tance lh from the lamp, L (that is, the distance lh from the point", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 12627, "line_end": 12627, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-096", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 96, "caption": "230 RADIATION, LIGHT, AND ILLUMINATION. FIG. 96. FIG. 97,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 12973, "line_end": 12973, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-098", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 98, "caption": "side illumination, and are rounded off where the branches join. FIG. 98. Fig. 99 gives the intensity curves for the same angles, w = 30,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 13427, "line_end": 13427, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-099", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 99, "caption": "45, 60, and 75 deg., for uniform illumination only in the hori- FIG. 99. zontal plane beneath the lamp, but no illumination beyond", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 13434, "line_end": 13434, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-100", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 100, "caption": "candle power: FIG. 100. I. The direct-current enclosed carbon arc, with clear inner", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 14004, "line_end": 14004, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-101", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 101, "caption": "08 0,4 06 08 10 12 It 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 FIG. 101. curve of the character discussed in Fig. 92. III. The magnetite", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 14030, "line_end": 14030, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-102", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 102, "caption": "105. With lamps placed at equal distances 4o, and equal FIG. 102. heights lv, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 102, the illumina- tion of any point A of the street surface is due to the light flux", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 14060, "line_end": 14060, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-107", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 107, "caption": "lamp. Such a distribution curve can, for instance, be produced FIG. 107. by a spiral filament F (Fig. 108) located eccentric in a spher- ical globe G, of which the upper part is clear glass and covered", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 14597, "line_end": 14597, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE XI. LIGHT INTENSITY AND ILLUMINATION. A. INTENSITY CURVES FOR UNIFORM ILLUMINATION. 102. The distribution of the light flux in space, and thus the illumination, depends on the location of the light sources, and on their distribution curves. The character of the required illumi- nation depends on the purpose for which it is used: a general illumination of low and approximately uniform intensity for street lighting; a general illumination of uniform high intensity in meeting rooms, etc.; a local illumination of fairly high intensity at the reading-table, work bench, etc. ; or combinations thereof, as, in domestic lighting, a general illumination of moderate inten- sity, combined with a local illumination of high intensity. Even the local illumination, however, within the illuminated area usually should be as uniform as possible, and the study of the requirements", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE XI. LIGHT INTENSITY AND ILLUMINATION. A. INTENSITY CURVES FOR UNIFORM ILLUMINATION. 102. The distribution of the light flux in space, and thus the illumination, depends on the location of the light sources, and on their distribution curves. The character of the required illumi- na ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "LECTURE XI. LIGHT INTENSITY AND ILLUMINATION. A. INTENSITY CURVES FOR UNIFORM ILLUMINATION. 102. The distribution of the light flux in space, and thus the illumination, depends on the location of the light sources, and on their distribution curves. The character of the required illumi- nation depends on the purpose for which it is used: a general illumination of low and approximately uniform intensity fo ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... 7, of the beam reaching this point, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance I of the point from the effective center of the light source : If the beam of light makes the angle with the vertical direction, the illumination, i, is thus in the direction , the horizontal illumination, that is, the illumination of a horizontal plane (as the surface of a table), is , 7cos< , ih = i cos 0 = 226 LIGHT INTENSITY AND ILLUMINATION. 227 and the vertical illumination, that is, the illumination of a vertical plane (as the sid ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-12", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "title": "Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "label": "Lecture 12: Illumination And Illuminating Engineering", "slug": "lecture-12", "location": "lines 16485-17445", "line_start": 16485, "line_end": 17445, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 8113, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism", "fields", "ether", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 463, "magnetism": 112, "fields": 10, "ether": 6, "waves-lines": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 297, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 154, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 25, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light-flux-density", "label": "Light flux density", "count": 13, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 25, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 21, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "light flux density", "count": 13, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "flux of light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE XII. ILLUMINATION AND ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING. 110. Artificial light is used for the purpose of seeing and distinguishing objects clearly and comfortably when the day- light fails. The problem of artificial lighting thus comprises con- sideration of the source of light or the illuminant; the flux of light issuing from it; the distribution of the light flux in space, that is, the light flux density in space and more particularly at the illuminated objects; the illumination, that is, the light flux density reflected from the illuminated objects, and the effect produced thereby on the human eye. In the latter, we have left the field of physics and entered the realm of physiology, which is not as amenable to exact experimental determination, and where our knowledge thus is far more limited than in physical science. This", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE XII. ILLUMINATION AND ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING. 110. Artificial light is used for the purpose of seeing and distinguishing objects clearly and comfortably when the day- light fails. The problem of artificial lighting thus comprises con- sideration of the source of light or the illuminant; th ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ND ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING. 110. Artificial light is used for the purpose of seeing and distinguishing objects clearly and comfortably when the day- light fails. The problem of artificial lighting thus comprises con- sideration of the source of light or the illuminant; the flux of light issuing from it; the distribution of the light flux in space, that is, the light flux density in space and more particularly at the illuminated objects; the illumination, that is, the light flux density reflected from the illuminated objects, and the effect produce ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... x in space, that is, the light flux density in space and more particularly at the illuminated objects; the illumination, that is, the light flux density reflected from the illuminated objects, and the effect produced thereby on the human eye. In the latter, we have left the field of physics and entered the realm of physiology, which is not as amenable to exact experimental determination, and where our knowledge thus is far more limited than in physical science. This then constitutes one of the main difficulties of the art of illuminating engineering: ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... wever, does not end here, but with the same objective illumination, that is, the same distribution of light flux throughout the entire illuminated area, as measured by photometer, the illumination may be very satisfactory, or it may be entirely unsatisfactory, depending on whether the physio- logical requirements are satisfied or are violated ; and very often we find illuminations which seem entirely unsatisfactory, tiring, or uncomfortable, but when judged by the density and the distribution of the light flux, should be satisfactory. Even numerous c ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/radiation-light-and-illumination/cleaned_text/lecture-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/radiation-light-and-illumination/lecture-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/radiationlightil00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/radiation-light-and-illumination/raw/radiation-light-and-illumination-1909-ia-scan.pdf" } }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-lecture-13", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "source_title": "Radiation, Light and Illumination", "year": 1909, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "title": "Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "label": "Lecture 13: Physiological Problems Of Illuminating Engineering", "slug": "lecture-13", "location": "lines 17446-17956", "line_start": 17446, "line_end": 17956, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3965, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 228, "magnetism": 33, "fields": 7 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 146, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 76, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light-flux-density", "label": "Light flux density", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "light flux density", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 6, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-122", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 122, "caption": "M/w///^^^^^ FIG. 122. face of the ground and A a flat circular shade at distance I above the ground, the intensity distribution of the light in plane P is as", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 17594, "line_end": 17594, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-123", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 123, "caption": "from directed to diffused light. Thus, no sharp dividing line FIG. 123. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS. 281", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 17626, "line_end": 17626, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-124", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 124, "caption": "combining A and B by the parallelogram law. FIG. 124. FIG. 125.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 17831, "line_end": 17831, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-125", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 125, "caption": "FIG. 124. FIG. 125. In some respects the action of the two separate flux densities", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 17834, "line_end": 17834, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-126", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 126, "caption": "nator mn. The actual illumination as shown in Fig. 127 gives a FIG. 126. FIG. 127.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "line_start": 17879, "line_end": 17879, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "radiation-light-and-illumination-fig-127", "source_id": "radiation-light-and-illumination", "figure_number": 127, "caption": "FIG. 126. FIG. 127. black segment of angle _ _1_ .", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 720, "line_end": 720, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "An instance of the second case is the pendulum, Fig. 6 : with the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 808, "line_end": 808, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-001", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 1, "caption": "G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we connect in some more", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 472, "line_end": 472, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-003", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 3, "caption": "permanent condition corresponding to the closed switch can occur, Fig. 3. the stored energy has to be supplied from the source of power; that is, for a short time power, in supplying the stored energy, flows not", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 549, "line_end": 549, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-006", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 6, "caption": "changes between potential gravitational and kinetic mechanical Fig. 6. Double-energy Transient", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 829, "line_end": 829, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we connect in some more lights, or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i', and possibly different voltages e1 '; but again i' and e' are per- manent, that is, remain the same as", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. i. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient, phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... isconnect some of the load, we get a different current i', and possibly different voltages e1 '; but again i' and e' are per- manent, that is, remain the same as long as the circuit remains unchanged. Let, however, in Fig. 2, a direct-current generator G be connected to an electrostatic condenser C. Before the switch S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage gi ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A , there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \"dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, there ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ated, the rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A , there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \"dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-02", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "title": "The Electric Field", "label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "slug": "lecture-02", "location": "lines 883-1530", "line_start": 883, "line_end": 1530, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2138, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 101, "magnetism": 98, "dielectricity": 71, "waves-lines": 8, "lightning-surges": 4, "complex-quantities": 3, "ether": 3, "radiation-light": 2, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 34, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "p = e'i. (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 954, "line_end": 954, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": ":' ; (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 969, "line_end": 969, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0009", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "w = T (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 988, "line_end": 988, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0010", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "9. Exactly analogous relations exist in the dielectric field.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 996, "line_end": 996, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0011", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "f = Ce. (6)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1002, "line_end": 1002, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0012", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "p = i'e. (7)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1008, "line_end": 1008, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0013", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "i' = C^. (9)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1027, "line_end": 1027, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0014", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "w=j*pdt, (10)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1035, "line_end": 1035, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductors, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... e A into a receiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ceiving circuit L. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by conversion into heat, repre- sented by i?r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force . With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as show ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... lity factor, L, which is called the inductance of the circuit. = Li. (1) The magnetic field represents stored energy w. To produce it, power, p, must therefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage, p = e'i. (2) 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. To produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage ef must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gives the power p, which supplies the stored energy w of the magnetic field . This voltage er is called the inductance voltage, or volt ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-03", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "slug": "lecture-03", "location": "lines 1531-2161", "line_start": 1531, "line_end": 2161, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2569, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "transients", "fields", "waves-lines", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 68, "transients": 55, "fields": 15, "waves-lines": 10, "lightning-surges": 8, "dielectricity": 6 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 35, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0041", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "charge of the Leyden jar. Fig 10._Magnetie Single.energy", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1564, "line_end": 1564, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0042", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "a magnetic field $0 10~8 = - - interlinks with the coil. Assuming", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1577, "line_end": 1577, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0043", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "11 A, the flux is constant and denoted by $0 up to the moment of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1595, "line_end": 1595, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0044", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "Fig. 11. — Characteristics of Magnetic Single-energy Transient.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1598, "line_end": 1598, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0045", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "CQ up to t0, and drops to 0 at t0. However, since after t0 a current", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1606, "line_end": 1606, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0046", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 21", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1613, "line_end": 1613, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0047", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "the initial current i0 times the inductance L:", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1650, "line_end": 1650, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0048", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "Zet = w£010-8 = LiQ. (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 1653, "line_end": 1653, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... its, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductanc ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between seve ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... its, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, al ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... oil of resistance r and inductance L (but negligible capacity). A current iQ = — flows through the coil and a magnetic field $0 10~8 = - - interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage e0 is suddenly withdrawn, without changing 19 20 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the constants of the coil circuit, as for instance by short- circuiting the terminals of the coil, as indicated at A, with no voltage impressed upon the coil, and thus no power supplied to it, current i and magnetic flux <£ of the coil must finally be zero. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-04", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "slug": "lecture-04", "location": "lines 2162-2971", "line_start": 2162, "line_end": 2971, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5396, "top_themes": [ "fields", "transients", "magnetism", "waves-lines", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 142, "transients": 133, "magnetism": 57, "waves-lines": 41, "radiation-light": 33, "impedance-reactance": 17, "lightning-surges": 11, "alternating-current": 3, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 31, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 62, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0076", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "graph 13, that is, with a duration T = — -", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2186, "line_end": 2186, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0077", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "t'i, in Fig. 15 A, the conditions be changed, at the moment t = 0,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2194, "line_end": 2194, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0078", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "so as to produce the current i2. The instantaneous value of the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2195, "line_end": 2195, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0079", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "current ii at the moment t = 0 can be considered as consisting", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2196, "line_end": 2196, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0080", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "of the instantaneous value of the permanent current i2, shown", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2197, "line_end": 2197, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0081", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "Fig. 15. — Single-energy Transient of Alternating-current Circuit.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2220, "line_end": 2220, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0082", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "or 90 degrees distant from the intersection of i\\ and 12, as shown", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2229, "line_end": 2229, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0083", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "Fig. 16. — Single-energy Starting Transient of Alternating-current Circuit.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2252, "line_end": 2252, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-025", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 25, "caption": "frequency, and as the result an increase of voltage and a distor- tion of the quadrature phase occurs, as shown in the oscillogram Fig. 25. Various momentary short-circuit phenomena are illustrated by the oscillograms Figs. 26 to 28.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 2904, "line_end": 2904, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, corresponding to the conditions after the change, and a transient current, which connects the current value before the change with that brought about by the change. That is, if i\\ = current existing in the circuit immediately before, and thus at the moment of the change of circuit condition, and i% = current which should exist at the moment", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... aneous values of the resultant currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. As ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the c ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ore gradually decreases in the manner as discussed in para- graph 13, that is, with a duration T = — - The permanent current i2 may be continuous, or alternating, or may be a changing current, as a transient of long duration, etc. The same reasoning applies to the voltage, magnetic flux, etc. Thus, let, in an alternating-current circuit traversed by current t'i, in Fig. 15 A, the conditions be changed, at the moment t = 0, so as to produce the current i2. The instantaneous value of the current ii at the moment t = 0 can be considered as consisting of ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... n Fig. 15B, and is a maximum, if the change occurs at the moment when the two currents i\\ and iz have the greatest difference, that is, at a point one-quarter period or 90 degrees distant from the intersection of i\\ and 12, as shown in Fig. 15C. 32 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. If the current ii is zero, we get the starting of the alternating current in an inductive circuit, as shown in Figs. 16, A, B, C. The starting transient is zero, if the circuit is closed at the moment when the permanent current would be zero (Fig. 16B), and ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-05", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "title": "Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Transient Of Ironclad Circuit", "slug": "lecture-05", "location": "lines 2972-3286", "line_start": 2972, "line_end": 3286, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1306, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "transients", "waves-lines", "fields", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 48, "transients": 19, "waves-lines": 12, "fields": 11, "dielectricity": 5, "alternating-current": 3, "hysteresis": 3, "lightning-surges": 3, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 30, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0138", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 53", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3014, "line_end": 3014, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0139", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "p = - = a + crOC; (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3033, "line_end": 3033, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0140", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "a component (B' = (B — 3C, which is the additional flux density", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3042, "line_end": 3042, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0141", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "density.\" With increasing 3C, (B' reaches a finite limiting value,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3044, "line_end": 3044, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0142", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "&x' = 20,000 lines per cm2. *", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3047, "line_end": 3047, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0143", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "For OC = 0 in equation (1), ^ = - ; for 3C = oo » = - ; that is,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3075, "line_end": 3075, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0144", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "in equation (1), - = initial permeability, - = saturation value of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3079, "line_end": 3079, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0145", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "iron part is given by equation (2), that of the air part is constant,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3086, "line_end": 3086, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-029", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 29, "caption": "2 3 4 5 Fig. 29. 6 seconds", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3221, "line_end": 3221, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other magnetic materials, or if the dielectric field reaches densities beyond the dielectric strength of the carrier of the field, etc. ; and the proportionality between current or voltage and their respective fields, the magnetic and the dielectric, thus ceases, or, as it may be expressed, the inductance L is not constant, but varies with the current, or the capacity is not constant, but varies with the voltage. The most important case", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding l ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... e remaining magnetizability then is (B^' — (B', and, assuming the (metallic) permeability as proportional hereto, gives and, substituting gives a, = cftco'rc^ * See \"On the Law of Hysteresis,\" Part II, A.I.E.E. Transactions, 1892, page 621. 54 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. or, substituting 1_ 1 *** / t*« ,—fc / (/ • gives equation (1). For OC = 0 in equation (1), ^ = - ; for 3C = oo » = - ; that is, uv a: cr in equation (1), - = initial permeability, - = saturation value of Oi (7 magnetic density. If the magneti ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "LECTURE V. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 22. Usually in electric circuits, current, voltage, the magnetic field and the dielectric field are proportional to each other, and the transient thus is a simple exponential, if resulting from one form of stored energy, as discussed in the preceding lectures. This, how- ever, is no longer the case if the magnetic field contains iron or other m ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-06", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "title": "Double-Energy Transients", "label": "Lecture 6: Double-Energy Transients", "slug": "lecture-06", "location": "lines 3287-3955", "line_start": 3287, "line_end": 3955, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2818, "top_themes": [ "transients", "dielectricity", "magnetism", "waves-lines", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 70, "dielectricity": 43, "magnetism": 33, "waves-lines": 26, "lightning-surges": 20, "radiation-light": 12, "impedance-reactance": 11, "fields": 8, "complex-quantities": 2, "hysteresis": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 57, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0168", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "y = i/oe T°, (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3309, "line_end": 3309, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0169", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "T0 = £, (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3323, "line_end": 3323, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0170", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "TJ = -, (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3330, "line_end": 3330, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0171", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "e = e0e~£ct. (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3346, "line_end": 3346, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0172", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "T = -°, (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3353, "line_end": 3353, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0173", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "v = v0(l-6~r}. (6)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3358, "line_end": 3358, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0174", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "'T+-2-'£ (7)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3375, "line_end": 3375, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0175", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "where t'0 = maximum transient current.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3409, "line_end": 3409, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-033", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 33, "caption": "\\ Fig. 33. hence, substituted in equation (28),", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3929, "line_end": 3929, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then always is the representation of a gradual decrease of energy. Even if the stored energy after the change of circuit conditions is greater than before, and during the transition period an increase of energy occurs, the representation still is by a decrease of the transient. This transient then is the difference between the energy storage in the permanent condition and the energy storage during the transition period. If the law of proportionality between current, voltage, magnetic flux, etc., applies, the single-energy", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE VI. DOUBLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 24. In a circuit in which energy can be stored in one form only, the change in the stored energy which can take place as the result of a change of the circuit conditions is an increase or decrease. The transient can be separated from the permanent condition, and then alw ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... on coefficient. Thus, if energy is stored by the current i, as magnetic field, T0 = £, (2) where L = inductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the vo ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... nergy occurs, the representation still is by a decrease of the transient. This transient then is the difference between the energy storage in the permanent condition and the energy storage during the transition period. If the law of proportionality between current, voltage, magnetic flux, etc., applies, the single-energy transient is a simple exponential function : j_ y = i/oe T°, (1) where ?/o = initial value of the transient, and TO = duration of the transient, that is, the time which the transient voltage, current, etc., would last if main ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ductance = coefficient of energy storage by the cur- rent, r = resistance = coefficient of power dissipation by the current. If the energy is stored by the voltage e, as dielectric field, the duration of the transient would be TJ = -, (3) s/ 59 60 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. where C = capacity = coefficient of energy storage by the volt- age, in the dielectric field, and g = conductance = coefficient of power consumption by the voltage, as leakage conductance by the voltage, corona, dielectric hysteresis, etc. Thus the transien ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-07", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "title": "Line Oscillations", "label": "Lecture 7: Line Oscillations", "slug": "lecture-07", "location": "lines 3956-4744", "line_start": 3956, "line_end": 4744, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3398, "top_themes": [ "transients", "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 62, "waves-lines": 57, "radiation-light": 28, "dielectricity": 26, "lightning-surges": 12, "impedance-reactance": 10, "fields": 4, "ether": 3, "magnetism": 3, "complex-quantities": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 18, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 76, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0225", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3959, "line_end": 3959, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0226", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3976, "line_end": 3976, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0227", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "i-0 = \\C-ZQ-yQ'", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3982, "line_end": 3982, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0228", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "ii = IQ cos ( — 7)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3992, "line_end": 3992, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0229", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "ei = e0 sin (0 — 7) l", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3995, "line_end": 3995, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0230", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "# = 2»ft (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 3998, "line_end": 3998, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0231", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "' = 27^ (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 4002, "line_end": 4002, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-eq-candidate-0232", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "original_form": "hk = e-*, (6)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 4007, "line_end": 4007, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-034", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 34, "caption": "A B Fig. 34. However, if (8) are the equations of current and voltage at a point A of a line, shown diagrammatically in Fig. 34, at any other", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 4048, "line_end": 4048, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-037", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 37, "caption": "section /i consists of 4 quarter- wave units, etc. Fig. 37. Fig. 38.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 4331, "line_end": 4331, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-038", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 38, "caption": "Fig. 37. Fig. 38. The same applies to case 1, and it thus follows that the wave", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 4334, "line_end": 4334, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximum mag- netic energy must equal the maximum dielectric energy, Lio2 _ Ceo2 \"2\" ~2~' where i0 = maximum transient current, e0 = maximum transient voltage. This gives the relation between eQ and io, e0 V/L_ 1 i-0 = \\C-ZQ-yQ' where ZQ is called the natural impedance or surge impedance, y0 the natural or surge admittance of the circuit. As the maximum of current must coincide with the zero of voltage, and inversely, if the one is represented by", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decrease ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ondenser through an in- ductive circuit. Obviously, no material difference can exist, whether the capacity and the inductance are separately massed, or whether they are intermixed, a piece of inductance and piece of capacity alternating, or uniformly distributed, as in the transmission line, cable, etc. Thus, the same equations apply to any point of the transmission line. A B Fig. 34. However, if (8) are the equations of current and voltage at a point A of a line, shown diagrammatically in Fig. 34, at any other point B, at distance I from the point A, ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... with the zero of voltage, and inversely, if the one is represented by the cosine function, the other is the sine function; hence the periodic com- ponents of the transient are ii = IQ cos ( — 7) ei = e0 sin (0 — 7) l where # = 2»ft (4) and ' = 27^ (5) is the frequency of oscillation. The transient component is hk = e-*, (6) 72 LINE OSCILLATIONS. 73 where e = — €Q sin 7 hence the total expression of transient current and voltage is i = loe-^cos (0 - 7) 6 = eoe-^sinfa - 7) 7, e0, and i.Q follow from the initial values ef and ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "LECTURE VII. LINE OSCILLATIONS. 28. In a circuit containing inductance and capacity, the tran- sient consists of a periodic component, by which the stored energy 7\" /j'2 f^ r/>2 surges between magnetic -^- and dielectric — , and a transient £i A component, by which the total stored energy decreases. Considering only the periodic component, the maximu ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-08", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "title": "Traveling Waves", "label": "Lecture 8: Traveling Waves", "slug": "lecture-08", "location": "lines 4745-5520", "line_start": 4745, "line_end": 5520, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4325, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "lightning-surges", "radiation-light", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 216, "transients": 61, "lightning-surges": 33, "radiation-light": 16, "magnetism": 6, "alternating-current": 5, "dielectricity": 5, "ether": 4, "fields": 2, "impedance-reactance": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 13, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-040", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 40, "caption": "Line Fig. 40. former, the high-tension switches are opened at the generator end of the transmission line. The energy stored magnetically and", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 4863, "line_end": 4863, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-042", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 42, "caption": "constant in the direction of propagation, as indicated by A in Fig. 42. B", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 4936, "line_end": 4936, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T co — 7), ) where 0 is the time angle, co the distance angle, u the exponential decrement, or the \"power-dissipation constant,\" and i0 and eQ the maximunl current and voltage respectively. The power flow at any point of the circuit, that is, at any dis- tance angle co, and at any time t, that is, time angle <£, then is p = ei, = e0ioe~2ut cos ( T co — 7) sin (0 =F co — 7),", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given ^by the expression i = iQe~ut cos (0 T co - 7), ) e = e0e~ut sin ( T co — 7), ) wh ..." }, { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "... in (0 =F co — 7), = ^|V2«=Fco-7), (2) and the average power flow is Po = avg p, (3) = 0. Hence, in a stationary oscillation, or standing wave of a uni- form circuit, the average flow of power, p0, is zero, and no power flows along the circuit, but there is a surge of power, of double frequency. That is, power flows first one way, during one-quarter cycle, and then in the opposite direction, during the next quarter- cycle, etc. Such a transient wave thus is analogous to the permanent wave of reactive power. As in a stationary wave, ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... =Fco-7), (2) and the average power flow is Po = avg p, (3) = 0. Hence, in a stationary oscillation, or standing wave of a uni- form circuit, the average flow of power, p0, is zero, and no power flows along the circuit, but there is a surge of power, of double frequency. That is, power flows first one way, during one-quarter cycle, and then in the opposite direction, during the next quarter- cycle, etc. Such a transient wave thus is analogous to the permanent wave of reactive power. As in a stationary wave, current and voltage are in qua ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-lecture-09", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1911, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "slug": "lecture-09", "location": "lines 5521-6088", "line_start": 5521, "line_end": 6088, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2915, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 77, "transients": 28, "dielectricity": 7, "impedance-reactance": 6, "lightning-surges": 6, "radiation-light": 5, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-054", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 54, "caption": "which it can draw in supplying power. In permanent condition the line could not add to the power, but must consume, that is, the permanent power-transmission diagram must always be like Fig. 54. Not so, as seen, with the transient of the stationary oscillation. Assume, for instance, that we reduce the power dissipation in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 5739, "line_end": 5739, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses-fig-056", "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "figure_number": 56, "caption": "Line Fig. 56. The diagram of the power of the two waves of opposite direc- tions, and of the resultant power, is shown in Fig. 57, assuming", "source_ref": { "source_id": "elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses", "line_start": 5842, "line_end": 5842, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1, 2, 3 . . . , of the respective lengths (in velocity measure) Xi, X2, X3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored energy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate u0 throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be 6-**.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previou ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the traveling wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the gene ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ion coil of the step-up transformer, the two lines, and the load. Let then Xi = length of line, X2 = length of transformer circuit, and Xs = length of load circuit, in velocity measure.* If then * If Zi = length of circuit section in any measure, and L0 = inductance, Co = capacity per unit of length Zi, then the length of the circuit in velocity measure is Xi = o-oZi, where = magnetic flux or number of lines of magnetic force, and n the number of times which each line of magnetic force interlinks with the current i. The capacity is the ratio of the dielectric flux to the voltage, where \\f/ is the dielectric flux, or number of lines of dielectric force, and e the voltage which produces it. With a single round conductor", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... nd capacity are the two circuit constants which represent the energy storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in the following. The inductance is the ratio of the interlinkages of the mag- netic flux to the current, £ = ?- (i) i/ where = magnetic flux or number of lines of magnetic force, and n the number of times which each line of magnetic force interlinks with the current i. The capacity is the ratio of the dielectric flux to the voltage, where \\f/ is the ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "LECTURE X. INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITY OF ROUND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS. A. Inductance and capacity. 43. As inductance and capacity are the two circuit constants which represent the energy storage, and which therefore are of fundamental importance in the study of transients, their calcula- tion is discussed in th ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... currents, as in a three-phase three-wire circuit, the path of the 119 'iJBLtiGTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. lines of force is still more complicated, and varies during the cyclic change of current. The calculation of such more complex magnetic and dielectric fields becomes simple, however, by the method of superposition of fields. As long as the magnetic and the dielectric flux are pro- portional respectively to the current and the voltage, — which is the case with the former in nonmagnetic materials, with the latter for all densities ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... tersecting in two points (the foci) inside of the con- ductors, as shown in Fig. 9, page 11. With more than one return conductor, and with phase displacement between the return currents, as in a three-phase three-wire circuit, the path of the 119 'iJBLtiGTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. lines of force is still more complicated, and varies during the cyclic change of current. The calculation of such more complex magnetic and dielectric fields becomes simple, however, by the method of superposition of fields. As long as the magnetic and the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/cleaned_text/lecture-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/lecture-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/elementary-lectures-electric-discharges-waves-impulses/raw/elementary-lectures-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-01", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "title": "The General Number", "label": "Chapter 1: The General Number", "slug": "chapter-01", "location": "lines 915-3491", "line_start": 915, "line_end": 3491, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 10319, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "ether", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 27, "ether": 12, "impedance-reactance": 9, "alternating-current": 7, "radiation-light": 7, "lightning-surges": 2, "magnetism": 2, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 300, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "engineering-mathematics-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "original_form": "5 + 3 = 8;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 957, "line_end": 957, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "original_form": "8-3 = 5;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 970, "line_end": 970, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "original_form": "a distance from a starting point A (Fig. 1), for instance in steps,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 995, "line_end": 995, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "original_form": "then 3 steps, from B to C, gives the distance from A to C, as", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 1002, "line_end": 1002, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "original_form": "5 steps +3 steps =8 steps;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 1005, "line_end": 1005, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "original_form": "subtract. another distance, for instance (Fig. 2),", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 1016, "line_end": 1016, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "original_form": "5 steps— 3 steps = 2 steps;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 1018, "line_end": 1018, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "original_form": "example with the horses, 5 steps -7 steps = ? We go from the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 1033, "line_end": 1033, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "engineering-mathematics-fig-005", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "figure_number": 5, "caption": "■e- FiG. 5. tance in the direction rotated 90 deg. from +2, or in quadrature", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 1635, "line_end": 1635, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-fig-006", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "figure_number": 6, "caption": "+3 Fig. 6. For instance, in problems dealing with plain geometry, as in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 1689, "line_end": 1689, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-fig-010", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "figure_number": 10, "caption": "There are therefore n different valuesof av^ + 1, which lie equidistant on a circle with radius 1, as shown for n = 9 in Fig. 10. 14. In the operation of addition, a + 6 = c, the problem is, a and 6 being given, to find c.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 1872, "line_end": 1872, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-fig-020", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "figure_number": 20, "caption": "d) — I — 1 0 (D — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — © — I — • — I O A B C Fig. 20. horses, multiplication has no physical meaning. If they repre- sent feet, the product of multiphcation has a physical meaning,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 2895, "line_end": 2895, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. THE GENERAL NUMBER. A. THE SYSTEM OF NUMBERS. Addition and Subtraction. . I. From the operation of counting and measuring arose the art of figuring, arithmetic, algebra, and finally, more or less, the entire structure of mathematics. During the development of the human race throughout the ages, which is repeated by every child during the first years of life, the first conceptions of numerical values were vague and crude: many and few, big and Httle, large and small. Later the ability to count, that is, the knowledge of numbers, developed, and last of all the ability of measuring, and even up to-day, measuring is to a considerable extent done by count- ing: steps, knots, etc. From counting arose the simplest arithmetical operation — addition. Thus we may count a bunch of horses: 1,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... then 3 steps back, from B to C, brings us to C, 2 steps away from A. 12 3 4 5 H S 1 1 ®- C B Fig. 2. Subtraction. Trying the case of subtraction which was impossible, in the example with the horses, 5 steps -7 steps = ? We go from the starting point. A, 5 steps, to J5, and then step back 7 steps; here we find that sometimes we can do it, sometimes we cannot do it; if back of the starting point A is a stone wall, we cannot step back 7 steps. If A is a chalk mark in the road, we may step back beyond it, and come to C in Fig. 3. In the latter ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... ng is to a considerable extent done by count- ing: steps, knots, etc. From counting arose the simplest arithmetical operation — addition. Thus we may count a bunch of horses: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and then count a second bunch of horses, 1, 2, 3; now put the second bunch together with the first one, into one bunch, and count them. That is, after counting the horses 2 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. of the first bunch, we continue to count those of the second bunch, thus : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-6, 7, 8; which gives addition, 5 + 3 = 8; or, in general, a- ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... lled an operator, as it carries out the operation of rotating the direction and changing the length of the multiplicand. 26. In multiplication, division and , other algebraic opera- tions with the representations of physical quantities (as alter- nating currents, voltages, impedances, etc.) by mathematical symbols, whether ordinary numbers or general numbers, it is necessary to consider whether the result of the algebraic operation, for instance, the product of two factors, has a physical meaning, and if it has a physical meaning, whether this meaning ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER I. THE GENERAL NUMBER. A. THE SYSTEM OF NUMBERS. Addition and Subtraction. . I. From the operation of counting and measuring arose the art of figuring, arithmetic, algebra, and finally, more or less, the entire structure of mathematics. During the development of the human race throughout the ages, which is repeated by every child during the f ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/engineering-mathematics/cleaned_text/chapter-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/engineering-mathematics/chapter-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/engineeringmathe00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/engineering-mathematics/raw/engineering-mathematics-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-02", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "title": "Potential Series And Exponential Function", "label": "Chapter 2: Potential Series And Exponential Function", "slug": "chapter-02", "location": "lines 3492-6063", "line_start": 3492, "line_end": 6063, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 7738, "top_themes": [ "fields", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities", "magnetism", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 35, "dielectricity": 30, "complex-quantities": 24, "magnetism": 17, "ether": 5, "radiation-light": 3, "impedance-reactance": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II. POTENTIAL SERIES AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION. A. GENERAL. 39. An expression such as y-xk w represents a fraction; that is, the result of division, and hke any fraction it can be calculated; that is, the fractional form eliminated, by dividing the numerator by the denominator, thus : l-x l = l+x + x2 + a:3 + . . . l-x x—x^ - x-—x^ -^x\\ Hence, the fraction (1) can also be expressed in the form: ( 2/=TX~^-'^\"^^ + ^^'^^'^' • • (2) This is an infinite series of successive powers of x, or a poten- tial series. In the same manner, by dividing through, the expression y^ih' ■ ^^^ can be reduced to the infinite series, y=j^ = l-x-hx^-x^+- |(4) 52 POTENTIAL SERIES AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION. 53 The infinite series (2) or (4) is", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... rent functions, until one is found which satisfies the equation. In electrical engineering, currents and voltages are dealt with as functions of time. The current and c.m.f. giving the power lost in resistance are related to each other by Ohm's law. Current also produces a magnetic field, and this magnetic field by its changes generates an e.m.f. — the e.m.f. of self- inductance. In this case, e.m.f. is related to the change of current; that is, the differential coefficient of the current, and thus also to the differential coefficient of e.m.f., since the e. ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... his case, e.m.f. is related to the change of current; that is, the differential coefficient of the current, and thus also to the differential coefficient of e.m.f., since the e.m.f. POTENTIAL SERIES AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION. 65 is related to the current by Ohm's law. In a condenser, the current and therefore, b}^ Ohm's law, the e.m.f., depends upon and is proportional to the rate of change of the e.m.f. impressed upon the condenser; that is, it is proportional to the differential coefficient of e.m.f. Therefore, in circuits having resistance and indu ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... (1) can also be expressed in the form: ( 2/=TX~^-'^\"^^ + ^^'^^'^' • • (2) This is an infinite series of successive powers of x, or a poten- tial series. In the same manner, by dividing through, the expression y^ih' ■ ^^^ can be reduced to the infinite series, y=j^ = l-x-hx^-x^+- |(4) 52 POTENTIAL SERIES AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION. 53 The infinite series (2) or (4) is another form of representa- tion of the expression (1) or (3), just as the periodic decimal fraction is another representation of the common fraction (for instance 0.6 ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... rent functions, until one is found which satisfies the equation. In electrical engineering, currents and voltages are dealt with as functions of time. The current and c.m.f. giving the power lost in resistance are related to each other by Ohm's law. Current also produces a magnetic field, and this magnetic field by its changes generates an e.m.f. — the e.m.f. of self- inductance. 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Fig. 48. In Figs. 47 and 48 are plotted the voltage wave and the current wave, from equations (9) and (14) repsectively, and", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 12041, "line_end": 12041, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-fig-049", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "figure_number": 49, "caption": "As seen from Fig. 49, the fundamental wave has practically Fig. 49. vanished, and the voltage wave is the seventh harmonic, modi-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 12109, "line_end": 12109, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-fig-057", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "figure_number": 57, "caption": "?ro (62) Fig. 57. Substituting (61) into (62) gives,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "line_start": 13829, "line_end": 13829, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER HI. TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES. A. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS. 66. For the engineer, and especially the electrical engineer, a perfect familiarity with the trigonometric functions and trigonometric formulas is almost as essential as familiarity with the multiplication table. To use trigonometric methods efficiently, it is not sufficient to understand trigonometric formulas enough to be able to look them up when required, but they must be learned by heart, and in both directions; that is, an expression similar to the left side of a trigonometric for- mula must immediately recall the right side, and an expression similar to the right side must immediately recall the left side of the formula. Trigonometric functions are defined on the circle, and on the right triangle. Let in the circle, Fig. 28, the direction to the right and upward be considered as", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... important periodic functions in electrical engineering are the alternating currents and e.m.fs. Usually they are, in first approximation, represented by a single trigo- nometric function, as : i = io cos {O—ix))] or, e = eo sin (d—d); that is, they are assumed as sine waves. 108 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. f ■ . Theoretically, obviously this condition can never be perfectly attained, and frequently the deviation from sine shape is suffi- cient to require practical consideration/ especially in those cases, where the electric circuit contain ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... em, the equa- tion : e = eo{sin ^-0.12 sin (3<9- 2. 3°) -0.23 sin (5^-1.5°) +0.13 sin (7^-6. 2°)1. . (1) In first approximation, the line capacity may be considered as a condenser shunted across the middle of the line; that is, half the line resistance and half the line reactance is in series with the line capacity. As the receiving apparatus do not utilize the higher har- monics of the generator wave, when using the old generators, their voltage has to be transformed up so as to give the first harmonic or fundamental of 44,000 volts. 44,000 volt ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... condition of an electric circuit, as a change of load; or, disturbances entering the circuit from the outside or originating in it, etc. Periodic phenomena are the alternating currents and voltages, pulsating currents as those produced by rectifiers, the distribution of the magnetic flux in the air-gap of a machine, or the distribution of voltage around the commutator of the direct-current machine, the motion of the piston in the steam-engine cylinder, the variation of the. mean daily temperature with the seasons of the year, etc. The characteristic o ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... hence, its effective value is 5.07 V2 3.58, while the effective value of the total generator wave, that is, the. square root of the mean squares of the instanta- neous values y, is e = 30.5, thus the 11th harmonic is 11.8 per cent of the total voltage, and whether such a harmonic is safe or not, can now be deter- mined from the circuit constants, more particularly its resist- ance. 82. In general, the successive harmonics decrease; that is, with increasing n, the values of an and bn become smaller, and when calculating a^ and hn by ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/engineering-mathematics/cleaned_text/chapter-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/engineering-mathematics/chapter-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/engineeringmathe00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/engineering-mathematics/raw/engineering-mathematics-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-04", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "title": "Methods Of Approximation", "label": "Chapter 5: Methods Of Approximation", "slug": "chapter-04", "location": "lines 15156-16482", "line_start": 15156, "line_end": 16482, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3828, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light", "fields", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 31, "complex-quantities": 8, "radiation-light": 6, "fields": 5, "magnetism": 4, "alternating-current": 3, "lightning-surges": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "effective resistance", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V. METHODS OF APPROXIMATION. 124. The investigation even of apparently simple engineer- ing problems frequently leads to expressions which are so complicated as to make the numerical calculations of a series of values very cumbersonme and almost impossible in practical work. Fortunately in many such cases of engineering prob- lems, and especially in the field of electrical engineering, the different quantities which enter into the problem are of very different magnitude. Many apparently compHcated expres- sions can frequently be greatly simplified, to such an extent as to permit a quick calculation of numerical values, by neglect- ing terms which are so small that their omission has no appre- ciable effect on the accuracy of the result; that is, leaves the result correct within the limits of accuracy required in engineer- ing, which usually, depending", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... _b/ s\\ (14) QTj^wli^ a greater exactness is required, by taking in the second term, ■^V T±s--ai}^-a^-^ '15) 128. Example. AVhat is the current input to an induction motor, at impressed voltage eo and slip s (given as fraction of synchronous speed) if ro — jxo is the impedance of the primary circuit of the motor, and ri — jxi the impedance of the secondary circuit of the motor at full frequency, and the exciting current of the motor is neglected; assuming s to be a small quantity; that is, the motor running at full speed? Let E be the e.m.f. gen ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... a small quantity by s, and where several occur, by Si, S2, S3 . . . the following expression may be written: / (,0±Sl)(l±S2)=l±S]±S2±SlS2, ; and, since S1S2 is small compared with the small quantities Si and S2, or, as usually expressed, S1S2 is a small quantity of r* fjj higher order (in this case of second order), it may be neglectod, '-^ f and the expression written: X (l±Si)(l±S2)=l±Si±S2 (1) This is one of the most useful simplifications : the multiplica- tion of terms containing small quantities is replaced by the simple addition of ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... l compared with h. For instance. METHODS OF APPROXIMATION. 189 in astronomical calculations the mass of the earth (which absolutely can certainly not be considered a small quantity) is neglected as small quantity compared with the mass of the sun. Also in the effect of a lightning stroke on a primary distribution circuit, the normal line voltage of 2200 may be neglected as small compared with the voltage impressed by lightning, etc. 126. Example. In a direct-current shunt motor, the im- pressed voltage is eo = 125 volts; the armature resistance ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ineer- ing problems frequently leads to expressions which are so complicated as to make the numerical calculations of a series of values very cumbersonme and almost impossible in practical work. Fortunately in many such cases of engineering prob- lems, and especially in the field of electrical engineering, the different quantities which enter into the problem are of very different magnitude. Many apparently compHcated expres- sions can frequently be greatly simplified, to such an extent as to permit a quick calculation of numerical values, by neglect ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/engineering-mathematics/cleaned_text/chapter-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/engineering-mathematics/chapter-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/engineeringmathe00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/engineering-mathematics/raw/engineering-mathematics-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-05", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "title": "Empirical Curves", "label": "Chapter 6: Empirical Curves", "slug": "chapter-05", "location": "lines 16483-21988", "line_start": 16483, "line_end": 21988, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 7171, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "ether", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 19, "waves-lines": 19, "radiation-light": 15, "ether": 10, "complex-quantities": 5, "transients": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "lightning-surges": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "fields": 1, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VI. EMPIRICAL CURVES. A. General. 142. The results of observation or tests usually are plotted in a curve. Such curves, for instance, are given by the core loss of an electric generator, as function of the voltage; or, the current in a circuit, as function of the time, etc. When plotting from numerical observations, the curves are empirical, and the first and most important problem which has to be solved to make such curves useful is to find equations for the same, that is, find a function, y=f{x), which represents the curve. As long as the equation of the curve is not known its utihty is very limited. While numerical values can be taken from the plotted curve, no general conclusions can be derived from it, no general investigations based on it regarding the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... While numerical values can be taken from the plotted curve, no general conclusions can be derived from it, no general investigations based on it regarding the conditions of efficiency, output, etc. An illustration hereof is afforded by the comparison of the electric and the magnetic circuit. In the electric circuit, the relation between e.m.f. and e current is given by Ohm's law, i = -, and calculations are uni- versally and easily made. In the magnetic circuit, however, the term corresponding to the resistance, the reluctance, is not a constant, and ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... II, and the methods of resolution and arrangements devised to carry out the work rapidly have also been dis- cussed in Chapter III. The resolution of a periodic function thus consists in the determination of the higher harmonics, which are super- imposed on the fundamental wave. As periodic curves are of the greatest importance in elec- trical engineering, in the theory of alternating-current phe- nomena, a familiarity with the wave shapes produced by the different harmonics is desirable. This familiarity should be sufficient to enable one to jud ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ata below magnetic saturation would be used for deriving the theoretical equations, and the effect of magnetic saturation treated as secondary phenomenon. Or, for instance, when studying the excitation current of an induction motor, that is, the current consumed when running light, at low voltage the current may increase again with decreasing voltage, 212 ENGIN^EERING MATHEMATICS. instead of decreasing, as result of the friction load, when the voltage is so low that the mechanical friction constitutes an appreciable part of the motor output. Thus, ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... 0, but must equal the mechanical friction, and an expression like y = Axf^ cannot represent the observations, but the equation must contain a constant term. Thus, first, from the nature of the phenomenon, which is represented by the empirical curve, it is determined (a) Whether the curve is periodic or non-periodic. (6) Whether the equation contains constant terms, that is, for x = 0, 2/7^0, and inversely, or whether the curve passes through the origin: that is, y = 0 for a: = 0, or whether it is h3^erbolic ; that is, y= 00 for x = 0, or x = 00 fo ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/engineering-mathematics/cleaned_text/chapter-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/engineering-mathematics/chapter-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/engineeringmathe00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/engineering-mathematics/raw/engineering-mathematics-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "engineering-mathematics-chapter-06", "source_id": "engineering-mathematics", "source_title": "Engineering Mathematics: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Union College", "year": 1911, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "title": "Numerical Calculations", "label": "Chapter 7: Numerical Calculations", "slug": "chapter-06", "location": "lines 21989-25587", "line_start": 21989, "line_end": 25587, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 7123, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "fields", "transients", "ether", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 21, "fields": 9, "transients": 8, "ether": 7, "magnetism": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "impedance-reactance": 4, "waves-lines": 4, "lightning-surges": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII. NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS. i6o. Engineering work leads to more or less extensive numerical calculations, when applying the general theoretical investigation to the specific cases which are under considera- tion. Of importance in such engineering calculation^ are : (a) The method of calculation. (5) The degree of exactness required in the calculation. (c) The intelligibility of the results. (d) The reliability of the calculation. a. Method of Calculation. Before beginning a more extensive calculation, it is desirable carefully to scrutinize and to investigate the method, to find the simplest way, since frequently by a suitable method and system of calculation the work can be reduced to a small frac- tion of what it would otherwise be, and what appear to be hopelessly complex calculations may thus be carried out quickly and expeditiously by a proper", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ansmission line can be simplified by approxima- tion, as discussed in Chapter V, paragraph 123, to the form. + ^/o 1+- ZY + F^oU+^^ (1) where Eo, h are voltage and current, respectively at the step- down end, El, I\\ at the step-up end of the line; and Z = r—jx = Q^—\\Zbj is the total line impedance; Y = g — jh= —0.0012/ is the total shunted line admittance. Herefrom follow the numerical values : ZY (60-135.f)(-0.0012i) ■^2 2 = 1 - 0.036./- 0.081 = 0.919 - 0.036/; ZY 1+- g- = 1 - 0.012/- 0.027 = 0.973 - 0.012/; ryi Z ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... iations of the length of air gap, so small as to be beyond the limits of constructive accuracy, and a calculation exact to a fraction of one per cent, while theoretically possible, thus would be practically useless, The calculation of the ampere-turns required for the shunt field excitation, or for the series field of a direct-current generator needs only moderate exactness, as variations in the magnetic material, in the speed regulation of the driving power, etc., produce differences amounting to several per cent. (c) Exact engineering calculation ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... esist- ance, a;= 135 ohms inductive reactance, and 6 = 0.0012 conden- sive susceptance, for various values of non-inductive, inductive, and condensive load. Starting with the complete equations of the long-distance transmission line, as given in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" Section III, paragraph 9, and considering that for every one of the various power-factors, lag, and lead, a sufficient number of values 249 250 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. have to be calculated to give a curve, the amount of work ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... regulation of the line at constant current output for varying power-factor. b. Accuracy of Calculation. 162. Not all engineering calculations require the same degree of accuracy. When calculating the efficiency of a large alternator it may be of importance to detcTmine whether it is 97.7 or 97.8 per cent, that is, an accuracy within one-tenth per cent may be required; in other cases, as for instance, when estimating the voltage which may be produced in an electric circuit by a line disturbance, it may be sufficient to NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/engineering-mathematics/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/engineering-mathematics/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/engineering-mathematics/cleaned_text/chapter-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/engineering-mathematics/chapter-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/engineeringmathe00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/engineering-mathematics/raw/engineering-mathematics-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-01", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "title": "Introduction", "label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "slug": "chapter-01", "location": "lines 1120-1683", "line_start": 1120, "line_end": 1683, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2869, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 49, "impedance-reactance": 43, "magnetism": 39, "alternating-current": 19, "dielectricity": 15, "radiation-light": 11, "fields": 4, "hysteresis": 4 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "effective resistance", "count": 6, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 36, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "1. Ohm's law: i = -, where r, the resistance, is a constant", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1134, "line_end": 1134, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "2. Joule's law: P = ^^r, where P is the power, or the rate at", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1140, "line_end": 1140, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "3. The power equation: Po = ei, where Po is the power", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1143, "line_end": 1143, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "(a) The sum of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1148, "line_end": 1148, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "point = 0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1154, "line_end": 1154, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "3. The principal sources of reactance are electromagnetism", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1211, "line_end": 1211, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "e = 2TrfLi.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1286, "line_end": 1286, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "if i = effective value of alternating current, e = 2irfLi is the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1292, "line_end": 1292, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. In the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respectively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : c 1. Ohm's law: i = -, where r, the resistance, is a constant r of the circuit. 2. Joule's law: P = ^^r, where P is the power, or the rate at which energy is expended by the current, i, in the resistance, r. 3. The power equation: Po = ei, where Po is the power expended in the circuit of e.m.f., e, and current, i. 4. Kirchhoff's laws: (a) The sum of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the e.m.f.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... PHENOMENA soidal variation supposed), that is, the ratio ^ -^ 1, the maxi- mum rate of cutting is 2 7r/, and, consequently, the maximum vahic of c.m.f. generated in a circuit of maximum current value, i, and inductance, L, is e = 2TrfLi. Since the maximum values of sine waves are proportional (by factor V^) to the effective values (square root of mean squares), if i = effective value of alternating current, e = 2irfLi is the g effective value of e.m.f. of self-induction, and the ratio, -. — 2 tt/L, is the inductive reactance, Xm = 2 7r/L. ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... m- ponents, each of which is larger than the undivided current, etc. 2. In phice of the above-mentioned fundamental laws of continuous currents, we find in alternating-current circuits the following: Ohm's law assumes the form i = -, where z, the apparent resistance, or impedance, is no longer a constant of the circuit, but depends upon the frequency of the currents; and in circuits containing iron, etc., also upon the e.m.f. Impedance, z, is, in the system of absolute units, of the same dimension as resistance (that is, of the dimension lt~^ = velo ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... the reactance, x, or z — \\/r\" + X\". The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, however, where energy is also expended outside of the conductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective re- sistance. It may no longer be a constant of the circuit. The ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. In the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respectively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fun ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-02", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "slug": "chapter-02", "location": "lines 1684-2011", "line_start": 1684, "line_end": 2011, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1100, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 39, "magnetism": 4, "alternating-current": 3, "fields": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 15, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0037", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "5, the arithmetical average of all the instantaneous values dur-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1702, "line_end": 1702, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0038", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "This arithmetic mean is either = 0, as in Fig. 4, or it differs", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1711, "line_end": 1711, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0039", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "INSTANTANEOUS AND INTEGRAL VALUES 13", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1836, "line_end": 1836, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0040", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "10. In a sine wave, the relation of the mean to the maximum", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1841, "line_end": 1841, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0041", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "sine varies from 0 to OB = 1. Hence the average variation of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1849, "line_end": 1849, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0042", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "or — '- 1. The maximum variation of the sine takes place about", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1856, "line_end": 1856, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0043", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "erage variation of the arc to that of the sine , that is, 1 -^ -, and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1872, "line_end": 1872, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0044", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Mean value of sine wave -r- maximum value = — ^ 1 = 0.63663.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1874, "line_end": 1874, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-006", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 6, "caption": "maximum variation of the sine is equal to the variation of the Fig. 6. Fig. 7.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1864, "line_end": 1864, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-007", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 7, "caption": "Fig. 6. Fig. 7. corresponding arc, and consequently the maximum variation of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 1867, "line_end": 1867, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES 9. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating cur- rent, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective value is used, that is, the square root of the mean square ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different for the two half-waves, as in Fig. 3. As arithmetic mean, or average value, of a wave as in Figs. 4 and 5, the arithmetical average of all the instantaneous values dur-", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES 9. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating cur- rent, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective value is used, that is, the square root of the mean square ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... otal as the negative values; that is, whose two half-waves have in rectangular coordinates the same area, as shown in Fig. 4. 11 12 ALTERNA TING-C URRENT PHENOMENA A pulsating wave is a wave in which one of the half- waves pre- ponderates, as in Fig. 5. By electromagnetic induction, pulsating waves are produced only by commutating and unipolar machines (or by the super- position of alternating upon direct currents, etc.). All inductive apparatus without commutation give exclusively alternating waves, because, no matter what conditions may ex ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES 9. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating cur- rent, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective value is used, that is, the square root of the mean square ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The ma ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... curve of instantaneous values, as determined by wave-meter or oscillograph. Measurement of the alternating wave after rectification by a unidirectional conductor, as an arc, gives the inean value with direct-current instruments, that is, instruments employing a permanent magnetic field, and the effective value with alternating- current instruments. Voltage determination by spark-gap, that is, by the striking distance, gives a value approaching the maximum, especially with spheres as electrodes of a diameter larger than the spark- gap." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-03", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "title": "Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "label": "Chapter 3: Law Of Electromagnetic Induction", "slug": "chapter-03", "location": "lines 2012-2148", "line_start": 2012, "line_end": 2148, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 727, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 35, "fields": 10, "alternating-current": 3, "radiation-light": 3, "impedance-reactance": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 14, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0052", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "generated in a conductor, which cuts 10^ = 100,000,000 lines of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2024, "line_end": 2024, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0053", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "by the turns, times 10~^.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2037, "line_end": 2037, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0054", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Eavg. = 4 71$/ 10-« volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2052, "line_end": 2052, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0055", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "E = 4/i$/10~^ volts, independent of the number of poles, of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2073, "line_end": 2073, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0056", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Eavg. = 4:7l^f lO'S VOltS.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2081, "line_end": 2081, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0057", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "^max. = 2 7rW$/ 10-8 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2086, "line_end": 2086, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0058", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Eeff. = V2 wn^f 10-^", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2104, "line_end": 2104, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0059", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "= 4.44 nf^ 10-« volts,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2106, "line_end": 2106, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of e.m.f., the volt is defined by the e.m.f. generated in a conductor, which cuts 10^ = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic flux per second. If the conductor is closed upon itself, the e.m.f. produces a current. A closed conductor may be called a turn or a convolution. In such a turn, the number", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER III LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER III LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 13. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated in the conductor which is propor- tional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... y of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of e.m.f., the volt is defined by the e.m.f. generated in a conductor, which cuts 10^ = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic flux per second. If the conductor is closed upon itself, the e.m.f. produces a current. A closed conductor may be called a turn or a convolution. ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... s, when the turns either revolve through the flux or the flux passes in and out of the turns — the total flux is cut four times during each complete period or cycle, twice passing into, and twice out of, the turns. Hence, if / = number of complete cycles per second, or the frequency of the flux, $, the average e.m.f. generated in n turns is Eavg. = 4 71$/ 10-« volts. This is the fundamental equation of electrical engineering, and applies to continuous-current, as well as to alternating- current, apparatus. 16 LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 17 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-04", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "title": "Vector Representation", "label": "Chapter 4: Vector Representation", "slug": "chapter-04", "location": "lines 2149-2759", "line_start": 2149, "line_end": 2759, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3435, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 46, "magnetism": 25, "impedance-reactance": 23, "alternating-current": 8, "dielectricity": 4, "hysteresis": 4, "radiation-light": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 12, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 54, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0066", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Let, for instance, 01 represent in length the maximum value / of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2167, "line_end": 2167, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0067", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "a sine wave of current. Assuming then a vector, 01, to revolve,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2168, "line_end": 2168, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0068", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "stands in position 01 1 (Fig. 8), the projec-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2173, "line_end": 2173, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0069", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "0/2 on OA is the instantaneous value at this later moment. The", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2178, "line_end": 2178, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0070", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "If now the time, t, and thus the angle, ^ = 10 A = 2ir — (where", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2184, "line_end": 2184, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0071", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "moment of time where the revolving vector 01 in Fig. 8 stands in", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2189, "line_end": 2189, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0072", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "time represented by position OIi, i = I, and 01 passes through", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2202, "line_end": 2202, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0073", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "i = I cos (?> - ??2),", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2211, "line_end": 2211, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-010", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 10, "caption": "21 Fig. 10. phase angle — /3' = — (a' — ??]) = 10 A, and the equations of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2262, "line_end": 2262, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-016", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 16, "caption": "^E, Fig. 16. Fig. 17.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2534, "line_end": 2534, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-017", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 17, "caption": "Fig. 16. Fig. 17. the current by the angle, Q. The voltage consumed by the resist-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2537, "line_end": 2537, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-019", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 19, "caption": "Ei-< «; Fig. 19. The primary impressed e.m.f., Ep, must thus consist of the three components OEi, OEr, and OE^, and is, therefore, their", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2704, "line_end": 2704, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV VECTOR REPRESENTATION 16. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, rep- resented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternating waves is given by their representation as vectors, in the so-called crank diagram. A vector, equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave, revolves at uniform speed so as to make a complete revolution per period, and the pro- jections of this revolving vector on the horizontal then denote the instantaneous values of the wave. Obviously, by this diagram only sine waves can be represented or, in general, waves which are so near sine shape that they can be represented by a sine. Let, for instance, 01", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV VECTOR REPRESENTATION 16. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, rep- resented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternating waves is given by their represen ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... as for instance, a synchronous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 23. As a further example, we may consider the diagram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero and rising. The magnetic flux then passes its maxi- mum at the time ?? = 90°, and the phase of the magnetic f ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the parallelogram or the polygon of sine waves. Kirchhofif's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : (a) The resultant of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating-current circuit is represented in vector represent ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... e shape that they can be represented by a sine. Let, for instance, 01 represent in length the maximum value / of a sine wave of current. Assuming then a vector, 01, to revolve, left handed or in counter-clockwise direc- tion, so that it makes a complete revolution during each cycle or period U. If then at a certain moment of time, this vector stands in position 01 1 (Fig. 8), the projec- tion, 0A\\, of 0I\\ on the horizontal line 0.4 represents the instantaneous value of the current at this moment. At a later mo- ment, 01 has moved farther, to 01 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-05", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "title": "Symbolic Method", "label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "slug": "chapter-05", "location": "lines 2760-3266", "line_start": 2760, "line_end": 3266, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2253, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 56, "complex-quantities": 35, "impedance-reactance": 20, "alternating-current": 5, "dielectricity": 5, "radiation-light": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 50, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0120", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "= 100 volts, and 7i = 75 amp. For a non-inductive second-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2774, "line_end": 2774, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0121", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "secondaiy circuit thus is that of the secondary coil, or Xi = 0.08", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2776, "line_end": 2776, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0122", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "ohms, giving a lag of ^i = 3.6°. We have also,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2777, "line_end": 2777, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0123", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "rii = 30 turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2779, "line_end": 2779, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0124", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "rio = 300 turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2781, "line_end": 2781, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0125", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Fi = 2250 ampere-turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2783, "line_end": 2783, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0126", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "F =100 ampere-turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2785, "line_end": 2785, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0127", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Er = 10 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2787, "line_end": 2787, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-024", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 24, "caption": "33 Fig. 24. polar coordinates by a vector of opposite direction, and denoted", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 2937, "line_end": 2937, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V SYMBOLIC METHOD 25. The graphical method of representing alternating-current phenomena affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual relation of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves rep- resented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (c/. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes have numerical values in practice somewhat like the following: Ei = 100 volts, and 7i = 75 amp. For a non-inductive second- ary load, as of incandescent lamps, the only reactance of the secondaiy circuit thus is that of the secondary coil, or Xi = 0.08 ohms, giving a lag", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER V SYMBOLIC METHOD 25. The graphical method of representing alternating-current phenomena affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual relation of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves rep- resented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impo ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "CHAPTER V SYMBOLIC METHOD 25. The graphical method of representing alternating-current phenomena affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual relation of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical m ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... nation impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (c/. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes have numerical values in practice somewhat like the following: Ei = 100 volts, and 7i = 75 amp. For a non-inductive second- ary load, as of incandescent lamps, the only reactance of the secondaiy circuit thus is that of the secondary coil, or Xi = 0.08 ohms, giving a lag of ^i = 3.6°. We have also, rii = 30 turns. rio = 300 turns. Fi = 2250 ampere-turns. F =100 ampere-turns. Er = 10 volts. E:, = 60 volts. Ei = 1000 volts. Fig. 21. — Ve ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER V SYMBOLIC METHOD 25. The graphical method of representing alternating-current phenomena affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual relation of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different mag ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-06", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "title": "Topographic Method", "label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "slug": "chapter-06", "location": "lines 3267-3618", "line_start": 3267, "line_end": 3618, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1780, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 9, "waves-lines": 9, "impedance-reactance": 6, "alternating-current": 5, "ether": 2, "transients": 2, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 20, "figure_count": 9, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0170", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "36. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3270, "line_end": 3270, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0171", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "sistance R to terminal B is represented by a vector, 01 (Fig. 26),", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3280, "line_end": 3280, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0172", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "or by 7 = z + ji' , the same current can be considered as being", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3281, "line_end": 3281, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0173", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "or by 7] = — i — ji'.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3297, "line_end": 3297, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0174", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "37. Let, for instance, in Fig. 27, an interlinked three-phase", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3309, "line_end": 3309, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0175", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "tial from AitoAiisEi—Ei, since the two voltages, Ei and E2,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3321, "line_end": 3321, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0176", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "the same distance from 0 as Ei, and are equidistant from Ei and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3376, "line_end": 3376, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0177", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "instance, Ei and Ei, is then the distance EiEi, or E1E2, according", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3380, "line_end": 3380, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-025", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 25, "caption": ",,U— — L Fig. 25. Fig. 26.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3289, "line_end": 3289, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-026", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 26, "caption": "Fig. 25. Fig. 26. in the opposite direction, from terminal B to terminal A in op-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3292, "line_end": 3292, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-029", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 29, "caption": "NON-INDUCTIVE LOAD Fig. 29. Fig. 30.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3392, "line_end": 3392, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-030", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 30, "caption": "Fig. 29. Fig. 30. these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the vectors 01 1 =", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3395, "line_end": 3395, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-031", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 31, "caption": "CAPACIir AND RESISTANCE Fig. 31. Fig. 32.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3446, "line_end": 3446, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-032", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 32, "caption": "Fig. 31. Fig. 32. triangle, Ei^E^^Ez^, the voltages at the receiver's circuit, Ei, E2,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3449, "line_end": 3449, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-033", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 33, "caption": "RESISTANCE AND LEAKAGE Fig. 33. 16 I TRANSMISSION", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3554, "line_end": 3554, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-034", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 34, "caption": "90\" LAG Fig. 34. and generator currents, /i\", 72°, I^, over the topographical char-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3566, "line_end": 3566, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VI TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD 36. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — voltage, for instance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the e.m.f , is considered as a part of the impressed voltage or as a counter e.m.f. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a generator, G (Fig. 25), the current in the direction from terminal A over re- sistance R to terminal B is represented by a vector, 01 (Fig. 26), or by 7 = z + ji' , the same current can be considered as being ' 7 ,,U— — L Fig. 25.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ver's circuit, Ei, E2, Es, fall off more with lagging, and less with leading current, than with non-inductive load. 39. As a further example may be considered the case of a single-phase alternating-current circuit supplied over a cable containing resistance and distributed capacity. Let, in Fig. 32, the potential midway between the two ter- minals be assumed as zero point 0. The two terminal voltages at the receiver circuit are then represented by the points E and E^, equidistant from 0 and opposite each other, and the two cur- rents at the terminals ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD 36. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — voltage, for instance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the e.m.f , is considered as a part of the impressed voltage or as a counter e.m.f. This ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... AtANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEtif NON-INDUCTIVE LOAD Fig. 29. Fig. 30. these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the vectors 01 1 = 01 2 = 01 3 = I, lagging behind the voltages by angles EiOIi = £20/2 = EsOh = d. Let the three-phase circuit be supplied over a line of impedance, Zi = ri -{- jxi, from a generator of internal impedance, Zo = ro + jxo. In phase OEi the voltage consumed by resistance ri is repre- sented by the distance, EiEi^ = Iri, in phase, that is, parallel with current OIi. The voltage consumed by reactance Xi is represented by ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD 36. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — voltage, for instance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the e.m.f , is considered as a part of the impressed voltage or as a counter e.m.f. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a generator, G (Fig. 25), the current in t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-07", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "title": "Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "label": "Chapter 7: Polar Coordinates And Polar Diagrams", "slug": "chapter-07", "location": "lines 3619-4087", "line_start": 3619, "line_end": 4087, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2051, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 73, "complex-quantities": 9, "impedance-reactance": 4, "alternating-current": 3, "dielectricity": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 25, "figure_count": 7, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0190", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "43. The sine wave. Fig. 1, is represented in polar coordinates", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3655, "line_end": 3655, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0191", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "of the wave; and the amplitude of the diameter OC, ^ 0o = AOC,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3658, "line_end": 3658, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0192", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "1 = 1 cos {0 — ^o),", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3662, "line_end": 3662, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0193", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "where 0 = 2ir — is the instantaneous value of the ampHtude", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3668, "line_end": 3668, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0194", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "for instance, at the amplitude, AOBi = 6i = 2w- (Fig- 38), the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3676, "line_end": 3676, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0195", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "instantaneous value is OB'; at the amphtude, AOB2 = 62 =", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3680, "line_end": 3680, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0196", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "2 Try, the instantaneous value is OB\", and negative, since in", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3682, "line_end": 3682, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0197", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "The angle, 0, so represents the time, and increasing time is", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3687, "line_end": 3687, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-037", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 37, "caption": "represented by an increase of angle B in counter-clockwise rota- FiG. 37 tion. That is, the positive direction, or increase of time, is", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3691, "line_end": 3691, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-041", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 41, "caption": "^i Fig. 41. Fig. 42.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3828, "line_end": 3828, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-042", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 42, "caption": "Fig. 41. Fig. 42. then appear in the vector representation of the time diagram or", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3831, "line_end": 3831, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-043", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 43, "caption": "E^-^ Fig. 43. Fig. 45.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3856, "line_end": 3856, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-045", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 45, "caption": "Fig. 43. Fig. 45. lagging behind the voltage:", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3859, "line_end": 3859, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-046", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 46, "caption": "then means: Fig. 46. POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR DIAGRAMS 51", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 3872, "line_end": 3872, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-048", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 48, "caption": "^ Fig. 48. R'", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4049, "line_end": 4049, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR DIAGRAMS 42. The graphic representation of alternating waves in rec- tangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae and the instan- taneous values as ordinates, gives a picture of their wave structure, as shown in Figs. 1 to 5. It does not, however, show their periodic character as well as the representation in polar coordi- nates, with the time as the angle or the amplitude — one complete period being represented by one revolution — and the instan- taneous values as radius vectors; the polar coordinate system, in which the independent variable, the angle, is periodic, obvi- ously lends itself better to the representation of periodic functions, as alternating waves. Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 36 and 37 as", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR DIAGRAMS 42. The graphic representation of alternating waves in rec- tangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae and the instan- taneous values as ordinates, gives a picture of their wave structure, as shown in Figs. 1 to 5. It does not, however, show their periodic character as well as the representation in polar coordi- nates ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... differing from the crank diagram discussed in Chapter IV. It may be called the time diagram or polar diagram, and is used to a considerable extent in the literature, thus must be familiar to the engineer, though in the following we shall in graphic representation and in the symbolic representation based thereon, use the crank diagram of Chapters IV and V. In the time diagram as well as in the crank diagram, instead of the maximum value of the wave, the effective value, or square root of mean square, may be used as the vector, which is more convenient ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... 40.) POLAR COORDINATES AND POLAR DIAGRAMS 49 Kirchhoff's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : (o) The resultant of all the e.m.fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter e.m.fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. (6) The resultant of all the currents toward a distributing point, as found by the parallelo- gram of sine waves, is zero. The power equation expressed graphically is as follows: The power of an alternating- current circuit is represented in polar coord ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... GRAMS 42. The graphic representation of alternating waves in rec- tangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae and the instan- taneous values as ordinates, gives a picture of their wave structure, as shown in Figs. 1 to 5. It does not, however, show their periodic character as well as the representation in polar coordi- nates, with the time as the angle or the amplitude — one complete period being represented by one revolution — and the instan- taneous values as radius vectors; the polar coordinate system, in which the independent variable, th ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-08", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "label": "Chapter 8: Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "slug": "chapter-08", "location": "lines 4088-4673", "line_start": 4088, "line_end": 4673, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1363, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 92, "alternating-current": 4, "complex-quantities": 4 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 29, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0215", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "48. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4091, "line_end": 4091, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0216", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Ti, r2, ?'3, . . ., are connected in series, their joint resistance, R,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4092, "line_end": 4092, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0217", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "is the sum of the individual resistances, K = ri + r2 + ra + . . .", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4093, "line_end": 4093, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0218", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "9iy Qij ds, • ' ' are connected in parallel, their joint conductance", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4113, "line_end": 4113, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0219", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "is the sum of the individual conductances, or G = gi -\\- g2 -\\-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4114, "line_end": 4114, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0220", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 55", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4133, "line_end": 4133, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0221", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "50. As shown, the term admittance implies resolving the cur-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4198, "line_end": 4198, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0222", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "as well as upon the resistance. Only when the reactance x = 0,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4208, "line_end": 4208, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-049", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 49, "caption": "7 1.8 Fig. 49. The sign in the complex expression of admittance is always opposite to that of impedance; this is obvious, since if the cur-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4618, "line_end": 4618, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VIII ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 48. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, Ti, r2, ?'3, . . ., are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances, K = ri + r2 + ra + . . . If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their joint resistance, R, cannot be expressed in a simple form, but is represented by the expression 1 R = Ti n rz Hence, in the latter case it is preferable to introduce, instead of the term resistance, its reciprocal, or inverse value, the term conductance, g = ~- If, then, a number of conductances, 9iy Qij ds, • ' ' are connected in parallel, their joint conductance is the sum of the individual conductances,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 48. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, Ti, r2, ?'3, . . ., are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances, K = ri + r2 + ra + . . . If, however, a number of resistances are co ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... e of a number of series-connected resistances is equal to the sum of the individual resistances; the joint conduct- ance of a number of parallel-connected conductances is equal to the sum of the individual conductances. 64 ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 55 49. In alternating-current circuits, instead of the term resist- ance we have the term impedance, Z = r -\\- jx, with its two components, the resistance, r, and the reactance, x, in the formula of Ohm's law, E = IZ. The resistance, r, gives the component of e.m.f. in phase with the current, or the powe ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE 48. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, Ti, r2, ?'3, . . ., are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances, K = ri + r2 + ra + . . . If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their joint resistance, R, cannot be expressed in a simple form, but is represented by the expression 1 R ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-09", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "label": "Chapter 9: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductive Reactance, And Condensive Reactance", "slug": "chapter-09", "location": "lines 4674-6992", "line_start": 4674, "line_end": 6992, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3916, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 80, "alternating-current": 14, "dielectricity": 14, "complex-quantities": 12, "ether": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 57, "figure_count": 16, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0244", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "E = ZI, or, 7 = YE,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4683, "line_end": 4683, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0245", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "\"EE = 0 in a closed circuit,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4687, "line_end": 4687, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0246", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "S/ = 0 at a distributing point,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4689, "line_end": 4689, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0247", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "1. Resistance in Series with a Circuit", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4708, "line_end": 4708, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0248", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "54. In a constant-potential system with impressed e.m.f.,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4710, "line_end": 4710, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0249", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE 61", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4723, "line_end": 4723, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0250", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "Eo = ^^7T^;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4752, "line_end": 4752, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-eq-candidate-0251", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "original_form": "difference of phase in receiver circuit, tan 6 = -", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 4775, "line_end": 4775, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-051", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 51, "caption": "Eo E Fig. 51. M", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 5008, "line_end": 5008, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-052", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 52, "caption": "Eo Fig. 52. Fig. 53.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 5025, "line_end": 5025, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-053", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 53, "caption": "Fig. 52. Fig. 53. 2. Reactance in Series with a Circuit", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 5028, "line_end": 5028, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-054", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 54, "caption": "ohms inductance-'— reactance-^condensance Fig. 54. E^, are shown for various conditions of a receiver circuit and", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 5409, "line_end": 5409, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-055", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 55, "caption": "0 Fig. 55. Fig. 56.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 5474, "line_end": 5474, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-056", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 56, "caption": "Fig. 55. Fig. 56. Fig. 57.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 5477, "line_end": 5477, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-057", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 57, "caption": "Fig. 56. Fig. 57. is, the current and e.m.f. in the supply circuit are in phase with", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 5480, "line_end": 5480, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-058", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 58, "caption": "^w=+90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 degrees lag-«- phase difference in consumer circuit-*- lead Fig. 58. In Figs. 59 and 60, the same curves are plotted as in Fig. 58, but in Fig. 59 with the reactance, x, of the receiver circuit as", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 5572, "line_end": 5572, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IX CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTIVE REACTANCE, AND CONDENSIVE REACTANCE 53. Having, in the foregoing, re-established Ohm's law and Kirchhoff 's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of e.m.f., current, impe- dance, and admittance in complex quantities — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous-current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quanti- ties— calculate alternating-current circuits and networks of circuits containing resistance,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER IX CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTIVE REACTANCE, AND CONDENSIVE REACTANCE 53. Having, in the foregoing, re-established Ohm's law and Kirchhoff 's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER IX CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTIVE REACTANCE, AND CONDENSIVE REACTANCE 53. Having, in the foregoing, re-established Ohm's law and Kirchhoff 's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... with increasing rapidity. In the general equations, x appears in the expressions for / and E only as x^, so that / and E assume the same value when X is negative as when x is positive; or, in other words, series resistance acts upon a circuit with leading current, or in a condenser circuit, in the same way as upon a circuit with lag- ging current, or an inductive circuit. For a given impedance, z, of the receiver circuit, the current, /, and e.m.f., E, are smaller the larger the value of r; that is, the less the difference of phase in the receiver cir ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... the fundamental laws of alternating- current circuits, when expressed in their complex form, E = ZI, or, 7 = YE, and \"EE = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of e.m.f., current, impe- dance, and admittance in complex quantities — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous-current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quanti- ties— calc ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-09.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-09.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-10", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "label": "Chapter 10: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission", "slug": "chapter-10", "location": "lines 6993-9766", "line_start": 6993, "line_end": 9766, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3813, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 87, "waves-lines": 15, "alternating-current": 10, "dielectricity": 5, "complex-quantities": 4, "ether": 1, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-072", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 72, "caption": "0 Fig. 72. .03 ,03 M. .05 .00 .07 .OS", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 8597, "line_end": 8597, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-076", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 76, "caption": "» Fig. 76. 10 20 30 10 50 60 7.0 .80 90 100", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 9705, "line_end": 9705, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER X RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 65. In alternating-current circuits, voltage is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long- distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The voltage consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the voltage consumed by the react- ance is in quadrature, with the current. Hence their in- fluence upon the voltage at the receiver circuit depends upon the difference of phase between the current and the voltage in that circuit. As discussed before, the drop of potential due to the resistance is a maximum when the receiver current is in phase, a minimum when it is in quadrature, with the voltage. The change of voltage due to line reactance is small if the current", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER X RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 65. In alternating-current circuits, voltage is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long- distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The voltage consumed by the resis ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... med to consist of two branches, a conductance, g, — the non-inductive part of the circuit — shunted by a susceptance, h, which can be varied without expenditure of energy. The two components of current can thus be considered separately, the energy component as deter- 78 TRANSMISSION LINES 79 mined by the load on the circuit, and the wattless component, which can be varied for the purpose of regulation. Obviously, in the same way, the voltage at the receiver circuit may be considered as consisting of two components, the power component, in phase with the c ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER X RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 65. In alternating-current circuits, voltage is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long- distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The voltage consumed by the re ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... NG-CURRENT PHENOMENA use of shunted reactance, so that a much larger output can be transmitted over the Hne with no drop, or even with a rise, of voltage. Shunted susceptance, therefore, is extensively used for voltage control of transmission lines, by means of synchronous condensers, or by synchronous converters with compound field winding. 5. Maximum Rise of Voltage at Receiver Circuit 78. Since, under certain circumstances, the voltage at the receiver circuit may be higher than at the generator, it is of interest to determine what is the maximum v ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-11", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "title": "Phase Control", "label": "Chapter 11: Phase Control", "slug": "chapter-11", "location": "lines 9767-10717", "line_start": 9767, "line_end": 10717, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3743, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "fields", "alternating-current", "waves-lines", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 38, "fields": 36, "alternating-current": 11, "waves-lines": 9, "magnetism": 7, "complex-quantities": 4, "radiation-light": 4, "dielectricity": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-077", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 77, "caption": "AMPERES LOAD « l Fig. 77. and the leading quadrature component of current required to compensate for the line reactance x at maximum current, im, is", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 10085, "line_end": 10085, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-078", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 78, "caption": "::} Fig. 78. 87. Equation (28) shows that there are two values of x: Xi and X2; and corresponding thereto two values of 60:^01 and 602,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 10552, "line_end": 10552, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XI PHASE CONTROL 80. At constant voltage, eo, impressed upon a circuit, as a transmission line, resistance, r, inserted in series with the receiv- ing circuit, causes the voltage, e, at the receiver circuit to decrease with increasing current, /, through the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is not in phase. Inductive reactance in series with the receiving circuit, e, at constant impressed e.m.f., eo, causes the voltage, e, to drop less with a unity power-factor current, 7, but far more with a lagging current, and causes the voltage, e, to rise with a leading current. While series resistance always causes a drop of voltage, series inductive reactance, x, may cause a drop of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... eceiv- ing circuit, causes the voltage, e, at the receiver circuit to decrease with increasing current, /, through the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is not in phase. Inductive reactance in series with the receiving circuit, e, at constant impressed e.m.f., eo, causes the voltage, e, to drop less with a unity power-factor current, 7, but far more with a lagging current, and causes the voltage, e, to rise with a leading current. While series resistance alwa ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ng circuit in which, independent of the load, a lagging or leading component of current can be produced at will. Such is the case in synchronous motors or converters: in a synchronous motor a lagging current can be produced by decreasing, a leading current by increasing, the field excitation. 81. If in a direct-current motor, at constant impressed voltage, the field excitation and therefore the field magnetism is decreased, the motor speed increases, as the armature has to revolve faster to consume the impressed e.m.f., and if the field excitation i ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... eiv- ing circuit, causes the voltage, e, at the receiver circuit to decrease with increasing current, /, through the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — less if the current is not in phase. Inductive reactance in series with the receiving circuit, e, at constant impressed e.m.f., eo, causes the voltage, e, to drop less with a unity power-factor current, 7, but far more with a lagging current, and causes the voltage, e, to rise with a leading current. While series resistance a ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XI PHASE CONTROL 80. At constant voltage, eo, impressed upon a circuit, as a transmission line, resistance, r, inserted in series with the receiv- ing circuit, causes the voltage, e, at the receiver circuit to decrease with increasing current, /, through the resistance. The decrease of the voltage, e, is greatest if the current, /, is in phase with the voltage, e — le ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-12", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "label": "Chapter 12: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "slug": "chapter-12", "location": "lines 10718-13483", "line_start": 10718, "line_end": 13483, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5679, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "hysteresis", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 144, "waves-lines": 77, "impedance-reactance": 63, "hysteresis": 37, "alternating-current": 29, "radiation-light": 19, "complex-quantities": 3, "fields": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "effective resistance", "count": 16, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 8, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 7, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-081", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 81, "caption": "^ Fig. 81. The general character of these current waves is, that the maxi-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 11510, "line_end": 11510, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-082", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 82, "caption": "then Fig. 82. — X^", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 12025, "line_end": 12025, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-086", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 86, "caption": "n = NUMBER OF TURNS Fig. 86. 350", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 12600, "line_end": 12600, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-087", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 87, "caption": "/ = FREQUENCY Fig. 87. 400", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 12686, "line_end": 12686, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-088", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 88, "caption": "200 250 Fig. 88. 300", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 12813, "line_end": 12813, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-089", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 89, "caption": "/=CYCLES Fig. 89. 300", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 12940, "line_end": 12940, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-090", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 90, "caption": "n=NUMBER OF TURNS Fig. 90. 350", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 13034, "line_end": 13034, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XII EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE 89. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : 1. By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = \\/f^ + x^. 3. By the ratio: Power consumed, (Current) 2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter e.m.fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter e.m.f. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the power coefficient of the e.m.f.. Power component of e.m.f. Total", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... of most of the difficulties met in dealing analytically with alternating-current circuits containing iron. 90. The foremost sources of energy loss in alternating-current circuits, outside of the true ohmic resistance loss, are as follows : 1. Molecular friction, as, (a) Magnetic hysteresis; (6) Dielectric hysteresis. 2. Primary electric currents, as, (a) Leakage or escape of current through the insulation, brush discharge, corona. (6) Eddy currents in the conductor or unequal current distribution. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE 113 -» ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... omenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductive reactance, but negligible true ohmic resistance; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating mag- netic flux which generates in the electric circuit an e.ni.f. — the counter e.m.f. of self-induction. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, that is, practically no e.m.f. consuzned by the resist- ance, all the impressed e. ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE 89. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : 1. By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resist- ance of the circuit. 2. By the ratio: Volts consumed in circuit ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... r as heat inside of the electric conductor b}^ a current of uniform density, the effective resistance represents the total expenditure of power. Since in an alternating-current circuit, in general power is expended not only in the conductor, but also outside of it, through hysteresis, secondary currents, etc., the effective resist- ance frequently differs from the true ohmic resistance in such way as to represent a larger expenditure of power. In dealing with alternating-current circuits, it is necessarj-, therefore, to substitute everywhere the values ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-13", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "label": "Chapter 13: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "slug": "chapter-13", "location": "lines 13484-14333", "line_start": 13484, "line_end": 14333, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3721, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 67, "fields": 22, "radiation-light": 16, "impedance-reactance": 15, "alternating-current": 11, "hysteresis": 6, "complex-quantities": 4, "ether": 3, "lightning-surges": 3, "transients": 3, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 14, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "effective resistance", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-092", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 92, "caption": "magnetic flux inclosed by the zone is SuV. Fig. 92. Hence, the e.m.f. generated in this zone is", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 13742, "line_end": 13742, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-093", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 93, "caption": "93. Fig. 93. 110. Demagnetizing, or screening effect of eddy currents.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 13860, "line_end": 13860, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-094", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 94, "caption": "du Fig. 94. The current inclosed by this zone is /„", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 14074, "line_end": 14074, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field produces a current therein. The m.m.f. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is produced, which makes solid masses of iron unsuitable for alternating fields, and necessitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux. Eddy currents are true electric currents, though existing in minute circuits; and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cuttin ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 105. While magnetic hysteresis due to molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an electrical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field produces a current therein. The m.m.f. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... e of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux. Eddy currents are true electric currents, though existing in minute circuits; and they follow all the laws of electric circuits. Their e.m.f. is proportional to the intensity of magnetization, B, and to the frequency, /. Eddy currents are thus proportional to the magnetization, B, the frequency, /, and to the electric conductivity, X, of the iron; hence, can be expressed by i = bXBf. The power consumed by eddy currents is proportional to their square, and inversely proportional to t ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... E = V2Tr AnfB 10-^, it follows that, The loss of power by eddy currents is proportional to the square of the e.m.f., and proportional to the electric con- ductivity of the iron; or, P = aE^\\. 136 FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS 137 Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents is P . that is, The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit; it is independent of e.m.f., frequency, etc., but proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron, X. Eddy currents, l ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-13.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-13.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-14", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "title": "Dielectric Losses", "label": "Chapter 14: Dielectric Losses", "slug": "chapter-14", "location": "lines 14334-15409", "line_start": 14334, "line_end": 15409, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4445, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "fields", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 137, "fields": 68, "impedance-reactance": 45, "magnetism": 34, "radiation-light": 30, "hysteresis": 8, "alternating-current": 7, "complex-quantities": 4, "ether": 3, "lightning-surges": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 28, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "effective resistance", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "electrostatic capacity", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-096", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 96, "caption": "^ m Fig. 96. )J", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 15113, "line_end": 15113, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-097", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 97, "caption": "' m Fig. 97. throughout the field section, but the voltage gradient in the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 15131, "line_end": 15131, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-098", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 98, "caption": "do so. Fig. 98. Fig. 99.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 15252, "line_end": 15252, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-099", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 99, "caption": "Fig. 98. Fig. 99. h'5", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 15255, "line_end": 15255, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating magnetic field, power is consumed by mag- netic hysteresis. This is proportional to the frequency, and to the 1.6*'' power of the magnetic density, and is considerable, amounting in a closed magnetic circuit to 40 to 60 per cent, of the total volt-amperes. In the dielectric field, the energy losses usually are very much smaller, rarely amounting to more than a few per cent., though they may at high temperature in cables", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... nce, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating magnetic field, power is consumed by mag- netic hysteresis. This is proportional to the frequency, and to the 1.6*'' power of the magnetic density, and is considerable, amounting in a closed magnetic circuit to 40 to 60 per cent, of the total volt-amperes. In the dielectric field, the en ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losses\" or an \"effective conductance of dielectric losses.\" In the alternating mag ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIV DIELECTRIC LOSSES Dielectric Hysteresis 116. Just as magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents give a power component in the inductive reactance, as \"effective resistance,\" so the energy losses in the dielectric lead to a power component in the condensive reactance, which may be repre- sented by an \"effective resistance of dielectric losse ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-14.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-14.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-15", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "label": "Chapter 15: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "slug": "chapter-15", "location": "lines 15410-16076", "line_start": 15410, "line_end": 16076, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2938, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 56, "impedance-reactance": 31, "waves-lines": 10, "alternating-current": 8, "fields": 8, "radiation-light": 7, "hysteresis": 4, "magnetism": 4, "complex-quantities": 3, "ether": 3, "transients": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "dielectric-constant", "label": "Dielectric constant", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "effective resistance", "count": 3, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-100", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 100, "caption": "JTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT- Fig. 100. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current, and consequently of the counter e.m.f. of inductive reactance and", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 15474, "line_end": 15474, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-101", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 101, "caption": "iEo Fig. 101. Denoting in Fig. 101.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 15606, "line_end": 15606, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive component of e.m.f., in quadrature with current, and = current X effective reactance, or x; power component of current, in phase with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective conductance, or g; reactive component of current, in quadrature with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective susceptance, or b. In many cases the exact calculation of the quantities, r, x, g, h, is not possible in the present state of the art. In", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: power component of e.m.f., in phase with current, and = current X effective resistance, or r; reactive component of e.m.f., in quadrature with current, and = current X effective reactance, or x; power component of current, in phase with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective conductance, or g; reactive component of current, in quadrature with e.m.f., and = e.m.f. X effective susceptance, or b. In many cases the exact calculation of the quantities, r, x, g, h, ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ility of the approximate representation of the line by one or by three condensers. Assuming, for instance, that the line conductors are of 1 cm. diameter, and at a distance from each other of 50 cm,, and that the length of transmission is 50 km., we get the capacity of the transmission line from the formula — C = 1.11 X 10-« kl H- 4 loge 2- microfarads, where k = dielectric constant of the surrounding medium = 1 in air; I = length of conductor = 5 X 10\" cm.; ■ d = distance of conductors from each other = 50 cm.; 5 = diameter of conductor = 1 cm. Hence C ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XV DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE 127. In the foregoing, the phenomena causing loss of energy in an alternating-current circuit have been discussed; and it has been shown that the mutual relation between current and e.m.f. can be expressed by two of the four constants: ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-15.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-15.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-16", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "title": "Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "label": "Chapter 16: Power, And Double-Frequency Quantities In", "slug": "chapter-16", "location": "lines 16077-16520", "line_start": 16077, "line_end": 16520, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1876, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 27, "radiation-light": 19, "alternating-current": 7, "magnetism": 7, "impedance-reactance": 6, "waves-lines": 4 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVI POWER, AND DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL 135. Graphically, alternating currents and voltages are repre- sented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more con- venient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the absolute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as coordi- nate center), and their connection the difference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quan- tities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a com- plex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, voltage, impedance, and admittance are related", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ny reference point chosen as coordi- nate center), and their connection the difference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quan- tities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a com- plex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, voltage, impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities in the same way as current, voltage, resistance, and conductance are related by Ohm's law in direct-current circuits. In direct-current circuits, ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVI POWER, AND DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL 135. Graphically, alternating currents and voltages are repre- sented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the topo ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVI POWER, AND DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL 135. Graphically, alternating currents and voltages are repre- sented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of coordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more con- venient for compl ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ay be advisable to bring the com- pensator as near as possible to the circuit to be compensated. + . . . . +Pn, 2+ . . . . +Pn\\ . +PJ. DOUBLE-FREQUENCY QUANTITIES 185 140. Like power, torque in alternating apparatus is a double- frequency vector product also, of magnetism and m.m.f. or current, and thus can be treated in the same way. In an induction motor, for instance, the torque is the product of the magnetic flux in one direction into the component of secondary current in phase with the magnetic flux in time, but in quadrature position ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-16.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-16.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-17", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "label": "Chapter 17: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "slug": "chapter-17", "location": "lines 16521-17716", "line_start": 16521, "line_end": 17716, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3982, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 87, "magnetism": 69, "alternating-current": 23, "radiation-light": 6, "waves-lines": 6, "hysteresis": 5, "complex-quantities": 3, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "effective resistance", "count": 5, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 10, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-102", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 102, "caption": "phase (for convenience, as intensities, the effective values are Fig. 102. used throughout), assuming its phase as the downwards vertical; that is, counting the time from the moment where the rising", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 16703, "line_end": 16703, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-103", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 103, "caption": "Eo Fig. 103. Figs. 103 to 109 give the polar diagram of a transformer having", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 16830, "line_end": 16830, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-104", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 104, "caption": "ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 193 Fig. 104. ./ ^^0", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 16861, "line_end": 16861, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-105", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 105, "caption": "./ ^^0 Fig. 105. 13", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 16867, "line_end": 16867, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-106", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 106, "caption": "13 Fig. 106. 194 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 16873, "line_end": 16873, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-107", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 107, "caption": "194 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA Fig. 107. Fia. 108.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 16879, "line_end": 16879, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-113", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 113, "caption": "gram of Fig. 110, the diagrams for the constant primary im- FiG. 113. pressed e.m.f. (Fig. Ill), and for constant secondary terminal", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 16908, "line_end": 16908, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-114", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 114, "caption": "Circuit Fig. 114. 152. Separating now the internal secondary impedance from the external secondary impedance, or the impedance of the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 17408, "line_end": 17408, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVII THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the trans- former. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the e.m.f. generated per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit; hence, the primary generated e.m.f. being approximately equal to the impressed e.m.f., the e.m.fs. at primary and at secondary terminals have approximately the ratio of their respective turns. Since the power produced in the secondary is approximately the same as", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... eing interlinked with the other. This magnetic cross-flux is proportional to the current in the electric circuit, or rather, the ampere-turns or m.m.f., and so increases with the increasing load on the transformer, and constitutes what is called the self-inductive or leakage reactance of the trans- former; while the flux surrounding both coils may be con- sidered as mutual inductive reactance. This cross-flux of self-induction does not generate e.m.f. in the secondary circuit, 187 188 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA and is thus, in general, objectiona ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVII THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the trans- former. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e.m.f. is generated. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amoun ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVII THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 141. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the trans- former. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed e.m.f., while in the secondary circuit an e ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ating magnetic flux of the magnetic circuit surrounding both electric circuits is produced by the combined magnetizing action of the primary and of the secondary current. This magnetic flux is determined by the e.m.f. of the trans- former, by the number of turns, and by the frequency. If $ = maximum magnetic flux, / = frequency, n = number of turns of the coil, the e.m.f. generated in this coil is E = V27r/n$ 10-8 = 4A4fn^ IQ-^ volts; hence, if the e.m.f., frequency, and number of turns are de- termined, the maximum magnetic flux is E108 $ ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-17.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-17.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-18", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "title": "Polyphase Induction Motors", "label": "Chapter 18: Polyphase Induction Motors", "slug": "chapter-18", "location": "lines 17717-20445", "line_start": 17717, "line_end": 20445, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5758, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 31, "magnetism": 23, "radiation-light": 19, "alternating-current": 15, "complex-quantities": 10, "fields": 5, "dielectricity": 4, "hysteresis": 3, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 5, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 7, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-118", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 118, "caption": "is the angle of secondary lag. Fig. 118. The secondary m.m.f., OGi, is in the direction of the vector,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 18102, "line_end": 18102, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-119", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 119, "caption": "determined thus, Fig. 119. Let", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 18133, "line_end": 18133, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-120", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 120, "caption": "AMPERES Fig. 120. 90", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 19057, "line_end": 19057, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-121", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 121, "caption": "AMPERES Fig. 121. 250", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 19500, "line_end": 19500, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-122", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 122, "caption": ". Fig. 122. On the same figure is shown the current per line, in dotted lines, with the verticals or torque as abscissas, and the hori-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 19753, "line_end": 19753, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-123", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 123, "caption": "DO Fig. 123. hence, the efficiency is, Pi_ ^ ai (1 - s)", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 20132, "line_end": 20132, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-124", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 124, "caption": "0 Fig. 124. and the apparent torque efficiency,^", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 20407, "line_end": 20407, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVIII POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 155. The induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary. It therefore is electromagnetically the same structure as the transformer. The difference is, that in the transformer secondary and primary are stationary, and the electromagnetic induction between the circuits utilized to trans- mit electric power to the secondary, while in the induction motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical forces between the primary, and secondary utilized to produce motion. In the general alternating-current trans- former or frequency converter we shall find an apparatus trans- mitting electric as well as mechanical energy, and comprising both, induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ING-CURRENT PHENOMENA if I' I = secondary current per circuit, Ii = -J- = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r'l = secondary resistance per circuit, Vi = a-hr'i = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if x'l = secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a^bx'i = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; if z'l = secondary impedance per circuit, 2i = a^hz'i = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system; that is, the number of secondary circuits and of turns per sec- ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVIII POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 155. The induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary. It therefore is electromagnetically the same structure as the transformer. The difference is, that in the transformer secondary and primary are stationary, and the electroma ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... zed to trans- mit electric power to the secondary, while in the induction motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical forces between the primary, and secondary utilized to produce motion. In the general alternating-current trans- former or frequency converter we shall find an apparatus trans- mitting electric as well as mechanical energy, and comprising both, induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force be- tween primary and secondary is used, but not the ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... c induction between the circuits utilized to trans- mit electric power to the secondary, while in the induction motor the secondary is movable with regards to the primary, and the mechanical forces between the primary, and secondary utilized to produce motion. In the general alternating-current trans- former or frequency converter we shall find an apparatus trans- mitting electric as well as mechanical energy, and comprising both, induction motor and transformer, as the two limiting cases. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force be- tween primary and sec ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-18.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-18.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-19", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "title": "Induction Generators", "label": "Chapter 19: Induction Generators", "slug": "chapter-19", "location": "lines 20446-21537", "line_start": 20446, "line_end": 21537, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1524, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 13, "impedance-reactance": 8, "magnetism": 5, "alternating-current": 4, "fields": 3, "complex-quantities": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 13, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-125", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 125, "caption": "KX) Fig. 125. voltage will rise until by magnetic saturation in the induction generator its power-factor has fallen to equality with that of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 20763, "line_end": 20763, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-126", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 126, "caption": ")00 Fig. 126. the efficiency.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 21111, "line_end": 21111, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-127", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 127, "caption": "0 Fig. 127. and the terminal voltage at the synchronous motor,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 21509, "line_end": 21509, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIX INDUCTION GENERATORS 173. In the foregoing, the range of speed from 5 = 1, stand- still, to s = 0, synchronism, has been discussed. In this range the motor does mechanical work. It consumes mechanical power, that is, acts as generator or as brake outside of this range. For s > 1, backward driving. Pi becomes negative, repre- senting consumption of power, while D remains positive; hence, since the direction of rotation has changed, represents con- sumption of power also. All this power is consumed in the motor, w^hich thus acts as brake. For s < 0, or negative, Pi and D become negative, and the machine becomes an electric generator, converting mechanical into electric energy. The calculation of the induction generator at constant fre- quency, that is, at a speed increasing with", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... its magnetic field. When operating in parallel with synchronous alternating cur- rent generators, the induction generator obviously takes its leading exciting current from the synchronous alternator, which thus carries a lagging wattless current. 175. To generate constant frequency, the speed of the in- duction generator must increase with the load. Inversely, when driven at constant speed, with increasing load on the induction generator, the frequency of the current generated thereby decreases. Thus, when calculating the characteristic curves of the ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... calculating the characteristic curves of the constant-speed induction generator, due regard has to be taken of the decrease of frequency with increase of load, or what may be called the slip of frequency, s. Let, in an induction generator, Yo = go — jho = primary exciting admittance, Zo = To -\\- jxo = primary self-inductive impedance, Zi = ri + jxi = secondary self-inductive impedance, reduced to primary, all these quantities being reduced to the frequency of synchronism with the speed of the machine, /. Let e = generated em.f., reduced to full fre ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... uires that 237 238 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the power-factor either of the external circuit or of the induction generator varies with the voltage, so as to permit the generator and the external circuit to adjust themselves to equality of power-factor. Beyond magnetic saturation the power-factor decreases; that is, the lead of current increases in the induction machine. Thus, when connected to an external circuit of constant power- factor the induction generator will either not generate at all, if its power-factor is lower than that of th ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIX INDUCTION GENERATORS 173. In the foregoing, the range of speed from 5 = 1, stand- still, to s = 0, synchronism, has been discussed. In this range the motor does mechanical work. It consumes mechanical power, that is, acts as generator or as brake outside of this range. For s > 1, backward driving. Pi becomes negative, repre- senting consumption of power, while D remains positive; hence, since the direction of rotation has changed, represents con- sumption of power also. All this power is co ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-19.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-19.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-20", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "title": "Single-Phase Induction Motors", "label": "Chapter 20: Single-Phase Induction Motors", "slug": "chapter-20", "location": "lines 21538-22301", "line_start": 21538, "line_end": 22301, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3441, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 55, "impedance-reactance": 49, "dielectricity": 19, "alternating-current": 8, "complex-quantities": 8, "fields": 7, "waves-lines": 6, "ether": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-128", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 128, "caption": "Eo.U.Yj Fig. 128. shading coil is commonly used) is the monocyclic starting device. It consists in producing externally to the motor a system of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 22028, "line_end": 22028, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other to the primary exciting circuit. In the single-phase motor the one flux is produced by the primary circuit, the other by the currents produced in the secondary or armature, which are carried into quadrature posi- tion by the rotation of the armature. In consequence thereof, while in all these motors the magnetic distribution is the same at or near synchronism, and can be represented by a rotating field of uniform intensity and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the flux ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ux. This may be produced either by some outside e.m.f., as in the monocyclic starting device, or by displacing the circuits of two or more primary coils from each other, either by mutual induc- tion between the coils — that is, by using one as secondary to the other — or by impedances of different inductance factors connected with the different primary coils. 178. The starting devices of the single-phase induction motor by producing a quadrature magnetic flux can be subdivided into three classes: 1. Phase-Splitting Devices. Two or more primary circuit ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... primary circuits are used, displaced in position from each other, and either in series or in shunt with each other, or in any other way related, as by transformation. The impedances of these circuits are made different from each other as much as possible to produce a phase displacement between them. This can be done either by inserting external impedances in the circuits, as a condenser and a reactive coil, or by making the internal impedances of the motor circuits different, as by making one coil of high and the other of low resistance. 2. Inductive Dev ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 177. The magnetic circuit of the induction motor at or near synchronism consists of two magnetic fluxes superimposed upon each other in quadrature, in time, and in position. In the polyphase motor these fluxes are produced by e.m.fs. displaced in phase. In the monocyclic motor one of the fluxes is due to the primary power circuit, the other to the primary exciting circuit. In the single-phase motor t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-20.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-20.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-21", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "label": "Chapter 21: Alternating-Current Generator", "slug": "chapter-21", "location": "lines 22302-23970", "line_start": 22302, "line_end": 23970, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2685, "top_themes": [ "fields", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 49, "impedance-reactance": 38, "magnetism": 33, "alternating-current": 13, "dielectricity": 6, "waves-lines": 5, "ether": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-129", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 129, "caption": "former; hence fixed in space relative to the field m.m.f., or uni- FiG. 129. directional; but pulsating in a single-phase alternator. In the polyphase alternator, when evenly loaded or balanced, the result-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 22319, "line_end": 22319, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-130", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 130, "caption": "be assumed as constant. Fig. 130. The relative position of the armature m.m.f. with respect to", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 22363, "line_end": 22363, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-131", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 131, "caption": "excitation, increases the voltage; with lagging current it weakens Fig. 131. the field, and thereby decreases the voltage in a generator. Ob- viously, the opposite holds for a synchronous motor, in which the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 22406, "line_end": 22406, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the m.m.f. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approximately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchronous motion relatively to the former; hence fixed in space relative to the field m.m.f., or uni- FiG. 129. directional; but pulsating in a single-phase alternator. In the polyphase alternator, when evenly loaded or balanced, the result- ant m.m.f. of the armature current is more or less constant. The e.m.f. generated in the armature is due to the magnetic flux passing through", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the m.m.f. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approximately so, while the latter is alternating ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ereby of the resultant e.m.f., will take place in this case only when the magnetic densities are so near to saturation that the rise of density at the leading pole corner will be less than the decrease of density at the trailing pole corner. Since the internal self-inductive reactance of the alternator itself causes a certain lag of the current behind the generated e.m.f., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external negative reactance, as capacity, etc. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 2G1 If the armature current lags, it ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the m.m.f. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the m.m.f. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approximately so, while the latter is alter ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXI ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR 185. In the alternating-current generator, e.m.f. is generated in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different m.m.fs. are acting upon the alternator ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-21.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-21.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-22", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "title": "Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "label": "Chapter 22: Armature Reactions Of Alternators", "slug": "chapter-22", "location": "lines 23971-25134", "line_start": 23971, "line_end": 25134, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4707, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 96, "magnetism": 80, "impedance-reactance": 59, "complex-quantities": 9, "alternating-current": 8, "waves-lines": 6, "radiation-light": 4, "transients": 3, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 3, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-139", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 139, "caption": "phase, the virtual generated e.m.f. Fig. 139. The armature self-induction consumes an e.m.f., OE3, 90°", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 24075, "line_end": 24075, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-140", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 140, "caption": "OFi', and OF\" = OFi\". Fig. 140. Let now (P' = permeance of the field magnetic circuit;", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 24385, "line_end": 24385, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-141", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 141, "caption": "actual value of the field onward Fig. 141. -as shown by Fig, 141.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 24490, "line_end": 24490, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-142", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 142, "caption": "AMPERES Fig. 142. an alternator of pulsating synchronous reactance, the wave-shape of the machine changes more or less with the load and the char-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25128, "line_end": 25128, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXII ARMATURE REACTIONS OF ALTERNATORS 192. The change of the terminal voltage of an alternating current generator, resulting from a change of load at constant field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which produces the resultant magnetic field in the field poles and generates in the armature an e.m.f. called the \"virtual generated e.m.f.,\" since it has no actual existence, but is merely a mathematical fiction. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction of the armature current, that is, e.m.f. generated by the armature current by a local magnetic flux, combines with the virtual generated e.m.f. to the actual generated e.m.f. of the armature, which corresponds to", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXII ARMATURE REACTIONS OF ALTERNATORS 192. The change of the terminal voltage of an alternating current generator, resulting from a change of load at constant field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which produces the resultant magnetic ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... t field excitation, is due to the combined effect of armature reaction and armature self-induction. The counter m.m.f. of the armature current, or armature reaction, combines with the impressed m.m.f. or field excitation to the resultant m.m.f., which produces the resultant magnetic field in the field poles and generates in the armature an e.m.f. called the \"virtual generated e.m.f.,\" since it has no actual existence, but is merely a mathematical fiction. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction of the armature current, that is, e.m.f. generated by the arma ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... epresented by an effective self-induction, that is, instead of the counter m.m.f. of the armature reaction, the e.m.f. considered, which would be generated by the magnetic flux, which the arma- ture reaction would produce. That is, both effects are com- bined in an effective reactance, the \"synchronous reactance.\" While armature reaction and self-inductance are similar in ARMATURE REACTIONS OF ALTERNATORS 273 effect, in some cases they differ in their action; the e.m.f. of self-inductance is instantaneous, that is, appears and disappears with the cur ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... m.m.f. of armature reaction. With the armature reaction demagnetizing the field, the field flux begins to decrease, and thus generates an e.m.f. in the field-exciting circuit, which increases the field current and retards the decrease of field flux, so that the field flux adjusts itself only gradually to the change of circuit conditions, at a rate of speed depending upon the constants of the field-exciting circuit, etc. The extreme case hereof takes place when suddenly short- circuiting an alternator; at the first moment the short-circuit current ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-22.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-22.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-23", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "label": "Chapter 23: Synchronizing Alternators", "slug": "chapter-23", "location": "lines 25135-25681", "line_start": 25135, "line_end": 25681, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1789, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 8, "impedance-reactance": 6, "alternating-current": 5, "complex-quantities": 5, "dielectricity": 3, "fields": 3, "ether": 1, "lightning-surges": 1, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-143", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 143, "caption": "mnrmnmnwv Fig. 143. allel; as, for instance, by the arrangement shown in Fig. 143,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25260, "line_end": 25260, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-144", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 144, "caption": "nal admittance of the second machine. Fig. 144. Then, er + e'r = al^•", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25324, "line_end": 25324, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIII SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 203. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this generator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running, 204. The principal and foremost condition of parallel opera- tion of alternators is equality of frequency; that is, the trans- mission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... a synchronous motor; and the power with which it tends to' remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running, 204. The principal and foremost condition of parallel opera- tion of alternators is equality of frequency; that is, the trans- mission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be con ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... own in Fig. 144, let the voltage at the common busbars be assumed as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex representation; and let e = difference of potential at the common busbars of the two alternators; SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 295 Z = r -^ jx = impedance of the external circuit; Y = 9 ~ jb == admittance of the external circuit; hence, the current in the external circuit is e I = r -\\-jx = e(g - jh). Let El = ei -\\- je'i = ai(cos di + j sin di) = generated e.m.f. of first machine; E2 = 62 -{- je'i ^ a2(cos ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXIII SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS 203. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of several parallel-operating generators is ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ernators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be con- sidered as synchronizing, since it allows no flexibility or phase adjustment between the alternators, but makes them essentially one machine. If connected in parallel, a difference in the field- excitation, and thus the generated e.m.f. of the machines, may cause large cross-current, since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the ma ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-23.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-23.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-24", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "title": "Synchronous Motor", "label": "Chapter 24: Synchronous Motor", "slug": "chapter-24", "location": "lines 25682-29374", "line_start": 25682, "line_end": 29374, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 8698, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "fields", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 51, "dielectricity": 33, "fields": 25, "alternating-current": 21, "complex-quantities": 10, "magnetism": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "waves-lines": 6, "ether": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 24, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 25, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-145", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 145, "caption": "impedance of the line, and the e.m.f., Es^E = E4, consumed by Fig. 145. the impedance of the generator. Hence, dividing the opposite", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25805, "line_end": 25805, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-146", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 146, "caption": "304 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA Fig. 146. Fig. 147.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25830, "line_end": 25830, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-147", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 147, "caption": "Fig. 146. Fig. 147. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25833, "line_end": 25833, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-148", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 148, "caption": "305 Fig. 148. Fig. 149.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25842, "line_end": 25842, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-149", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 149, "caption": "Fig. 148. Fig. 149. 20", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25845, "line_end": 25845, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-150", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 150, "caption": "have < EiOE = 90°, Ei = Eo, thus: OEi = EEo = OEo = E^r, Fig. 150. Fig. 151.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25963, "line_end": 25963, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-151", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 151, "caption": "Fig. 150. Fig. 151. that is, EEi = 2 £\"0. That means the characteristic curve, Ci, is", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25966, "line_end": 25966, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-152", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 152, "caption": "shown in Fig. 151. Fig. 152. If El < Eo, at small Eo — Ei, H can be below the zero line,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 25997, "line_end": 25997, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIV SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 212. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given voltage, the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investi- gation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the sym- bolic method, we may in the following, as an example of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor graphically. Let an alternator of the e.m.f., Ei, be connected as synchron- ous motor with a supply circuit of e.m.f., Eo, by", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the sym- bolic method, we may in the following, as an example of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor graphically. Let an alternator of the e.m.f., Ei, be connected as synchron- ous motor with a supply circuit of e.m.f., Eo, by a circuit of the impedance, Z. If £\"0 is the e.m.f. impressed upon the motor terminals, Z is the impedance of the motor of generated e.m.f., Ei. If Eq is the e.m.f. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If Eq is the ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... motor reduces, unloading increases, the current within the range between 1 and 12. The condition of maximum output is 3, current in phase with impressed e.m.f. Since at constant current the loss is constant, this is at the same time the condition of maximum efficiency; no displacement of phase of the impressed e.m.f., or self-induction of the circuit compensated by the effect of the lead of the motor current. This condition of maximum efficiency of a circuit we have found already in Chapter XL 216. B. £\"0 and Ei constant, I variable. Obviously Eq lies ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ce of the circuit of (equivalent) resistance, r, and (equivalent) reactance, x = 2 irfL, containing the impressed e.m.f., eo and the counter e.m.f., d, of the syn- chronous motor ^; that is, the e.m.f. generated in the motor arma- ture by its rotation through the (resultant) magnetic field. Let i = current in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the counter e.m.f., ei; hence ■p = iei cos {i, 6]); (1) thus, cos (t, ei) = -^> lei s ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... he investi- gation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the sym- bolic method, we may in the following, as an example of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor graphically. Let an alternator of the e.m.f., Ei, be connected as synchron- ous motor with a supply circuit of e.m.f., Eo, by a circuit of the impedance, Z. If £\"0 is the e.m.f. impressed upon the motor terminals, Z is the impedance of the moto ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-24.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-24.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-25", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "label": "Chapter 25: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "slug": "chapter-25", "location": "lines 29375-32539", "line_start": 29375, "line_end": 32539, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 7023, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 179, "magnetism": 101, "impedance-reactance": 30, "fields": 22, "hysteresis": 19, "alternating-current": 15, "radiation-light": 14, "complex-quantities": 11, "dielectricity": 9, "ether": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "effective resistance", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 9, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-172", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 172, "caption": "1 180 Fig. 172. Even with an unsymmetrical distribution of the magnetic flux in the air-gap, the e.m.f. wave generated in a full-pitch", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 29650, "line_end": 29650, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-173", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 173, "caption": "180 Fig. 173. magnetic reluctance, or its reciprocal, the magnetic reactance of the circuit. In consequence thereof the magnetism per field-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 29845, "line_end": 29845, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-178", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 178, "caption": "' Fig. 178. tage drops with the further increase of current, and then rises again with the decreasing current, until at C, the intersection", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 31252, "line_end": 31252, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-179", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 179, "caption": "1 Fig. 179. flux and the current, therefore, cannot both be sine waves; if the magnetic flux and therefore the generated e.m.f. are sine waves,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 31517, "line_end": 31517, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-180", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 180, "caption": "-B Fig. 180. the e.m.f., e = J? sin , and a wattless component, i\" , in quadra-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 31654, "line_end": 31654, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-181", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 181, "caption": "where Fig. 181. c„ = \\/a„2 + 6n^, 6„", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 31840, "line_end": 31840, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-182", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 182, "caption": "\\v Fig. 182. B. Sine Wave of Current", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 31959, "line_end": 31959, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-183", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 183, "caption": "y Fig. 183. As seen, with a sine wave of current traversing an iron-clad reactance, the e.m.f. wave is very greatly distorted, and the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 32214, "line_end": 32214, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXV DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES 232. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alter- nating currents and alternating e.m.fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and with certain distortions it may not be pos- sible to replace the distorted wave by an equivalent sine wave, since the angle of phase displacement of the equivalent sine wave becomes indefinite. Thus it becomes desirable to investi- gate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be repre- sented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the inves- tigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXV DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES 232. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alter- nating currents and alternating e.m.fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... m.f. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a dis- torting effect will cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. 233. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of e.m.f. is generated. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of e.m.f. produces a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher har- monics may be due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... assing through the circuit, a dis- torting effect will cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. 233. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of e.m.f. is generated. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of e.m.f. produces a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher har- monics may be due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magnetic field; pulsation of the resistance ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... m.f. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a dis- torting effect will cause higher harmonics of e.m.f. 233. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of e.m.f. is generated. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of e.m.f. produces a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher har- monics may be due to lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revol ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-25.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-25.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-26", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "label": "Chapter 26: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "slug": "chapter-26", "location": "lines 32540-33010", "line_start": 32540, "line_end": 33010, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2204, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 75, "magnetism": 22, "dielectricity": 15, "radiation-light": 15, "impedance-reactance": 9, "alternating-current": 4, "fields": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 15, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-185", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 185, "caption": "4i' Fig. 185. triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 32554, "line_end": 32554, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-186", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 186, "caption": "ft Fig. 186. As seen, the effect of the triple harmonic is, in the first figure, to flatten the zero values and point the maximum values of the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 32594, "line_end": 32594, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXVI EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS 251. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternating waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 185 and 186 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposition of the P44S4t 4i' Fig. 185. triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. In Fig. 185 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the com- plex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent, the amphtude of the fundamental, under the rela- 24 369 370 AL TERN A TING-C URREN T PHENOMENA tive phase displacments of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°, repre- sented by the equations: sin /3 sin |8 - 0.3 sin 3 /S sin /3 - 0.3 sin (3 /3 - 45°) sin /3 - 0.3 sin (3 /3 ~", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXVI EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS 251. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternating waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 185 and 186 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposition of the P44S4t 4i' Fig. 185. triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. In Fig. 185 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the com- ple ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... th a given effective current are increased. In consequence hereof alterna- tors and synchronous motors of iron-clad unitooth construction — that is, machines giving waves with pronounced higher harmonics — may give with the same number of turns on the armature, and the same magnetic flux per field-pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 255. This explains an apparent paradox: If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the mag- netic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 188 the ma ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... (3 /S - 135°) sin ^ - 0.3 sin (3 ^ - 180°). ^^.^. 4i^ ft Fig. 186. As seen, the effect of the triple harmonic is, in the first figure, to flatten the zero values and point the maximum values of the wave, giving what is called a peaked wave. With increasing phase displacement of the triple harmonic, the flat zero rises and gradually changes to a second peak, giving ultimately a flat-top or even double-peaked wave with sharp zero. The intermediate positions represent what is called a saw-tooth wave. In Fig. 186 are shown the fundamental sine wave ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... s the different parts of the circuit are of the same shape as the impressed e.m.f. If inductive reactance is inserted in series with a non-inductive circuit, the self-inductive reactance consumes more e.m.f. of the higher harmonics, since the reactance is proportional to the frequency, and thus the current and the e.m.f. in the non-inductive part of the circuit show the higher harmonics in a reduced amplitude. That is, self-inductive react- ance in series with a non-inductive circuit reduces the higher harmonics or smooths out the wave to a closer resembl ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-26.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-26.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-27", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "label": "Chapter 27: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "slug": "chapter-27", "location": "lines 33011-34776", "line_start": 33011, "line_end": 34776, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3340, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 75, "dielectricity": 52, "impedance-reactance": 40, "complex-quantities": 18, "radiation-light": 18, "alternating-current": 9, "magnetism": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 16, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 2, "status": "source-located candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-191", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 191, "caption": "0 Fig. 191. of the harmonic, and the winding of the motor primary. Thus,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 34764, "line_end": 34764, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXVII SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES 259. The vector representation, A — a'^ -{- ja^'^ = a (cos d -\\- j sin 6) of the alternating wave, A = tto cos {(f) — 6) apphes to the sine wave only. The general alternating wave, however, contains an infinite series of terms, of odd frequencies, A = Aicos( 0- ^i) + ^3 cos (3 (^ - 63) + As cos (5 <^ - ^5) + thus cannot be directly represented by one complex vector quantity. The replacement of the general wave by its equivalent sine wave, as before discussed, that is, a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXVII SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES 259. The vector representation, A — a'^ -{- ja^'^ = a (cos d -\\- j sin 6) of the alternating wave, A = tto cos {(f) — 6) apphes to the sine wave only. The general alternating wave, however, contains an infinite series of terms, of odd frequencies, A = Aicos( 0- ^i ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... uantity. The replacement of the general wave by its equivalent sine wave, as before discussed, that is, a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated magnetic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... a sine wave of equal effective intensity and equal power, while sufficiently accurate in many cases, completely fails in other cases, especially in circuits con- taining capacity, or in circuits containing periodically (and in synchronism with the wave) varying resistance or reactance (as alternating arcs, reaction machines, synchronous induction motors, oversaturated magnetic circuits, etc.). Since, however, the individual harmonics of the general alter- nating wave are independent of each other, that is, all products of different harmonics vanish, eac ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXVII SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES 259. The vector representation, A — a'^ -{- ja^'^ = a (cos d -\\- j sin 6) of the alternating wave, A = tto cos {(f) — 6) apphes to the sine wave only. The general alternating wave, however, contains an infinite series of t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-27.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-27.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-28", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "title": "General Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 28: General Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-28", "location": "lines 34777-34928", "line_start": 34777, "line_end": 34928, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 653, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-193", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 193, "caption": "interlinked system. Fig. 193. The four-phase system as derived by connecting four equi- distant points of a continuous-current armature with four", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 34858, "line_end": 34858, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-194", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 194, "caption": "^^ 4 Fig. 194. The three-phase system, consisting of three e.m.fs. displaced by one-third of a period, is used exclusively as interlinked system.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 34897, "line_end": 34897, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-195", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 195, "caption": "—E nmTswusvsvrno- Fig. 195. a three-phase system, in the alternating supply circuit of large synchronous converters.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 34916, "line_end": 34916, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXVIII GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 266. A polyphase system is an alternating-current system in which several e.m.fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal fre- quency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as consisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase sys- tem, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single- phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXVIII GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 266. A polyphase system is an alternating-current system in which several e.m.fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal fre- quency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as consisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXVIII GENERAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 266. A polyphase system is an alternating-current system in which several e.m.fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal fre- quency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as consisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase sys- tem, which may be more or less interlin ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... of a period, is a symmetrical system. The quarter-phase system, consisting of two equal e.m.fs. displaced by 90°, or one-quarter of a period, is an unsymmetrical system.- 267. The power in a single-phase system is pulsating; that is, the watt curve of the circuit is a sine wave of double frequency, alternating between a maximum value and zero, or a negative maximum value. In a polyphase system the watt curves of the different branches of the system are pulsating also. Their sum, however, or the total power of the system, may be either con- 396 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-28.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-28.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-29", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "title": "Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 29: Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-29", "location": "lines 34929-35255", "line_start": 34929, "line_end": 35255, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1095, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "alternating-current", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 13, "alternating-current": 3, "magnetism": 3, "dielectricity": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIX SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 269. If all the e.m.fs. of a polyphase system are equal in intensity and differ from each other by the same angle of differ- ence of phase, the system is called a symmetrical polyphase system. Hence, a symmetrical n-phase system is a system of n e.m.fs. of equal intensity, differing from each other in phase by - of a period : e\\ = E sin /3; €2 = E sin (/3 — —j ; 63 = ^_sin(^ - -^y, ' . I ^ 2{n - l)x\\ The next e.m.f. is, again, ei = E sin (/3 - 2 x) = E sin /3. In the vector diagram the n e.m.fs. of the symmetrical n-phase system are represented by n equal vectors, following each other under equal angles. Since in symbolic", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... er by the same angle of differ- ence of phase, the system is called a symmetrical polyphase system. Hence, a symmetrical n-phase system is a system of n e.m.fs. of equal intensity, differing from each other in phase by - of a period : e\\ = E sin /3; €2 = E sin (/3 — —j ; 63 = ^_sin(^ - -^y, ' . I ^ 2{n - l)x\\ The next e.m.f. is, again, ei = E sin (/3 - 2 x) = E sin /3. In the vector diagram the n e.m.fs. of the symmetrical n-phase system are represented by n equal vectors, following each other under equal angles. Since in symbolic ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXIX SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 269. If all the e.m.fs. of a polyphase system are equal in intensity and differ from each other by the same angle of differ- ence of phase, the system is called a symmetrical polyphase system. Hence, a symmetrical n-phase system is a system of n e.m.fs. of equal intensity, differing from each other in phase by - of a period : e\\ = E sin /3; €2 = E sin (/3 ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ant m.m.f. at the time represented by the angle /3 is tan d ^ — cot jS; hence d = ~ ^ o' That is, the m.m.f. produced by a symmetrical ?i-phase system revolves with constant intensity, V2 and constant speed, in synchronism with the frequency of the system; and, if the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is constant, the magnetism revolves with constant intensity and constant speed also, at the point acted upon symmetrically by the n m.m.fs. of the n-phase system. This is a characteristic feature of the symmetrical polyphase system. 272. In the th ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... eight-phase system proposed for the same purpose. 271. A characteristic feature of the symmetrical n-phase sys- tem is that under certain conditions it can produce a rotating m.m.f. of constant intensity. If n equal magnetizing coils act upon a point under equal angular displacements in space, and are excited by the 7i e.m.fs. of a symmetrical n-phase system, a m.m.f. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let n' = number of turns of each magnetizing coil. E — effective value of ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-29.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-29.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-30", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "title": "Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 30: Balanced And Unbalanced Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-30", "location": "lines 35256-35691", "line_start": 35256, "line_end": 35691, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1574, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 10, "waves-lines": 5, "dielectricity": 4, "radiation-light": 3, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXX BALANCED AND UNBALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 273. If an alternating e.m.f., e = E\\/2 sin ^, produces a current, i = /V2 sin (/3 - &), where Q is the angle of lag, the power is p = ei = 2 EI sin (3 sin (/3 - d) = EI (cos 0 - cos (2 /3 - e)), and the average value of power, P = EI cos e. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as cos (2/3 - e)^ _ P A _ cos(2)£J- d)\\ \\ cos 0 / ' Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single- phase, alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of e.m.f. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant, p = ei.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... ) = EI (cos 0 - cos (2 /3 - e)), and the average value of power, P = EI cos e. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as cos (2/3 - e)^ _ P A _ cos(2)£J- d)\\ \\ cos 0 / ' Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single- phase, alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of e.m.f. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant, p = ei. If the angle of lag, ^ = 9, it is, p - P(l - cos 2/3); hence the flow of energy varies between zero and 2 P, ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... between zero and 2 P, where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. If the current lags or leads the e.m.f. by angle d, the power varies between P(l ^)andP(l +-^), \\ cos 6/ \\ cos 6/ that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half-wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into 405 406 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... nced system if the flow of energy varies periodically, as in the single-phase system; and the ratio of the minimum value to the maximum value of power is called the halance-J actor of the system. Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance-factor is zero; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes equal to — 1 if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 275. Obviously, in a polyphase system the balance of the system is a fu ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... P = EI cos e. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as cos (2/3 - e)^ _ P A _ cos(2)£J- d)\\ \\ cos 0 / ' Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single- phase, alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of e.m.f. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant, p = ei. If the angle of lag, ^ = 9, it is, p - P(l - cos 2/3); hence the flow of energy varies between zero and 2 P, where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-30.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-30.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-31", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 31: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-31", "location": "lines 35692-36061", "line_start": 35692, "line_end": 36061, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1564, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "ether", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 9, "alternating-current": 3, "ether": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-208", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 208, "caption": "^ Fig. 208. 2. The ring connection, represented diagrammatically in Fig.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 35765, "line_end": 35765, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-209", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 209, "caption": "1 Fig. 209. system. In a three-phase system this connection is called the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 35796, "line_end": 35796, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXI INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 283. In a polyphase system the different circuits of displaced phases, which constitute the system, may either be entirely separate and without electrical connection with each other, or they may be connected with each other electrically, so that a part of the electrical conductors are in common to the different phases, and in this case the system is called an interlinked poly- phase system. Thus, for instance, the quarter-phase system will be called an independent sj^stem if the two e.m.fs. in quadrature with each other are produced by two entirely separate coils of the same, or different, but rigidly connected, armatures, and are connected to four wires which energize independent circuits in motors or other receiving devices. If the quarter-phase system is derived by connecting four equidistant points of a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... . and current per circuit have to be the ring e.m.f. and ring current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if e^E are the e.m.fs. between the n terminals and the neutral point, or star e.m.fs. li = the currents issuing from terminals / over a line of the impedance, Zi (including generator impedance in star connec- tion), we have voltage at end of line i, eE - Zi/., and difference of potential between terminals h and i (e^- - eOf - {Zuh - ZJi), where /» is the star current of the system, Zi the star impedance. The ring voltage ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXXI INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 283. In a polyphase system the different circuits of displaced phases, which constitute the system, may either be entirely separate and without electrical connection with each other, or they may be connected with each other electrically, so that a part of the electrical conductors are in common to the different phases, and in this case ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... yphase system two ways exist of connecting apparatus into the system. 1. The star connection, represented diagrammatically in Fig. 208. In this connection the n circuits, excited by currents differ- ing from each other by - of a period, are connected with their one end together into a neutral point or common connection, which may either be grounded, or connected with other corre- sponding neutral points, or insulated. 415 416 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA In a three-phase system this connection is usually called a Y connection, from a similar ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... d and ring-connected generators, motors, etc., or in three-phase systems Y-connected and A-connected apparatus. 285. Obviously, the polyphase system as a whole does not differ, whether star connection or ring connection is used in the generators or other apparatus; and the transmission line of a symmetrical n-phase system always consists of n wires carrying currents of equal strength, when balanced, differing from each other in phase by — of a period. Since the line wires radiate from the n terminals of the generator, the lines can be considered as being in ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-31.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-31.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-32", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 32: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-32", "location": "lines 36062-36514", "line_start": 36062, "line_end": 36514, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2126, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 7, "magnetism": 6, "alternating-current": 4, "dielectricity": 3, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 8, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-210", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 210, "caption": "nm Fig. 210. The reverse thereof, or the Y-delta connection, is undesirable on unbalanced load, since it gives what has been called a \"float-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 36262, "line_end": 36262, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-211", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 211, "caption": "T Fig. 211. and (3) can be operated in parallel with each other, and with the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 36354, "line_end": 36354, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-212", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 212, "caption": "mm) mu Fig. 212. by the internal impedance of the transformers. It is convenient", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 36370, "line_end": 36370, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-213", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 213, "caption": "1 Fig. 213. phase and inverted three-phase or polyphase monocychc, by two transformers, the secondary of one being reversed regarding its", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 36404, "line_end": 36404, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-214", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 214, "caption": "CMT\\ rWFl Fig. 214. of the transformers contain two equal and independent (or inter- linked) coils, the three-phase sides two coils with the ratio of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 36420, "line_end": 36420, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-215", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 215, "caption": "I 2 Fig. 215. '3 '2 '3", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 36448, "line_end": 36448, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-216", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 216, "caption": "formation from three-phase to six-phase, shown in Fig. 216. It Fig. 216. is analogous to (7), the delta connection merely being replaced", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 36458, "line_end": 36458, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-217", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 217, "caption": "I I Fig. 217. The primaries in 9 and 10 may be connected either delta or F,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 36487, "line_end": 36487, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXII TRANSFORMATION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 289. In transforming one polyphase system into another poly- phase system, it is obvious that the primary system must have the same flow of energy as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of energy. The energy stored as magnetism amounts in a well-designed trans- former only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy effi- ciently, as", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ine capacity. For instance, if only one phase of the secondary triangle is 426 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA loaded, the other two unloaded, the primary current of the loaded phase must return over the other two transformers, which, at open secondaries, act as very high reactances, thus limiting the current and consuming practically all the voltage, and the loaded primary, and thus its secondary, receive practically no voltage. Y-delta connection is satisfactory if the secondary load is balanced, as induction — or synchronous motors, or if the prim ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... lanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of energy. The energy stored as magnetism amounts in a well-designed trans- former only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store ener ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... imary system must have the same flow of energy as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced sys- tem will be transformed again into a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced system of the same bal- ance-factor, since the transformer is not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of energy. The energy stored as magnetism amounts in a well-designed trans- former only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symm ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... nection of step-up transformers is frequently used in long-distance transmissions, to allow grounding of the high-potential neutral. Under certain conditions — which there- fore have to be guarded against — it is liable to induce excessive voltages by resonance with the line capacity. J_I_i P^^lIM nm Fig. 210. The reverse thereof, or the Y-delta connection, is undesirable on unbalanced load, since it gives what has been called a \"float- ing neutral;\" the three primary Y voltages do not remain even approximately constant, at unequal distribut ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-32.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-32.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-33", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "label": "Chapter 33: Efficiency Of Systems", "slug": "chapter-33", "location": "lines 36515-37127", "line_start": 36515, "line_end": 37127, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3815, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "ether", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 9, "alternating-current": 7, "radiation-light": 4, "ether": 2, "complex-quantities": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "magnetism": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXIII EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS 294. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which carry the current are a sufficient^ large item to require consideration, when decid- ing which system and what potential is to be used. In general, in transmitting a given amount of power at a given loss over a given distance, other things being equal, the amount of copper required in the conductors is inversely proportional to the square of the potential used. Since the total power trans- mitted is proportional to the product of current and e.m.f., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportionally to the e.m.f., and therefore, since the loss is proportional to the product of current-square and resistance,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... for a certain maximum potential only, but where the limitation of potential depends upon the problem of insulating the conductors against disruptive discharge, the proper com- parison is on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential; that is, equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. In this case, the comparison voltage may be either the poten- tial difference between any two conductors of the system, or it may be the potential difference between any conductor of the system and the ground, depending on the character of the ci ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXXIII EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS 294. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which carry the current are a sufficient^ large item to require consideration, when decid- ing which system and what potential is to be used. In general, in transmitting a given amo ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... comparison of different systems of long-distance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is to be made on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential existing in the system; the comparison of low-poten- tial distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatus. 295. 1st. Comparison on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential, in low-potential lighting circuits: In the single-phase ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... against ground, as is the case in a three-phase or quarter-phase system with grounded neutral, a single-phase system with grounded neutral, or quarter-phase system with common ground return of both phases, the copper efficiency is the same. That is: All grounded systems, whether with grounded neutral or with ground return, have the same copper efficiency, provided that all the overhead conductors have the same potential difference against ground. Hence: The three-phase system with grounded neutral has no supe- riority over the single-phase or th ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-33.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-33.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-34", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "title": "Metering Of Polyphase Circuit", "label": "Chapter 34: Metering Of Polyphase Circuit", "slug": "chapter-34", "location": "lines 37128-37452", "line_start": 37128, "line_end": 37452, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1263, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 5, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-218", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 218, "caption": ",^-'-' ^^ Fig. 218. The voltage between any two terminals e^ and e^ then is: e.7fc = ei — ek ' (1)", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 37147, "line_end": 37147, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-219", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 219, "caption": "-0- FiG. 219. Thus, if Fig. 220 denotes a general three-wire, three-phase sys- tem, with the voltages and currents in the three phases:", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 37331, "line_end": 37331, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-220", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 220, "caption": "•3, '3 Fig. 220. The voltages may be unequal in sizes and under unequal angles, by a distortion of the three-phase triangle, but it must be:", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 37344, "line_end": 37344, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-221", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 221, "caption": "-OD- Fig. 221. system, if the current lags, the two wattmeter coils do not read alike, as the voltmeter coil in the one lags by the angle of lag of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 37399, "line_end": 37399, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-fig-222", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "figure_number": 222, "caption": "-0- FiG. 222. In a four- wire, three-phase system, the connection of the two", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "line_start": 37441, "line_end": 37441, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXIV METERING OF POLYPHASE CIRCUIT 299. The power of a polyphase system or circuit is the sum of the powers of all the individual branch circuits, and the sum of the wattmeter readings of all the branch circuits thus gives the total power. Let, then, in a general polyphase system, ei, e^, e^ . . . e„ = potentials at the n terminals or supply wires of the /?-phase system. These may be represented topographically by points in a plane, as shown in Fig. 218. ,^-'-' ^^ Fig. 218. The voltage between any two terminals e^ and e^ then is: e.7fc = ei — ek ' (1) And this voltage, in any circuit connected between these two terminals, produces a current, %ik, as the current, which flows from e,- to eu through this circuit.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... since a number of circuits may and usually are con- nected between the n terminals. Consider one of these numerous circuits of the general w-phase system, that of the current /»<.• passing from ei to ek. The power of this circuit is: Pik = [ei - Ck, iik] (2) where the brackets denote the effective power, as discussed in Chapter XVI. Choosing any point ex, which may be one of the terminals, or the neutral point of the system, if such exists, or any other point. Then the voltage e^ — ek can be resolved by the parallelogram (Fig. 218) into the vo ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-34/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-34.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-34.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-35", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "title": "Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 35: Balanced Symmetrical Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-35", "location": "lines 37453-37957", "line_start": 37453, "line_end": 37957, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2178, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 39, "magnetism": 15, "dielectricity": 8, "waves-lines": 8, "complex-quantities": 5, "radiation-light": 5, "alternating-current": 4, "fields": 4, "transients": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "dielectric-constant", "label": "Dielectric constant", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXV BALANCED SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 303. In most applications of polyphase systems the system is a balanced symmetrical system, or as nearly balanced as possible. That is, it consists of n equal e.m.fs. displaced in phase from each other by - period, and producing equal currents of equal phase displacement against their e.m.fs. In such systems, each e.m.f. and its current can be considered separately as constituting a single-phase system, that is, the polyphase system can be resolved into n equal single-phase systems, each of which consists of one conductor of the polyphase system, with zero impedance as return circuit. Hereby the investigation of the polyphase system resolves itself into that of its constituent single-phase system. So, for instance, the polyphase system shown in Fig. 208, at balanced load, can be considered as consisting", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... .m.fs. In such systems, each e.m.f. and its current can be considered separately as constituting a single-phase system, that is, the polyphase system can be resolved into n equal single-phase systems, each of which consists of one conductor of the polyphase system, with zero impedance as return circuit. Hereby the investigation of the polyphase system resolves itself into that of its constituent single-phase system. So, for instance, the polyphase system shown in Fig. 208, at balanced load, can be considered as consisting of the equal single- phase syst ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... he line, Z = ^ +j| = 26 + 44johms. Choosing the voltage at the receiving end as zero vector, e = 46,100 volts, at 90 per cent, power-factor and therefore 43.6 per cent, induc- tance factor, the current is represented by 7 = 80 (0.9 - 0.436 j) =72-35 j. ^ Or. ii fi = permeability, k = dielectric constant of the medium sur- rounding the conductor, it is hence, V [^ I = \\W or. C = (4) 452 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA This gives: Voltage at receiver circuit, e = 46,100 volts; current in receiver circuit, Z = 72 — 35 j amp. ; impeda ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... HASE SYSTEMS 303. In most applications of polyphase systems the system is a balanced symmetrical system, or as nearly balanced as possible. That is, it consists of n equal e.m.fs. displaced in phase from each other by - period, and producing equal currents of equal phase displacement against their e.m.fs. In such systems, each e.m.f. and its current can be considered separately as constituting a single-phase system, that is, the polyphase system can be resolved into n equal single-phase systems, each of which consists of one conductor of the polyphase sy ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... tem are star, or (in a three- phase system) Y quantities, it usually is more convenient to reduce all quantities to Y connection, and use one of the F-cir- cuits as the equivalent single-phase circuit. 304. As an example may be considered the calculation of a long-distance transmission line, delivering 10,000 kw., three-phase power at 60 cycles, 80,000 volts and 90 per cent, power-factor at 100 miles from the generating station, with approximately 10 per cent, loss of power in the transmission line, and with the line conductors arranged in a triangle 6 ft. dist ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-35.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-35.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-36", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "title": "Three-Phase System", "label": "Chapter 36: Three-Phase System", "slug": "chapter-36", "location": "lines 37958-38392", "line_start": 37958, "line_end": 38392, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 702, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXVI THREE-PHASE SYSTEM 308. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special featm-es over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such; since the mutual reactions between the three phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, since each phase is acted upon by the preceding phase in an equal but opposite manner as by the following phase. With unequal distribution of load between the different branches, the voltages and phase differences become more or less unequal. These unbalancing effects are obviously maximum if some of the phases are fully loaded, others unloaded. Let E = e.m.f. between branches 1 and 2 of a three-phaser. Then e E = e.m.f. between 2 and 3, €^E = e.m.f.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... These unbalancing effects are obviously maximum if some of the phases are fully loaded, others unloaded. Let E = e.m.f. between branches 1 and 2 of a three-phaser. Then e E = e.m.f. between 2 and 3, €^E = e.m.f. between 3 and 1; where e — v^ = —-^ . Let Zi, Z2, Z3 = impedances of the lines issuing from generator terminals 1, 2, 3, and 1^1, Yo, Y3 = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. If then, Ii, 1 2, 1 3, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it is, Ix + ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXXVI THREE-PHASE SYSTEM 308. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special featm-es over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such; since the mutual reactions between the three phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, s ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXXVI THREE-PHASE SYSTEM 308. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special featm-es over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such; since the mutual reactions between the three phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, sinc ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-36/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-36.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-36.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/raw/alternating-current-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-chapter-37", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "title": "Quarter-Phase System", "label": "Chapter 37: Quarter-Phase System", "slug": "chapter-37", "location": "lines 38393-40115", "line_start": 38393, "line_end": 40115, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3709, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 59, "impedance-reactance": 45, "complex-quantities": 44, "dielectricity": 35, "fields": 16, "hysteresis": 14, "magnetism": 13, "radiation-light": 9, "alternating-current": 4 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "counter e.m.f.", "count": 1, "status": "source-located candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXVII QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM 310. In a three- wire quarter-phase system, or quarter-phase system with common return-wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then, El = E = e.m.f. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ei = jE = e.m.f. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let 1 1 and 1 2 = currents in 1 and in 2, 7o = current in 0, Z] and Z2 = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zo = impedance of line 0, Yi and F2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, /'i and /'2 = currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, E\\ and E'2 = potential", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ual generated e.m.f., alternator, 272 Admittance, 55 of dielectric, 154 due to eddy currents, 137 to hysteresis, 129 Admittivity of dielectric circuit, 160 Air-gap in magnetic circuit, 119, 132 Ambiguity of vectors, 39 Amplitude, 6, 20 Apparent capacity of distorted wave, 386 efficiency of induction motor, 234 impedance of transformer, 201 torque efficiency of induction motor, 234 Arc causing harmonics, 353 as pulsating resistance, 352 volt-ampere characteristic, 354 wave constrtiction, 355 Armature reaction of alternator, 260, 27 ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then, El = E = e.m.f. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ei = jE = e.m.f. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let 1 1 and 1 2 = currents in 1 and in 2, 7o = current in 0, Z] and Z2 = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zo = impedance of line 0, Yi and F2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, /'i and /'2 = currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, E\\ and E'2 = potential differences at circuit 0 to 1, and 0 to 2. it is then, Ii -\\- h -\\- h = 0, or, lo = — {I ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... n a three- wire quarter-phase system, or quarter-phase system with common return-wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then, El = E = e.m.f. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ei = jE = e.m.f. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let 1 1 and 1 2 = currents in 1 and in 2, 7o = current in 0, Z] and Z2 = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zo = impedance of line 0, Yi and F2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, /'i and /'2 = currents in circuits 0 to 1, ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... (5) Hence, the balanced quarter-phase system with common re- turn is unbalanced with regard to voltage and phase relation, or in other words, even if in a quarter-phase system with common return both branches or phases are loaded equally, with a load of the same phase displacement, nevertheless the system becomes unbalanced, and the two e.m.fs. at the end of the hne are neither equal in magnitude, nor in quadrature with each other. B. One Branch Loaded, One Unloaded Zi = Z2 = Z, Z -^• (a) Fi = 0, F2 = F, {b) Fi = Y, Y, = 0. 464 ALTERNATING-CU ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/cleaned_text/chapter-37.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena/chapter-37.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/5edtheorycalculatisteiuoft", "raw_pdf": 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"ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 63, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0014", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 480, "line_end": 480, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0015", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "<£ = 4 irm.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 497, "line_end": 497, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0016", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "therefore of flux $> = 4 xw, assuming a uniform distribution in", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 500, "line_end": 500, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0017", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "since the 3> lines issuing from the pole distribute over the area", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 506, "line_end": 506, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0018", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "1 That is, at 1 cm. distance with such force as to give to the mass of 1 gram", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 518, "line_end": 518, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0019", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "the acceleration of 1 cm. per second.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 519, "line_end": 519, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0020", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "intensity is ~ — — 2, and in the distance 2 the field intensity", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 561, "line_end": 561, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0021", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "affect its magnetic field, produces field intensity 2 in unit distance", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 565, "line_end": 565, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "1. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of force, or magnetic field. The magnetic field at unit distance from a unit magnet pole is called a unit magnetic field, and is represented by one line of magnetic force (or shortly \"one line\") per square centimeter, and from a unit magnet pole thus issue a total of 4 TT lines of magnetic force. The total number of lines of force issuing from a magnet pole is called its magnetic flux. The magnetic flux $ of a magnet pole of strength m is, <£ = 4 irm. At the distance I from a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "1. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of forc ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "1. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 1. A magnet pole attracting (or repelling) another magnet pole of equal strength at unit distance with unit force1 is called a unit magnet pole. The space surrounding a magnet pole is called a magnetic field of force, or magnetic field. The magnetic field at unit distance from a unit magnet pole is called a unit magnetic field, and is represented by one line of magnetic force (or shortly \"one line\") per square centimeter, and from a unit m ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... one ampere. 3. One ampere in an electric circuit or turn, that is, one ampere-turn, thus produces in a magnetic circuit of unit length the field intensity 0.4 w, and in a magnetic circuit of length 0.4 TT I the field intensity — '-j — , and F ampere-turns produce in a magnetic circuit of length I the field intensity: „ 0.4 irFv tf H = — j — lines of force per sq. cm. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 3 regardless whether the F ampere-turns are due to ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... 0.4 TT I the field intensity — '-j — , and F ampere-turns produce in a magnetic circuit of length I the field intensity: „ 0.4 irFv tf H = — j — lines of force per sq. cm. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENT 3 regardless whether the F ampere-turns are due to F amperes F in a single turn, or 1 amp. in F turns, or — amperes in n turns. F, that is, the product of amperes and turns, is called magneto- motive force (m.m.f.). The m.m.f. per unit length of magn ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-02", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 2, "title": "Magnetism and E.m.f.", "label": "Theory Section 2: Magnetism and E.m.f.", "slug": "section-02", "location": "lines 910-1032", "line_start": 910, "line_end": 1032, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 623, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 18, "fields": 10 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 17, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0077", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "109 times unit resistance is the practical unit, called the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 933, "line_end": 933, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0078", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "The ohm is the resistance of a circuit, in which 1 volt", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 939, "line_end": 939, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0079", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "and resistivity p is r = -7\"", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 952, "line_end": 952, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0080", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "cylinder, if the magnetic flux of the electromagnet is <£ = 25", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 985, "line_end": 985, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0081", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "lines. It makes 50 rev. per sec. Thus it cuts 50 X 25 X 106 =", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 989, "line_end": 989, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0082", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "12.5 X 108 lines of magnetic flux per second. Hence the gener-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 990, "line_end": 990, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0083", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "ated e.m.f. is E = 12.5 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 991, "line_end": 991, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0084", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "(B. & S.), 0.106 sq. cm. in cross section and 160 cm. mean length", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1005, "line_end": 1005, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "2. MAGNETISM AND E.M.F. 11. In an electric conductor moving relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated proportional to the rate of cutting of the lines of magnetic force by the conductor. Unit e.m.f. is the e.m.f. generated in a conductor cutting one line of magnetic force per second. 108 times unit e.m.f. is the practical unit, called the volt. Coiling the conductor n fold increases the e.m.f. n fold, by cutting each line of magnetic force n times. In a closed electric circuit the e.m.f. produces an electric current. The ratio of e.m.f. to electric current produced thereby is called the resistance of the electric circuit. Unit resistance is the resistance of a circuit in which unit e.m.f. produces unit current. 109 times unit resistance is the practical unit, called the ohm.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "2. MAGNETISM AND E.M.F. 11. In an electric conductor moving relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated proportional to the rate of cutting of the lines of magnetic force by the conductor. Unit e.m.f. is the e.m.f. generated in a conducto ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "2. MAGNETISM AND E.M.F. 11. In an electric conductor moving relatively to a magnetic field, an e.m.f. is generated proportional to the rate of cutting of the lines of magnetic force by the conductor. Unit e.m.f. is the e.m.f. generated in a conductor cutting one line of magnetic force per second. 108 times unit e.m.f. is the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": 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"theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0094", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "1 cm.3 refers to a cube whose side is 1 cm., and should not be confused", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1041, "line_end": 1041, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0095", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "If 3> = the maximum number of lines of force inclosed by", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1050, "line_end": 1050, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0096", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "E = 4 fn$ absolute units,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1056, "line_end": 1056, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0097", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "= 4fn3> ID\"8 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1057, "line_end": 1057, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0098", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "E = 4n$ volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1063, "line_end": 1063, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0099", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "T = 90°, or at the position of zero inclosure of magnetic flux", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1082, "line_end": 1082, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0100", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "E = 4 fn& is the average generated e.m.f.,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1097, "line_end": 1097, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0101", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "EQ = 2 irfn& is the maximurft, and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1100, "line_end": 1100, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "i 3. GENERATION OF E.M.F. 15. A closed conductor, convolution or turn, revolving in a magnetic field, passes during each revolution through two positions of maximum inclosure of lines of magnetic force A in Fig. 5, and two positions of zero inclosure of lines of mag- netic force B in Fig. 5. 1 cm.3 refers to a cube whose side is 1 cm., and should not be confused with cu. cm. 12 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Thus it cuts during each revolution four times the lines of force inclosed in the position of maximum inclosure. If 3> = the maximum number of lines of force inclosed by the conductor, / = the frequency in revolutions per second or cycles, and n = number of convolutions or turns of the con- ductor, the lines of force", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "i 3. GENERATION OF E.M.F. 15. A closed conductor, convolution or turn, revolving in a magnetic field, passes during each revolution through two positions of maximum inclosure of lines of magnetic force A in Fig. 5, and two positions of zero inclosure of lines of mag- netic force B in Fig. 5. 1 cm.3 refers to a cube whose side i ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "i 3. GENERATION OF E.M.F. 15. A closed conductor, convolution or turn, revolving in a magnetic field, passes during each revolution through two positions of maximum inclosure of lines of magnetic force A in Fig. 5, and two positions of zero inclosure of lines of mag- netic force B in Fig. 5. 1 cm.3 refers to a cube whose side is 1 c ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... 12 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Thus it cuts during each revolution four times the lines of force inclosed in the position of maximum inclosure. If 3> = the maximum number of lines of force inclosed by the conductor, / = the frequency in revolutions per second or cycles, and n = number of convolutions or turns of the con- ductor, the lines of force cut per second by the conductor, and thus the average generated e.m.f. is, E = 4 fn$ absolute units, = 4fn3> ID\"8 volt ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-04", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 4, "title": "Power and Effective Values", "label": "Theory Section 4: Power and Effective Values", "slug": "section-04", "location": "lines 1244-1572", "line_start": 1244, "line_end": 1572, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1332, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "fields", "alternating-current", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 16, "magnetism": 14, "fields": 5, "alternating-current": 2, "radiation-light": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 54, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0130", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "The e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is EI = 7r, thus the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1249, "line_end": 1249, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0131", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "power consumed by resistance r is P = 72r.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1250, "line_end": 1250, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0132", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "If an alternating current i = I0 sin 6 passes through a resist-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1257, "line_end": 1257, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0133", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "i*r = 702r sin2 0 = ^r C1 ~ cos 2 0),", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1260, "line_end": 1260, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0134", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "since avg. (cos) = 0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1269, "line_end": 1269, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0135", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "Thus the alternating current i = IQ since 0 consumes in a resist-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1274, "line_end": 1274, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0136", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "The value / = —7= is called the effective value of the alter-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1278, "line_end": 1278, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0137", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "nating current i = IQ sin 0; since it gives the same effect.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1282, "line_end": 1282, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "4. POWER AND EFFECTIVE VALUES 20. The power of the continuous e.m.f. E producing con- tinuous current / is P = El. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance r is EI = 7r, thus the power consumed by resistance r is P = 72r. Either EI = E, then, the total power in the circuit is con- sumed by the resistance, or EI < E} then only a part of the power is consumed by the resistance, the remainder by some counter e.m.f., E — EI. If an alternating current i = I0 sin 6 passes through a resist- ance r, the power consumed by the resistance is, i*r = 702r sin2 0 = ^r C1 ~ cos 2 0), & thus varies with twice the frequency of the current, between zero and 70V. The average", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated e.m.f. The formula of the alternating-current generator, E = V2 *fn$, does not hold if the waves are not sine waves, since the ratios of average to maximum and of maximum to effective e.m.f. are chan ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... V2 e.m.f., e = EQ sin 6. Since E0 = 2 irfn$, it follows that J' ; = 4.44 fn& ; is the effective alternating e.m.f. generated in a coil of turns n rotating at a frequency of / (in hundreds of cycles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it i ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... m.f., e = EQ sin 6. Since E0 = 2 irfn$, it follows that J' ; = 4.44 fn& ; is the effective alternating e.m.f. generated in a coil of turns n rotating at a frequency of / (in hundreds of cycles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... J' ; = 4.44 fn& ; is the effective alternating e.m.f. generated in a coil of turns n rotating at a frequency of / (in hundreds of cycles per second) through a magnetic field of megalines of force. This is the formula of the alternating-current generator. 21. The formula of the direct-current generator, E = holds even if the e.m.fs. generated in the individual turns are not sine waves, since it is the average generated e.m.f. The formula of the alternating-current generator, E ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-05", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 5, "title": "Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "label": "Theory Section 5: Self-inductance and Mutual Inductance", "slug": "section-05", "location": "lines 1573-1784", "line_start": 1573, "line_end": 1784, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 944, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 28, "fields": 3 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 32, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0184", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "5. SELF-INDUCTANCE AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1573, "line_end": 1573, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0185", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "L2 = inductance of the second circuit, and M = mutual induc-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1632, "line_end": 1632, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0186", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "M2 = ZaL2.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1635, "line_end": 1635, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0187", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "27. Thus, if LI and L2 are the inductances of the two circuits,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1644, "line_end": 1644, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0188", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "mutual inductance and — 1 = — + —", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1659, "line_end": 1659, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0189", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "LI and L2 = inductance,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1665, "line_end": 1665, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0190", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "or Li = Si + — M L2 = Sz + - M,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1675, "line_end": 1675, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0191", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "or M2 = (Li - Si)(Lz - Sz).", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1679, "line_end": 1679, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "5. SELF-INDUCTANCE AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE 26. The number of inter-linkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic force of the flux produced by unit current in the circuit is called the inductance of the circuit. The number of interlinkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic force of the flux produced by unit current in a second electric circuit is called the mutual inductance of the second upon the first circuit. It is equal to the mutual induc- tance of the first upon the second circuit, as will be seen, and thus is called the mutual inductance between the two circuits. The number of interlinkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic flux produced by unit current in this circuit and not interlinked with a second circuit is called", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "5. SELF-INDUCTANCE AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE 26. The number of inter-linkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic force of the flux produced by unit current in the circuit is called the inductance of the circuit. The number of interlinkages of an electric circuit with the lines of magnetic force of the flux produced by unit current in a second ele ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... f current di in time dt is e = — -j-. L 108 absolute units r dt = — -T.L volts. at A change of current of 1 amp. per second in the circuit of 1 h. inductance generates 1 volt. EXAMPLES 28. (1) What is the inductance of the field of a 20-pole alternator, if the 20 field spools are connected in series, each spool contains 616 turns, and 6.95 amp. produces 6.4 mega- lines per pole? The total number of turns of all 20 spools is 20 X 616 = 12,320 Each is interlin ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-06", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 6, "title": "Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "label": "Theory Section 6: Self-inductance of Continuous-current Circuits", "slug": "section-06", "location": "lines 1785-2249", "line_start": 1785, "line_end": 2249, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1414, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "transients", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 11, "magnetism": 4, "transients": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 67, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0216", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "6. SELF-INDUCTANCE OF CONTINUOUS-CURRENT", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1785, "line_end": 1785, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0217", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "30. Self-inductance makes itself felt in continuous-current", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1788, "line_end": 1788, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0218", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "at t = 0, i = 0, and thus", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1849, "line_end": 1849, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0219", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "-' «i = 0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1873, "line_end": 1873, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0220", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "and its reciprocal, — , the \"time constant of the circuit.\"1", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1883, "line_end": 1883, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0221", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "1 The name time constant dates back to the early days of telegraphy, where", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1885, "line_end": 1885, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0222", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "ei = - = - 0.368 E.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1905, "line_end": 1905, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0223", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "31. Stopping of Current. In a circuit of inductance L and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1907, "line_end": 1907, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "6. SELF-INDUCTANCE OF CONTINUOUS-CURRENT CIRCUITS 30. Self-inductance makes itself felt in continuous-current circuits only in starting and stopping or, in general, when the current changes in value. Starting of Current. If r = resistance, L = inductance of circuit, E = continuous e.m.-f. impressed upon circuit, i = current in circuit at time t after impressing e.m.f. E, and di the increase of current during time moment dt, then the increase of magnetic interlinkages during time dt is IM, and the e.m.f. generated thereby is r di ei = -L~di By Lentz's law it is negative, since it is opposite to the im- pressed e.m.f., its cause. Thus the e.m.f. acting in this moment upon the circuit is E + ei = E - L § CONTINUOUS-CURRENT CIRCUITS 25 and the current is or, transposing,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... and inductance L is 2 ' which is independent both of the resistance r of the circuit and the resistance n inserted in breaking the circuit. This energy has to be expended in stopping the current. EXAMPLES 32. (1) In the alternator field in Section 1, Example 4, Sec- tion 2, Example 2, and Section 5, Example 1, how long a time after impressing the required e.m.f. E = 230 volts will it take for the field to reach (a) J/£ strength, (b) %Q strength? (2) If 500 volts ar ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... Current. If r = resistance, L = inductance of circuit, E = continuous e.m.-f. impressed upon circuit, i = current in circuit at time t after impressing e.m.f. E, and di the increase of current during time moment dt, then the increase of magnetic interlinkages during time dt is IM, and the e.m.f. generated thereby is r di ei = -L~di By Lentz's law it is negative, since it is opposite to the im- pressed e.m.f., its cause. Thus the e.m.f. acting in this moment upon the circu ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... dates back to the early days of telegraphy, where it was applied to the ratio : — , that is, the reciprocal of the attenuation con- stant. This quantity which had gradually come into disuse, again became of importance when investigating transient electric phenomena, and in this work it was found more convenient to denote the value Y as attenuation constant, since this value appears as one term of the more gen- eral constant of the electric circuit ( Y + ~r< ) • (Theory and Cal ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... nt dt, then the increase of magnetic interlinkages during time dt is IM, and the e.m.f. generated thereby is r di ei = -L~di By Lentz's law it is negative, since it is opposite to the im- pressed e.m.f., its cause. Thus the e.m.f. acting in this moment upon the circuit is E + ei = E - L § CONTINUOUS-CURRENT CIRCUITS 25 and the current is or, transposing, ™ _ r dt rdt di L i- r the integral of which is . E rt . /. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-07", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 7, "title": "Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "label": "Theory Section 7: Inductance in Alternating-current Circuits", "slug": "section-07", "location": "lines 2250-2717", "line_start": 2250, "line_end": 2717, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1937, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 23, "magnetism": 8, "waves-lines": 8, "alternating-current": 5, "fields": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 18, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0283", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "7. INDUCTANCE IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2250, "line_end": 2250, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0284", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "34. An alternating current i = IQ sin 2irft or i — I0 sin 0", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2252, "line_end": 2252, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0285", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "curved line as shown in Fig. 10, with the instantaneous values", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2254, "line_end": 2254, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0286", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "FIG. 10. — Alternating sine wave.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2257, "line_end": 2257, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0287", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "to the time, 6 = 2irft, as abscissas, counting the time from the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2260, "line_end": 2260, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0288", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "i = /0 sin 2 IT/ (t - t'),", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2266, "line_end": 2266, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0289", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "or i = /osin (6 — 8'),", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2267, "line_end": 2267, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0290", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "If such a sine wave of alternating current i = IQ sin 2 irft or", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2271, "line_end": 2271, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-011", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 11, "caption": "e\\ = — r/0 sin 0, opposite in phase to the current, shown as e\\ in dotted line in Fig. 11. The counter e.m.f. of resistance and the e.m.f. consumed by resistance have the same relation to each other as the counter", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2374, "line_end": 2374, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "7. INDUCTANCE IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 34. An alternating current i = IQ sin 2irft or i — I0 sin 0 can be represented graphically in rectangular coordinates by a curved line as shown in Fig. 10, with the instantaneous values FIG. 10. — Alternating sine wave. i as ordinates and the time t, or the arc of the angle corresponding to the time, 6 = 2irft, as abscissas, counting the time from the zero value of the rising wave as zero point. If the zero value of current is not chosen as zero point of time, the wave is represented by i = /0 sin 2 IT/ (t - t'), or i = /osin (6 — 8'), where tf and 6' are respectively the time and the corresponding angle at which the current reaches its", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... sine wave of current. This e.m.f. is called the counter e.m.f. of inductance. It is .'•'• '•••• e'*=-Ljt = - 2 TT/L/O cos 2 irft. It is shown in dotted line in Fig. 11 as e'2. The quantity 2 irfL is called the inductive reactance of the circuit, and denoted by x. It is of the nature of a resistance, and expressed in ohms. If L is given in 109 absolute units or henrys, x appears in ohms. The counter e.m.f. of inductance of the current, i = /o sin 2 irft = ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... and the corresponding angle at which the current reaches its zero value in the ascendant. If such a sine wave of alternating current i = IQ sin 2 irft or i = IQ sin 6 passes through a circuit of resistance r and induc- tance L, the magnetic flux produced by the current and thus its interlinkages with the current, iL = IoL sin 0, vary in a wave 32 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING line similar also to that of the current, as shown in Fig. 11 as $. The e.m.f. gener ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 34. An alternating current i = IQ sin 2irft or i — I0 sin 0 can be represented graphically in rectangular coordinates by a curved line as shown in Fig. 10, with the instantaneous values FIG. 10. — Alternating sine wave. i as ordinates and the time t, or the arc of the angle corresponding to the time, 6 = 2irft, as abscissas, counting the time from the zero value of the rising wave as zero point. If the zero value of current is not chosen as zero ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "7. INDUCTANCE IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 34. An alternating current i = IQ sin 2irft or i — I0 sin 0 can be represented graphically in rectangular coordinates by a curved line as shown in Fig. 10, with the instantaneous values FIG. 10. — Alternating sine wave. i as ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-08", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 8, "title": "Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "label": "Theory Section 8: Power in Alternating-current Circuits", "slug": "section-08", "location": "lines 2718-2864", "line_start": 2718, "line_end": 2864, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 743, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 4, "impedance-reactance": 4, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "8. POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS of effective value I = —7=-, in a circuit of resistance r and reac- V2 39. The power consumed by alternating current i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the impressed e.m.f., consisting of the components ei = r/0 sin 0, the e.m.f. consumed by resistance and 62 = x!Q cos 0, the e.m.f. consumed by reactance. z = \\/r2 + x2 is the impedance and tan 00 = — the phase angle of the circuit; thus the power is p = z/o2 sin 0 sin (0 + 00) = ^- (€OS 00 - COS (20+ 00)) = zP (cos 00 - cos (20 + 00)). Since the average cos (20", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... f. of self-inductance is a wattless or reactive e.m.f., while the e.m.f. of resistance is a power or active e.m.f. The wattless e.m.f. is in quadrature, the power e.m.f. in phase with the current. In general, if 0 = angle of time-phase displacement between the resultant e.m.f. and the resultant current of the circuit, / = current, E = impressed e.m.f., consisting of two com- ponents, one, EI = E cos 0, in phase with the current, the other, 1£2 = E sin 0, in quadrature with the c ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the impressed e.m.f., consisting of the components ei = r/0 sin 0, the e.m.f. consumed by resistance and 62 = x!Q cos 0, the e.m.f. consumed by reactance. z = \\/r2 + x2 is the impedance and tan 00 = — the phase angle of the circuit; thus the power is p = z/o2 sin 0 sin (0 + 00) = ^- (€OS 00 - COS (20+ 00)) = zP (cos 00 - cos (20 + 00)). Since the average cos (20 + 00) ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "8. POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS of effective value I = —7=-, in a circuit of resistance r and reac- V2 39. The power consumed by alternating current i = I0 sin 0, effective value I tance x = 2 nfL, is p = ei, where e = z!Q sin (0 + 00) is the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-09", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 9, "title": "Vector Diagrams", "label": "Theory Section 9: Vector Diagrams", "slug": "section-09", "location": "lines 2865-3233", "line_start": 2865, "line_end": 3233, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1813, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 21, "impedance-reactance": 8 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-016", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 16, "caption": "of the current by angle EOI = 0 would come into the position OE, Fig. 16. This vector diagram then shows graphically, by the projections of the vectors on the horizontal, the instantaneous values of the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2924, "line_end": 2924, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "9. VECTOR DIAGRAMS 42. The best way of graphically representing alternating-cur- rent phenomena is by a vector diagram. The most frequently used vector diagram is the crank diagram. In this, sine waves of alternating currents, voltages, etc., are represented as projec- tions of a revolving vector on the horizontal. That is, a vector equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave is assumed to revolve at uniform speed so as to make one complete revolution per period, and the projections of this revolving vec- tor upon the horizontal then represent the instantaneous values of the wave. Let, for instance, 01 represent in length the maximum value of current i = I cos (6 — 00). Assume then a vector, 07, to revolve, left-handed or in positive direction, so that it makes a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "9. VECTOR DIAGRAMS 42. The best way of graphically representing alternating-cur- rent phenomena is by a vector diagram. The most frequently used vector diagram is the crank diagram. In this, sine waves of alternating currents, voltages, etc., are represented as projec- tions of a revolving vector on the horizontal. That is, a vector equal in length to the maximum value of the alternating wave is assumed to revolve at uniform speed so ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... resistance r, e\\ — e!Q sin 0, is represented by vector OEi equal to r/0, and located on the nega- VECTOR DIAGRAMS 45 tive vertical, and the counter e.m.f. of resistance by vector OE'i on the positive vertical. The counter e.m.f. of impedance: — (r/o sin 0 + x!Q cos 0) - ?Jn sin (ft -\\- fi»} sin (6 + 00) then is represented graphically as the resultant, by the parallelo- gram of sine waves of OE\\ and OE'2} that is, by a vector OE', equal in length to z!0, and o ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-09.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-09.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-10", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 10, "title": "Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "label": "Theory Section 10: Hysteresis and Effective Resistance", "slug": "section-10", "location": "lines 3234-3585", "line_start": 3234, "line_end": 3585, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1555, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "hysteresis", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 37, "hysteresis": 20, "impedance-reactance": 12, "radiation-light": 9, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. generated by this flux, or counter e.m.f. of self-inductance, OE'\" = E'\" = xl, lags 90 degrees be- hind the current. The e.m.f. consumed by self-inductance or impressed e.m.f. OE\" = E\" = xl is thus 90 degrees ahead of the current. Inversely, if the e.m.f. OE\" = E\" is impressed upon a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the current E\" 01 = I = - - lags 90 degrees behind the impressed e.m.f. x", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. generated by this flux, or counter e.m.f. of self-inductance, OE'\" = E'\" = xl, lags 90 degrees be- hind the current. The e.m.f. consumed by self-inductanc ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "10. HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 46. If an alternating current 01 = I, in Fig. 21, exists in a circuit of reactance x = 2 irfL and of negligible resistance, the HYSTERESIS AND EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE 49 magnetic flux produced by the current, 0$ = $, is in phase with the current, and the e.m.f. generated by this flux, or counter e.m.f. of self-indu ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... In soft annealed sheet iron or sheet steel and in silicon steel, rj varies from 0.60 X 10~3 to 2.5 X 10~3, and can in average, for good material, be assumed as 1.5 X 10~3. The loss of power in the volume, V, at flux density B and frequency /, is thus P = VfoB1'6 X 10\"7, in watts, and, if / = the exciting current, the hysteretic effective resist- ance is P B1'6 r\" =J-* = VfrW-^' If the flux density, B, is proportional to the current, /, sub- stituting for B, and intr ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-11", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 11, "title": "Capacity and Condensers", "label": "Theory Section 11: Capacity and Condensers", "slug": "section-11", "location": "lines 3586-3760", "line_start": 3586, "line_end": 3760, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 698, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "hysteresis", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 34, "radiation-light": 4, "hysteresis": 2, "impedance-reactance": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "11. CAPACITY AND CONDENSERS 51. The charge of an electric condenser is proportional to the impressed voltage, that is, potential difference at its terminals, and to its capacity. A condenser is said to have unit capacity if unit current exist- ing for one second produces unit difference of potential at its terminals. The practical unit of capacity is that of a condenser in which 1 amp. during one second produces 1 volt difference of potential. The practical unit of capacity equals 10~9 absolute units. It is called a farad. One farad is an extremely large capacity, and therefore one millionth of one farad, called microfarad, mf., is commonly used. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a condenser, the charge of the condenser varies proportionally to the e.m.f., and CAPACITY AND CONDENSERS 55 thus there", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "11. CAPACITY AND CONDENSERS 51. The charge of an electric condenser is proportional to the impressed voltage, that is, potential difference at its terminals, and to its capacity. A condenser is said to have unit capacity if unit current exist- ing for ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... to the condenser during rising and from the condenser during decreasing e.m.f., as shown in Fig. 26. That is, the current consumed by the condenser leads the impressed e.m.f. by 90 time degrees, or a quarter of a period. Denoting / as frequency and E as effective alternating e.m.f. impressed upon a condenser of C'mf. capacity, the condenser is charged and discharged twice during each cycle, and the time of one complete charge or discharge is therefore j^- Since E \\/2 is the ma ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... Transposing, the e.m.f. of the condenser is 106/ 106 The value z0 = fn is called the condensive reactance of the ^ 7T/C condenser. 56 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Due to the energy loss in the condenser by dielectric hysteresis, the current leads the e.m.f. by somewhat less than 90 time de- grees, and can be resolved into a wattless charging current and a dielectric hysteresis current, which latter, however, is generally so small as to be negligible, though in un ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... onsumes a current of 1 = 2 irfCE 10~6 amp. effective, which current leads the terminal voltage by 90 degrees or a quarter period. Transposing, the e.m.f. of the condenser is 106/ 106 The value z0 = fn is called the condensive reactance of the ^ 7T/C condenser. 56 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Due to the energy loss in the condenser by dielectric hysteresis, the current leads the e.m.f. by somewhat less than 90 time de- grees, and can be resolved into a wat ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-12", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 12, "title": "Impedance of Transmission Lines", "label": "Theory Section 12: Impedance of Transmission Lines", "slug": "section-12", "location": "lines 3761-4464", "line_start": 3761, "line_end": 4464, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1926, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "alternating-current", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 21, "dielectricity": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "waves-lines": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-031", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 31, "caption": "Taking i from Fig. 31 and substituting, gives (a) the values of e0 for e = 2000, which are recorded in the table, and plotted in Fig. 31. JTPUT", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 4090, "line_end": 4090, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "12. IMPEDANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 54. Let r = resistance; x = 2 irfL = the reactance of a trans- mission line; E0 = the alternating e.m.f. impressed upon the line; I = the line current; E = the e.m.f. at receiving end of the line, and 6 = the angle of lag of current 7 behind e.m.f. E. B < 0 thus denotes leading, 0 > 0 lagging current, and 6 = 0 a non-in- ductive receiver circuit. The capacity of the transmission 0 line shall be considered as negligible. FIG. 27.— Vector diagram ,1 i f , v i. of current and e.m.fs. in a _Assummg the phase of the current transmission line assuming QI = / as zero in the polar diagram, zero capacity. Fig. 27, the e.m.f. E is represented by", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "12. IMPEDANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 54. Let r = resistance; x = 2 irfL = the reactance of a trans- mission line; E0 = the alternating e.m.f. impressed upon the line; I = the line current; E = the e.m.f. at receiving end of the line, and 6 = the ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... line; I = the line current; E = the e.m.f. at receiving end of the line, and 6 = the angle of lag of current 7 behind e.m.f. E. B < 0 thus denotes leading, 0 > 0 lagging current, and 6 = 0 a non-in- ductive receiver circuit. The capacity of the transmission 0 line shall be considered as negligible. FIG. 27.— Vector diagram ,1 i f , v i. of current and e.m.fs. in a _Assummg the phase of the current transmission line assuming QI = / as zero in ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "12. IMPEDANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES 54. Let r = resistance; x = 2 irfL = the reactance of a trans- mission line; E0 = the alternating e.m.f. impressed upon the line; I = the line current; E = the e.m.f. at receiving end of the line, and 6 = the angle of lag of current 7 behind e.m.f. E. B < 0 thus denotes leading, ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... r voltage E. This reactive current 7' lags be- hind E'z by less than 90 and more than zero degrees. 57. In calculating numerical values, we can pro'ceed either trigonometrically as in the preceding, or algebraically by resolv- ing all sine waves into two rectangular components; for instance, a horizontal and a vertical component, in the same way as in mechanics when combining forces. Let the horizontal components be counted positive toward the right, negative toward the left, and ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-13", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 13, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer", "label": "Theory Section 13: Alternating-current Transformer", "slug": "section-13", "location": "lines 4465-5263", "line_start": 4465, "line_end": 5263, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1828, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 16, "impedance-reactance": 11, "alternating-current": 6, "dielectricity": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si refer to that magnetic flux which is interlinked with the one but not with the other circuit. Let a ratio of — — • — - turns (ratio of transformation), primary An alternating e.m.f. E0 impressed upon the primary electric circuit causes a current, which produces a magnetic flux $ inter- linked with primary and secondary circuits. This flux gener- ates e.m.fs. EI and E{ in secondary and in", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ch delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si refer to that magnetic flux which is interlinked with the one but not with the other circuit. Let a ratio of — — • — - turns (ratio of transformation), primary An alternating e.m.f. E0 impressed upon the primary electric circuit causes a current, which pr ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ransformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ = 2TrfSz = self-inductive or leakage reactance of secondary circuit, r0 = resistance, XQ = 2irfSi = self -inductive or leakage reactance of primary circuit, where S2 and Si refer to that magnetic flux which is interlinked with the one but not with the other circuit. Let a ra ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "13. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 60. The alternating-current transformer consists of one mag- netic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary circuit which receives energy, and the secondary circuit which delivers energy. Let TI = resistance, x\\ ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... OEi we have sin E\\OE -T- sin E\\EO = .E^n -f- EiO ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 71 thus, writing £ E&E = 0\", we have sin 0\" -4- sin (0' - 0i) = hz + Ei, wherefrom we get % 6\", and £ E1OIl = 6 = 0, + 0\", the phase displacement between secondary current and secondary e.m.f. FIG. 37. — Vector diagram of transformer with leading load current. In triangle O/oo/o we have since and 0/02 = O/oo2 + /oo/o2 - 2 O/oo/oo/o COS O/oo/o, £ #i00 = 90°, $ O/oo/o = 90 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-13.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-13.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-14", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 14, "title": "Rectangular Coordinates", "label": "Theory Section 14: Rectangular Coordinates", "slug": "section-14", "location": "lines 5264-5831", "line_start": 5264, "line_end": 5831, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1710, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 27, "impedance-reactance": 24, "waves-lines": 6, "alternating-current": 1, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "14. RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 64. The vector diagram of sine waves gives the best insight into the mutual relations of alternating currents and e.m.fs. For numerical calculation from the vector diagram either the trigonometric method or the method of rectangular components is used. The method of rectangular components, as explained in the above paragraphs, is usually simpler and more convenient than the trigonometric method. In the method of rectangular components it is desirable to distinguish the two components from each other and from the resultant or total value by their notation. To distinguish the components from the resultant, small letters are used for the components, capitals for the resultant. Thus in the transformer diagram of Section 13 the secondary current I\\ has the horizontal component ii = — I\\ cos 0i, and the vertical component i'\\", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... mponents undesirable, since indices are reserved for distinguishing different e.m.fs., currents, etc., from each other. Thus the most convenient way is the addition of a prefix or coefficient to one of the components, and as such the letter j is commonly used with the vertical component. Thus the secondary current in the transformer diagram, Section 13, can be written i\\ + ji* = Ii cos 0i + jli sin 0i. (1) This method offers the further advantage that the two com- ponents c ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... urrent is J0 = I' + J00 = (aii + h) -j (aiz + g). (9) The e.m.f. consumed by primary resistance rQ is r0Jo = TQ (aii + h) - jr0 (aiz + 0). (10) The horizontal component of primary current (aii + h) gives as e.m.f. consumed by reactance XQ a negative vertical com- ponent, denoted by JXQ (aii + h). The vertical component of primary current j (aiz + g) gives as e.m.f. consumed by react- ance XQ a positive horizontal component, denoted by XQ (aiz + (/)• Thus the total e.m ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "14. RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 64. The vector diagram of sine waves gives the best insight into the mutual relations of alternating currents and e.m.fs. For numerical calculation from the vector diagram either the trigonometric method or the method of rectangular components is used. The method of rectangula ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... The method of rectangular components, as explained in the above paragraphs, is usually simpler and more convenient than the trigonometric method. In the method of rectangular components it is desirable to distinguish the two components from each other and from the resultant or total value by their notation. To distinguish the components from the resultant, small letters are used for the components, capitals for the resultant. Thus in the transformer diagram of Section 13 the second ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-14.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-14.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-15", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 15, "title": "Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "label": "Theory Section 15: Load Characteristic of Transmission Line", "slug": "section-15", "location": "lines 5832-6221", "line_start": 5832, "line_end": 6221, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 833, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 13, "complex-quantities": 2, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "15. LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSMISSION LINE 70. The load characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + jx. Let EQ = e.m.f. impressed upon the line. Choosing the e.m.f. at the end of the line as horizontal com- ponent in the vector diagram, it can be denoted by E = e. 86 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING At non-inductive load the line current is in phase with the e.m.f. e, thus denoted by 7 = i. The e.m.f. consumed by the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... The load characteristic of a transmission line is the curve of volts and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + jx. Let EQ = e.m.f. impressed upon the line. Choosing the e.m.f. at the end of the line as horizontal com- ponent in the vector diagram, it can be d ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... and watts at the receiving end of the line as function of the amperes, and at constant e.m.f . impressed upon the generator end of the line. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the line. Its impedance z = -y/r2 + x2 can be denoted symbolically by Z = r + jx. Let EQ = e.m.f. impressed upon the line. Choosing the e.m.f. at the end of the line as horizontal com- ponent in the vector diagram, it can be denoted by E = e. 86 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING At non ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... E0 and P = 0, as is to be expected. At short circuit, e = 0, 0 = \\/#o2 — xzi2 — ri, and ° ; (6) X' that is, the maximum line current which can be established with a non-inductive receiver circuit and negligible line capacity. 71. The condition of maximum 'power delivered over the line '• i| f-* on that is, substituting (3): '! V#o2 - x*i* = e + ri, and expanding, gives e* = (r2 + x2) i2 (8) = z2i2; hence, e — zi, and - = z. (9) ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-15.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-15.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-16", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 16, "title": "Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "label": "Theory Section 16: Phase Control of Transmission Lines", "slug": "section-16", "location": "lines 6222-6813", "line_start": 6222, "line_end": 6813, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1806, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "fields", "magnetism", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 13, "complex-quantities": 9, "fields": 1, "magnetism": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "16. PHASE CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION LINES 76. If in the receiving circuit of an inductive transmission line the phase relation can be changed, the drop of voltage in the line can be maintained constant at varying loads or even decreased with increasing load; that is, at constant generator voltage the transmission can be compounded for constant voltage at the receiving end, or even over-compounded for a voltage increasing with the load. 1. Compounding of Transmission Lines for Constant Voltage Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the transmission line, CQ = voltage impressed upon the beginning of the line, e = vol- tage received at the end of end line. PHASE CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION LINES 91 Let i = power current in the receiving circuit; that is, P — ei = transmitted power, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... nerator voltage the transmission can be compounded for constant voltage at the receiving end, or even over-compounded for a voltage increasing with the load. 1. Compounding of Transmission Lines for Constant Voltage Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the transmission line, CQ = voltage impressed upon the beginning of the line, e = vol- tage received at the end of end line. PHASE CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION LINES 91 Let i = power current in the receiving circuit; that is, P — e ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... the receiving circuit; that is, P — ei = transmitted power, and ii = reactive current produced in the system for controlling the voltage. i\\ shall be considered positive as lagging, negative as leading current. Then the total current, in symbolic representation, is / = i - jii; the line impedance is Z = r + jx, and thus the e.m.f. consumed by the line impedance is Ei = ZI = (r + jx) (i - jii) = ri + jrii + jxi - J2xii; and substituting f — — 1, Ei = (ri + xii) ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... (r2 + x2) + 2 iQre0. (13) This equation gives i'o as function of io, e0, r, x. If now the reactive current i\\ varies as linear function of the power current i, as in case of compounding by rotary converter with shunt and series field, it is Substituting this value in the general equation (eo + n0)2 + *V = (e + ri + a»i)» + (rii - xz)2 gives e as function of i; that is, gives the voltage at the receiving end as function of the load, at constant voltage 60 a ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... . Between i = 0 and i = io, e > eo, and the current is lagging. Above i = io, e < eQ, and the current is leading. By the reaction of the variation of e from eo upon the receiving apparatus producing reactive current z'i, and by magnetic satura- tion in the receiving apparatus, the deviation of e from eo is reduced, that is, the regulation improved. 2. Over-compounding of Transmission Lines 78. The impressed voltage at the generator end of the line was found in the preced ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-16.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-16.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-17", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 17, "title": "Impedance and Admittance", "label": "Theory Section 17: Impedance and Admittance", "slug": "section-17", "location": "lines 6814-7380", "line_start": 6814, "line_end": 7380, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1556, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity", "alternating-current", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 58, "complex-quantities": 30, "dielectricity": 8, "alternating-current": 3, "fields": 3, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "17. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 82. In direct-current circuits the most important law is Ohm's law, e -i or e r ir, or r = -.> where e is the e.m.f. impressed upon resistance r to produce current i therein. Since in alternating-current circuits a current i through a resistance r may produce additional e.m.fs. therein, when apply- a ing Ohm's law, i — - to alternating-current circuits, e is the IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE ' 99 total e.m.f. resulting from the impressed e.m.f. and all e.m.fs. produced by the current i in the circuit. Such counter e.m.fs. may be due to inductance, as self-induc- tance, or mutual inductance, to capacity, chemical polarization, etc. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction, or e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field produced by the alternating current i, is repre- sented by a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "17. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 82. In direct-current circuits the most important law is Ohm's law, e -i or e r ir, or r = -.> where e is the e.m.f. impressed upon resistance r to produce current i therein. Since in alternating-cu ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... tance, and measured in ohms: reactance x. The e.m.f. consumed by reactance x is in quadrature with the current, that consumed by resistance r in phase with the current. Reactance and resistance combined give the impedance, + x2; or, in symbolic or vector representation, Z = r + jx. In general in an alternating-current circuit of current i, the e.m.f. e can be resolved in two components, a power component ei in phase with the current, and a wattless or reactive com- ponent e2 ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... s the IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE ' 99 total e.m.f. resulting from the impressed e.m.f. and all e.m.fs. produced by the current i in the circuit. Such counter e.m.fs. may be due to inductance, as self-induc- tance, or mutual inductance, to capacity, chemical polarization, etc. The counter e.m.f. of self-induction, or e.m.f. generated by the magnetic field produced by the alternating current i, is repre- sented by a quantity of the same dimensions as resistance, and measured in ohms: re ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "17. IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 82. In direct-current circuits the most important law is Ohm's law, e -i or e r ir, or r = -.> where e is the e.m.f. impressed upon resistance r to produce current i therein. Since in alternating-current circuits a current i through a resistance r may produce additional e.m.fs. therein, when apply- a ing Ohm's law, i — - to alternating-current circuits, e is the IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE ' 99 total e.m.f. resulting from the impressed ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-17.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-17.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-18", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 18, "title": "Equivalent Sine Waves", "label": "Theory Section 18: Equivalent Sine Waves", "slug": "section-18", "location": "lines 7381-7736", "line_start": 7381, "line_end": 7736, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 962, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "hysteresis", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 62, "magnetism": 13, "hysteresis": 2, "impedance-reactance": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "18. EQUIVALENT SINE WAVES 87. In the preceding chapters, alternating waves have been assumed and considered as sine waves. EQUIVALENT SINE WAVES 107 The general alternating wave is, however, never completely, frequently not even approximately, a sine wave. A sine wave having the same effective value, that is, the same square root of mean squares of instantaneous values, as a general alternating wave, is called its corresponding \"equivalent sine wave.\" It represents the same effect as the general wave. With two alternating waves of different shapes, the phase relation or angle of lag is indefinite. Their equivalent sine waves, however, have a definite phase relation, that which gives the same effect as the general wave, that is, the same mean (ei). Hence if e = e.m.f. and i = current of a general alternating wave,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "18. EQUIVALENT SINE WAVES 87. In the preceding chapters, alternating waves have been assumed and considered as sine waves. EQUIVALENT SINE WAVES 107 The general alternating wave is, however, never completely, frequently not even approximately, a sine wave. A sine ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... rH 00 00 T-( c co\" co\"co\"co'Nco>i-r ^^^ooooooo 1— «O ..» 00 00^2 ^ ^ ^ se ^ oo oo . < r-l CO ?CI> i-H QJ CO EQUIVALENT SINE WAVES 109 Fig. 41 and Table I, the number of primary turns is 500, the length of the magnetic circuit 50 cm., and its section shall be chosen so as to give a maximum density B = 15,000. At this density the hysteretic cycle is as shown in Fig. 42 and Table II. FIG. 41. — Wave-shape of e.m.f. in example 88. What is the shape ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... of B' of column (6) are found as the relative instantaneous values of magnetic flux density. Since the maximum magnetic flux density is 15,000 the in- 15 000 stantaneous values are B = B' ' . , plotted in column (7). From the hysteresis cycle in Fig. 42 are taken the values of magnetizing force /, corresponding to magnetic flux density B. They are recorded in column (8), and in column (9) the instan- taneous values of m.m.f. F = If, where I = 50 = length of magnetic ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... aves. Considering in the preceding the alternating currents as equiva- lent sine waves representing general alternating waves, the investigation becomes applicable to any alternating circuit irrespective of the wave shape. The use of the terms reactance, impedance, etc., implies that a wave is a sine wave or represented by an equivalent sine wave. Practically all measuring instruments of alternating waves (with exception of instantaneous methods) as ammsters, volt- meters, wattmeters, etc., g ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-18.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-18.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-19", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 19, "title": "Fields of Force", "label": "Theory Section 19: Fields of Force", "slug": "section-19", "location": "lines 7737-7990", "line_start": 7737, "line_end": 7990, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1678, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "ether", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 65, "magnetism": 64, "dielectricity": 44, "ether": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-045", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 45, "caption": "and dielectric fields of the space surrounding two conductors which are; carrying energy. FIG. 45. FIELDS OF FORCE", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 7819, "line_end": 7819, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "19. FIELDS OF FORCE 89. When an electric current flows through a conductor, power is consumed and heat produced inside of the conductor. In the space outside and surrounding the conductor, a change has taken place also, and this space is not neutral and inert any more, but if we try to move a solid mass of metal rapidly through it, the motion is resisted, and heat produced in the metal by induced currents. Materials of high permeability, as iron filings, brought into this space arrange themselves in chains; a magnetic needle is moved and places itself in a definite direction. Due to the passage of the current in the conductor, there are therefore in the spaces outside of the con- ductor — where the current does not flow — forces exerted, and FIELDS OF", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "19. FIELDS OF FORCE 89. When an electric current flows through a conductor, power is consumed and heat produced inside of the conductor. In the space outside and surrounding the conductor, a change has taken place also, and this space is not neutr ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ange has taken place also, and this space is not neutral and inert any more, but if we try to move a solid mass of metal rapidly through it, the motion is resisted, and heat produced in the metal by induced currents. Materials of high permeability, as iron filings, brought into this space arrange themselves in chains; a magnetic needle is moved and places itself in a definite direction. Due to the passage of the current in the conductor, there are therefore in the spaces outside of ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... to fall toward the earth, and water to run down hill — and this space thus is a field of gravitational force, the earth the gram- motive force. In the space surrounding conductors having a high potential difference, we observe a field of dielectric force, that is, electro- static or dielectric forces are exerted, and the potential difference between the conductors is the electromotive force of the dielectric field. The force exerted by the earth as gravimotive force, on any mass in th ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... the earth are the verticals, the equipotential sur- faces, or level surfaces, are the horizontals. Such pictures of a field of force also illustrate the intensity: where the lines of force and therefore the equipotential lines come closer together, the field is more intense, that is, the forces greater. FIG. 46. — A mathematical plot of fields shown in C. Magnetic fields may be demonstrated by iron filings brought into the field; dielectric fields by particles of a material of hi ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-19.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-19.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-20", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "theory-section", "sequence": 20, "title": "Nomenclature", "label": "Theory Section 20: Nomenclature", "slug": "section-20", "location": "lines 7991-8291", "line_start": 7991, "line_end": 8291, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 323, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 17, "dielectricity": 14, "impedance-reactance": 5, "fields": 3, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "20. NOMENCLATURE 93. The following nomenclature and symbols of the quantities most frequently used in electrical engineering appears most satisfactory, and is therefore recommended. It is in agreement with the Standardization Rules of the A. I. E. E., but as far as possible standard letters have been used, and script letters avoided as impracticable or at least inconvenient in writing and still more in typewriting. Therefore F has been chosen for m.m.f., and dielectric field intensity changed to K. Also, a few symbols not contained in the Standardization Rules had to be added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential difference Electromotive force Current Ampere Electrical R,r Resistance Ohm Electrical x Reactance Ohm Electrical Z,z... Impedance Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ce Ohm Electrical x Reactance Ohm Electrical Z,z... Impedance Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-centimeter Line; kiloline; megaline Electrical Magnetic £....... H Magnetic density Magnetic field inten- Lines per cm.2; kilo- lines per cm.2 Lines per cm 2 Magnetic Magnetic /* • • sity Permeability (magnetic M ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... Rules of the A. I. E. E., but as far as possible standard letters have been used, and script letters avoided as impracticable or at least inconvenient in writing and still more in typewriting. Therefore F has been chosen for m.m.f., and dielectric field intensity changed to K. Also, a few symbols not contained in the Standardization Rules had to be added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential differ ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... Rules had to be added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential difference Electromotive force Current Ampere Electrical R,r Resistance Ohm Electrical x Reactance Ohm Electrical Z,z... Impedance Ohm Electrical a Conductance Mho Electrical b Susceptance Mho Electrical Y,y p Admittance Resistivity Mho Ohm-centimeter Electrical Electrical 7 $ Conductivity Magnetic flux Mho-centimeter Line ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... the A. I. E. E., but as far as possible standard letters have been used, and script letters avoided as impracticable or at least inconvenient in writing and still more in typewriting. Therefore F has been chosen for m.m.f., and dielectric field intensity changed to K. Also, a few symbols not contained in the Standardization Rules had to be added. NOMENCLATURE TABLE OP SYMBOLS 119 Symbol Name Unit Character E, e. Voltage Volt Electrical I, i. . Potential difference E ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-20.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-20.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-21", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-introduction", "sequence": 21, "title": "Introduction", "label": "Apparatus Introduction 21: Introduction", "slug": "section-21", "location": "lines 8292-8517", "line_start": 8292, "line_end": 8517, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1520, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "fields", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 13, "fields": 12, "magnetism": 10, "alternating-current": 7, "dielectricity": 5, "waves-lines": 3, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "INTRODUCTION 1. By the direction of the energy transmitted, electric machines have been divided into generators and motors. By the character of the electric power they have been distinguished as direct- current and as alternating-current apparatus. With the advance of electrical engineering, however, these subdivisions have become unsatisfactory and insufficient. The division into generators and motors is not based on any characteristic feature of the apparatus, and is thus not rational. Practically any electric generator can be used as motor, and conversely, and frequently one and the same machine is used for either purpose. Where a difference is made in the construction, it is either only quantitative, as, for instance, in synchronous motors a higher armature reaction is often used than in synchro- nous generators, or it is in minor features, as direct-current motors usually", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... current apparatus is unsatisfactory, since it includes in the same class apparatus of entirely different character, as the induction motor and the alternating-current generator, or the constant-potential commutating machine and the rectifying arc light machine. Thus the following classification, based on the characteristic features of the apparatus, as adopted by the A. I. E. E. Standard- izing Committee, is used in the following discussion. It refers only to the apparatus transforming bet ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... n the construction, it is either only quantitative, as, for instance, in synchronous motors a higher armature reaction is often used than in synchro- nous generators, or it is in minor features, as direct-current motors usually have only one field winding, either shunt or series, while in generators frequently a compound field is employed. Further- more, apparatus have been introduced which are neither motors nor generators, as the synchronous machine producing wattless lag- ging or leadi ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... the A. I. E. E. Standard- izing Committee, is used in the following discussion. It refers only to the apparatus transforming between electric and electric and between electric and mechanical power. 1st. Commutating machines, consisting of a magnetic field and a closed-coil armature, connected with a multi-segmental commutator. 121 122 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2d. Synchronous machines, consisting of a undirectional mag- netic field and an armature revolving relatively to the ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "INTRODUCTION 1. By the direction of the energy transmitted, electric machines have been divided into generators and motors. By the character of the electric power they have been distinguished as direct- current and as alternating-current apparatus. With the advance of electrical engineering, however, these subdivision ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-21.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-21.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-22", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 22, "title": "Synchronous Machines: General", "label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Machines: General", "slug": "section-22", "location": "lines 8518-8657", "line_start": 8518, "line_end": 8657, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 946, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 19, "magnetism": 12, "fields": 3, "radiation-light": 3, "alternating-current": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "I. General 3. The most important class of alternating-current apparatus consists of the synchronous machines. They comprise the alternating-current generators, single-phase and polyphase, the synchronous motors, the phase compensators, the phase con- verters, the phase balancers, the synchronous boosters and the exciters of induction generators, that is, synchronous machines producing wattless lagging or leading currents, and the con- verters. Since the latter combine features of the commutating machines with those of the synchronous machines they will be considered separately. In the synchronous machines the terminal voltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... number of armature turns in series interlinked with the magnetic flux <1> (in megalines per pole), / the frequency of rotation (in hundreds of cycles per second), E the e.m.f. gen- erated in the armature turns. This formula assumes a sine wave of e.m.f. If the e.m.f. wave differs from sine shape, the e.m.f. is E = 4.447/n, 2 -\\/2 where y = form factor of the wave, or — - times ratio of effect- 7T ive to mean value of wave, that is, the ratio ,of the effective ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... machines the terminal voltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displaced phase armature currents, or by per- manent magnetism. The formula for the e.m.f. generated in synchronous machines, commonly called alte ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... the terminal voltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displaced phase armature currents, or by per- manent magnetism. The formula for the e.m.f. generated in synchronous machines, commonly called alternators ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... combine features of the commutating machines with those of the synchronous machines they will be considered separately. In the synchronous machines the terminal voltage and the generated e.m.f. are in synchronism with, that is, of the same frequency as, the speed of rotation. These machines consist of an armature, in which e.m.f. is generated by the rotation relatively to a magnetic field, and a continuous magnetic field, excited either by direct current, or by the reaction of displa ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-22.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-22.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-23", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 23, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "label": "Apparatus Section 2: Synchronous Machines: Electromotive Forces", "slug": "section-23", "location": "lines 8658-8740", "line_start": 8658, "line_end": 8740, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 580, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 15, "fields": 7, "impedance-reactance": 5 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "II. Electromotive Forces 6. In a synchronous machine we have to distinguish between terminal voltage E, real generated e.m.f. #1, virtual generated e.m.f. EZ, and nominal generated e.m.f. EQ. The real generated e.m.f. EI is the e.m.f. generated in the alter- nator armature turns by the resultant magnetic flux, or mag- netic flux interlinked with them, that is, by the magnetic flux passing through the armature core. It is equal to the terminal voltage plus the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the arma- ture, these two e.m.fs. being taken in their proper phase relation; thus Ei = E + Ir, where / = current in armature, r = effective resistance. The virtual generated e.m.f. E2 is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the flux produced by the field poles, or flux corre- sponding", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... have to distinguish between terminal voltage E, real generated e.m.f. #1, virtual generated e.m.f. EZ, and nominal generated e.m.f. EQ. The real generated e.m.f. EI is the e.m.f. generated in the alter- nator armature turns by the resultant magnetic flux, or mag- netic flux interlinked with them, that is, by the magnetic flux passing through the armature core. It is equal to the terminal voltage plus the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance of the arma- ture, these two e.m.fs. being take ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... se two e.m.fs. being taken in their proper phase relation; thus Ei = E + Ir, where / = current in armature, r = effective resistance. The virtual generated e.m.f. E2 is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the flux produced by the field poles, or flux corre- sponding to the resultant m.m.f., that is, the resultant of the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 129 m.m.fs. of field excitation and of armature reaction. Since the magnetic flux produced by the armature, or flux of armature sel ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... armature by self-inductance, have no real and independent existence, but are merely fictitious components of the real or resultant generated e.m.f. EI. The virtual generated e.m.f. is Ei = Et + jlx, where x is the self -inductive armature reactance, and the e.m.f consumed by self-inductance Ix is to be combined with the real generated e.m.f. EI in the proper phase relation. 7. The nominal generated e.m.f. EQ is the e.m.f. which would be generated by the field excitation if there w ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-23.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-23.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-24", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 24, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Machines: Armature Reaction", "slug": "section-24", "location": "lines 8741-8906", "line_start": 8741, "line_end": 8906, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1117, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 23, "magnetism": 8, "radiation-light": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "III. Armature Reaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. generated by the field exciting current or the nominal generated e.m.f. reaches a maxi- mum when the armature coil faces the position midway between FIG. 48. — Model for study of armature reaction. Armature coils in position of maximum current. the field poles, as shown in Fig. 48, A and A'. Thus, if the armature current is in phase with the nominal generated e.m.f., it reaches its maximum in the same position A, A' of armature coil as the nominal generated e.m.f., and thus magnetizes the preceding, demagnetizes the following magnet", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "III. Armature Reaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. generated by the field exciting current or ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "III. Armature Reaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. generated by the field ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... single-phase machine the armature reaction and thereby the resultant m.m.f. of field and armature is pulsating. The pulsation of the resultant m.m.f. of the single-phase machine causes a pulsation of its magnetic field under load, of double frequency, which generates a third harmonic of e.m.f. in the armature conductors. In machines of high armature reaction, as steam-turbine-driven single-phase alternators, the pulsation of the magnetic field may be sufficient to cause serious energy losse ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "III. Armature Reaction 8. The magnetic flux in the field of an alternator under load is produced by the resultant m.m.f. of the field exciting current and of the armature current. It depends upon the phase rela- tion of the armature current. The e.m.f. gener ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-24.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-24.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-25", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 25, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Machines: Self-inductance", "slug": "section-25", "location": "lines 8907-9034", "line_start": 8907, "line_end": 9034, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 647, "top_themes": [ "fields", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 8, "impedance-reactance": 2, "magnetism": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IV. Self-inductance 12. The effect of self -inductance is ^ similar to that of armature reaction, FlQ 50._Diagram of e m fs> and depends upon the phase relation in loaded generator, in the same manner. If EI = real generated voltage, 0i = lag of current behind generated voltage EI, the magnetic flux produced by the arma- ture current I is in phase with the current, and thus the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance is in quadrature behind the current, and therefore the e.m.f. consumed by self-inductance is in quadrature ahead of the current. Thus in Fig. 50, denoting OEi = EI the generated e.m.f., the current is 01 = 7; lagging 61 behind OEi, the e.m.f. consumed by self -inductance OE \"i, is 90 degrees ahead of the current, and the virtual generated e.m.f. E2,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... s e.m.f. Ez is OF = F, Fa I E, FIG. 52. — Diagram of generator e.m.fs. and m.m.fs. for non-reactive load. 90 deg. ahead of OE2. It is the resultant of the armature m.m.f. or armature reaction and of the impressed m.m.f. or field excita- tion. The armature m.m.f. is in phase with the cur- rent 7, and is nl in a single-phase machine, n \\/2 / in a quarter-phase machine, 1.5 \\/2 nl in a three- phase machine, if n = number of armature turns per pole and phase. The ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... phase re- lation npon the e.m.f. of an alternating-current generator. Let E — terminal voltage per machine circuit, 7 = current per machine circuit, and 0 = lag of the current behind the terminal voltage. Let r = resistance, x = reactance of the alternator armature. FIG. 51. — Diagram showing combined effect of armature reaction and arma- ture self-inductance. Then, in the vector diagram, Fig. 51, OE = E, the terminal voltage, assumed as zero vector. 01 = I, the current, ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... similar to that of armature reaction, FlQ 50._Diagram of e m fs> and depends upon the phase relation in loaded generator, in the same manner. If EI = real generated voltage, 0i = lag of current behind generated voltage EI, the magnetic flux produced by the arma- ture current I is in phase with the current, and thus the counter e.m.f. of self-inductance is in quadrature behind the current, and therefore the e.m.f. consumed by self-inductance is in quadrature ahead of the ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "IV. Self-inductance 12. The effect of self -inductance is ^ similar to that of armature reaction, FlQ 50._Diagram of e m fs> and depends upon the phase relation in loaded generator, in the same manner. If EI = real generated voltage, 0i = lag of current behind generated voltage EI, the magnetic flux produced by the arma ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-25.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-25.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-26", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 26, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Reactance", "slug": "section-26", "location": "lines 9035-9169", "line_start": 9035, "line_end": 9169, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 504, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 14, "complex-quantities": 4, "magnetism": 2, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "V. Synchronous Reactance 14. In general, both effects, armature self-inductance and armature reaction, can be combined by the term \" synchronous reactance.\" FIG. 55. — Diagram showing effect of synchronous reactance. FIG. 56. — Diagram of generator e.m.f s. showing affect of synchronous reactance with non-reactive load. In a polyphase machine, the synchronous reactance is different, and lower, with one phase only loaded, as \" single-phase synchro- nous reactance,\" than with all phases uniformly loaded, as \" poly- phase synchronous reactance.\" The resultant armature reac- tion of all phases of the polyphase machine is higher than that with the same current in one phase only, and so also the self- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 137 inductive flux, as resultant flux of several phases, and thus rep- resents a higher synchronous reactance. Let r = effective resistance, XQ", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "V. Synchronous Reactance 14. In general, both effects, armature self-inductance and armature reaction, can be combined by the term \" synchronous reactance.\" FIG. 55. — Diagram showing effect of synchronous reactance. FIG. 56. — Diagram of generator e.m.f s. showin ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ator e.m.fs. Showing effect of synchro- nous reactance with leading reactive load 6 = — 60 degrees. I = current lagging by the angle EOI = 0 behind the terminal voltage. OE\\ = Ir is the e.m.f. consumed by resistance, in phase with 01 j and OE'o = Ix0 the e.m.f. consumed by the synchronous reactance, 90 degrees ahead of the_current OI. OE'i and OE'Q combined give OE' = E' the e.m.f. consumed by the synchronous impedance. Combining OE'i, OE'o, OE gives the nominal generate ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ed, as \" poly- phase synchronous reactance.\" The resultant armature reac- tion of all phases of the polyphase machine is higher than that with the same current in one phase only, and so also the self- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 137 inductive flux, as resultant flux of several phases, and thus rep- resents a higher synchronous reactance. Let r = effective resistance, XQ = synchronous reactance of armature, as discussed in Section II. Let E = terminal voltage, / = current, 0 = an ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... e synchronous reactance, 90 degrees ahead of the_current OI. OE'i and OE'Q combined give OE' = E' the e.m.f. consumed by the synchronous impedance. Combining OE'i, OE'o, OE gives the nominal generated e.m.f. OEo = EQ, corresponding to the field excitation FQ. In Figs. 56, 57, 58, are shown the diagrams for 6 = 0 or non- inductive load, 6 = 60 degrees lag or inductive load, and & — — 60 degrees or anti-inductive load. Resolving all e.m.fs. into components in phase and in q ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-26.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-26.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-27", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 27, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator", "slug": "section-27", "location": "lines 9170-9291", "line_start": 9170, "line_end": 9291, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 335, "top_themes": [ "fields", "alternating-current", "ether", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 5, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VI. Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator 15. In Fig. 59 are shown, at constant terminal voltage E, the values of nominal generated e.m.f. E0, and thus of field excitation FQ, with the current 7 as abscissas and for the three conditions, 1. Non-inductive load, p = 1, q = 0. 2. Inductive load of 0 = 60 degrees lag, p = 0.5, q = 0.866. 3. Anti-inductive load of — 6 = 60 degrees lead, p = 0.5, q = -0.866. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 139 The values r = 0.1, XQ = 5, E = 1000, are assumed. These curves are called the compounding curves of the synchronous generator. In Fig. 60 are shown, at constant nominal generated e.m.f. EQ, that is, at constant field excitation F0, the values of terminal vol- E = 000 £=5,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "VI. Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator 15. In Fig. 59 are shown, at constant terminal voltage E, the values of nominal generated e.m.f. E0, and thus of field excitation FQ, with the current 7 as abscissas and for the three conditions, 1. Non-inductive load, p = 1, q = 0. 2. Inductive load of 0 = 60 degrees lag, p = 0.5, q = 0.866. 3. Anti-inductive load of — 6 = 60 degrees lead, p = ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "VI. Characteristic Curves of Alternating-current Generator 15. In Fig. 59 are shown, at constant terminal voltage E, the values of nominal generated e.m.f. E0, and thus of field excitation FQ, with the current 7 as abscissas and for the three condition ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... ximum output, 124 kw., at full non-induct- ive load excitation, which is 1.24 times rated output, at 775 volts and 160 amp. It depends upon the point on the field SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 141 characteristic at which the alternator works, whether it tends to regulate for, that is, maintains, constant voltage, or constant current, or constant power, approximately. z L 7 \\ H 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 AMP. FIG. 61. — Synchronous g ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... E = 000 £=5, '•*& z EO.F, 500 20 10 00 80 100 120 UO 160 180 200AMP. FIG. 59. — Synchronous generator compounding curves. tage E with the current I as abscissas and for the same resistance and synchronous reactance r = 0.1, XQ = 5, for the three different conditions, 1. Non-inductive load, p = 1, q = 0, EQ = 1127. 2. Inductive load of 60 degrees lag, p = Q.5, q = 0.866, E0 = 1458. 140 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3. Anti-inductiv ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-27.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-27.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-28", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 28, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Motor", "slug": "section-28", "location": "lines 9292-9398", "line_start": 9292, "line_end": 9398, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 520, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "fields", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 5, "fields": 4, "alternating-current": 2, "complex-quantities": 2, "hysteresis": 1, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VII. Synchronous Motor 16. As seen in the preceding, in an alternating-current gen- erator the field excitation required for a given terminal voltage and current depends upon the phase relation of the external circuit or the load. Inversely, in a synchronous motor the phase relation of the current into the armature at a given ter- minal voltage depends upon the field excitation and the load. Thus, if E = terminal voltage or impressed e.m.f., I = current, 6 = lag of current behind impressed e.m.f. in a synchronous motor of resistance r and synchronous reactance XQ, the polar diagram is as follows, Fig. 62. OE = E is the terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. The current 01 = I lags by the angle EOI = 6. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance isj9#'i = Ir.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... a given ter- minal voltage depends upon the field excitation and the load. Thus, if E = terminal voltage or impressed e.m.f., I = current, 6 = lag of current behind impressed e.m.f. in a synchronous motor of resistance r and synchronous reactance XQ, the polar diagram is as follows, Fig. 62. OE = E is the terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. The current 01 = I lags by the angle EOI = 6. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance isj9#'i = Ir. The e.m.f. consumed by synchronous r ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "VII. Synchronous Motor 16. As seen in the preceding, in an alternating-current gen- erator the field excitation required for a given terminal voltage and current depends upon the phase relation of the external circuit or the load. Inversely, in a synchronous motor the phase relation of the current into the armature at a given ter- minal v ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "VII. Synchronous Motor 16. As seen in the preceding, in an alternating-current gen- erator the field excitation required for a given terminal voltage and current depends upon the phase relation of the external circuit or the load. Inversely, in a synchronous motor the phase relation of the current into the armature at ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... s motor of resistance r and synchronous reactance XQ, the polar diagram is as follows, Fig. 62. OE = E is the terminal voltage assumed as zero vector. The current 01 = I lags by the angle EOI = 6. The e.m.f. consumed by resistance isj9#'i = Ir. The e.m.f. consumed by synchronous reactance, OE'o = IxQ. Thus, com- 142 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING bining OE'i and OE'o gives OE', the e.m.f. consumed by the synchronous impedance. The e.m.f. consumed by the synchro- ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-28.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-28.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-29", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 29, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "label": "Apparatus Section 8: Synchronous Machines: Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor", "slug": "section-29", "location": "lines 9399-9553", "line_start": 9399, "line_end": 9553, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 595, "top_themes": [ "fields", "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 8, "dielectricity": 4, "radiation-light": 3, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VIII. Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor 17. In Fig. 66 are shown, at constant impressed e.m.f. E, the nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ and thus the field excitation FQ required, 1. At no phase displacement, 6 = 0, or for the condition of minimum input; 144 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2. For 0 = + 60, or 60 deg. lag: p = 0.5, q = + 0.866, and 3. For 0 = - 60, or 60 deg. lead: p = 0.5, q = - 0.866, with the current I as abscissas, the constants being r = 0.1, z0 = 5, and E = 1000. These curves are called the compounding curves of the syn- chronous motors. In Fig. 67 are shown, with the power output PI = i (Ep — ir) — (iron loss and friction)", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "VIII. Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor 17. In Fig. 66 are shown, at constant impressed e.m.f. E, the nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ and thus the field excitation FQ required, 1. At no phase displacement, 6 = 0, or for the condition of minimum input; 144 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2. For 0 = + 60, or 60 deg. lag: p = 0.5, q = + 0.866, and 3. For 0 = - 60, or 60 ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "VIII. Characteristic Curves of Synchronous Motor 17. In Fig. 66 are shown, at constant impressed e.m.f. E, the nominal counter-generated e.m.f. EQ and thus the field excitation FQ required, 1. At no phase displacement, 6 = 0, or for the condition of minimum input; 144 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2. For 0 = + 60, or 60 deg. lag: p = 0.5, q = + 0.866, and 3. For 0 = - 60, or 60 deg. lead: p = 0.5, q = - 0.866, with the current ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... e stability, that is, independence of minor fluctuations of impressed voltage or of field excitation. 19. The theoretical maximum output of the synchronous motor, or the load at which it drops out of step, at constant impressed voltage and frequency is, even with very high armature reaction, usually far beyond the heating limits of the machine. 200 100 600 800 1000 1200 UOO 1600 1800 2000 FIG. 66. — Synchronous motor phase characteristics. The actual maximum outpu ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... on each of the four-phase characteristics a certain field excitation gives 146 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING minimum current, a lesser excitation gives lagging current, a greater excitation leading current. The higher the synchronous reactance XQ, and thus the armature reaction of the synchronous motor, the flatter are the phase characteristics; that is, the less sensitive is the synchronous motor for a change of field excitation or of impressed e.m.f. Thus a relatively high arm ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-29.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-29.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-30", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 30, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve", "label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Machines: Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve", "slug": "section-30", "location": "lines 9554-9650", "line_start": 9554, "line_end": 9650, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 563, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 15, "magnetism": 14, "impedance-reactance": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IX. Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FIG. 69. — Synchronous generator magnetic 7000 characteristics. machine. It has the same general shape as the curve of mag- netic flux density, consisting of a straight part below saturation, a bend or knee, and a saturated part beyond the knee. Gener- ally the change from the unsaturated to the over-saturated por- tion of the curve is more gradual; thus the knee is less pronounced in the magnetic characteristic of the synchronous machines, since the different parts of the magnetic circuit approach saturation successively. The dependence of the terminal voltage upon the field excita- tion, at", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "IX. Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 FIG. 69. — Synchronous generator magnetic 7000 characteristics. machine. It has the same general shape as the ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "IX. Magnetic Characteristic or Saturation Curve 20. The dependence of the generated e.m.f., or terminal voltage at open circuit, upon the field excitation is called the magnetic characteristic, or saturation curve, of the synchronous 1000 2000 300 ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... rve approximately parallel to the no-load saturation curve, but starting at a definite value of field excitation for zero terminal voltage, the field excitation required to maintain full-load current through the armature against its synchronous impedance. dF dE The ratio -«• -=- ~FT r Hi is called the saturation factor s of the machine. It gives the ratio of the proportional change of field excitation required for a change of voltage. The quantity 5 = 1 is called the percen ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-30/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-30.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-30.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-31", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 31, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "slug": "section-31", "location": "lines 9651-9718", "line_start": 9651, "line_end": 9718, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 342, "top_themes": [ "fields", "hysteresis", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 4, "hysteresis": 3, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "X. Efficiency and Losses 22. Besides the above described curves the efficiency curves are of interest. The efficiency of alternators and synchronous motors is usually so high that a direct determination by measuring the mechanical power and the electric power is less reliable than 10 20 30 4ff 50 60 TO 80 90 100 UO 120 130 140 150 160 170 ISO 150 200 KW. FIG. 70. — Synchronous generator, efficiency and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... KW. FIG. 70. — Synchronous generator, efficiency and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The res ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... hronous generator, efficiency and losses. the method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in the arm ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... he method of adding the losses, and the latter is therefore com- monly used. The losses consist of the following: the resistance loss in the armature; the resistance loss in the field circuit; the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic circuit; the friction and windage losses, and eventually load losses, that is, losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis produced by the load current in the armature. The resistance loss in the armature is proportional to the square of t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-31.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-31.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-32", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 32, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Unbalancing of Polyphase Synchronous Machines", "label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Machines: Unbalancing of Polyphase Synchronous Machines", "slug": "section-32", "location": "lines 9719-9748", "line_start": 9719, "line_end": 9748, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 228, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XI. Unbalancing of Polyphase Synchronous Machines 23. The preceding discussion applies to polyphase as well as single-phase machines. In polyphase machines the nominal generated e.m.fs. or nominal counter-generated e.m.fs. are neces- sarily the same in all phases (or bear a constant relation to each other). Thus in a polyphase generator, if the current or the SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 151 phase relation of the current is different in the different branches, the terminal voltage must become different also, more or less. This is called the unbalancing of the polyphase generator. It is due to different load or load of different inductance factor in the different branches. Inversely, in a polyphase synchronous motor, if the terminal voltages of the different branches are unequal, due to an unbal- ancing of the polyphase circuit, the synchronous motor takes more current", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-32/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-32.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-32.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-33", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 33, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Starting of Synchronous Motors", "label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Machines: Starting of Synchronous Motors", "slug": "section-33", "location": "lines 9749-9820", "line_start": 9749, "line_end": 9820, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 541, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "hysteresis", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 11, "magnetism": 10, "hysteresis": 2, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XII. Starting of Synchronous Motors 24. In starting, an essential difference exists between the single- phase and the polyphase synchronous motor, in so far as the for- mer is not self-starting but has to be brought to complete syn- chronism, or in step with the generator, by external means before it can develop torque, while the polyphase synchronous motor starts from rest and runs up to synchronism with more or less torque. In starting, the field excitation of the polyphase synchronous motor should be zero or very low. The starting torque is due to the magnetic attraction of the armature currents upon the remanent magnetism left in the field poles by the currents of the preceding phase, and to the eddy currents produced therein. Let Fig. 72 represent the magnetic circuit of a polyphase synchronous", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... brought to complete syn- chronism, or in step with the generator, by external means before it can develop torque, while the polyphase synchronous motor starts from rest and runs up to synchronism with more or less torque. In starting, the field excitation of the polyphase synchronous motor should be zero or very low. The starting torque is due to the magnetic attraction of the armature currents upon the remanent magnetism left in the field poles by the currents of the preceding ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ile the polyphase synchronous motor starts from rest and runs up to synchronism with more or less torque. In starting, the field excitation of the polyphase synchronous motor should be zero or very low. The starting torque is due to the magnetic attraction of the armature currents upon the remanent magnetism left in the field poles by the currents of the preceding phase, and to the eddy currents produced therein. Let Fig. 72 represent the magnetic circuit of a polyphase synchronou ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... r impressed voltage the current is leading, with higher impressed voltage lagging, in a synchronous motor. 152 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING face of the field pole opposite to the armature projections lags behind the m.m.f., due to hysteresis and eddy currents, and thus is still remanent, while the m.m.f. of the projection 1 decreases, and is attracted by the rising m.m.f. of projection 2, etc., or, in other words, while the maximum m.m.f. in the armature has a position a, t ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the current lower than with solid field poles. In either case, at full impressed e.m.f. the starting current of a synchronous motor is large, since in the absence of a counter e.m.f. the total impressed e.m.f. has to be consumed by the impedance of the armature cir- cuit. Since the starting torque of the synchronous motor is due to the magnetic flux produced by the alternating armature cur- rents, or the armature reaction, synchronous motors of high armature reaction are superior in ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-33/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-33.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-33.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-34", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 34, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Machines: Parallel Operation", "slug": "section-34", "location": "lines 9821-9878", "line_start": 9821, "line_end": 9878, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 493, "top_themes": [ "fields", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 14, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XIII. Parallel Operation 25. Any alternator can be operated in parallel, or synchronized with any other alternator. A single-phase machine can be syn- chronized with one phase of a polyphase machine, or a quarter- phase machine operated in parallel with a three-phase machine by synchronizing one phase of the former with one phase of the latter. Since alternators in parallel must be in step with each other and have the same terminal voltage, the condition of satis- factory parallel operation is that the frequency of the machines is identically the same, and the field excitation such as would give the same terminal voltage. If this is not the case, there will be cross currents between the alternators in a local circuit; that is, the alternators are not without current at no load, and their currents", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... hase of the latter. Since alternators in parallel must be in step with each other and have the same terminal voltage, the condition of satis- factory parallel operation is that the frequency of the machines is identically the same, and the field excitation such as would give the same terminal voltage. If this is not the case, there will be cross currents between the alternators in a local circuit; that is, the alternators are not without current at no load, and their currents un ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... machine by synchronizing one phase of the former with one phase of the latter. Since alternators in parallel must be in step with each other and have the same terminal voltage, the condition of satis- factory parallel operation is that the frequency of the machines is identically the same, and the field excitation such as would give the same terminal voltage. If this is not the case, there will be cross currents between the alternators in a local circuit; that is, the alternators ar ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-34.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-34.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-35", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 35, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Division of Load in Parallel Operation", "label": "Apparatus Section 14: Synchronous Machines: Division of Load in Parallel Operation", "slug": "section-35", "location": "lines 9879-9917", "line_start": 9879, "line_end": 9917, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 320, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 8 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XIV. Division of Load in Parallel Operation 26. Much more important than equality of terminal voltage before synchronizing is equality of frequency. Inequality of frequency, or rather a tendency to inequality of frequency (since by necessity the machines hold each other in step or at equal frequency), causes cross currents which transfer'energy from the machine whose driving power tends to accelerate to the machine whose driving power tends to slow down, and thus relieves the latter by increasing the load on the former. Thus these cross currents are power currents, and cause at no load or light load the one machine to drive the other as synchronous motor, while under load the result is that the machines do not share the load in proportion to their respective capacities. The speed of the prime mover, as", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "XIV. Division of Load in Parallel Operation 26. Much more important than equality of terminal voltage before synchronizing is equality of frequency. Inequality of frequency, or rather a tendency to inequality of frequency (since by necessity the machines hold each other in step or at equal frequency), causes cross currents which transfer'energy from the machine whose driving power tends ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-35/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-35.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-35.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-36", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 36, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "label": "Apparatus Section 15: Synchronous Machines: Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation", "slug": "section-36", "location": "lines 9918-10123", "line_start": 9918, "line_end": 10123, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1491, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "dielectricity", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 12, "impedance-reactance": 7, "fields": 4, "dielectricity": 3, "lightning-surges": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XV. Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation 27. In alternators operated from independent prime movers, it is not sufficient that the average frequency corresponding to the average speed of the prime movers be the same, but still more important that the frequency be the same at any instant, that is, that the frequency (and thus the speed of the prime mover) be constant. In rotary prime movers, as turbines or electric motors, this is usually the case; but with reciprocating machines, as steam engines, the torque and thus the speed of rotation rises and falls periodically during each revolution, with the frequency of the engine impulses. The alternator con- nected with the engine will thus not have uniform frequency, but a frequency which pulsates, that is, rises and falls. The amplitude of this pulsation depends", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "XV. Fluctuating Cross Currents in Parallel Operation 27. In alternators operated from independent prime movers, it is not sufficient that the average frequency corresponding to the average speed of the prime movers be the same, but still more important that the frequency be the same at any instant, that is, that the frequency (and thus the speed of the prime mover) be constant. In rotary prime ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... rs out of synchro- nism with each other, especially when the conditions are favorable to a cumulative increase of this effect by what may be called mechanical resonance (hunting) of the engine governors, etc. They depend upon the synchronous impedance of the alternators and upon their phase difference, that is, the number of poles and the fluctuation of speed, and are specially objectionable when operating synchronous apparatus in the system. 28. Thus, for instance, if two 80-pole altern ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... the problem of parallel operation is made more difficult by the more jerky nature of the gas-engine ^ 73._Phase displacement between impulse. In such machines, alternators to be synchronized, therefore, squirrel-cage wind- ings in the field-pole faces are commonly used, to assist synchron- izing by the currents induced in this short-circuited winding, on the principle of the induction machine. From Fig. 73 it is seen that the e.m.f. OEr or EiE2, which causes the cross current ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... of its mean posi- tion by 1/4 per cent, of 20 or 1/20 pole, that is, 180/20 = 9 elec- trical space degrees. If the armature of the other alternator at this moment is behind its average position by 9 electrical space degrees, the phase displacement between the alternator e.m.fs. is 18 electrical time degrees; that is, the alternator e.m.fs. are represented by OEi and OEZ in Fig. 71, and when running in parallel the e.m.f. OEf = E\\E^ is short circuited through the synchronous impedanc ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-36.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-36.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-37", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 37, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "label": "Apparatus Section 16: Synchronous Machines: Higher Frequency Cross Currents Between Synchronous Machines", "slug": "section-37", "location": "lines 10124-10189", "line_start": 10124, "line_end": 10189, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 538, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "fields", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 6, "impedance-reactance": 5, "waves-lines": 5, "fields": 3, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XVI. Higher Frequency Cross Currents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machines may be two or more generators, in the same or in different stations, of wave shapes containing higher harmonics of different order, intensity or phase, or synchronous motors or converters of wave shapes different from that of the system to which they are connected. The intensity of these cross currents is the difference of the corresponding harmonics of the machines divided by the impe- dance between the machines. This impedance includes the self- inductive reactance of the machine armatures. The reactance obviously is that at the frequency of the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "XVI. Higher Frequency Cross Currents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit f ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ters of wave shapes different from that of the system to which they are connected. The intensity of these cross currents is the difference of the corresponding harmonics of the machines divided by the impe- dance between the machines. This impedance includes the self- inductive reactance of the machine armatures. The reactance obviously is that at the frequency of the harmonic, that is, if x = reactance at fundamental frequency, it is nx for the nth harmonic. In most cases these cro ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "XVI. Higher Frequency Cross Currents between Synchronous Machines 30. If several synchronous machines of different wave shapes are connected into the same circuit, cross currents exist between the machines of frequencies which are odd multiples of the circuit frequency, that is, higher harmonics thereof. The machines may be two or more generators, in the sam ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... onic is low, that is, the voltage nearly a sine wave, and with machines of massed armature winding, as uni- tooth alternators, the reactance is high. These cross currents thus usually are noticeable only at no load, and when adjusting the field excitation of the machines for minimum current. Thus in a synchronous motor or converter, at no load, the minimum current, reached by adjusting the field, while small compared with full-load current, may be several times larger than the min ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-37.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-37.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-38", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 38, "title": "Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "label": "Apparatus Section 17: Synchronous Machines: Short-circuit Currents of Alternators", "slug": "section-38", "location": "lines 10190-10429", "line_start": 10190, "line_end": 10429, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1464, "top_themes": [ "fields", "radiation-light", "magnetism", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 34, "radiation-light": 19, "magnetism": 18, "waves-lines": 16, "impedance-reactance": 10, "transients": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XVII. Short-circuit Currents of Alternators 31. The short-circuit current of an alternator at full-load excitation usually is from two to five times full-load current, and even less in very large high-speed steam turbine alternators. It is where EQ = nominal generated e.m.f., ZQ = synchronous impe- dance of alternator, representing the combined effect of arma- ture reaction and armature self-inductance. In the first moment after short circuiting, however, the current frequently is many times larger than the permanent short- circuit current, that is, where z = self-inductive impedance of the alternator. That is, in the first moment after short circuiting the poly- phase alternator the armature current is limited only by the arma- ture self-inductance, and not by the armature reaction, and some appreciable time — occasionally several seconds — elapses before the armature reaction", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ure current is limited only by the arma- ture self-inductance, and not by the armature reaction, and some appreciable time — occasionally several seconds — elapses before the armature reaction becomes effective. At short circuit, the magnetic field flux is greatly reduced by the demagnetizing action of the armature current, and the gen- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 161 erated e.m.f. thereby reduced from the nominal value EQ to the virtual value Ez; the latter is consumed by the armature s ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... simultaneously start from zero in all phases and gradually approach their symmetrical appear- ance, i.e., in a three-phase machine three currents displaced by 120 degrees. Hereby the field current is made pulsating, with nor- mal or synchronous frequency, that is, with the same frequency as the armature current. This full frequency pulsation gradually dies out and the field current becomes constant with a polyphase short circuit, while with a single-phase short circuit it remains 162 EL ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... the armature current is limited only by the arma- ture self-inductance, and not by the armature reaction, and some appreciable time — occasionally several seconds — elapses before the armature reaction becomes effective. At short circuit, the magnetic field flux is greatly reduced by the demagnetizing action of the armature current, and the gen- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 161 erated e.m.f. thereby reduced from the nominal value EQ to the virtual value Ez; the latter is consumed by the arma ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... short-circuit current of the machine can be made to decrease somewhat more rapidly by increasing the resistance of the field circuit, that is, wasting exciting power in the field rheostat. In the very first moment the short-circuit current waves are unsymmetrical, as they must simultaneously start from zero in all phases and gradually approach their symmetrical appear- ance, i.e., in a three-phase machine three currents displaced by 120 degrees. Hereby the field current is made pulsa ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-38.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-38.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-39", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 39, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: General", "label": "Apparatus Section 1: Direct-current Commutating Machines: General", "slug": "section-39", "location": "lines 10430-10474", "line_start": 10430, "line_end": 10474, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 244, "top_themes": [ "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 6 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "I. General 35. Commutating machines are characterized by the combina- tion of a continuously excited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric power into mechanical power, and direct-current con- verters which transform electric power into a different form of electric power. Since the most important class of the latter are the synchronous converters, which combine features of the synchronous machines with those of the commutating machines, they shall be treated in a sepa- rate chapter. By the excitation of their mag- net fields, commutating machines are divided into magneto machines, in which the field consists of permanent magnets; separately excited machines; shunt machines, in which the field", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "I. General 35. Commutating machines are characterized by the combina- tion of a continuously excited magnet field with a closed-circuit armature connected to a segmental commutator. According to their use, they can be divided into direct-current generators which transform mechanical power into electric power, direct- current motors which transform electric ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-39/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-39.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-39.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-40", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 40, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 40: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-40", "location": "lines 10475-10519", "line_start": 10475, "line_end": 10519, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 254, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 3, "magnetism": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 167 36. By the number of poles commutating machines are divided into bipolar and multipolar machines. Bipolar machines are mainly used in small sizes. By the construction of the armature, commutating machines are divided into smooth-core machines and iron-clad or \"toothed\" armature machines. In the smooth- core machine the armature winding is arranged on the surface of a laminated iron core. In the iron-clad machine the arma- ture winding is sunk into slots. The iron-clad type has the ad- vantage of greater mechanical strength, but the disadvantage of higher self-inductance in commutation, and thus requires high- resistance, carbon or graphite, commutator brushes. The iron- clad type has the advantage of lesser magnetic stray field, due FIG. 78. — Series machine. FIG. 79. — Compound machine. to the shorter gap between field", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ad- vantage of greater mechanical strength, but the disadvantage of higher self-inductance in commutation, and thus requires high- resistance, carbon or graphite, commutator brushes. The iron- clad type has the advantage of lesser magnetic stray field, due FIG. 78. — Series machine. FIG. 79. — Compound machine. to the shorter gap between field pole and armature iron, and of lesser magnet distortion under load, and thus can with carbon brushes be operated with constant position of bru ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... type has the ad- vantage of greater mechanical strength, but the disadvantage of higher self-inductance in commutation, and thus requires high- resistance, carbon or graphite, commutator brushes. The iron- clad type has the advantage of lesser magnetic stray field, due FIG. 78. — Series machine. FIG. 79. — Compound machine. to the shorter gap between field pole and armature iron, and of lesser magnet distortion under load, and thus can with carbon brushes be operated with constant pos ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-40/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-40.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-40.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-41", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 41, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Winding", "label": "Apparatus Section 2: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Winding", "slug": "section-41", "location": "lines 10520-10585", "line_start": 10520, "line_end": 10585, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 435, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "II. Armature Winding 37. Fig. 80 shows a six-pole multiple ring winding, and Fig. 81 a six-polar multiple drum winding. As seen, the armature coils are connected progressively all around the armature in closed circuit, and the connections between adjacent armature coils lead to the commutator. Such an armature winding has as many circuits in multiple, and requires as many sets of com- mutator brushes, as poles. Thirty-six coils are shown in Figs. 80 and 81, connected to 36 commutator segments, and the two sides of each coil distinguished by drawn and dotted lines. In a drum-wound machine, usually the one side of all coils forms the upper and the other side the lower layer of the armature winding. Fig. 82 shows a six-pole series drum winding with 36 slots and 36 commutator segments. In", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... orm of series winding is the winding shown by Fig. 83. This figure shows a six-polar armature having 35 coils and 35 commutator segments. In consequence thereof the armature coils under corresponding poles which are connected in series are slightly displaced from each other, so that after pass- ing around all corresponding poles the winding leads symmetric- ally into the coil adjacent to the first armature coil. Hereby the necessity of commutator cross connections is avoided, and the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-41/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-41.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-41.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-42", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 42, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 42: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-42", "location": "lines 10586-10645", "line_start": 10586, "line_end": 10645, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 375, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 171 All these windings are closed-circuit windings; that is, starting at any point, and following the armature conductor, the circuit returns into itself after passing all e.m.fs. twice in opposite direc- tion (thereby avoiding short circuit). An instance of an open- coil winding is shown in Fig. 84, a series-connected three-phase star winding similar to that used in the Thomson-Houston arc machine. Such open-coil windings, however, cannot be used in commutating machines. They are generally preferred in syn- chronous and in induction machines. FIG. 84. — Open-circuit three-phase series drum winding. 38. By leaving space between adjacent coils of these windings a second winding can be laid in between. The second winding can either be entirely independent from the first winding, that is, each of the two windings closed upon itself,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... t generation with synchronous converters usu- ally preferred, and as multiple spiral or reentrant windings are inconvenient in synchronous converters, their use has greatly decreased. 39. A distinction is frequently made between lap winding and wave winding. These are, however, not different types; but the wave winding is merely a constructive modification of the series drum winding with single-turn coil, as seen by comparing" }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 171 All these windings are closed-circuit windings; that is, starting at any point, and following the armature conductor, the circuit returns into itself after passing all e.m.fs. twice in opposite direc- tion (thereby avoiding short cir ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-42/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-42.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-42.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-43", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 43, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 43: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-43", "location": "lines 10646-10684", "line_start": 10646, "line_end": 10684, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 186, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 3 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 173 FIG. 86. — Multiple double spiral full pitch winding. FIG. 87. — Multiple double re-entrant drum full pitch winding. 174 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Figs. 88 and 89. Fig. 88 shows a part of a series drum winding developed. Coils C\\ and C2, having corresponding positions under poles of equal polarity, are joined in series. Thus the end con- nection ah of coil Ci connects by cross connection be and cd to the FIG. 88. — Series lap winding. end connection de of coil C%. If the armature coils consist of a single turn only, as in Fig. 86, and thus are open at 6 and d} the end connection and the cross connection can be combined by passing from a in coil Ci directly to c and from c", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ature coils consist of a single turn only, as in Fig. 86, and thus are open at 6 and d} the end connection and the cross connection can be combined by passing from a in coil Ci directly to c and from c directly to e in FIG. 89. — Wave winding. coil C2; that is, the circuit abcde is replaced by ace. This has the effect that the coils are apparently open at one side. Such a winding has been called a wave winding. Only series windings with a single turn per coil ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-43/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-43.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-43.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-44", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 44, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 175", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 44: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 175", "slug": "section-44", "location": "lines 10685-10736", "line_start": 10685, "line_end": 10736, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 357, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 175 sarily be lap or coil windings. In Fig. 90 is shown a series drum winding with 35 coils and commutator segments, and a single turn per coil arranged as wave winding. This winding may be compared with the 35-coil series drum winding in Fig. 83. 40. Drum winding can be divided into full-pitch and frac- tional-pitch windings. In the full-pitch winding the spread of the coil covers the pitch of one pole; that is, each coil covers FIG. 90. — Series drum wave winding. one-sixth of the armature circumference in a six-pole machine, etc. In a fractional-pitch winding it covers less or more. Series drum windings without cross-connected commutator in which thus the number of coils is not divisible by the number of poles are necessarily always slightly fractional pitch;", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... Fractional-pitch windings have the advantage of shorter end connections and less self-inductance in commutation, since commutation of corresponding coils under different poles does not take place in the same, but in different, slots, and the flux of self-inductance in commutation is thus more subdivided. Fig. 91 shows the multiple drum winding of Fig. 81 as a frac- FIG. 91. — Multiple drum five-sixth fractional pitch winding. tional-pitch winding with five teeth spread, or five-sixt ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 175 sarily be lap or coil windings. In Fig. 90 is shown a series drum winding with 35 coils and commutator segments, and a single turn per coil arranged as wave winding. This winding may be compared with the 35-coil series drum winding in Fig. 83. 40. Drum winding can be divided into full-pitch and frac- tional-pitch windings. In the full-pitch winding the spread of the coil covers the pitch of o ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... in a six-pole machine, etc. In a fractional-pitch winding it covers less or more. Series drum windings without cross-connected commutator in which thus the number of coils is not divisible by the number of poles are necessarily always slightly fractional pitch; but gen- erally the expression \" fractional-pitch winding\" is used only for windings in which the coil covers one or several teeth less than correspond to the pole pitch. Thus the multiple drum winding in Fig. 81 would b ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-44/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-44.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-44.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-45", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 45, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 177", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 45: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 177", "slug": "section-45", "location": "lines 10737-10777", "line_start": 10737, "line_end": 10777, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 250, "top_themes": [ "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 177 since the one side of the coil enters or leaves the field before the other. Therefore, in commutating machines it is seldom that a pitch is used that falls short of full pitch by more than one or two teeth, while in induction and synchronous machines occasionally as low a pitch as 50 per cent, is used, and two-thirds pitch is frequently employed. For special purposes, as in single-phase commutator motors fractional-pitch windings are sometimes used. 41. Series windings find their foremost application in machines with small currents, or small machines in which it is desirable to have as few circuits as possible in multiple, and in machines in which it is desirable to use only two sets of brushes, as in smaller railway motors. In multipolar machines with many", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 177 since the one side of the coil enters or leaves the field before the other. Therefore, in commutating machines it is seldom that a pitch is used that falls short of full pitch by more than one or two teeth, while in induction and synchronous machines occasionally as low a pitch as 50 per cent, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-45/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-45.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-45.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-46", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 46, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generated E.m.fs.", "label": "Apparatus Section 3: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generated E.m.fs.", "slug": "section-46", "location": "lines 10778-10835", "line_start": 10778, "line_end": 10835, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 386, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 19, "fields": 5, "radiation-light": 3, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "III. Generated E.M.FS. 42. The formula for the generation of e.m.f. in a direct- current machine, as discussed in the preceding, is e = where e = generated e.m.f., / = frequency = number of pairs of poles X hundreds of rev. per sec., n = number of turns in series between brushes, and <£ = magnetic flux passing through the armature per pole, in megalines. In ring-wound machines, is one-half the flux per field pole, since the flux divides in the armature into two circuits, and each 178 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING armature turn incloses only half the flux per field pole. In ring- wound armatures, however, each armature turn has only one con- ductor lying on the armature surface, or face conductor, while in a drum-wound machine each turn has two face", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... f e.m.f. in a direct- current machine, as discussed in the preceding, is e = where e = generated e.m.f., / = frequency = number of pairs of poles X hundreds of rev. per sec., n = number of turns in series between brushes, and <£ = magnetic flux passing through the armature per pole, in megalines. In ring-wound machines, is one-half the flux per field pole, since the flux divides in the armature into two circuits, and each 178 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING armat ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... cy = number of pairs of poles X hundreds of rev. per sec., n = number of turns in series between brushes, and <£ = magnetic flux passing through the armature per pole, in megalines. In ring-wound machines, is one-half the flux per field pole, since the flux divides in the armature into two circuits, and each 178 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING armature turn incloses only half the flux per field pole. In ring- wound armatures, however, each armature turn has only o ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "III. Generated E.M.FS. 42. The formula for the generation of e.m.f. in a direct- current machine, as discussed in the preceding, is e = where e = generated e.m.f., / = frequency = number of pairs of poles X hundreds of rev. per sec., n = number of turns in series between brushes, and <£ = magnetic flux passing through the armature per pole, in megalines. In ring-wound machines, is one-half the flux per fi ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... uit, the total ampere-turns excitation per field pole is found, which is required for generating the desired e.m.f. Since the formula for the generation of direct-current e.m.f is independent of the distribution of the magnetic flux, or its wave shape, the total magnetic flux, and thus the ampere-turns re- quired therefor, are independent also of the distribution of magnetic flux at the armature surface. The latter is of impor- tance, however, regarding armature reaction and commutatio ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-46/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-46.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-46.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-47", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 47, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Distribution of Magnetic Flux", "label": "Apparatus Section 4: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Distribution of Magnetic Flux", "slug": "section-47", "location": "lines 10836-10844", "line_start": 10836, "line_end": 10844, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 58, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 4, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IV. Distribution of Magnetic Flux 43. The distribution of magnetic flux in the air gap or at the armature surface can be calculated approximately by assuming the density at any point of the armature surface as proportional to the m.m.f. acting thereon, and inversely proportional to the nearest distance from a field pole. Thus, if FQ = ampere-turns", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "IV. Distribution of Magnetic Flux 43. The distribution of magnetic flux in the air gap or at the armature surface can be calculated approximately by assuming the density at any point of the armature surface as proportional to the m.m.f. acting thereon, and inversely ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... in the air gap or at the armature surface can be calculated approximately by assuming the density at any point of the armature surface as proportional to the m.m.f. acting thereon, and inversely proportional to the nearest distance from a field pole. Thus, if FQ = ampere-turns" } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-47/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-47.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-47.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-48", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 48, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 48: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-48", "location": "lines 10845-10940", "line_start": 10845, "line_end": 10940, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 439, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 12, "fields": 9 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 179 acting upon the air gap between armature and field pole, la = length of air gap, from iron to iron, the density under the magnet pole, that is, in the range BC of Fig. 90, is At a point having the distance lx from the end of the field pole on the armature surface, the distance from the next field pole is ld = Vk2 + lx2, and the density thus, approximately, B C FIG. 92. — Distribution of mganetic flux under a single pole. Herefrom the distribution of magnetic flux is calculated and plotted in Fig. 92, for a single pole BC, along the armature sur- face A, for the length of air gap la = 1, and such a m.m.f. as to L FIG. 93. — Distribution of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... 90, is At a point having the distance lx from the end of the field pole on the armature surface, the distance from the next field pole is ld = Vk2 + lx2, and the density thus, approximately, B C FIG. 92. — Distribution of mganetic flux under a single pole. Herefrom the distribution of magnetic flux is calculated and plotted in Fig. 92, for a single pole BC, along the armature sur- face A, for the length of air gap la = 1, and such a m.m.f. as to L FIG. 93. — D ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 179 acting upon the air gap between armature and field pole, la = length of air gap, from iron to iron, the density under the magnet pole, that is, in the range BC of Fig. 90, is At a point having the distance lx from the end of the field pole on the armature surface, the distance fr ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-48/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-48.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-48.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-49", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 49, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 181", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 49: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 181", "slug": "section-49", "location": "lines 10941-11024", "line_start": 10941, "line_end": 11024, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 496, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 11, "fields": 10 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 181 With the brushes set midway between adjacent field poles, the armature m.m.f. is additive on one side and subtractive on the other side of the center of the field pole. Thus the magnetic intensity is increased on one side and decreased on the other. The total m.m.f., however, and thus, neglecting saturation, the total flux entering the armature, are not changed. Thus, arma- ture reaction, with the brushes midway between adjacent field poles, acts distorting upon the field, but neither magnetizes nor demagnetizes, if the field is below saturation. The distortion of the magnetic field takes place by the arma- ture ampere-turns beneath the pole, or from B to C. Thus, if T = pole arc, that is, the angle covered by pole face (two poles or one complete period", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 181 With the brushes set midway between adjacent field poles, the armature m.m.f. is additive on one side and subtractive on the other side of the center of the field pole. Thus the magnetic intensity is increased on one side and decreased on the other. The total m.m.f., however, and thus, neglecting saturation, the total flux entering the armature, are not changed. Thus, arma- ture reaction, with the brushes midway between adjac ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 181 With the brushes set midway between adjacent field poles, the armature m.m.f. is additive on one side and subtractive on the other side of the center of the field pole. Thus the magnetic intensity is increased on one side and decreased on the other. The total m.m.f., however, and thus, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-49/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-49.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-49.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-50", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 50, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Saturation on Magnetic Distribution", "label": "Apparatus Section 5: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Saturation on Magnetic Distribution", "slug": "section-50", "location": "lines 11025-11046", "line_start": 11025, "line_end": 11046, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 175, "top_themes": [ "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 5 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "V. Effect of Saturation on Magnetic Distribution 46. The preceding discussion of Figs. 92 to 95 omits the effect of saturation. That is, the assumption is made that the mag- netic materials near the air gap, as pole face and armature teeth, are so far below saturation that at the demagnetized pole corner the magnetic density decreases, at the strengthened pole corner increases, proportionally to the m.m.f. The distribution of m.m.f. obviously is not affected by satu- ration, but the distribution of magnetic flux is greatly changed thereby. To investigate the effect of saturation, in Figs. 96 to 99 the assumption has been made that the air gap is reduced to one-half its previous value, la = 0.5, thus consuming only one- half as many ampere-turns, and the other half of the ampere- turns are", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "V. Effect of Saturation on Magnetic Distribution 46. The preceding discussion of Figs. 92 to 95 omits the effect of saturation. That is, the assumption is made that the mag- netic materials near the air gap, as pole face and armature teeth, are so far below saturation that ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-50/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-50.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-50.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-51", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 51, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 183", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 51: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 183", "slug": "section-51", "location": "lines 11047-11125", "line_start": 11047, "line_end": 11125, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 366, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 9, "fields": 8 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 183 In Figs. 96, 97, 98, 99, curves are plotted corresponding to those in Figs. 92, 93, 94, and 95. As seen, the spread of mag- netic flux at the pole corners is greatly increased, but farther away from the field poles the magnetic distribution is not changed. 47. The magnetizing, or rather demagnetizing, effect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting effect FIG. 96. — Flux distribution under a single pole. of the load is, however, very greatly decreased, to a small per- centage of its previous value, and the magnetic field under the field pole is very nearly uniform under load. The reason is: Even a very large increase of m.m.f. does not much increase the density, the ampere-turns being consumed by saturation of the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 183 In Figs. 96, 97, 98, 99, curves are plotted corresponding to those in Figs. 92, 93, 94, and 95. As seen, the spread of mag- netic flux at the pole corners is greatly increased, but farther away from the field poles the magnetic distribution is not changed. 47. The magnetizing, or rather demagnetizing, effect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 183 In Figs. 96, 97, 98, 99, curves are plotted corresponding to those in Figs. 92, 93, 94, and 95. As seen, the spread of mag- netic flux at the pole corners is greatly increased, but farther away from the field poles the magnetic distribution is not changed. 47. The magnetizing, or rather demagnetizing, effect of the load with shifted brushes is not changed. The distorting effect FIG. 96. — Flux distribution under a single pole. of the load is, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-51/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-51.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-51.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-52", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 52, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Commutating Poles", "label": "Apparatus Section 6: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Commutating Poles", "slug": "section-52", "location": "lines 11126-11131", "line_start": 11126, "line_end": 11131, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 28, "top_themes": [ "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VI. Effect of Commutating Poles 48. With the commutator brushes of a generator set midway between the field poles, as in Fig. 94, the m.m.f. of armature reac-", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "VI. Effect of Commutating Poles 48. With the commutator brushes of a generator set midway between the field poles, as in Fig. 94, the m.m.f. of armature reac-" } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-52/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-52.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-52.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-53", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 53, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 53: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 185", "slug": "section-53", "location": "lines 11132-11213", "line_start": 11132, "line_end": 11213, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 680, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 16, "fields": 10, "radiation-light": 2, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 185 tion produces a magnetic field at the brushes. The e.m.f. gener- ated by the rotation of the armature through this field opposes the reversal of the current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutation constants of the machines are not abnormally good — high field strength, low armature reaction, low self-in- ductance and frequency of commutation — the machine does not commutate satisfactorily under load, with the brushes midway between the field poles, and the brushes have to be shifted to the edge of the next field poles, as shown in Fig. 95, until the fringe of the magnetic flux of the field poles reverses the armature reac- tion and so generates an e.m.f. in the armature coil, which re- verses", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 185 tion produces a magnetic field at the brushes. The e.m.f. gener- ated by the rotation of the armature through this field opposes the reversal of the current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutat ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 185 tion produces a magnetic field at the brushes. The e.m.f. gener- ated by the rotation of the armature through this field opposes the reversal of the current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutation co ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... he current in the short-circuited armature coil under the brush, and thus impairs commutation. If therefore the commutation constants of the machines are not abnormally good — high field strength, low armature reaction, low self-in- ductance and frequency of commutation — the machine does not commutate satisfactorily under load, with the brushes midway between the field poles, and the brushes have to be shifted to the edge of the next field poles, as shown in Fig. 95, until the fringe of ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... occurs, and excited so as to produce a commutating flux proportional to the load, and thus giving the required commutating field at all loads. Such machines then give no inductive sparking, but regarding commutation are limited in overload capacity only by the current density under the brush. Such commutating poles are excited by series coils, that is, coils connected in series with the armature and having a number of effective turns higher than the number of effective series turns ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-53.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-53.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-54", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 54, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 187", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 54: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 187", "slug": "section-54", "location": "lines 11214-11300", "line_start": 11214, "line_end": 11300, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 691, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 14, "fields": 12, "radiation-light": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 187 ampere-turns per pole. Choosing then 8000 ampere-turns per commutating pole F', leaves 2000 ampere-turns as resultant com- mutating m.m.f . at full load, half as much at half load, etc. The resultant m.m.f. of the main field FQ, the armature Fa, and the commutating pole Ff is represented in Fig. 100 by Fz, and the flux produced by it is shown in Fig. 101. As seen, with the com- mutator brushes midway between the field poles, that is, in the center of the commutating pole, a commutating flux proportional to the armature current enters the armature at the brush B and 5', and is cut by the revolving armature during commutation. The use of the commutating pole or interpole thus permits controlling the commutation, with fixed brush position midway between", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... leaves 2000 ampere-turns as resultant com- mutating m.m.f . at full load, half as much at half load, etc. The resultant m.m.f. of the main field FQ, the armature Fa, and the commutating pole Ff is represented in Fig. 100 by Fz, and the flux produced by it is shown in Fig. 101. As seen, with the com- mutator brushes midway between the field poles, that is, in the center of the commutating pole, a commutating flux proportional to the armature current enters the armature at the ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... MUTATING MACHINES 187 ampere-turns per pole. Choosing then 8000 ampere-turns per commutating pole F', leaves 2000 ampere-turns as resultant com- mutating m.m.f . at full load, half as much at half load, etc. The resultant m.m.f. of the main field FQ, the armature Fa, and the commutating pole Ff is represented in Fig. 100 by Fz, and the flux produced by it is shown in Fig. 101. As seen, with the com- mutator brushes midway between the field poles, that is, in the center of the ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... wn in Fig. 98. As is seen in Fig. 101, the magnetic flux of the commutating pole is not symmetrical, but the spread of flux is greater at the side of the main pole of the same polarity. As result thereof, the total magnetic flux is slightly increased by the commutating poles; that is, the two halves of the commutating flux on the two sides of the brush do not quite neutralize, and the com- mutating flux thus exerts a slight compounding action, that is, tends to raise the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-54/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-54.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-54.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-55", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 55, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 189", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 55: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 189", "slug": "section-55", "location": "lines 11301-11386", "line_start": 11301, "line_end": 11386, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 612, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 8, "fields": 7, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 189 netic flux at the armature circumference therefore always has the same shape, and its intensity is proportional to the current, except as far as saturation limits it. As the result thereof, shifting the brushes to the edge of the field poles, as in Fig. 95, brings them in a field which is proportional to the armature cur- rent and thus has the proper intensity as a commutating field. Therefore with series-wound machines commutating poles are not necessary for good commutation, but the shifting of the brushes gives the same result. However, in cases where the direc- tion of rotation frequently reverses, as in railway motors, the direction of the shift of brushes has to be reversed with the re- versal of rotation. In railway motors this cannot be done with-", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 189 netic flux at the armature circumference therefore always has the same shape, and its intensity is proportional to the current, except as far as saturation limits it. As the result thereof, shifting the brushes to the edge of the field poles, as in ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... NES 189 netic flux at the armature circumference therefore always has the same shape, and its intensity is proportional to the current, except as far as saturation limits it. As the result thereof, shifting the brushes to the edge of the field poles, as in Fig. 95, brings them in a field which is proportional to the armature cur- rent and thus has the proper intensity as a commutating field. Therefore with series-wound machines commutating poles are not necessary for good commuta ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 189 netic flux at the armature circumference therefore always has the same shape, and its intensity is proportional to the current, except as far as saturation limits it. As the result thereof, shifting the brushes to the edge of the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-55/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-55.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-55.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-56", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 56, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux", "label": "Apparatus Section 7: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux", "slug": "section-56", "location": "lines 11387-11400", "line_start": 11387, "line_end": 11400, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 118, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 4, "fields": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VII. Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux 53. With slotted armatures the pole face density opposite the armature slots is less than that opposite the armature teeth, due to the greater distance of the air path in the former case. Thus, with the passage of the armature slots across the field pole a local pulsation of the magnetic flux in the pole face is produced, which, while harmless with laminated field pole faces, generates eddy currents in solid pole pieces. The frequency of this pul- sation is extremely high, and thus the energy loss due to eddy currents in the 'pole faces may be considerable, even with pul- sations of small amplitude. If S = peripheral speed of the arma-", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "VII. Effect of Slots on Magnetic Flux 53. With slotted armatures the pole face density opposite the armature slots is less than that opposite the armature teeth, due to the greater distance of the air path in the former case. Thus, with the passage of the armature slot ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... th slotted armatures the pole face density opposite the armature slots is less than that opposite the armature teeth, due to the greater distance of the air path in the former case. Thus, with the passage of the armature slots across the field pole a local pulsation of the magnetic flux in the pole face is produced, which, while harmless with laminated field pole faces, generates eddy currents in solid pole pieces. The frequency of this pul- sation is extremely high, and thus th ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... us, with the passage of the armature slots across the field pole a local pulsation of the magnetic flux in the pole face is produced, which, while harmless with laminated field pole faces, generates eddy currents in solid pole pieces. The frequency of this pul- sation is extremely high, and thus the energy loss due to eddy currents in the 'pole faces may be considerable, even with pul- sations of small amplitude. If S = peripheral speed of the arma-" } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-56/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-56.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-56.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-57", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 57, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 57: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-57", "location": "lines 11401-11540", "line_start": 11401, "line_end": 11540, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 507, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 17, "fields": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "waves-lines": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 191 ture in centimeters per second, lp = pitch of armature slot (that is, width of one slot and one tooth at armature surface), the S frequency is /i = y-. Or, if / = frequency of machine, n — number of armature slots per pair of poles, /i = nf. For instance,/ = 33.3, n = 51, thus/i = 1700. Under the assumption, width of slots equals width of teeth = 2 X width of air gap, the dis- tribution of magnetic flux at the pole face is plotted in Fig. 103. The drop of density opposite each slot consists of two curved branches equal to those in Fig. 92, that is, calculated by •B' -3 n FIG. 103.— I < « i slots on flu Iffect of B distribution.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... requency of machine, n — number of armature slots per pair of poles, /i = nf. For instance,/ = 33.3, n = 51, thus/i = 1700. Under the assumption, width of slots equals width of teeth = 2 X width of air gap, the dis- tribution of magnetic flux at the pole face is plotted in Fig. 103. The drop of density opposite each slot consists of two curved branches equal to those in Fig. 92, that is, calculated by •B' -3 n FIG. 103.— I < « i slots on flu Iffect of B ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... 103.— I < « i slots on flu Iffect of B distribution. V + 1*2 The average flux is 7525; that is, by cutting half the armature surface away by slots of a width equal to twice the length of air gap, the total flux under the field pole is reduced only in the proportion 8000 to 7525, or about 6 per cent. The flux B pulsating between 8000 and 5700 is equivalent to a uniform flux B\\ = 7525 superposed with an alternating flux FIG. 104. — Effect of slots on flux d ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 191 ture in centimeters per second, lp = pitch of armature slot (that is, width of one slot and one tooth at armature surface), the S frequency is /i = y-. Or, if / = frequency of machine, n — number of armature slots per pair of poles, /i = nf. For instance,/ = 33.3, n = 51, thus/i = 1700. Under the assumption, width of slots equals width of teeth = 2 X width of ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... rnating flux FIG. 104. — Effect of slots on flux distribution. BO, shown in Fig. 104, with a maximum of 475 and a minimum of 1825. This alternating flux BQ can, as regards production of eddy currents, be replaced by the equivalent sine wave B0o, that is, a sine wave having the same effective value (or square root of mean square). The effective value is 718. The pulsation of magnetic flux farther in the interior of the field-pole face can be approximated by drawing curves e ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-57.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-57.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-58", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 58, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 58: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-58", "location": "lines 11541-11615", "line_start": 11541, "line_end": 11615, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 20, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 193 At distance from pole face B p Cast steel Cast iron 0 718 10.3 2.06 la 2 373 2.78 0.56 la 184 0.677 0.135 ~2~ 119 0.283 0.057 2 la 91 0.166 0.033 5 la 2 69 0.095 0.019 3 la 57 0.065 0.013", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-58/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-58.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-58.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-59", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 59, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "label": "Apparatus Section 8: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Armature Reaction", "slug": "section-59", "location": "lines 11616-11694", "line_start": 11616, "line_end": 11694, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 482, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 11, "magnetism": 4 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VIII. Armature Reaction 55. At no load, that is, with no current in the armature cir- cuit, the magnetic field of the commutating machine is sym- metrical with regard to the field poles. Thus the density at the armature surface is zero at the point or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" point or \"neutral\" range of the commutating machine. Under load the armature current represents a m.m.f. acting in the direction from commutator brush to commutator brush of opposite polarity, that is, in quadrature with the field m.m.f. if the brushes stand midway between the field poles; or shifted against the quadrature position by the same angle by which the commutator brushes are shifted, which angle is called the angle of lead. If n", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "VIII. Armature Reaction 55. At no load, that is, with no current in the armature cir- cuit, the magnetic field of the commutating machine is sym- metrical with regard to the field poles. Thus the density at the armature surface is zero at the point or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"neutral\" ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "VIII. Armature Reaction 55. At no load, that is, with no current in the armature cir- cuit, the magnetic field of the commutating machine is sym- metrical with regard to the field poles. Thus the density at the armature surface is zero at the point or in the range midway between adjacent field poles. This point, or range, is called the \"ne ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-59.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-59.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-60", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 60, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Saturation Curves", "label": "Apparatus Section 9: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Saturation Curves", "slug": "section-60", "location": "lines 11695-11710", "line_start": 11695, "line_end": 11710, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 112, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 4, "magnetism": 3, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IX. Saturation Curves 57. As saturation curve or magnetic characteristic of the com- mutating machine is understood the curve giving the generated voltage, or terminal voltage at open circuit and normal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 as A. Owing to the remanent magnetism or hysteresis of the iron part of the magnetic circuit, the saturation curve taken with decreasing field excitation usually does not coincide with that taken with increasing field excitation, but is higher, and by gradually first increasing the field excitation from zero to maximum and then decreasing again, the looped curve in Fig. 106 is derived, giving", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ation Curves 57. As saturation curve or magnetic characteristic of the com- mutating machine is understood the curve giving the generated voltage, or terminal voltage at open circuit and normal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 as A. Owing to the remanent magnetism or hysteresis of the iron part of the magnetic circuit, the saturation curve taken with decreasing field excitation usually does not coincide ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "IX. Saturation Curves 57. As saturation curve or magnetic characteristic of the com- mutating machine is understood the curve giving the generated voltage, or terminal voltage at open circuit and normal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... curve giving the generated voltage, or terminal voltage at open circuit and normal speed, as function of the ampere-turns per pole field excitation. Such curves are of the shape shown in Fig. 105 as A. Owing to the remanent magnetism or hysteresis of the iron part of the magnetic circuit, the saturation curve taken with decreasing field excitation usually does not coincide with that taken with increasing field excitation, but is higher, and by gradually first increasing the field exci ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-60/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-60.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-60.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-61", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 61, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 61: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-61", "location": "lines 11711-11773", "line_start": 11711, "line_end": 11773, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 254, "top_themes": [ "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 8 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 195 as average saturation curve the curve shown in Fig. 105 as A and as central curve in Fig. 106. Direct-current generators are usually operated at a point of the saturation curve above the bend, that is, at a point where the terminal voltage increases considerably less than proportionally to the field excitation. This is necessary in self-exciting direct- current generators to secure stability. The ratio increase of field excitation total field excitation that is, corresponding increase of voltage total voltage F* de FIG. 105. — Saturation characteristics. is called saturation factor s, and is plotted in Fig. 105. It is the ratio of a small percentage increase in field excitation to a corre- sponding percentage increase in voltage thereby produced. The quantity 1 is called the percentage saturation of the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... as A and as central curve in Fig. 106. Direct-current generators are usually operated at a point of the saturation curve above the bend, that is, at a point where the terminal voltage increases considerably less than proportionally to the field excitation. This is necessary in self-exciting direct- current generators to secure stability. The ratio increase of field excitation total field excitation that is, corresponding increase of voltage total voltage F* de FIG. 105. — S ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-61/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-61.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-61.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-62", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 62, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Compounding", "label": "Apparatus Section 10: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Compounding", "slug": "section-62", "location": "lines 11774-11794", "line_start": 11774, "line_end": 11794, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 135, "top_themes": [ "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 5 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "X. Compounding 59. In the direct-current generator the field excitation re- quired to maintain constant terminal voltage has to be increased with the load. A curve giving the field excitation in ampere- turns per pole, as function of the load in amperes, at constant terminal voltage, is called the compounding curve of the machine. The increase of field excitation required with load is due to : 1. The internal resistance of the machine, which consumes e.m.f. proportional to the current, so that the generated e.m.f., and thus the field m.m.f. corresponding thereto, has to be greater under load. If p = resistance drop in the machine as fraction ir of terminal voltage, = — > the generated e.m.f. at load has to be £ e (1 + p), and if ^o= no-load field excitation, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "X. Compounding 59. In the direct-current generator the field excitation re- quired to maintain constant terminal voltage has to be increased with the load. A curve giving the field excitation in ampere- turns per pole, as function of the load in amperes, at constant terminal voltage, is called the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-62/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-62.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-62.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-63", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 63, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 197", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 63: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 197", "slug": "section-63", "location": "lines 11795-11863", "line_start": 11795, "line_end": 11863, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 543, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 24, "fields": 22 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 197 ration coefficient, the field excitation required to produce the e.m.f . e (1 + p) is Fo (1 + sp) ; thus an additional excitation of spF0 is required at load, due to the armature resistance. 2. The demagnetizing effect of the ampere-turns armature reaction of the angle of shift of brushes TI requires an increase of field excitation by riFa. (Section VII.) 3. The distorting effect of armature reaction does not change the total m.m.f. producing the magnetic flux. If, however, mag- netic saturation is reached or approached in a part of the mag- netic circuit adjoining the air gap, the increase of magnetic density at the strengthened pole corner is less than the decrease at the weakened pole corner, and thus the total magnetic flux with the same", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... fect of the ampere-turns armature reaction of the angle of shift of brushes TI requires an increase of field excitation by riFa. (Section VII.) 3. The distorting effect of armature reaction does not change the total m.m.f. producing the magnetic flux. If, however, mag- netic saturation is reached or approached in a part of the mag- netic circuit adjoining the air gap, the increase of magnetic density at the strengthened pole corner is less than the decrease at the weakened pole ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 197 ration coefficient, the field excitation required to produce the e.m.f . e (1 + p) is Fo (1 + sp) ; thus an additional excitation of spF0 is required at load, due to the armature resistance. 2. The demagnetizing effect of the ampere-turns armature reaction of the an ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-63/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-63.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-63.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-64", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 64, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "label": "Apparatus Section 12: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Efficiency and Losses", "slug": "section-64", "location": "lines 11864-11904", "line_start": 11864, "line_end": 11904, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 228, "top_themes": [ "fields", "hysteresis", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 5, "hysteresis": 3, "magnetism": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XII. Efficiency and Losses 61. The losses in a commutating machine which have to be considered when deriving the efficiency by adding the individual losses are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protected, and in pole faces when solid and the air gap is small. 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and windage. 5. Load losses, due to the increase of hysteresis and of eddy currents under load, caused by the change", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... 1. The losses in a commutating machine which have to be considered when deriving the efficiency by adding the individual losses are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armatu ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... be considered when deriving the efficiency by adding the individual losses are: 1. Loss in the resistance of the armature, the commutator leads, brush contacts and brushes, in the shunt field and the series field with their rheostats. 2. Hysteresis and eddy currents in the iron at a voltage equal to the terminal voltage, plus resistance drop in a generator, or minus resistance drop in a motor. 3. Eddy currents in the armature conductors when large and not protected, and in pole f ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... and in pole faces when solid and the air gap is small. 4. Friction of bearings, of brushes on the commutator, and windage. 5. Load losses, due to the increase of hysteresis and of eddy currents under load, caused by the change of the magnetic dis- tribution, as local increase of magnetic density and of stray field. The friction of the brushes and the loss in the contact resist- ance of the brushes are frequently quite considerable, especially with low-voltage machines. Constant o ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-64.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-64.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-65", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 65, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "label": "Apparatus Section 13: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Commutation", "slug": "section-65", "location": "lines 11905-11980", "line_start": 11905, "line_end": 11980, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 550, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "radiation-light", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 7, "radiation-light": 3, "fields": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XIII. Commutation 62. The most important problem connected with commutating machines is that of commutation. Fig. 107 represents diagrammatically a commutating machine. FIG. 107. — Diagram for the study of commutation. The e.m.f. generated in an armature coil A is zero with this coil at or near the position of the commutator brush B\\. It rises and reaches a maximum about midway between two adjacent sets of brushes, BI and B2, at C, and then decreases again, reaching zero at or about B2, and then repeats the same change in opposite direction. The current in armature coil A, however, is constant during the motion of the coil from BI to BI. While the coil A passes the brush B2, however, the current in the coil A reverses, and then remains constant again in opposite direc-", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... A is short- circuited by the brush, and the current iQ in the coil begins to die out, or rather to change at a rate depending upon the internal resistance and the inductance of the coil A and the e.m.f. gener- ated in the coil by the magnetic flux of armature reaction and by the field magnetic flux. The higher the internal resistance the faster is the change of current, and the higher the inductance the slower the current changes. Thus two cases have to be dis- tinguished ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... second if Z» is given in inches, to = -£ is the time during which the current in A reverses. Thus, considering the reversal as a 1 S single alternation, tQ is a half period, and thus /0 = ^-7- = ;ry- is 4 »o z iw the frequency of commutation; hence, if L = inductance of the armature coil A, the e.m.f. generated in the armature coil during commutation is eo = 2irfoLiot where io = current reversed, and the energy which has to be dissipated during commutation is ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... urrent iQ in the coil begins to die out, or rather to change at a rate depending upon the internal resistance and the inductance of the coil A and the e.m.f. gener- ated in the coil by the magnetic flux of armature reaction and by the field magnetic flux. The higher the internal resistance the faster is the change of current, and the higher the inductance the slower the current changes. Thus two cases have to be dis- tinguished. 1. No magnetic flux enters the armature ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-65.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-65.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-66", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 66, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 66: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 201", "slug": "section-66", "location": "lines 11981-12083", "line_start": 11981, "line_end": 12083, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 426, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 11, "magnetism": 8 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation depends upon the inductance and the resistance of the armature coil and the e.m.f. generated therein by the main magnetic field, and if this magnetic field is a corn- mutating field, is called voltage commutation. In either case the resistance of the brushes and their contact may either be negligible, as usually the case with copper brushes, or it may be of the same or a higher magnitude than the internal resistance", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutation de ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 201 is, in the armature during commutation an e.m.f. is generated by its rotation through a magnetic field. This magnetic field may be the magnetic field of armature reaction, or the reverse magnetic field of a commutating pole, or the fringe of the main field of the machine, into which the brushes are shifted. In this case the commutat ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-66.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-66.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-67", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 67, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 67: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-67", "location": "lines 12084-12199", "line_start": 12084, "line_end": 12199, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 502, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 1, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 203 It is evident that the inequality e > i<>r must be true, otherwise perfect commutation is not possible. If we have that is, the current never reverses, but merely dies out more or less, and in the moment when the gap G of the armature coil leaves the brush B the current therein has to rise suddenly to full intensity in opposite direction. This being impossible, due to the inductance of the coil, the current forms an arc from the brush across the commutator surface for a length of time depend- ing upon the inductance of the armature coil. Therefore, with low-resistance brushes, resistance commutation is not permissible except with machines of extremely low arma- FIG. 108. — Brush commutating coil A. ture inductance, that is, armature inductance so low", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... hes proportionally to the load, or a commutating pole. In the preceding, the e.m.f. e.has been assumed constant dur- ing the commutation. In reality it varies somewhat, usually increasing with the approach of the commutated coil to a denser field. It is not possible to consider this variation in general, and e is thus to be considered the average value during commutation. 66. (b) High-resistance brush contact. Fig. 108 represents a brush B commutating armature coil A. 204 ELE ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... armature coil. Therefore, with low-resistance brushes, resistance commutation is not permissible except with machines of extremely low arma- FIG. 108. — Brush commutating coil A. ture inductance, that is, armature inductance so low that the magnetic energy -7^—, which appears as \"spark\" in this case, is & harmless. Voltage commutation is feasible with low-resistance brushes, but requires a commutating e.m.f. e proportional to current z'o; that is, requires shifting of brushes proportion ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-67.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-67.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-68", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 68, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 205", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 68: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 205", "slug": "section-68", "location": "lines 12200-12312", "line_start": 12200, "line_end": 12312, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 434, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 1, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 205 the current entering over the brush shifts from segment to seg- ment in direct proportion to the motion of the gap between ad- jacent segments across the brush, that is, if the current density is uniform all over the contact surface of the brush. This means that the current i in the short-circuited coil varies from + io to — iQ as a linear function of the time. In this case it can be rep- resented by . . to-2t ^ = ^o — r— J to thus, di = 2ip dt~ to * Substituting this value in the general differential equation gives, after some transformation, -?-*<> + r(to - 20 - 2L = 0; or, e = i I — which gives at the beginning of commutation, t =", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 205 the current entering over the brush shifts from segment to seg- ment in direct proportion to the motion of the gap between ad- jacent segments across the brush, that is, if the current density is uniform all over the contact surfac ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 205 the current entering over the brush shifts from segment to seg- ment in direct proportion to the motion of the gap between ad- jacent segments across the brush, that is, if the current density is uniform all over the contact surface of the brush. This means that the current i in the short-circuited coil varies from + io to — iQ as a linear function of the time. In ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-68/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-68.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-68.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-69", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 69, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Types of Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Section 14: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Types of Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-69", "location": "lines 12313-12318", "line_start": 12313, "line_end": 12318, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 20, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XIV. Types of Commutating Machines 68. By the methods of excitation, commutating machines are subdivided into magneto, separately excited, shunt, series,", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-69/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-69.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-69.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-70", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 70, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 70: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-70", "location": "lines 12319-12398", "line_start": 12319, "line_end": 12398, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 442, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 8, "magnetism": 5, "alternating-current": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-110", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 110, "caption": "1231567 FIG. 110. 9 10 11 12 13 14 .15 16 17 18 19 20 21", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 12379, "line_end": 12379, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 207 and compound machines. Magneto machines and separately excited machines are very similar in their characteristics. In either, the field excitation is of constant, or approximately constant, impressed m.m.f. Magneto machines, however, are little used, except for very small sizes. By the direction of energy transformation, commutating ma- chines are subdivided into generators and motors. Of foremost importance in discussing the different types of machines is the saturation curve or magnetic characteristic; that is, a curve relating terminal voltage at constant speed to ampere-turns per pole field excitation, at open circuit. Such a curve is shown as A in Figs. 109 and 110. It has the same 1 8 9 4 5 6 78 9 19 U 12 13 H 15 16 I? J« W 20 81 FIG. 109. — Generator", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 207 and compound machines. Magneto machines and separately excited machines are very similar in their characteristics. In either, the field excitation is of constant, or approximately constant, impressed m.m.f. Magneto machines, however, are little used, except for very small sizes. By the direction of energy transformation, commutating ma- chines are subdivided into generators and ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... e used, except for very small sizes. By the direction of energy transformation, commutating ma- chines are subdivided into generators and motors. Of foremost importance in discussing the different types of machines is the saturation curve or magnetic characteristic; that is, a curve relating terminal voltage at constant speed to ampere-turns per pole field excitation, at open circuit. Such a curve is shown as A in Figs. 109 and 110. It has the same 1 8 9 4 5 6 ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 207 and compound machines. Magneto machines and separately excited machines are very similar in their characteristics. In either, the field excitation is of constant, or approximately constant, impressed m.m.f. Magneto machines, however, a ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-70.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-70.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-71", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 71, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 71: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-71", "location": "lines 12399-12399", "line_start": 12399, "line_end": 12399, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-71/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-71.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-71.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-72", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 72, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generators", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 72: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Generators", "slug": "section-72", "location": "lines 12400-12491", "line_start": 12400, "line_end": 12491, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 492, "top_themes": [ "fields", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "A. GENERATORS 209 Separately Excited and Magneto Generator 70. In a separately excited or magneto machine, that is, a machine with constant field excitation FQ) a demagnetization \\ \\\\ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 FIG. 111. — Separately excited or magneto-generator demagnetization curve and load characteristic with constant shift of brushes. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 FIG. 112. — Separately excited or magneto-generator demagnetization curve and load characteristic with variable shift of brushes. curve can be plotted from the magnetization or saturation curve A in Fig. 109. At current i, the resultant m.m.f . of the machine is FQ — iq, and the generated voltage corresponds thereto by the saturation curve A in Fig. 110. Thus,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "A. GENERATORS 209 Separately Excited and Magneto Generator 70. In a separately excited or magneto machine, that is, a machine with constant field excitation FQ) a demagnetization \\ \\\\ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 FIG. 111. — Separately excited or magneto-generator demagnetization curve and load characteristic with constant shift of brushes. 10 20 ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "A. GENERATORS 209 Separately Excited and Magneto Generator 70. In a separately excited or magneto machine, that is, a machine with constant field excitation FQ) a demagnetization \\ \\\\ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 FIG. 111. — Separately excited or magneto-generator demagnetization curve and load characterist ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-72/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-72.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-72.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-73", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 73, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 73: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-73", "location": "lines 12492-12659", "line_start": 12492, "line_end": 12659, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 269, "top_themes": [ "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 3 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 211 constant, curve B to varying armature reaction. It is seen that at a certain definite resistance the voltage becomes zero, and for lower resistance the machine cannot generate but loses its excitation. The variation of the terminal voltage of the shunt generator with the speed at constant field resistance is shown in Fig. 115, at no load as A, and at constant current i as B. These curves are derived from the preceding ones. They show that below a certain speed, which is much higher at load than at no load, the r 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 FIG. 113. — Shunt generator load characteristic. machine cannot generate, and cannot be realized. The lower part of curve B is unstable Series Generator 72. In the series generator the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... is seen that at a certain definite resistance the voltage becomes zero, and for lower resistance the machine cannot generate but loses its excitation. The variation of the terminal voltage of the shunt generator with the speed at constant field resistance is shown in Fig. 115, at no load as A, and at constant current i as B. These curves are derived from the preceding ones. They show that below a certain speed, which is much higher at load than at no load, the r 50 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-73/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-73.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-73.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-74", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 74, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 74: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-74", "location": "lines 12660-12763", "line_start": 12660, "line_end": 12763, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 288, "top_themes": [ "fields", "radiation-light", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 3, "radiation-light": 2, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 213 proportionally to the load, gives curves C, D, and E, which are higher at light load, but fall off faster at high load. A still further shift of brushes near the maximum current value even overturns the curve as shown in F. Curves E and F correspond to a very great shift of brushes, and an armature demagnetizing effect of the same magnitude as the field excitation, as realized in arc-light machines, in which the last part of the curve is used to secure inherent regulation for constant current. The resistance characteristic, that is, the dependence of the current and of the terminal voltage of the series generator upon 6000 6000 1 23 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 FIG.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... load. A still further shift of brushes near the maximum current value even overturns the curve as shown in F. Curves E and F correspond to a very great shift of brushes, and an armature demagnetizing effect of the same magnitude as the field excitation, as realized in arc-light machines, in which the last part of the curve is used to secure inherent regulation for constant current. The resistance characteristic, that is, the dependence of the current and of the terminal voltage ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 213 proportionally to the load, gives curves C, D, and E, which are higher at light load, but fall off faster at high load. A still further shift of brushes near the maximum current value even overturns the curve as shown in F. Curves E and F correspond to a very great shift of brushes, and an armature demagnetizing e ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... curves E and F in Fig. 116. Above a certain external resistance the series generator loses its excitation, while the shunt generator loses its excitation below a certain external resistance. Compound Generator 73. The saturation curve or magnetic characteristic A, and the load saturation curves D and G of the compound generator, are shown in Fig. 118 with the ampere-turns of the shunt field 214 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING as abscissas. A is the same curve as in Fi ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-74.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-74.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-75", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 75, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 75: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-75", "location": "lines 12764-12779", "line_start": 12764, "line_end": 12779, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 92, "top_themes": [ "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 215 adjusted for the same voltage at no load and at full load, under- compounds at higher and over-compounds at lower voltage, and even at open circuit of the shunt field gives still a voltage op as series generator. When shifting the brushes under load, at lower voltage a second point g is reached where the machine compounds correctly, and below this point the machine under-compounds and loses its excitation when the shunt field decreases below a certain value; that is, it does not excite itself as series generator.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 215 adjusted for the same voltage at no load and at full load, under- compounds at higher and over-compounds at lower voltage, and even at open circuit of the shunt field gives still a voltage op as series generator. When shifting the brushes under load, at lower voltage a second point g is reached where the machine compounds correctly, and below this point the machine under-compounds and loses its excitatio ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-75/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-75.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-75.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-76", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 76, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Motors Shunt Motor", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 76: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Motors Shunt Motor", "slug": "section-76", "location": "lines 12780-12928", "line_start": 12780, "line_end": 12928, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 424, "top_themes": [ "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 4 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "B. MOTORS Shunt Motor 74. Three speed characteristics of the shunt motor at con- stant impressed e.m.f. e are shown in Fig. 116 as A, P, Q, corre- sponding to the points d, p, q of the motor load saturation curve, Fig. 110. Their derivation is as follows: At constant impressed ir,0 1100 WOO £00 (•00 w 50 100 150 200250 300 350 400 450 500 FIG. 119. — Shunt motor speed curves, constant impressed e.m.f. e.m.f. e the field excitation is constant and equals FQ, and at current i the generated e.m.f. must be e — ir. The resultant field excitation is F0 — iqt and corresponding hereto at constant speed the generated e.m.f. taken from saturation curve A in Fig. 110 is e\\. Since it must be e — ir, the speed is", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... or load saturation curve, Fig. 110. Their derivation is as follows: At constant impressed ir,0 1100 WOO £00 (•00 w 50 100 150 200250 300 350 400 450 500 FIG. 119. — Shunt motor speed curves, constant impressed e.m.f. e.m.f. e the field excitation is constant and equals FQ, and at current i the generated e.m.f. must be e — ir. The resultant field excitation is F0 — iqt and corresponding hereto at constant speed the generated e.m.f. taken from saturation curve A in Fig. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-76/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-76.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-76.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-77", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 77, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 77: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines", "slug": "section-77", "location": "lines 12929-13007", "line_start": 12929, "line_end": 13007, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 463, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 2, "magnetism": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-121", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 121, "caption": "10 60 FIG. 121 100 120 _110 160 ISO", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 12947, "line_end": 12947, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 217 This speed curve corresponds to a constant position of brushes midway between the field poles, as generally used in railway motors and other series motors. If the brushes have a constant shift or are shifted proportionally to the load, instead of the saturation curve A in Fig. 121 a curve is to be used correspond- ing to the position of brushes, that is, derived by adding to the abscissas of A the values iq, the demagnetizing effect of arma- ture reaction. 10 60 FIG. 121 100 120 _110 160 ISO -Series motor speed curve. The torque of the series motor is shown also in Fig. 121, derived as proportional to A X i, that is, current X magnetic flux. Compound Motors 76. Compound motors can be built with cumulative com-", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 217 This speed curve corresponds to a constant position of brushes midway between the field poles, as generally used in railway motors and other series motors. If the brushes have a constant shift or are shifted proportionally to the load, instead of the saturation curve A in Fig. 121 a curve is to be used correspond- ing to t ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... magnetizing effect of arma- ture reaction. 10 60 FIG. 121 100 120 _110 160 ISO -Series motor speed curve. The torque of the series motor is shown also in Fig. 121, derived as proportional to A X i, that is, current X magnetic flux. Compound Motors 76. Compound motors can be built with cumulative com- pounding and with differential compounding. Cumulative compounding is used to a considerable extent, as in elevator motors, etc., to secure economy of current in st ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 217 This speed curve corresponds to a constant position of brushes midway between the field poles, as generally used in railway motors and other series motors. If the brushes have a constant shift or are shifted proportionally to the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-77/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-77.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-77.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-78", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 78, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: Appendix Alternating-current Commutator Motor", "label": "Apparatus Section 15: Direct-current Commutating Machines: Appendix Alternating-current Commutator Motor", "slug": "section-78", "location": "lines 13008-13018", "line_start": 13008, "line_end": 13018, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 62, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XV. APPENDIX ALTERNATING-CURRENT COMMUTATOR MOTOR 78. Since in the series motor and in the shunt motor the direction of the rotation remains the same at a reversal of the impressed voltage, these motors can be operated by an alternat- ing voltage, as alternating-current motors, by making such changes in the materials, proportioning and design, as the al- ternating nature of the current requires.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "XV. APPENDIX ALTERNATING-CURRENT COMMUTATOR MOTOR 78. Since in the series motor and in the shunt motor the direction of the rotation remains the same at a reversal of the impressed voltage, these motors can be operated by an alternat- ing voltage, as alternating-curre ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-78/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-78.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-78.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-79", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 79, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 79: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 219", "slug": "section-79", "location": "lines 13019-13119", "line_start": 13019, "line_end": 13119, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 790, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 26, "magnetism": 21, "alternating-current": 7, "dielectricity": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 219 In the alternating-current commutator motor, the field struc- ture as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the field causes the main current to lag behind the impressed", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 219 In the alternating-current commutator motor, the field struc- ture as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field excitin ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 219 In the alternating-current commutator motor, the field struc- ture as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the field winding. In the shunt motor, this causes the field exciting current and with it the magnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 219 In the alternating-current commutator motor, the field struc- ture as well as the armature must be laminated, since the mag- netic flux is alternating. The alternation of the field flux induces an e.m.f. of self induction in the fie ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... gnetic field flux to lag and thereby to be out of phase with the armature current which, to represent work, must essentially be an energy current, and thereby reduces output and efficiency and hence requires some method of compensation, as capacity in series with the field winding or excitation of the field from a quadrature phase of voltage. In the series motor the self-inductance of the field causes the main current to lag behind the impressed voltage and thereby lowers the power- ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-79.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-79.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-80", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 80, "title": "Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 80: Direct-current Commutating Machines: C. Commutating Machines 221", "slug": "section-80", "location": "lines 13120-13188", "line_start": 13120, "line_end": 13188, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 544, "top_themes": [ "fields", "alternating-current", "magnetism", "radiation-light", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 7, "alternating-current": 2, "magnetism": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 221 economy of high voltage alternating-current transmission and distribution. For railroading generally the series motor type is used, either the plain compensated series motor, or inductive modifications thereof, as the repulsion motor etc. In the repul- sion motor the armature, instead of being connected in series with field and compensating winding, is closed on itself and thus traversed by a secondary current induced by the compensating winding as primary that is, the armature is connected inductively in series. 2. As constant-speed motor where considerable starting torque is required, as for elevators, hoists, etc., and in general as self-starting single-phase motors. For this purpose, com- binations of repulsion and induction type or of series and in- duction type are used. 3. As adjustable speed, alternating-current motor of single- phase and of polyphase", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... r railroading generally the series motor type is used, either the plain compensated series motor, or inductive modifications thereof, as the repulsion motor etc. In the repul- sion motor the armature, instead of being connected in series with field and compensating winding, is closed on itself and thus traversed by a secondary current induced by the compensating winding as primary that is, the armature is connected inductively in series. 2. As constant-speed motor where conside ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "D. C. COMMUTATING MACHINES 221 economy of high voltage alternating-current transmission and distribution. For railroading generally the series motor type is used, either the plain compensated series motor, or inductive modifications thereof, as the repulsion motor etc. ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ither by introducing a leading current, as from condenser or overexcited synchronous motor, or by in- troducing a lagging voltage. In the commutating machines, the voltage induced in the armature by its rotation is in phase with the field magnetism, and by lagging the field exciting current, 222 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING the commutating machines thus can be made to give a lagging voltage, that is, to compensate for low power-factor due to lagging current. Thus, by insert ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... and lowered, if this e.m.f. is in opposition; raised beyond synchronism, if this e.m.f. is in the same direction as the e.m.f. induced in the motor secondary. As, however, the e.m.f. induced in the induction motor secondary is of the frequency of slip, the speed controlling e.m.f. must either be supplied through the commutator or de- rived from a low frequency commutating machine as source. 4. For power-factor compensation. In an inductive circuit, the current lags behind the v ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-80.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-80.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-81", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 81, "title": "Synchronous Converters: General", "label": "Apparatus Section 1: Synchronous Converters: General", "slug": "section-81", "location": "lines 13189-13795", "line_start": 13189, "line_end": 13795, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2131, "top_themes": [ "fields", "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "waves-lines", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 4, "radiation-light": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "I. General 82. For long-distance transmission, and to a certain extent also for distribution, alternating currents, either polyphase or single-phase, are extensively used. For many applications, however, as especially for electrolytic work, direct currents are required, and are usually preferred also for electrical railroading and for low-tension distribution on the Edison three- wire system. Thus, where power is derived from an alternating system, transforming devices are required to convert from alternating to direct current. This can be done either by a direct-current generator driven by an alternating synchronous or induction motor, or by a single machine consuming alternating and pro- ducing direct current in one and the same armature. Such a machine is called a converter, and combines, to a certain extent, the features of a direct-current generator and an alternating synchronous motor, differing, however,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... - chronous motor the power has to be transmitted mechanically through the shaft. EC. Ratio of e.m.fs. and of Currents 83. In its structure the synchronous converter consists of a closed-circuit armature, revolving in a direct-current excited field, and connected to a segmental commutator as well as to collector rings. Structurally it thus differs from a direct- current machine by the addition of the collector rings, from certain (now very little used) forms of synchronous machines by ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... te period for every revolution of the machine (in a 226 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING bipolar converter, or p periods per revolution in a machine of 2 p poles). Hence, this alternating e.m.f. is e = E sin 2 trft, where / = frequency of rotation, E = e.m.f. between brushes of the machine; thus, the effective value of the alternating e.m.f. is F ;'* El 84. That is, a direct-current machine produces between two collector rings connected with two opposite poi ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... erived from an alternating system, transforming devices are required to convert from alternating to direct current. This can be done either by a direct-current generator driven by an alternating synchronous or induction motor, or by a single machine consuming alternating and pro- ducing direct current in one and the same armature. Such a machine is called a converter, and combines, to a certain extent, the features of a direct-current generator and an alternating synchronous motor, dif ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... a series-wound armature, and the number of armature coils per pair of poles with a multiple- wound armature, must be divisible by the number of phases, and that multiple spiral and reentrant windings are difficult to apply. Regarding the wave shape of the alternating counter-gener- SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 225 ated e.m.f., similar considerations apply as for a synchronous machine with closed-circuit armature; that is, the generated e.m.f. usually approximates a sine wave, due t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-81.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-81.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-82", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 82, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "label": "Apparatus Section 3: Synchronous Converters: Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces", "slug": "section-82", "location": "lines 13796-13888", "line_start": 13796, "line_end": 13888, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 757, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 19, "dielectricity": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "HI. Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces 87. The preceding ratios of e.m.fs. apply strictly only to the generated e.m.fs. and that under the assumption of a sine wave of alternating generated e.m.f. The latter is usually a sufficiently close approximation, since the armature of the converter is a multi-tooth structure, that is, contains a distributed winding. The ratio between the difference of potential at the commu- tator brushes and that at the collector rings of the converter usually differs somewhat from the theoretical ratio, due to the e.m.f. consumed in the converter armature, and in machines converting from alternating to continuous current, also due to the shape of the impressed wave. When converting from alternating to direct current, under load the difference of potential at the commutator brushes is less than the generated", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "HI. Variation of the Ratio of Electromotive Forces 87. The preceding ratios of e.m.fs. apply strictly only to the generated e.m.fs. and that under the assumption of a sine wave of alternating generated e.m.f. The latter is usually a sufficiently close approximation, since the armature of the converter is a multi-tooth structure, that is, contains a distributed winding. The ratio between the difference of potential ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... hape of impressed e.m.f. at the con- verter terminals, not only the wave of generator e.m.f., but also that of the converter counter e.m.f., may be instrumental. Thus, with a converter connected directly to a generating system of very large capacity, the impressed e.m.f. wave will be practically identical with the generator wave, while at the terminals of a converter connected to the generator over long lines with re- active coils or inductive regulators interposed, the wave of im- pres ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... eing the ratio of maximum to effective of the sine wave on which the ratios in Section II were based), that is, by a \"form factor\" of the e.m.f. wave. With an impressed wave differing from the sine shape, there is a current of higher frequency, but generally of negligible mag- nitude, through the converter armature, due to the difference between impressed and counter e.m.f. wave." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-82.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-82.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-83", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 83, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "label": "Apparatus Section 4: Synchronous Converters: Armature Current and Heating", "slug": "section-83", "location": "lines 13889-15160", "line_start": 13889, "line_end": 15160, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2118, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "alternating-current", "fields", "radiation-light", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 7, "alternating-current": 5, "fields": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "complex-quantities": 1, "ether": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-127", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 127, "caption": "alternating current in the armature section between a\\ and a2, will reach a maximum when this section is midway between the brushes BI and Bz, as shown in Fig. 127. The direct current in every armature coil reverses at the mo-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 13908, "line_end": 13908, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IV. Armature Current and Heating 88. The current in the armature conductors of a converter is the difference between the alternating-current input and the direct-current output. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 233 In Fig. 127, ai, a2 are two adjacent leads connected with the collector rings DI, D2 in an n-phase converter. The alternating e.m.f. between a\\ and a2, and thus the power component of the alternating current in the armature section between a\\ and a2, will reach a maximum when this section is midway between the brushes BI and Bz, as shown in Fig. 127. The direct current in every armature coil reverses at the mo- ment when the coil passes under brush BI or B2, and is thus a rec- tangular alternating current as shown in Fig. 128 as 7. At the moment when the power", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ection ai a2, and in phase with the rectangular current in the coil d, it becomes more and more out of phase with the rectangular current when passing from coil d toward ai or a2, as shown in Figs. 130 to 133, until the maximum phase displacement between alternating and rectangular current is reached at the alternating leads ai and a2, and is equal to -• li 89. Thus, if E = direct voltage, and I = direct current, in an armature coil displaced by angle T from the position d, ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "IV. Armature Current and Heating 88. The current in the armature conductors of a converter is the difference between the alternating-current input and the direct-current output. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 233 In Fig. 127, ai, a2 are two adjacent leads connected with the collector rings DI, D2 in an n-phase converter. The alternating e.m.f. between a\\ and a2, and thus the power ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... cos (30 + 0), r = 1 + 0.889s2 - 1.62 p, oo -phase, n = co : TT = 7m = r = 1 + 0.810 s2 - 1.62 s cos 0 = 1 + 0.810s2 - 1.62 p. Choosing p = 1.04, that is, assuming 4 per cent, loss in friction and windage, core loss and field excitation — the z'2r loss of the armature is not included in p, as it is represented by a drop of direct-current voltage below that corresponding to the alternat- ing voltage, and not by an increase of the alternating current over that co ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... si' = total current, where s = Vp2 + tf2 is the ratio of total current to the load current, that is, power current corresponding to the direct-current output, and — = tan 6 is the time lag of the supply current; p is a quantity slightly larger than 1, by the losses in the converter, or slightly smaller than 1 in an inverted converter. The actual current in an armature coil displaced in position by angle r from the middle position d between the adjacent collector leads ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-83.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-83.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-84", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 84, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "label": "Apparatus Section 5: Synchronous Converters: Armature Reaction", "slug": "section-84", "location": "lines 15161-15475", "line_start": 15161, "line_end": 15475, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1377, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "radiation-light", "transients", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 18, "magnetism": 8, "radiation-light": 7, "transients": 4, "complex-quantities": 1, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "V. Armature Reaction 93. The armature reaction of the polyphase converter is the resultant of the armature reactions of the machine as direct- current generator and as synchronous motor. If the com- mutator brushes are set at right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature reaction due to the power component of the alternating current in a synchro- nous motor consists of a polarization in quadrature ahead of the field magnetism, which is opposite to the armature reaction as direct-current generator. Let m = total number of turns on the bipolar armature or per pair of poles of an n-phase converter, / = direct current, then the number", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ature Reaction 93. The armature reaction of the polyphase converter is the resultant of the armature reactions of the machine as direct- current generator and as synchronous motor. If the com- mutator brushes are set at right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature reaction due to the power component of the alternating ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... onous motor. If the com- mutator brushes are set at right angles to the field poles or without lead or lag, as is usually done in converters, the direct- current armature reaction consists in a polarization in quadra- ture behind the field magnetism. The armature reaction due to the power component of the alternating current in a synchro- nous motor consists of a polarization in quadrature ahead of the field magnetism, which is opposite to the armature reaction as direct-current generato ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... 2 ir - — )COB(T-— we have that is, the resultant m.m.f. in any direction T has the phase 6 = r, and the intensity, rcFiA/2 ~^~ thus revolves in space with uniform velocity and constant in- tensity, in synchronism with the frequency of the alternating current. 248 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Since in the converter, Fl = ^M, TTU we have the resultant m.m.f. of the power component of the alternating current in the n-phase converter. This m.m.f. revolves ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... intensity, and since it is in quadrature with the field excitation, tends to shift the magnetic flux rapidly across the field poles, and thereby tends to cause sparking and power losses. This oscillating reaction is, however, reduced by the damping effect of the mag- netic field structure. It is somewhat less in the two-circuit single-phase converter. Since in consequence hereof the commutation of the single- phase converter is not as good as that of the polyphase con- verter, in the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-84.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-84.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-85", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 85, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "label": "Apparatus Section 6: Synchronous Converters: Reactive Currents and Compounding", "slug": "section-85", "location": "lines 15476-15585", "line_start": 15476, "line_end": 15585, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 918, "top_themes": [ "fields", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 21, "impedance-reactance": 3, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no magnetic distortion exists, and no armature reaction at all if the current is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., while the- armature reaction is demagnetizing with a leading and mag- netizing with a lagging current. Thus if the alternating Current is lagging, the field excitation at the same impressed e.m.f. has to be lower, and if the alter- nating current is leading, the field excitation has to be higher, than required", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "VI. Reactive Currents and Compounding 96. Since the polarization due to the power component of the alternating current as synchronous motor is in quadrature ahead of the field magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no magn ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... is the same, the action, however, is different; and the compounding takes place not in the machine as with a direct-current generator, but in the alternating lines leading to the machine, in which self-inductance becomes essential. As the reactance of the transmission line is rarely sufficient to give phase control over a wide range without excessive reac- tive currents, it is customary, especially at 25 cycles, to insert reactive coils into the leads between the converter and its ste ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ield magnetization, the polarization or magnetizing effect of the lagging component of alternating current is in phase, that of the leading component of alternating current in oppositon to the field magnetization; that is, in the converter no magnetic distortion exists, and no armature reaction at all if the current is in phase with the impressed e.m.f., while the- armature reaction is demagnetizing with a leading and mag- netizing with a lagging current. Thus if the alternating Current ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-85.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-85.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-86", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 86, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "label": "Apparatus Section 7: Synchronous Converters: Variable Ratio Converters (\"split Pole\" Converters)", "slug": "section-86", "location": "lines 15586-15734", "line_start": 15586, "line_end": 15734, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1144, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "waves-lines", "ether", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 15, "magnetism": 12, "waves-lines": 5, "ether": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VII. Variable Ratio Converters (\"Split Pole\" Converters) 98. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 253 converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating voltage between two diametrically opposite points of the commutator, or \"dia- metrical voltage,\" and the diametrical voltage is twice the voltage between alternating lead and neutral, or star or Y voltage of the polyphase system. A change of the direct voltage, at constant impressed alter- nating voltage, can be produced — Either by changing the position angle between the commu- tator brushes and the resultant magnetic flux, so that the direct voltage between the brushes is", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ned in the so-called \" Regulating Pole Converter\" or \"Split Pole Converter,\" which is used to supply, from constant alternating voltage supply, direct voltage varying sometimes over a range of ± 20 per cent. In this type of converter, the field pole is divided into sections, usually two, a smaller one, the regulating pole, and a larger one, the main pole. By varying the excitation of the regulating pole from maximum in one direction, to maximum in the opposite direction, the dir ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "VII. Variable Ratio Converters (\"Split Pole\" Converters) 98. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 253 converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating volta ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "VII. Variable Ratio Converters (\"Split Pole\" Converters) 98. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 253 converter is constant at constant impressed ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... time, lagging current, it is occasionally preferable to start it from the direct-current side as direct-current motor. This can be done when connected to storage battery or direct-current generator. When feeding into a direct-current system together with other converters or con- verter stations, all but the first converter can be started from the continuous current side by means of rheostats inserted into the armature circuit. To avoid the necessity of synchronizing the converter, by p ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-86.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-86.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-87", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 87, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "label": "Apparatus Section 9: Synchronous Converters: Inverted Converters", "slug": "section-87", "location": "lines 15735-15810", "line_start": 15735, "line_end": 15810, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 606, "top_themes": [ "fields", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 9, "radiation-light": 5, "alternating-current": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IX. Inverted Converters 100. . Converters may be used to change either from alter- nating to direct current or as inverted converters from direct to alternating current. While the former use is by far the more 256 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING frequent, sometimes inverted converters are desirable. Thus in low-tension direct-current systems outlying districts have been supplied by converting from direct to alternating, transmitting as alternating, and then reconverting to direct current. Or in a station containing direct-current generators for short-distance supply and alternators for long-distance supply, the converter may be used as the connecting link to shift the load from the direct to the alternating generators, or inversely, and thus be operated either way according to the distribution of load on the system. Or inverted operation may be used in emergencies to produce alternating", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... on the system. Or inverted operation may be used in emergencies to produce alternating current. When converting from alternating to direct current, the speed of the converter is rigidly fixed by the frequency, and cannot be varied by its field excitation, the variation of the latter merely changing the phase relation of the alternating current. When converting, however, from direct to alternating current as the only source of alternating current, that is, not running in multiple wi ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ay according to the distribution of load on the system. Or inverted operation may be used in emergencies to produce alternating current. When converting from alternating to direct current, the speed of the converter is rigidly fixed by the frequency, and cannot be varied by its field excitation, the variation of the latter merely changing the phase relation of the alternating current. When converting, however, from direct to alternating current as the only source of alternating current, ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... nt generators for short-distance supply and alternators for long-distance supply, the converter may be used as the connecting link to shift the load from the direct to the alternating generators, or inversely, and thus be operated either way according to the distribution of load on the system. Or inverted operation may be used in emergencies to produce alternating current. When converting from alternating to direct current, the speed of the converter is rigidly fixed by the frequenc ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-87.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-87.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-88", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 88, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "label": "Apparatus Section 10: Synchronous Converters: Frequency", "slug": "section-88", "location": "lines 15811-15892", "line_start": 15811, "line_end": 15892, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 583, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 12, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "X. Frequency 101. While converters can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the low-frequency or 25-cycle converter. The commutator surface moves the distance from brush to next brush, or the commutator pitch, during one-half cycle, that is, 3^50 second with a 25-cycle, J^20 second with a 60-cycle converter. The peripheral speed of the commutator, however, is limited by mechanical, electrical, and thermal considera- tions— centrifugal forces, loss of power by brush friction, and heating caused thereby. The limitation of peripheral speed limits the commutator pitch. Within this pitch must be in- cluded as many commutator segments as necessary to take care of the voltage from brush to", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "X. Frequency 101. While converters can be designed for any frequency, the use of high frequency, as 60 cycles, imposes more severe limita- tions on the design, especially that of the commutator, as to make the high-frequency converter inferior to the l ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... icient for mechanical strength. With the smaller pitch required for high frequency, this may become impossible, and the limits of conservative design thus may have to be exceeded. In a converter, due to the absence of armature reaction and field distortion, a higher voltage per commutator segment can be 258 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING . allowed than in a direct-current generator. Assuming 17 volts as limit of conservative design would give for a 600-volt con- verter 3 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-88.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-88.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-89", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 89, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "label": "Apparatus Section 11: Synchronous Converters: Double-current Generators", "slug": "section-89", "location": "lines 15893-15982", "line_start": 15893, "line_end": 15982, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 727, "top_themes": [ "fields", "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 10, "alternating-current": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "dielectricity": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XI. Double-current Generators 102. Similar in appearance to the converter, which changes from alternating to direct current, and to the inverted converter, which changes from direct to alternating current, is the double- current generator; that is, a machine driven by mechanical power and producing direct current as well as alternating current from the same armature, which is connected to commutator and col- lector rings in the same way as in the converter. Obviously the use of the double-current generator is limited to those sizes and speeds at which a good direct-current generator can be built with the same number of poles as a good alternator, that is, low- frequency machines of large output and relatively high speed; while high-frequency low-speed double-current generators are undesirable. The essential difference between double-current generator and converter is, however, that", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... not in opposition as in the latter, but in the same direction, and the resultant armature polarization thus the sum of the armature polarization of the direct current and of the alternating current. Since at the same output and the same field strength the arma- ture polarization of the direct current and that of the alternating current are the same, it follows that the resultant armature polari- zation of the double-current generator is proportional to the load regardless of the p ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... e-current Generators 102. Similar in appearance to the converter, which changes from alternating to direct current, and to the inverted converter, which changes from direct to alternating current, is the double- current generator; that is, a machine driven by mechanical power and producing direct current as well as alternating current from the same armature, which is connected to commutator and col- lector rings in the same way as in the converter. Obviously the use of the double-cur ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... same way as in the converter. Obviously the use of the double-current generator is limited to those sizes and speeds at which a good direct-current generator can be built with the same number of poles as a good alternator, that is, low- frequency machines of large output and relatively high speed; while high-frequency low-speed double-current generators are undesirable. The essential difference between double-current generator and converter is, however, that in the former the direct curre ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... of the continuous-current armature polarization is thus shifted against the neutral by the same angle as the brushes. The direction of the alternating-current armature polarization, however, is shifted against the neutral by the angle of phase displacement of the alternating current. In consequence thereof, the reactions upon the field of the two parts of the armature polari- zation, that due to the continuous current and that due to the alternating current, are usually different. The reaction ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-89.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-89.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-90", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 90, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "label": "Apparatus Section 12: Synchronous Converters: Conclusion", "slug": "section-90", "location": "lines 15983-16064", "line_start": 15983, "line_end": 16064, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 638, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 5, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XII. Conclusion 103. Of the types of machines, converter, inverted converter, and double-current generator, sundry combinations can be de- devised with each other and with synchronous motors, alternators, direct-current motors and generators. Thus, for instance, a converter can be used to supply a certain amount of mechanical power as synchronous motor. In this case the alternating current is increased beyond the value corresponding to the direct current by the amount of current giving the mechanical power, and the armature reactions do not neutralize each other, but the reaction of the alternating current exceeds that of the direct current by the amount corresponding to the mechanical load. In the same way the current heating of the armature is in- creased. An inverted converter can also be used to supply some mechanical power. Either arrangement, however, while", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ne. If the secondary of an induction machine is connected to a second induction or synchronous machine on the same shaft, and of the same number of poles, the combination runs at half synchronous speed, and the first induction machine as frequency converter supplies half of its power as electric power of half frequency to the second machine, and changes the other half 262 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING as motor into mechanical power, driving the second machine as generator. ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... are smaller than motor generator sets, as half the power is converted in either machine. One advantage of this type of machine for phase control is that it requires no additional reactive coils, as the induction machine affords sufficient reactance. The use of the converter to change from alternating to alter- nating of a different phase, as, for instance, when using a quarter- phase converter to receive power by one pair of its collector rings from a single-phase circuit and supply ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-90.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-90.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-91", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 91, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "label": "Apparatus Section 13: Synchronous Converters: Direct-current Converter", "slug": "section-91", "location": "lines 16065-16540", "line_start": 16065, "line_end": 16540, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1811, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 6, "magnetism": 2, "fields": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "Xin. Direct-current Converter 105. If n equidistant pairs of diametrically opposite points of a commutating machine armature are connected to the ends of n compensators or autotransformers, that is, electric circuits interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and the centers of these auto- transformers connected with each other to a neutral point as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 140 for n = 3, this neutral is equidis- tant in potential from the two sets of commutator brushes, and such a machine can be used as continuous current converter, to SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 263 transform in the ratio of potentials 1 :2 or 2 : 1 or 1 : 1, in the latter case transforming power from one side of a three- wire system to the other side. Obviously either the n autotransformers can be stationary and connected to", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... iven as generator. I I. Ill jiHojifljybJU yyyyyyyyyyyyyyywyy jyyyyy a'\"o\"o a^aza3 C B J1 a\"a\"a 1J. 2i FIG. 142. — Development of a direct-current converter. 106. While the currents in the armature coils are more or less sine waves in the alternator, rectangular reversed currents in the direct-current generator or motor, and distorted triple-fre- quency currents in the synchronous converter, the currents in the armature coils of the direct-current converter are approximatel ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "Xin. Direct-current Converter 105. If n equidistant pairs of diametrically opposite points of a commutating machine armature are connected to the ends of n compensators or autotransformers, that is, electric circuits interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and the centers of these auto- transformers connected with each other to a neutral point as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 140 for n = 3, this neutral is equidis- tant in potential from the two sets of commutator brushes, and suc ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... rent at the brushes is the same in the converter as in the generator, the only advantage of the former being the better commutation due to the absence of armature reaction. The limit of output set by armature reaction and correspond- ing field excitation in a motor or generator obviously does not exist at all in a converter. It follows herefrom that a direct- current motor or generator does not give the most advantageous direct-current converter, but that in the direct-current co ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... , rectangular reversed currents in the direct-current generator or motor, and distorted triple-fre- quency currents in the synchronous converter, the currents in the armature coils of the direct-current converter are approximately triangular double-frequency waves. Let Fig. 142 represent a development of a direct-current con- verter with brushes BI and B2, and C one autotransformer re- ceiving current 2 i from the neutral. Consider first an armature coil ai adjacent and behind (in the directio ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-91.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-91.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-92", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 92, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Generator and Converter", "label": "Apparatus Section 14: Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Generator and Converter", "slug": "section-92", "location": "lines 16541-16617", "line_start": 16541, "line_end": 16617, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 295, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XIV. Three-wire Generator and Converter 107. A machine based upon the principle of the direct-current converter is frequently used to supply a three- wire direct-current distribution system (Edison system). This machine may be a single generator or synchronous converter, which is designed for the voltage between the outside conductors of the circuit (the positive and the negative conductor), 220 to 280 volts, while the middle conductor of the system, or neutral conductor, is con- SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 271 nected to the generator by autotransformer and collector rings, or, in the case of a synchronous converter, is connected to the neutral of the step-up transformers, and the latter thus used as autotransformers. -*; to v 2 \"* n C, 2 0 1 , o )T ' k g to t.< 2 FIG. 146. — Three-wire machine with", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-92/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-92.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-92.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-93", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 93, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Direct-current Generator", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 93: Synchronous Converters: Three-wire Direct-current Generator", "slug": "section-93", "location": "lines 16618-16726", "line_start": 16618, "line_end": 16726, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 722, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 6 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "A. THREE-WIRE DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATOR 108. In such machines, either only one compensator or auto- transformer is used for deriving the neutral, as shown diagram- matically in Fig. 146, or two autotransformers in quadrature, as shown in Fig. 148, but rarely more. FIG. 148. — Three-wire machine with two compensators. As the efficiency of conversion of a direct-current converter with two autotransformers in quadrature (Fig. 148) is higher than that of a direct-current converter with single autotransformer (Fig. 146), it is preferable to use two (or even more) autotrans- formers where a large amount of power is to be converted, that is, where a very great unbalancing between the two sides of the three-wire system may occur, or one side may be practically unloaded while the other is overloaded. Where, however, the load is fairly distributed", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... e- ceives is 2 e, and its effective voltage therefore e \\/2. As the neutral current iQ divides when entering the autotransformer, the current in the compensating winding is -^ (neglecting the small z exciting current), and the volt-ampere capacity of the autotrans- former thus is and PQ _ 1 io P ~ 2 V2 i = 0.354 *°- x Even with the neutral current equal to the current in the out- side conductor, or the one side of the system fully loaded, the other not loaded ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-93/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-93.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-93.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-94", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 94, "title": "Synchronous Converters: Thbee-wire Converter", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 94: Synchronous Converters: Thbee-wire Converter", "slug": "section-94", "location": "lines 16727-16803", "line_start": 16727, "line_end": 16803, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 397, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 3, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "B. THBEE-WIRE CONVERTER 109. In a converter feeding a three-wire direct-current system the neutral can be derived by connection to the transformer neutral. Even in this case, however, frequently a separate auto- transformer is used, connected across a pair of collector rings of the converter, since, as seen above, with the moderate unbalanc- ing usually existing, such a compensator is very small. When connecting the direct-current neutral to the transformer neutral it is necessary to use such a connection that the trans- former can operate as autotransformer, that is, that the direct current in each transformer divides into two branches of equal m.m.f., otherwise the direct-current produces a unidirectional magnetization in the transformer, which superimposed upon the magnetic cycle raises the magnetic induction beyond satura- tion, and thus causes excessive exciting current and heating, except", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... can operate as autotransformer, that is, that the direct current in each transformer divides into two branches of equal m.m.f., otherwise the direct-current produces a unidirectional magnetization in the transformer, which superimposed upon the magnetic cycle raises the magnetic induction beyond satura- tion, and thus causes excessive exciting current and heating, except when very small. SYNCHRONOUS CONVERTERS 275 k *T. \\ FIG. 149. — Neutral of Y-connected transformers connected t ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "B. THBEE-WIRE CONVERTER 109. In a converter feeding a three-wire direct-current system the neutral can be derived by connection to the transformer neutral. Even in this case, however, frequently a separate auto- transformer is used, connected across a pair of collector rings of the converter, since, as seen above, with the moderate unbalanc- ing usually existing, such a compensator is very small. When connecting the direct-current neutral to the transformer neutral it is necessary to ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-94/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-94.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-94.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-95", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 95, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: General", "label": "Apparatus Section 1: Alternating-current Transformer: General", "slug": "section-95", "location": "lines 16804-16911", "line_start": 16804, "line_end": 16911, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 581, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "alternating-current", "impedance-reactance", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "impedance-reactance": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "I. General 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary, which receives power, and the secondary, which gives out power. Since the same magnetic flux interlinks primary and second- ary turns, the same voltage is induced in every turn of the electric circuits, and the e.m.fs. induced in the primary and in the secondary winding therefore have the ratio of turns: «'i ni —r — — = a. . e'2 n2 This ratio is called the ratio of transformation. The ratio of transformation of a transformer is the ratio of turns of primary and secondary windings. In addition to the induced e.m.fs. e'i and e\\, resistance r and reactance x consume voltage in primary and secondary wind- ings. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents waste of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "I. General 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary, which receives power, and the secondary, which gives out power. Since the same magnetic flux interlinks primary and second- ary turns, the same voltage is induced in every turn of ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "I. General 110. The alternating-current transformer consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, the primary, which receives power, and the secondary, which gives out power. Since the same magnetic flux interlinks primary and second- ary turns, the same vo ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... . . e'2 n2 This ratio is called the ratio of transformation. The ratio of transformation of a transformer is the ratio of turns of primary and secondary windings. In addition to the induced e.m.fs. e'i and e\\, resistance r and reactance x consume voltage in primary and secondary wind- ings. The voltage consumed by the resistance represents waste of power; the voltage consumed by reactance is wattless, but causes lag of current, that is, lowers the power factor; while the i ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... tage (2300) or the voltage required by syn- chronous motor, synchronous converter, etc. From the low or medium high generator voltage to the high transmission voltage. Other occasional uses of transformers are: To electrically tie systems together, so as to permit exchange of power between them, and synchronous operation. In this case, depending on the distribution of the load in the system, either transformer winding may be primary or secondary. To break up electrically a very lar ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-95.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-95.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-96", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 96, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Excitation", "slug": "section-96", "location": "lines 16912-17026", "line_start": 16912, "line_end": 17026, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 513, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "hysteresis", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 6, "hysteresis": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "II. Excitation 112. The primary current i\\ is not strictly proportional to the secondary current, i2 by the ratio of transformation, TRANSFORMER Excitation and Iron Losses Vo tage fower factor 50 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not much differ from a sine wave, and is the hysteresis energy current: /o = ih - Jim- Under load, the primary", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... er factor 50 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGI ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not much differ from a sine wave, and is the hysteresis energy current: /o = ih - Jim- Under load, the primary current then consists of two com- ponents: the load current 7'2 which is the transformed second- ary current 7'2 = — > and the exciting, current IQ. The total «i primary curren ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic flux and supplies the losses in the iron, so-called \"core loss.\" Its reactive com- ponent, imj is called the magnetizing current, and is usually greatly distorted in wave shape, while the energy component, 280 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ih, does not much differ from a sine wave, and is the hysteresis energy current: /o = ih - Jim- Under load, the primary current then consists of two com- po ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "II. Excitation 112. The primary current i\\ is not strictly proportional to the secondary current, i2 by the ratio of transformation, TRANSFORMER Excitation and Iron Losses Vo tage fower factor 50 30 FIG. 153. — Excitation and core loss of transformer. and does not become zero at no load or open circuit, but a small and lagging current ^o remains at no load, which is called the exciting current. It produces the magnetic ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-96.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-96.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-97", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 97, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Low Core-loss Type,", "label": "Apparatus Section 1: Alternating-current Transformer: Low Core-loss Type,", "slug": "section-97", "location": "lines 17027-17029", "line_start": 17027, "line_end": 17029, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-154", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 154, "caption": "I. Low core-loss type, Fig. 154 II. Low t*r loss type, Fig. 155", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 17028, "line_end": 17028, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "I. Low core-loss type, Fig. 154", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-97/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-97.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-97.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-98", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 98, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "label": "Apparatus Section 2: Alternating-current Transformer: Low T*r Loss Type,", "slug": "section-98", "location": "lines 17030-17323", "line_start": 17030, "line_end": 17323, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 391, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-155", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 155, "caption": "Fig. 154 II. Low t*r loss type, Fig. 155 Exciting current", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 17031, "line_end": 17031, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "II. Low t*r loss type, Fig. 155 Exciting current 4 per cent. 4 per cent. Primary resistance loss 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. Secondary resistance loss Core loss 1 per cent. 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current and losses are frequently given in per cent, of the full-load output of the transformer. The curves correspond to non-inductive load. The core loss comprises hysteresis, which varies with the 1.6 power of the induced voltage and eddies proportional to the square of induced voltage. Hence, within the narrow range of variation of the induced voltage between no load and full load of a constant poten- tial transformer, the core loss can be approximated as propor- tional to the 1.7 power of the induced voltage. The", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... nsformer 1% Iron Loss 2% i2r Loss .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 FIG. 154. — Efficiency and losses of low core loss transformer. 114. In transformers for lighting and general distribution {usually with 2300 volt primary and 2 X 115 volt secondary) the transformer is generally heavily loaded only for a short time during the day, partly loaded for a moderate time, and prac- tically unloaded for most ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... 4. In transformers for lighting and general distribution {usually with 2300 volt primary and 2 X 115 volt secondary) the transformer is generally heavily loaded only for a short time during the day, partly loaded for a moderate time, and prac- tically unloaded for most of the time. Thus load curves of such a transformer would be: ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 283 A. Lighting and power B. Lighting only 2 hours at IK load. 2 h ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... 1 per cent. 0 . 5 per cent. 2 per cent. For convenience, exciting current and losses are frequently given in per cent, of the full-load output of the transformer. The curves correspond to non-inductive load. The core loss comprises hysteresis, which varies with the 1.6 power of the induced voltage and eddies proportional to the square of induced voltage. Hence, within the narrow range of variation of the induced voltage between no load and full load of a constant poten- tial t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-98.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-98.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-99", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 99, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Lighting and Power Time", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 99: Alternating-current Transformer: Lighting and Power Time", "slug": "section-99", "location": "lines 17324-17427", "line_start": 17324, "line_end": 17427, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 35, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "A. LIGHTING AND POWER Time Load = Per cent. TimeX load I II Losses Time X losses Losses Time X losses 2hr. IH 125 250 4.10 8.20 3.54 7.08 2hr. % 75 150 2.11 4.22 2.55 5.10 6hr. H 50 300 1.50 9.00 2.25 13.50 14 hr. Y20 5 S = 70 1.00 14.00 2.00 28.00 770 35.42 53.68 Input 805 . 42 823 . 68 Per cent, loss 4.41 6.51 Per cent, efficiency 95 .59 93 . 49", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "A. LIGHTING AND POWER Time Load = Per cent. TimeX load I II Losses Time X losses Losses Time X losses 2hr. IH 125 250 4.10 8.20 3.54 7.08 2hr. % 75 150 2.11 4.22 2.55 5.10 6hr. H 50 300 1.50 9.00 2.25 13.50 1 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-99/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-99.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-99.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-100", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-subsection", "sequence": 100, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Lighting Only", "label": "Apparatus Subsection 100: Alternating-current Transformer: Lighting Only", "slug": "section-100", "location": "lines 17428-17537", "line_start": 17428, "line_end": 17537, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 194, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "B. LIGHTING ONLY I II Time Load = Percent. Time X load Losses Time X losses Losses Time X losses 2hr. IK 125 250 4.10 8.20 3.54 7.08 2hr. H 75 150 2.11 4.22 2.55 5.10 20 hr. Mo 5 100 1.00 20.00 2.00 40.00 S = 500 32.42 52.18 Input 532.42 552.18 Per cent, loss 6.11 9 . 45 Per cent, efficiency 93 .89 90 . 55 As seen, while I and II have the same full-load efficiency, 97.1 per cent., I, the low core-loss type, gives a much higher all-day efficiency, the more so the shorter the time of heavy load, that is, is far preferable for general distribution, as \"lighting transformer.\" Inversely, in large power transformers in transmission systems, the high partial load efficiency of the low core-loss type is of less", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "B. LIGHTING ONLY I II Time Load = Percent. Time X load Losses Time X losses Losses Time X losses 2hr. IK 125 250 4.10 8.20 3.54 7.08 2hr. H 75 150 2.11 4.22 2.55 5.10 20 hr. Mo 5 100 1.00 20.00 2.00 40.00 S ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... ciency of the low core-loss type is of less importance, as such transformers are usually not run at partial load, but with a decrease of load on the system, transformers and generators are cut out and the remaining ones kept loaded. Of ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 285 importance, however, is low i2r loss. Under emergency conditions requiring overloading of some transformer, the increased loss is all in the copper, and the less therefore the i2ry the less is the danger of destruction ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... however, is low i2r loss. Under emergency conditions requiring overloading of some transformer, the increased loss is all in the copper, and the less therefore the i2ry the less is the danger of destruction by overheating in a case of a temporary overload. Thus the low izr loss type of transformer is preferable for large power units." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-100/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-100.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-100.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-101", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 101, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "label": "Apparatus Section 4: Alternating-current Transformer: Regulation", "slug": "section-101", "location": "lines 17538-18397", "line_start": 17538, "line_end": 18397, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1793, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "complex-quantities", "alternating-current", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 32, "magnetism": 30, "complex-quantities": 4, "alternating-current": 3, "ether": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-fig-161", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 161, "caption": "the coils, it follows that in Fig. 162 the leakage flux interlinked with each turn of each winding, and thus the reactance of the transformer, is materially less than one-quarter of what it is in Fig. 161. The regulation of the transformer at anti-inductive load, that is, for leading secondary current, obviously is given by the same", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 18391, "line_end": 18391, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IV. Regulation 115. As primary and secondary winding of the transformer can- not occupy the same space, and in addition some insulation — more or less depending on the voltage — must be between them, there is thus a space between primary and secondary through which the primary current can send magnetic flux which does not interlink with the secondary winding, but is a self-induc- tive or leakage flux and in the same manner the secondary current sends self-inductive or leakage flux through the space between primary and secondary winding. These fluxes give rise to the self -inductive or leakage reactances x\\ and Xz of the transformer. Or in other words, two paths exist for magnetic flux in the transformer: the path surrounding primary and secondary coils, through which flows the mutual magnetic flux of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ng, but is a self-induc- tive or leakage flux and in the same manner the secondary current sends self-inductive or leakage flux through the space between primary and secondary winding. These fluxes give rise to the self -inductive or leakage reactances x\\ and Xz of the transformer. Or in other words, two paths exist for magnetic flux in the transformer: the path surrounding primary and secondary coils, through which flows the mutual magnetic flux of the transformer, which is the useful ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... f the transformer can- not occupy the same space, and in addition some insulation — more or less depending on the voltage — must be between them, there is thus a space between primary and secondary through which the primary current can send magnetic flux which does not interlink with the secondary winding, but is a self-induc- tive or leakage flux and in the same manner the secondary current sends self-inductive or leakage flux through the space between primary and secondary winding. Th ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... inked with one wind- ing only, but not the other one. The latter flux thus does not transmit power, but consumes reactive voltage and thereby pro- duces a voltage drop and a lag of the current behind the voltage, that is, is in general objectionable. The mutual magnetic flux passes through a closed magnetic circuit, with the (vector) difference between primary and second- ary current, that is, the exciting current J0 = /i as m.m.f. The self-inductive flux passes through an open ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "IV. Regulation 115. As primary and secondary winding of the transformer can- not occupy the same space, and in addition some insulation — more or less depending on the voltage — must be between them, there is thus a space between primary and secondary through which the primary current can send magnetic flux which does not interlink with the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-101.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-101.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-102", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 102, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Short-circuit Current", "label": "Apparatus Section 5: Alternating-current Transformer: Short-circuit Current", "slug": "section-102", "location": "lines 18398-18460", "line_start": 18398, "line_end": 18460, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 370, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 8, "complex-quantities": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "V. Short-circuit Current 120. If a short circuit occurs at the secondary terminals of a transformer, and the power supply at the primary is sufficient to maintain the primary terminal voltage, the primary and second- ary currents of the transformer are limited by its impedance only. Thus, if r = P + j* is the impedance voltage, as fraction of full-load voltage, the short- circuit current of the transformer is 1 1 of the full-load current, thus usually is very large. In the three instances illustrated in Figs. 157, 159 and 160, with f = 0.02 + 0.02 j, hence f =0.028 0.01 + 0.04 j 0.04 0.01 + 0.08 j 0.08 the short-circuit current thus is 36, 25 and 12.5 times full-load current, respectively. As seen, with the exception of very low reactance transformers,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... . If a short circuit occurs at the secondary terminals of a transformer, and the power supply at the primary is sufficient to maintain the primary terminal voltage, the primary and second- ary currents of the transformer are limited by its impedance only. Thus, if r = P + j* is the impedance voltage, as fraction of full-load voltage, the short- circuit current of the transformer is 1 1 of the full-load current, thus usually is very large. In the three instances illustrated in F ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... secondary terminals of a transformer, and the power supply at the primary is sufficient to maintain the primary terminal voltage, the primary and second- ary currents of the transformer are limited by its impedance only. Thus, if r = P + j* is the impedance voltage, as fraction of full-load voltage, the short- circuit current of the transformer is 1 1 of the full-load current, thus usually is very large. In the three instances illustrated in Figs. 157, 159 and 160, with f ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... becoming increasingly important. This means a construction providing for considerable internal reactance. As the regulation of large power transformers is of no serious impor- tance, the desirability of low reactance, which exists in the small lighting and general distribution transformers, does not exist in large power transformers, and modern practice tends toward the use of internal reactance of 4 to 8 per cent., to secure reasonable mechanical safety." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-102/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-102.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-102.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-103", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 103, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "label": "Apparatus Section 6: Alternating-current Transformer: Heating and Ventilation", "slug": "section-103", "location": "lines 18461-18520", "line_start": 18461, "line_end": 18520, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 417, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VI. Heating and Ventilation 122. As the transformer is a stationary apparatus, it does not have the advantage of dissipating the heat produced by the internal losses, by the natural ventilation of the air currents pro- duced by the centrifugal forces in rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. Smaller distribution transformers usually are installed out- doors, on poles, and then require protection by enclosure in an iron case or tank. This still further reduces the heat radiation, and therefore such transformer cases are", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... produced by the internal losses, by the natural ventilation of the air currents pro- duced by the centrifugal forces in rotating apparatus, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... us, and it is therefore fortunate that the transformer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. Smaller distribution transformers usually are installed out- doors, on poles, and then require protection by enclosure in an iron c ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... ormer is the most efficient apparatus (except perhaps the electrostatic condenser) and thus has to dissipate less heat than any other apparatus of the same output. Thus in smaller transformers radiation and the natural convection from the surface are often sufficient to keep the tem- perature within safe limits. Smaller distribution transformers usually are installed out- doors, on poles, and then require protection by enclosure in an iron case or tank. This still further reduces the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-103.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-103.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-104", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 104, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "label": "Apparatus Section 7: Alternating-current Transformer: Types of Transformers", "slug": "section-104", "location": "lines 18521-18665", "line_start": 18521, "line_end": 18665, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 801, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 21, "radiation-light": 7, "alternating-current": 2, "dielectricity": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VH. Types of Transformers 123. As the transformer consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits, two constructive arrangements are possible : The electric circuits may be inside, and surrounded by the magnetic circuit as shell, shell-type transformer; or the magnetic circuit may be arranged inside, as core, and sur- rounded by the electric circuits, core-type transformer. In their simplest form, Fig. 163 shows diagrammatically the core-type transformer, with the iron Fe as inside circular core, built up of laminations or of iron wire, and the windings Cu outside; Fig. 164 shows diagrammatically the shell-type 296 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING transformer, with the copper windings inside, as Cu, and the iron shell Fe wound around it, of iron wire, etc. However, the circular form 163 is used to a limited extent only,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "VH. Types of Transformers 123. As the transformer consists of a magnetic circuit inter- linked with two electric circuits, two constructive arrangements are possible : The electric circuits may be inside, and surrounded by the magnetic circuit as shell, shell-type transformer; or the magnetic circuit may be arranged ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... nts, etc., are displaced in phase from each other by 120°. Their third harmonics therefore are displaced in phase from each other by 3 X 120°, that is, by 360°, or in other words, are in phase with each other. In Fig. 169, such triple frequency fluxes in the three cores would have no magnetic return, except by leakage through the air, that is, cannot exist, except in negligible intensity, and there- fore the core type of three-phase transformer cannot give any serious triple freque ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... CAL ENGINEERING transformer, with the copper windings inside, as Cu, and the iron shell Fe wound around it, of iron wire, etc. However, the circular form 163 is used to a limited extent only, in small trans- formers, autotransformers and reactances, and the form 164 practically never used, and in the constructive modification from these diagrammatic types, it is often difficult to decide to which type to assign the transformer. FIG. 163. — Diagram of core type transformer. FIG. ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... connection — the shell-type three-phase transformer may produce triple frequency voltages, resulting from the triple frequency ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 299 flux, and under unfavorable conditions, as when connecting to a system of high capacity — which intensifies these voltages — this may lead to destructive voltages, and YY connections with shell-type three-phase transformers thus lead to serious high voltage dangers. 125. The usual shell-type construction of three-phase trans- former ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-104.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-104.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-105", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 105, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "label": "Apparatus Section 8: Alternating-current Transformer: Autotransformer", "slug": "section-105", "location": "lines 18666-18812", "line_start": 18666, "line_end": 18812, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 920, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 3, "magnetism": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VIII. Autotransformer 126. If in a transformer a part of the secondary winding is used as primary, or inversely, the transformer is an autotrans- former, sometimes also called compensator. Thus let in a transformer Fig. 172 primary current, voltage and turns be respectively ii, e^ ni, and secondary current, voltage and turns be t'2, e2, n2, thus the ratio of transformation a = — • n2 Assuming HI > nz, then in any n2 of the HI primary turns, the same voltage is induced as in the n2 secondary turns, and we could thus 300 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING use any n2 primary turns as secondary turns, provided we make them of sufficient copper section to carry the secondary current. The n2 turns in Fig. 173 thus are in common to primary and secondary circuit.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... is sufficient) a transformer of (ei — e^) X i\\ primary, and ez X (i* — ii) secondary circuit. The regulation of an autotransformer is better, and the effi- ciency higher, than that of the same structure as transformer, and the per cent, reactance lower, that is the short-circuit current higher in the autotransformer than in the same structure as transformer. Very often it is difficult to build autotransformers with sufficiently high internal reactance, to make them safe under momentary ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ns and turn sections, that is, by e\\ X ii + £2 X iz FIG. 172. — Diagram of trans- former. FIG. 173. — Diagram of auto- transformer. (the turns being proportional to the voltage, the turn section to the current, the same magnetic flux assumed). But since 61 = aez and i\\ = — , e\\i\\ = e2i2, and the size of the transformer Fig. 172 thus is proportional to 2 e-#2, that is, to 2 P, or twice the output. In the autotransformer Fig. 173, the nz common tur ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... remaining part of the winding, of n\\ — n2 turns, that is, of voltage e\\ — e2) is traversed by the primary current ii, hence of size i\\ (e\\ — e2), and the total size of the autotransformer thus is : 62 (*2 — ii) + i\\ (e\\ — e2) ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 301 but, substituting again for ii and ei, gives as the size of the auto- transformer: (ae2 - es) = 2 -\"•('-3 hence, the ratio of size of autotransformer and of transformer of the same output, is: _ autotransformer ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-105.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-105.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-106", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 106, "title": "Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "label": "Apparatus Section 9: Alternating-current Transformer: Reactors", "slug": "section-106", "location": "lines 18813-18948", "line_start": 18813, "line_end": 18948, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 876, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 17, "magnetism": 12, "alternating-current": 2, "dielectricity": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IX. Reactors (Reactive Coils, Reactances) 129. The reactor consists of one electric circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what amounts to the same, leading voltage. While therefore theoretically we cannot speak of an ''efficiency\" of a reactor, since there is no power output, nevertheless in the in- dustry the expression \" efficiency of a reactive coil\" is gener- ally used, and generally understood, in the conventional definition : T^C • 1°SS Efficiency = 1 — -. — input and the input is given in total volt-amperes, the loss in energy volt-amperes, that is, watts. The efficiency then is 1 — power- factor. ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER 303 The transformer at open circuit is a reactor, but a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "IX. Reactors (Reactive Coils, Reactances) 129. The reactor consists of one electric circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what amounts to the same, leading ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "IX. Reactors (Reactive Coils, Reactances) 129. The reactor consists of one electric circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what amounts to the same, leading voltage. While therefore theoretically we cannot speak of an ''efficiency\" of a ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "IX. Reactors (Reactive Coils, Reactances) 129. The reactor consists of one electric circuit interlinked with a magnetic circuit, and its purpose is, not to transform power, but to produce wattless or reactive power, that is, lagging current, or what ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ves less liability to eddy currents in the conductors. 130. A transformer of output P = e2iz has a size of winding space of ezi2 + #iii = 2 e2z*2, that is (with the air gap inserted into the magnetic circuit), gives a reactor of the capacity ei = 2 P. That is, a reactor has the size of a transformer of half its output. Reactors are frequently used in series to apparatus, and the vol- tage consumed by the reactance then varies with the current, and is, due to the air gap, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-106.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-106.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-107", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 107, "title": "Induction Machines: General", "label": "Apparatus Section 1: Induction Machines: General", "slug": "section-107", "location": "lines 18949-19165", "line_start": 18949, "line_end": 19165, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1758, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 30, "magnetism": 24, "alternating-current": 4, "radiation-light": 4, "dielectricity": 3, "ether": 2, "impedance-reactance": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "I. General 132. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt- or series-wound, is independent of the direction of the current supplied thereto; that is, when reversing the current in a direct-current motor the direction of rotation remains the same. Thus theoretically any continuous-current motor should operate also with alternating currents. Obviously in this case not only the armature but also the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect the field and armature circuits in series as alternating-current series motor. Such motors are used to a considerable extent, but, like the shunt motor, have the dis- advantage of a commutator carrying", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... the current in a direct-current motor the direction of rotation remains the same. Thus theoretically any continuous-current motor should operate also with alternating currents. Obviously in this case not only the armature but also the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect the ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... eversing the current in a direct-current motor the direction of rotation remains the same. Thus theoretically any continuous-current motor should operate also with alternating currents. Obviously in this case not only the armature but also the magnetic field of the motor must be thoroughly laminated to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... d to exclude eddy currents, and care taken that the currents in the field and armature circuits reverse simultaneously. Obviously the simplest way of fulfilling the latter condition is to connect the field and armature circuits in series as alternating-current series motor. Such motors are used to a considerable extent, but, like the shunt motor, have the dis- advantage of a commutator carrying alternating currents. • The shunt motor on an alternating-current circuit has the objection that in the ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... t back into p>hase with the voltage, or the field may be excited from a separate e.m.f. differing 90 deg. in phase from that supplied to the armature. The former arrange- ment has the disadvantage of requiring almost perfect con- stancy of frequency, and therefore is not practicable. In the latter arrangement the armature winding of the motor is fed by one, the field winding by the other phase of a quarter-phase sys- tem, and thus the current in the armature brought approximately into ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-107.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-107.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-108", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 108, "title": "Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "label": "Apparatus Section 2: Induction Machines: Polyphase Induction Motor", "slug": "section-108", "location": "lines 19166-20427", "line_start": 19166, "line_end": 20427, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3488, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 30, "magnetism": 18, "complex-quantities": 9, "radiation-light": 6, "dielectricity": 4, "alternating-current": 2, "ether": 2, "fields": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "II. Polyphase Induction Motor 1. INTRODUCTION 135. The typical induction motor is the polyphase motor. By gradual development from the direct-current shunt motor we arrive at the polyphase induction motor. The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocyclic, or single-phase e.m.f., is at normal condition of operation, that is, near synchronism, a polyphase field. Thus to a certain extent all induction motors can be called polyphase machines. When supplied with a polyphase system of e.m.fs. the internal reactions of the induction motor are simplest and only those of a transformer with moving second- ary, while in the single-phase induction motor at the same time a phase transformation occurs, the second or magnetizing phase being produced from the impressed phase of e.m.f. by the rota- tion of the motor, which carries the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... polyphase induc- tion machine shall be treated, and the single-phase type discussed only in so far as it differs from the typical polyphase machine. 2. CALCULATION 136. In the polyphase induction motor, Let Y = g — jb = primary exciting admittance, or admit- tance of the primary circuit with open secondary circuit; that is, ge = magnetic power current, be = wattless magnetizing current, where e = counter-generated e.m.f. of the motor; ZQ = r0 + jxQ = primary self -inductive imped ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "II. Polyphase Induction Motor 1. INTRODUCTION 135. The typical induction motor is the polyphase motor. By gradual development from the direct-current shunt motor we arrive at the polyphase induction motor. The magnetic field of any induction motor, whether supplied by polyphase, monocyclic, or single-phase e.m.f., is at normal condition of operation, that is, near synchronism, a polyphase field. Thus to a certain extent all induction motors can be called p ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... more particularly the polyphase induc- tion machine shall be treated, and the single-phase type discussed only in so far as it differs from the typical polyphase machine. 2. CALCULATION 136. In the polyphase induction motor, Let Y = g — jb = primary exciting admittance, or admit- tance of the primary circuit with open secondary circuit; that is, ge = magnetic power current, be = wattless magnetizing current, where e = counter-generated e.m.f. of the motor; ZQ = r0 + jxQ = ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ual induction); s = slip, with the primary fre- quency as unit; that is, s = 0 denoting synchronous rotation, s = l standstill of the motor. We then have 1 — s = speed of the motor secondary as fraction of syn- chronous speed, sf = frequency of the secondary currents, where / = frequency impressed upon the primary; 1 The self -inductive reactance refers to that flux which surrounds one of the electric circuits only, without being interlinked with the other circuits. 312 EL ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-108.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-108.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-109", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 109, "title": "Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "label": "Apparatus Section 3: Induction Machines: Single -phase Induction Motor", "slug": "section-109", "location": "lines 20428-21157", "line_start": 20428, "line_end": 21157, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4570, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 75, "impedance-reactance": 54, "dielectricity": 8, "radiation-light": 8, "fields": 4, "complex-quantities": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "in. Single -phase Induction Motor •1. INTRODUCTION 146. In the polyphase motor a number of secondary coils displaced in position from each other are acted upon by a num- ber of primary coils displaced in position and excited by e.m.fs. displaced in phase from each other by the same angle as the dis- placement of position of the coils. In the single-phase induction motor a system of secondary circuits is acted upon by one primary coil (or system of primary coils connected in series or in parallel) excited by a single alter- nating current. A number of secondary circuits displaced in position must be used so as to offer to the primary circuit a short-circuited sec- ondary in any position of the armature. If only one secondary coil is used, the motor is a synchronous", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... to the class of reaction machines. A single-phase induction motor will not start from rest, but when started in either direction will accelerate with increasing torque and approach synchronism. When running at or very near synchronism, the magnetic field of the single-phase induction motor is practically identical with that of a polyphase motor, that is, can be represented by the theory of the rotating field. Thus, in a turn wound under angle r to the primary winding of the single- ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ng current of the main magnetic flux plus the current producing in the secondary the exciting current of the cross magnetic flux. In reality it is slightly less, especially in small motors, due to the drop of voltage in the self-inductive impedance and the drop of quadrature mag- netic flux below the impressed primary magnetic flux caused thereby. In the secondary at synchronism this secondary exciting current is a current of twice the primary frequency; at any other speed it is of a ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... agnetic flux producing the secondary currents, and in phase with the latter, that is, in time quadrature with the primary magnetic flux. Thus, if Fp = polarization due to the secondary currents, a = auxiliary magnetic flux, 6 = phase displacement in time between 3>a and 3>p, and T = phase displacement in space between ^a and Fp, the torque is D = Fp$a sin T cos 6. In general the starting torque, apparent torque efficiency, etc., of the single-phase induction motor with any o ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ly, in the polyphase motor running synchronously, that is, doing no work whatever, the secondary becomes current- less, and the primary current is the exciting current of the motor only. In the single-phase induction motor, even when running light, the secondary still carries the exciting current of the mag- netic flux in quadrature with the axis of the primary exciting coil. Since, this flux has essentially the same intensity as the flux in the direction of the axis of the primary ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-109.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-109.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-110", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 110, "title": "Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "label": "Apparatus Section 4: Induction Machines: Induction Generator", "slug": "section-110", "location": "lines 21158-21588", "line_start": 21158, "line_end": 21588, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2480, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "fields", "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 16, "fields": 11, "impedance-reactance": 7, "dielectricity": 3, "magnetism": 3, "complex-quantities": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 14, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IV. Induction Generator 1. INTRODUCTION 163. In the range of slip from s = 0 to s = 1, that is, from synchronism to standstill, torque, power output, and power input of the induction machine are positive, and the machine thus acts as a motor, as discussed before. Substituting, however, in the equations in paragraph 1 for s values > 1, corresponding to backward rotation of the ma- chine, the power input remains positive, the torque also remains positive, that is, in the same direction as for s < 1 ; but since the speed (I — s) becomes negative or in opposite direction, the power output is negative, that is, the torque in opposite direc- tion to the speed. In this case the machine consumes electrical energy in its primary and mechanical energy by", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ng power of the induction machine at backward INDUCTION MACHINES 341 rotation is, as a rule, not considerable, excepting when using high resistance in the armature circuit. Z0« Zj- 0.1+ 0.3 j Y - 0.01 - 0.1 J 110 VOLTS CONSTANT FREQUENCY -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 -6000 -7000 -8000 -9000 FIG. 185. — Induction generator load curves. TORQUE POWER 8000 _0 loo; -4000 -6000 113 1.2 1U 1009 0,8 0:7 o!e 0 5 ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... rator load curves. 3. POWER-FACTOR OF INDUCTION GENERATOR 155. The induction generator differs 'essentially from a syn- chronous alternator (that is, a machine in which an armature revolves relatively through a constant or continuous magnetic field) by having a power-factor requiring leading current ; that is, in the synchronous alternator the phase relation between current and terminal voltage depends entirely upon the external circuit, and according to the nature of the circuit connect ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... frequency decreases with the load. In the calculation of these induction generator curves for con- INDUCTION MACHINES 343 slant speed the change of frequency with the load has obviously to be considered, that is, in the equations the reactance x0 has to be replaced by the reactance XQ (1 — s), otherwise the equa- tions remain the same. FIG. 187. — Induction generator load curves. 3. POWER-FACTOR OF INDUCTION GENERATOR 155. The induction generator differs 'essentially from a sy ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... in the same system, or from synchronous alternating- current generators operated in parallel with the induction gen- erator, in which latter case, however, these currents can be said to come from the synchronous alternator as lagging currents. Electrostatic condensers, as an underground cable system, may also be used for excitation, but in this case besides the condensers a synchronous machine or other means is required to secure stability. The induction machine may thus be considered as cons ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-110.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-110.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-111", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 111, "title": "Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "label": "Apparatus Section 5: Induction Machines: Induction Booster", "slug": "section-111", "location": "lines 21589-21646", "line_start": 21589, "line_end": 21646, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 417, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "ether", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 10, "alternating-current": 2, "ether": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "V. Induction Booster 157. In the induction machine, at a given slip s, current and terminal voltage are proportional to each other and of constant phase relation, and their ratio is a constant. Thus when con- nected in an alternating-current circuit, whether in shunt or in series, and held at a speed giving a constant and definite slip s, either positive or negative, the induction machine acts like a constant impedance. 350 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The apparent impedance and its components, the apparent resistance and apparent reactance represented by the induction machine, vary with the slip. At synchronism apparent impe- dance, resistance, and reactance are a maximum. They decrease with increasing positive slip. With increasing negative slip the apparent impedance and reactance decrease also, the apparent FIG. 191. — Effective impedance of three-phase induction", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ratio is a constant. Thus when con- nected in an alternating-current circuit, whether in shunt or in series, and held at a speed giving a constant and definite slip s, either positive or negative, the induction machine acts like a constant impedance. 350 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The apparent impedance and its components, the apparent resistance and apparent reactance represented by the induction machine, vary with the slip. At synchronism apparent impe- dance, resistance, and ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "V. Induction Booster 157. In the induction machine, at a given slip s, current and terminal voltage are proportional to each other and of constant phase relation, and their ratio is a constant. Thus when con- nected in an alternating-current circuit, whether in shunt or in series, and he ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... Booster 157. In the induction machine, at a given slip s, current and terminal voltage are proportional to each other and of constant phase relation, and their ratio is a constant. Thus when con- nected in an alternating-current circuit, whether in shunt or in series, and held at a speed giving a constant and definite slip s, either positive or negative, the induction machine acts like a constant impedance. 350 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The apparent impedance and its ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... certain value of apparent resistance, thereby lowering the effi- ciency of the apparatus, but at the same time making it less de- pendent upon minor variations of speed ; that is, requires a lesser constancy of slip, and thus of speed and frequency, to give a steady boosting effect." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-111.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-111.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-112", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 112, "title": "Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "label": "Apparatus Section 6: Induction Machines: Phase Converter", "slug": "section-112", "location": "lines 21647-21812", "line_start": 21647, "line_end": 21812, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 948, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 6, "dielectricity": 5, "impedance-reactance": 4, "fields": 2, "waves-lines": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VI. Phase Converter 158. It may be seen from the preceding that the induction machine can operate equally well as motor, below synchronism, and as generator, above synchronism. In the single-phase induction machine the motor or generator action occurs in one primary circuit only, but in the direction in quadrature to the primary circuit there is a mere magnetizing current either in the secondary, in the single-phase motor proper, or in an auxiliary field-circuit, in the monocyclic motor. The motor and generator action can occur, however, simul- taneously in the same machine, some of the primary circuits acting as motor, others as generator circuits. Thus, if one of the two circuits of a quarter-phase induction machine is con- nected to a single-phase system, in the second circuit an e.m.f. is generated in quadrature with and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... polyphase exciting admittance, ZQ = TQ -f- JXQ = self -inductive impedance per primary or ter- tiary circuit, Zi = ri + jxi = resultant single-phase self-inductive impe- dance of secondary circuits. Let e = e.m.f. generated by the mutual flux and Z = r + jx = impedance of the external circuit supplied by the phase converter as generator of second phase. We then have /> I = 71? — current of second phase produced by phase Zr T Z»o converter, E — IZ = „ . „ = ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... onverter its slip increases, but less than with the same load as mechanical output from the machine as induction motor. An application of the phase converter is made in single-phase motors by closing the tertiary or generator circuit by a condenser of suitable capacity, thereby generating the exciting current of the motor in the tertiary circuit. The primary circuit is thereby relieved of the exciting current of the motor, the efficiency essentially increased, and the power- factor of ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... tor circuit to the secondary or armature, and from the secondary to the ter- tiary or generator circuit. Thus, in a quarter-phase motor connected to single-phase mains with one of its circuits, if Y = g — jb = primary polyphase exciting admittance, ZQ = TQ -f- JXQ = self -inductive impedance per primary or ter- tiary circuit, Zi = ri + jxi = resultant single-phase self-inductive impe- dance of secondary circuits. Let e = e.m.f. generated by the mutual flux and Z = r + jx = im ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... the motor or generator action occurs in one primary circuit only, but in the direction in quadrature to the primary circuit there is a mere magnetizing current either in the secondary, in the single-phase motor proper, or in an auxiliary field-circuit, in the monocyclic motor. The motor and generator action can occur, however, simul- taneously in the same machine, some of the primary circuits acting as motor, others as generator circuits. Thus, if one of the two circuits of a qu ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-112.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-112.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-113", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 113, "title": "Induction Machines: Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer", "label": "Apparatus Section 7: Induction Machines: Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer", "slug": "section-113", "location": "lines 21813-21922", "line_start": 21813, "line_end": 21922, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 789, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 25, "alternating-current": 3, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 25, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VH. Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer 159. The e.m.fs. generated in the secondary of the induction machine are of the frequency of slip, that is, synchronism minus speed, thus of lower frequency than the impressed e.m.f. in the range from standstill to double synchronism; of higher frequency outside of this range. ' Thus, by opening the secondary circuits of the induction machine and connecting them to an external or consumer's cir- cuit, the induction machine can be used to transform from one frequency to another, as frequency converter. It lowers the frequency with the secondary running at a speed between standstill and double synchronism, and raises the fre- quency with the secondary either driven backward or above double synchronism. Obviously, the frequency converter can at the same time change the e.m.f. by using a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "VH. Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer 159. The e.m.fs. generated in the secondary of the induction machine are of the frequency of slip, that is, synchronism minus speed, thus of lower frequency than the impressed e.m.f. in th ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "VH. Frequency Converter or General Alternating-current Transformer 159. The e.m.fs. generated in the secondary of the induction machine are of the frequency of slip, that is, synchronism minus speed, thus of lower frequency than the impressed e.m.f. in the range from standstill to double synch ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... is then a double synchronous alternator further discussed in the \"Theory and Calculation of Electrical Apparatus.\" As far as its transformer action is concerned, the frequency 356 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING converter is an open magnetic circuit transformer, that is, a trans- former of relatively high magnetizing current. It combines therewith, however, the action of an induction motor or generator. Excluding the case of over-synchronous rotation, it is approxi- mately (that is, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-113/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-113.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-113.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering-section-114", "source_id": "theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineering", "year": 1915, "kind": "apparatus-section", "sequence": 114, "title": "Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "label": "Apparatus Section 8: Induction Machines: Concatenation of Induction Motors", "slug": "section-114", "location": "lines 21923-22191", "line_start": 21923, "line_end": 22191, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1334, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "magnetism", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 11, "radiation-light": 8, "magnetism": 5, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VIII. Concatenation of Induction Motors 160. In the secondary of the induction motor an e.m.f. is generated of the frequency of slip. Thus connecting the sec- ondary circuit of the induction motor to the primary of a second induction motor, the latter is fed by a frequency equal to the slip of the first motor, and reaches its synchronism at the frequency of slip of the first motor, the first motor then acting as frequency converter for the second motor. If, then, two equal induction motors are rigidly connected together and thus caused to revolve at the same speed, the speed of the second motor, which is the slip s of the first motor at no load, equals the speed of the first motor: s = 1 — s, and thus s = 0.5. That", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... sm. Assuming the ratio of turns of primary and secondary as 1 : 1, with two equal induction motors in concatenation at standstill, the frequency and the e.m.f. 'impressed upon the second motor, neglecting the drop of e.m.f. in the internal impedance of the first motor, equal those of the first motor. With increasing speed, the frequency and the e.m.f. impressed upon the second motor decrease proportionally to each other, and thus the magnetic flux and the magnetic density in the secon ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "VIII. Concatenation of Induction Motors 160. In the secondary of the induction motor an e.m.f. is generated of the frequency of slip. Thus connecting the sec- ondary circuit of the induction motor to the primary of a second induction motor, the latter is fed by a frequency equal to the slip of the first motor, and reaches its synchronism at the frequency of s ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ecting the drop of e.m.f. in the internal impedance of the first motor, equal those of the first motor. With increasing speed, the frequency and the e.m.f. impressed upon the second motor decrease proportionally to each other, and thus the magnetic flux and the magnetic density in the second motor, and its ex- citing current, remain constant and equal to those of the first motor, neglecting internal losses; that is, when connected in con- catenation the magnetic density, current input, ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... the slip of the first motor, and reaches its synchronism at the frequency of slip of the first motor, the first motor then acting as frequency converter for the second motor. If, then, two equal induction motors are rigidly connected together and thus caused to revolve at the same speed, the speed of the second motor, which is the slip s of the first motor at no load, equals the speed of the first motor: s = 1 — s, and thus s = 0.5. That is, a pair of induction motor ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/section-114.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/section-114.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoreticalelect00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theoretical-elements-electrical-engineering/raw/theoretical-elements-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-01", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "title": "Introduction. 217", "label": "Chapter 1: Introduction. 217", "slug": "chapter-01", "location": "lines 659-674", "line_start": 659, "line_end": 674, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 39, "top_themes": [ "transients", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 4, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 2, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "2. Periodic transient phenomena with single cycle. 218", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 665, "line_end": 665, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "4. Industrial importance of periodic transient phenomena:", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 669, "line_end": 669, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 217 1. General character of periodically recurring transient phenomena in time. 217 2. Periodic transient phenomena with single cycle. 218 3. Multi-cycle periodic transient phenomena. 218 4. Industrial importance of periodic transient phenomena: circuit control, high frequency generation, rectification. 220 5. Types of rectifiers. Arc machines. 221", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 217 1. General character of periodically recurring transient phenomena in time. 217 2. Periodic transient phenomena with single cycle. 218 3. Multi-cycle periodic transient phenomena. 218 4. Industrial importance of periodic transient phenomena: circuit control, high frequency generation, rectification. 220 5. Types of rectifi ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... 217 1. General character of periodically recurring transient phenomena in time. 217 2. Periodic transient phenomena with single cycle. 218 3. Multi-cycle periodic transient phenomena. 218 4. Industrial importance of periodic transient phenomena: circuit control, high frequency generation, rectification. 220 5. Types of rectifiers. Arc machines. 221" } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-02", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "title": "Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenom Ena. 223", "label": "Chapter 2: Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenom Ena. 223", "slug": "chapter-02", "location": "lines 675-683", "line_start": 675, "line_end": 683, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 15, "top_themes": [ "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOM- ENA. 223 6. Tirrill Regulator. 223 7. Equations. 224 8. Amplitude of pulsation. 226", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOM- ENA. 223 6. Tirrill Regulator. 223 7. Equations. 224 8. Amplitude of pulsation. 226" } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-03", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "title": "Mechanical Rectification. 229", "label": "Chapter 3: Mechanical Rectification. 229", "slug": "chapter-03", "location": "lines 684-710", "line_start": 684, "line_end": 710, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 47, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 2, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "10. Single-phase constant-current rectification: compounding", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 690, "line_end": 690, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "12. Single-phase constant-potential rectification: equations. 236", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 696, "line_end": 696, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. MECHANICAL RECTIFICATION. 229 9. Phenomena during reversal, and types of mechanical rec- tifiers. 229 10. Single-phase constant-current rectification: compounding of alternators by rectification. 231 11. Example and numerical calculations. 233 12. Single-phase constant-potential rectification: equations. 236 xviii CONTENTS. PAGE 13. Special case, calculation of numerical example. 239 14. Quarter-phase rectification: Brush arc machine. Equations. 242 15. Calculation of example. 246", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-04", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "title": "Arc Rectification. 249", "label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification. 249", "slug": "chapter-04", "location": "lines 711-744", "line_start": 711, "line_end": 744, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 79, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 4, "transients": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 5, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "17. Mercury arc rectifier. Constant-potential and constant-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 715, "line_end": 715, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "19. Constant-current rectifier: Arrangement of apparatus. 255", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 723, "line_end": 723, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "24. Performance curves and oscillograms. Transient term. 263", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 733, "line_end": 733, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "25. Equivalent sine waves: their derivation. 267", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 735, "line_end": 735, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0009", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "27. Equations of the equivalent sine waves of the mercury arc", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 739, "line_end": 739, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. ARC RECTIFICATION. 249 16. The rectifying character of the arc. 249 17. Mercury arc rectifier. Constant-potential and constant- current type. 250 18. Mode of operation of mercury arc rectifier: Angle of over-lap. 252 19. Constant-current rectifier: Arrangement of apparatus. 255 20. Theory and calculation: Differential equations. 256 21. Integral equations. 258 22. Terminal conditions and final equations. 260 23. Calculation of numerical example. 262 24. Performance curves and oscillograms. Transient term. 263 25. Equivalent sine waves: their derivation. 267 26. 25 Continued. 269 27. Equations of the equivalent sine waves of the mercury arc rectifier. Numerical example. 271 SECTION III. TRANSIENTS IN SPACE.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... aratus. 255 20. Theory and calculation: Differential equations. 256 21. Integral equations. 258 22. Terminal conditions and final equations. 260 23. Calculation of numerical example. 262 24. Performance curves and oscillograms. Transient term. 263 25. Equivalent sine waves: their derivation. 267 26. 25 Continued. 269 27. Equations of the equivalent sine waves of the mercury arc rectifier. Numerical example. 271 SECTION III. TRANSIENTS IN SPACE." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... tant-current rectifier: Arrangement of apparatus. 255 20. Theory and calculation: Differential equations. 256 21. Integral equations. 258 22. Terminal conditions and final equations. 260 23. Calculation of numerical example. 262 24. Performance curves and oscillograms. Transient term. 263 25. Equivalent sine waves: their derivation. 267 26. 25 Continued. 269 27. Equations of the equivalent sine waves of the mercury arc rectifier. Numerical example. 271 SECTION III. TRANSIENTS IN SPACE." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-05", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "title": "Introduction. 277", "label": "Chapter 1: Introduction. 277", "slug": "chapter-05", "location": "lines 745-754", "line_start": 745, "line_end": 754, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 31, "top_themes": [ "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 4 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 1, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0010", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "2. Industrial importance of transient phenomena in space. 278", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 753, "line_end": 753, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 277 1. Transient phenomena in space, as periodic functions of time and transient functions of distance, represented by transient functions of complex variables. 277 2. Industrial importance of transient phenomena in space. 278", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 277 1. Transient phenomena in space, as periodic functions of time and transient functions of distance, represented by transient functions of complex variables. 277 2. Industrial importance of transient phenomena in space. 278" } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-06", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "title": "Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "label": "Chapter 2: Long Distance Transmission Line. 279", "slug": "chapter-06", "location": "lines 755-835", "line_start": 755, "line_end": 835, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 226, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 17, "radiation-light": 7, "impedance-reactance": 1, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 7, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0011", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 755, "line_end": 755, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0012", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "5. The four constants of the transmission line : r, L, g, C. 282", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 764, "line_end": 764, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0013", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "negligible inductance. 296", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 796, "line_end": 796, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0014", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "resistance. 306", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 812, "line_end": 812, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0015", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "21. Line of quarter-wave length, containing resistance r and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 814, "line_end": 814, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0016", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "conductance g. 309", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 816, "line_end": 816, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0017", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "22. Constant-potential — constant-current transformation by", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 818, "line_end": 818, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279 3. Relation of wave length of impressed frequency to natural frequency of line, and limits of approximate line cal- culations. 279 4. Electrical and magnetic phenomena in transmission line. 281 5. The four constants of the transmission line : r, L, g, C. 282 6. The problem of the transmission line. 283 7. The differential equations of the transmission line, and their integral equations. 8. Different forms of the transmission line equations. 287 9. Equations with current and voltage given at one end of the line. 289 10. Equations with generator voltage, and load on receiving circuit given. 291 CONTENTS. xix PAGE 11. Example of 60,000-volt 200-mile line. 292 12. Comparison of result with different approximate calcula- tions. 294 13. Wave length and phase angle. 295 14. Zero", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279 3. Relation of wave length of impressed frequency to natural frequency of line, and limits of approximate line cal- culations. 279 4. Electrical and magnetic phenomena in transmission line. 281 5. The four constants of the transmission line : r, L, g, C. 282 6. T ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279 3. Relation of wave length of impressed frequency to natural frequency of line, and limits of approximate line cal- culations. 279 4. Electrical and magnetic phenomena in transmission line. 281 5. The four constants of the transmission line : r, L, g, C. 282 6. The problem of the transmission lin ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ounded at end. 304 18. Special case : Infinitely long conductor. 305 19. Special case: Generator feeding into closed circuit. 306 20. Special case: Line of quarter-wave length, of negligible resistance. 306 21. Line of quarter-wave length, containing resistance r and conductance g. 309 22. Constant-potential — constant-current transformation by line of quarter-wave length. 310 23. Example of excessive voltage produced in high-potential transformer coil as quarter- wave circuit. 312 24. Effect of quarter-wave phenomena on regulation of long t ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 279 3. Relation of wave length of impressed frequency to natural frequency of line, and limits of approximate line cal- culations. 279 4. 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Example of discharge of line of constant voltage and zero", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 850, "line_end": 850, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 32. Example of discharge of line of constant voltage and zero current. 329 33. Example of short-circuit oscillation of line. 331 34. Circuit grounded at both ends : Half-wave oscillation. 333 35. The even harmonics of the half-wave oscillation. 334 36. Circuit open at both ends. 335 37. Circuit closed upon itself: Full-wave oscillation. 336 38. Wave shape and frequency of oscillation. 338 39. Time decrement of oscillation, and energy transfer be- tween sections of complex oscillating circuit. 339 xx", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. Circuit open at one end, grounded at other end. 322 30. Quarter-wave oscillation of transmission line. 323 31. Frequencies of line discharges, and complex discharge wave. 327 3 ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 320 27. The oscillation of the transmission line as condenser. 320 28. The conditions of free oscillation. 321 29. 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PAGE" } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-08", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Trans Former. 342", "label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Trans Former. 342", "slug": "chapter-08", "location": "lines 875-887", "line_start": 875, "line_end": 887, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 39, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 3 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANS- FORMER. 342 40. The transformer coil as circuit of distributed capacity, and the character of its capacity. 342 41. The differential equations of the transformer coil, and their integral equations. 344 42. Terminal conditions and final approximate equations. 346", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANS- FORMER. 342 40. The transformer coil as circuit of distributed capacity, and the character of its capacity. 342 41. The differential equations of the transformer coil, and their integral equations. 344 42. Terminal conditions and final approxi ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-09", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "title": "Distributed Series Capacity. 348", "label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity. 348", "slug": "chapter-09", "location": "lines 888-903", "line_start": 888, "line_end": 903, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 41, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "lightning-surges", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 1, "lightning-surges": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 348 43. Potential distribution in multigap circuit. 348 44. Probable relation of the multigap circuit to the lightning flash in the clouds. 349 45. The differential equations of the multigap circuit, and their integral equations. 350 46. Terminal conditions, and final equations. 351 47. Numerical example. 353", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 348 43. Potential distribution in multigap circuit. 348 44. Probable relation of the multigap circuit to the lightning flash in the clouds. 349 45. The differential equations of the multigap circuit, and their integral equations. 350 46. Terminal conditions, and fin ..." }, { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 348 43. Potential distribution in multigap circuit. 348 44. 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ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 355 48. Magnetic screening by secondary currents in alternating fields. 355 49. The differential equations of alternating magnetic flux in a lamina. 356 50. Their integral equations. 357 51. Terminal conditions, and the final equations. 358 52. Equations for very thick laminae. 360 53. Wave length, attenuation, depth of penetration. 361 54. Numerical example, with frequencies of 60, 1000 and 10,000 cycles per second. 362 55. Depth of penetration of alternating magnetic flux in different metals. 363 56. Wave length, attenuation, and velocity of penetration. 365 57. Apparent permeability, as function of frequency, and damping. 366 58. Numerical example and discussion. 367", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 355 48. Magnetic screening by secondary currents in alternating fields. 355 49. 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Mean value of current, and effective resistance. 376", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 961, "line_end": 961, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0021", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "65. Effective resistance and depth of penetration. 379", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 965, "line_end": 965, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 369 59. Cause and effect of unequal current distribution. 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Effect of return conductor on distance decrement of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 982, "line_end": 982, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0025", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "70. Inductance of length I of infinitely long conductor with-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 986, "line_end": 986, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0026", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "71. Equations of magnetic flux, effective resistance of radia-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 990, "line_end": 990, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0027", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "tion, inductance and impedance. 391", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 992, "line_end": 992, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0028", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "74. Discussion of effective resistance and radiated power, as", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 998, "line_end": 998, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0029", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "75. Mutual inductance of two distant conductors of finite", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1002, "line_end": 1002, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OP ELECTRIC FIELD. 387 67. 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Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1016, "line_end": 1016, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0032", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "81. Thermal resistance and radiation resistance, internal and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1018, "line_end": 1018, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0033", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "external reactance, as functions of the frequency. 405", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1020, "line_end": 1020, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 403 80. Effect of the frequency on the constants of a conductor. 403 81. 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The constants of the electric circuit, and their constancy. 417", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1045, "line_end": 1045, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0035", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "and the relations between its constants. 422", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1055, "line_end": 1055, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. GENERAL EQUATIONS. 417 1. The constants of the electric circuit, and their constancy. 417 2. 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Final form of the general equations of the electric circuit. 428", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-14/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-14.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-14.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-15", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "title": "Discussion Of General Equations. 431", "label": "Chapter 2: Discussion Of General Equations. 431", "slug": "chapter-15", "location": "lines 1063-1086", "line_start": 1063, "line_end": 1086, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 64, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 14, "radiation-light": 2, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 5, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0036", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "8. Period, wave length, time and distance attenuation", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1069, "line_end": 1069, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0037", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "constants. 433", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1071, "line_end": 1071, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0038", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "velocity unit of distance. 434", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1075, "line_end": 1075, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0039", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "12. Stationary or standing wave. Trigonometric arid logarith-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1081, "line_end": 1081, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0040", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "13. Propagation constant of wave. 440", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1085, "line_end": 1085, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS. 431 7. The two component waves and their reflected waves. Attenuation in time and in space. 431 8. 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STANDING WAVES. 442", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1087, "line_end": 1087, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0042", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1089, "line_end": 1089, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0043", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "18. Submarine telegraph cable. Existence of logarithmic", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1104, "line_end": 1104, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0044", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "19. Long distance telephone circuit. Numerical example.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1108, "line_end": 1108, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0045", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "Effect of leakage. Effect of inductance or \"loading.\" 454", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1110, "line_end": 1110, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 442 14. Oscillatory, critical and gradual standing wave. 442 15. The wave length which divides the gradual from the oscillatory wave. 446 16. High-power high-potential overhead transmission line. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 449 17. High-potential underground power cable. Character of waves. Numerical example. General equations. 452 18. Submarine telegraph cable. Existence of logarithmic waves. 454 19. Long distance telephone circuit. Numerical example. Effect of leakage. 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Component waves and single traveling wave. Attenua-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1121, "line_end": 1121, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0047", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "22. Effect of inductance, as loading, and leakage, on attenu-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1125, "line_end": 1125, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0048", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "23. Traveling sine wave and traveling cosine wave. Ampli-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1129, "line_end": 1129, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0049", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "24. Discussion of traveling wave as function of distance, and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1133, "line_end": 1133, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0050", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "26. The alternating-current long-distance line equations as", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1139, "line_end": 1139, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 457 20. Different forms of the equations of the traveling wave. 457 CONTENTS. xxiii PAGE 21. Component waves and single traveling wave. Attenua- tion. 459 22. Effect of inductance, as loading, and leakage, on attenu- ation. Numerical example of telephone circuit. 462 23. Traveling sine wave and traveling cosine wave. Ampli- tude and wave front. 464 24. Discussion of traveling wave as function of distance, and of time. 466 25. Numerical example, and its discussion. 469 26. The alternating-current long-distance line equations as special case of a traveling wave. 471 27. Reduction of the general equations of the special traveling wave to the standard form of alternating-current trans- mission line equations. 474", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 457 20. Different forms of the equations of the traveling wave. 457 CONTENTS. xxiii PAGE 21. Component waves and single traveling wave. Attenua- tion. 459 22. Effect of inductance, as loading, and leakage, on attenu- ation. Numerical example of telephone circuit ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... - ation. Numerical example of telephone circuit. 462 23. Traveling sine wave and traveling cosine wave. Ampli- tude and wave front. 464 24. Discussion of traveling wave as function of distance, and of time. 466 25. Numerical example, and its discussion. 469 26. The alternating-current long-distance line equations as special case of a traveling wave. 471 27. 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Types of waves: standing waves, traveling waves, alter-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1150, "line_end": 1150, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0052", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "31. Free oscillation as standing wave. 481", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1158, "line_end": 1158, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0053", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "33. Conditions under which a standing wave is a free oscilla-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1164, "line_end": 1164, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0054", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "34. Wave length, and angular measure of distance. 487", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1168, "line_end": 1168, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 478 28. Types of waves: standing waves, traveling waves, alter- nating-current waves. 478 29. 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Relations between constants, at transition point. 502", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1197, "line_end": 1197, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0057", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "resultant time decrement % 503", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1206, "line_end": 1206, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0058", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1208, "line_end": 1208, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0059", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1212, "line_end": 1212, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0060", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1224, "line_end": 1224, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 498 40. General discussion. 498 41. Transformation of general equations, to velocity unit of distance. 499 42. Discussion. 501 43. Relations between constants, at transition point. 502 xxiv CONTENTS. PAGE 44. The general equations of the complex circuit, and the resultant time decrement % 503 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir- cuit. 510", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... discussion. 498 41. Transformation of general equations, to velocity unit of distance. 499 42. Discussion. 501 43. Relations between constants, at transition point. 502 xxiv CONTENTS. PAGE 44. The general equations of the complex circuit, and the resultant time decrement % 503 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. F ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... 03 45. Equations between integration constants of adjoining sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. Determination of the resultant time decrement of the cir- cuit. 510" }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... sections. 504 46. The energy transfer constant of the circuit section, and the transfer of power between the sections. 507 47. The final form of the general equations of the complex circuit, . 508 48. Full-wave, half-wave, quarter-wave oscillation, and gen- eral high-frequency oscillation. 509 49. 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Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1230, "line_end": 1230, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0062", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1234, "line_end": 1234, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0063", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "tion with distance and with time. 513", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1237, "line_end": 1237, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0064", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1248, "line_end": 1248, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0065", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "56. Flow of energy, and resultant circuit decrement. 521", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1258, "line_end": 1258, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit section. 519 55. Relations between power supplied by the electric field of a circuit section, power dissipated in it, and power transferred to, or received by other sections. 520 56. Flow of energy, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the t ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... UIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductanc ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 513 50. Instantaneous power. Effective or mean power. Power transferred. 513 51. Instantaneous and effective value of energy stored in the magnetic field ; its motion along the circuit, and varia- tion with distance and with time. 513 52. The energy stored in the electrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ctrostatic field and its compo- nents. Transfer of energy between electrostatic and electromagnetic field. 517 53. Energy stored in a circuit section by the total electric field, and power supplied to the circuit by it. 518 54. Power dissipated in the resistance and the conductance of a circuit section. 519 55. Relations between power supplied by the electric field of a circuit section, power dissipated in it, and power transferred to, or received by other sections. 520 56. Flow of energy, and resultant circuit decrement. 521 57. Numerical exam ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-20.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-20.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-21", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "title": "Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "label": "Chapter 8: Reflection And Refraction At Transition Point", "slug": "chapter-21", "location": "lines 1262-1285", "line_start": 1262, "line_end": 1285, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 66, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 6 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "refraction", "label": "Refraction", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 2, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0066", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "59. Transition of single wave, constancy of phase angles,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1267, "line_end": 1267, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0067", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "63. Distance phase angle, and the law of refraction. 533", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1280, "line_end": 1280, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VIII. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT TRANSITION POINT. 58. Main wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave. 525 59. Transition of single wave, constancy of phase angles, relations between the components, and voltage trans- formation at transition point. 526 60. Numerical example, and conditions of maximum. 530 61. Equations of reverse wave. 531 62. Equations of compound wave at transition point, and its three components. 532 63. Distance phase angle, and the law of refraction. 533 CONTENTS. xxv PAGE", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT TRANSITION POINT. 58. Main wave, reflected wave and transmitted wave. 525 59. Transition of single wave, constancy of phase angles, relations between the components, and voltage trans- formation at transition point. 526 60. Numerical example, and conditions of maximum. 530 61. 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Massed inductance discharging into distributed circuit.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1288, "line_end": 1288, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0069", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "65. 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Calculation of the first six har- monics. 542 APPENDIX: VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 545 SECTION I TRANSIENTS IN TIME TKANSIENTS IN TIME" }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... inductance discharging into distributed circuit. Combination of generating station and transmission line. 535 65. Equations of inductance, and change of constants at transition point. 536 66. Line open or grounded at end. Evaluation of frequency constant and resultant decrement. 538 67. The final equations, and their discussion. 540 68. Numerical example. Calculation of the first six har- monics. 542 APPENDIX: VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 545 SECTION I TRANSIENTS IN TIME TKANSIENTS IN TIME" }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... CTIVE DISCHARGES. 535 64. Massed inductance discharging into distributed circuit. Combination of generating station and transmission line. 535 65. Equations of inductance, and change of constants at transition point. 536 66. Line open or grounded at end. Evaluation of frequency constant and resultant decrement. 538 67. The final equations, and their discussion. 540 68. Numerical example. Calculation of the first six har- monics. 542 APPENDIX: VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 545 SECTION I TRANSIENTS IN TIME TKANSIENTS IN TIME" } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-22/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-22.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-22.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-23", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "title": "The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "label": "Chapter 1: The Constants Of The Electric Circuit", "slug": "chapter-23", "location": "lines 1317-1992", "line_start": 1317, "line_end": 1992, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3601, "top_themes": [ "fields", "dielectricity", "magnetism", "transients", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 92, "dielectricity": 65, "magnetism": 59, "transients": 9, "radiation-light": 8, "alternating-current": 2, "impedance-reactance": 2, "lightning-surges": 2, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "dielectric-constant", "label": "Dielectric constant", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 52, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0071", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "THE CONSTANTS OF THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 5", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1412, "line_end": 1412, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0072", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "P = ie (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1430, "line_end": 1430, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0073", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": " = Li = the intensity of the electromagnetic field. (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1434, "line_end": 1434, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0074", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "Mf = Ce = the intensity of the electrostatic field. (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1435, "line_end": 1435, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0075", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "et = ri, (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1471, "line_end": 1471, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0076", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "*\"-*-<£ (6)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1499, "line_end": 1499, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0077", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "or, by equation (2) : = Li by definition, thus :", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1501, "line_end": 1501, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0078", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "- = L-,and: P' = Lt-, (7)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 1505, "line_end": 1505, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. THE CONSTANTS OF THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. 1. To transmit electric energy from one place where it is generated to another place where it is used, an electric cir- cuit is required, consisting of conductors which connect the point of generation with the point of utilization. When electric energy flows through a circuit, phenomena take place inside of the conductor as well as in the space out- side of the conductor. In the conductor, during the flow of electric energy through the circuit, electric energy is consumed continuously by being converted into heat. Along the circuit, from the generator to the receiver circuit, the flow of energy steadily decreases by the amount consumed in the conductor, and a power gradi- ent exists in the circuit along or parallel with the conductor. (Thus, while the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... reases from generating to receiving circuit, and the power gradient therefore is characteristic of the direc- tion of the flow of energy.) In the space outside of the conductor, during the flow of energy through the circuit, a condition of stress exists which is called the electric field of the conductor. That is, the surrounding space is not uniform, but has different electric and magnetic properties in different directions. No power is required to maintain the electric field, but energy 3 4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is required to produce the electric fie ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ltage may decrease from generator to receiver circuit, as is usually the case, or may increase, as in an alternating-current circuit with leading current, and while the current may remain constant throughout the circuit, or decrease, as in a transmission line of considerable capacity with a leading or non-inductive receiver circuit, the flow of energy always decreases from generating to receiving circuit, and the power gradient therefore is characteristic of the direc- tion of the flow of energy.) In the space outside of the conductor, during the flow ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ion of the flow of energy.) In the space outside of the conductor, during the flow of energy through the circuit, a condition of stress exists which is called the electric field of the conductor. That is, the surrounding space is not uniform, but has different electric and magnetic properties in different directions. No power is required to maintain the electric field, but energy 3 4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is required to produce the electric field, and this energy is returned, more or less completely, when the electric field dis- appears by the sto ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... ondition of stress exists which is called the electric field of the conductor. That is, the surrounding space is not uniform, but has different electric and magnetic properties in different directions. No power is required to maintain the electric field, but energy 3 4 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA is required to produce the electric field, and this energy is returned, more or less completely, when the electric field dis- appears by the stoppage of the flow of energy. Thus, in starting the flow of electric energy, before a perma- nent condition is reached, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-23.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-23.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-24", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "title": "Introduction", "label": "Chapter 2: Introduction", "slug": "chapter-24", "location": "lines 1993-2658", "line_start": 1993, "line_end": 2658, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2603, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "transients", "magnetism", "lightning-surges", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 54, "transients": 36, "magnetism": 13, "lightning-surges": 6, "alternating-current": 5, "radiation-light": 4, "waves-lines": 4, "ether": 1, "fields": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 19, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0123", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "12. For instance, a continuous e.m.f., eOJ impressed upon a", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2011, "line_end": 2011, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0124", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "In the moment of closing the circuit of e.m.f. e0 on resistance r,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2016, "line_end": 2016, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0125", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "of an alternator field, or a circuit having the constants r = 12", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2167, "line_end": 2167, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0126", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "ohms; L = 6 henrys, and eQ = 240 volts; the abscissas being", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2168, "line_end": 2168, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0127", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "Q = to0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2178, "line_end": 2178, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0128", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "In the moment of closing the circuit of e.m.f. e0 upon the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2180, "line_end": 2180, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0129", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "charging the condenser instantly to the potential difference e0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2189, "line_end": 2189, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0130", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "for the circuit constants r = 250 ohms; L = 100 mh.; C =", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2230, "line_end": 2230, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II. INTRODUCTION. 11. In the investigation of electrical phenomena, currents and potential differences, whether continuous or alternating, are usually treated as stationary phenomena. That is, the assumption is made that after establishing the circuit a sufficient time has elapsed for the currents and potential differences to reach their final or permanent values, that is, become constant, with continuous current, or constant periodic functions of time, with alternating current. In the first moment, however, after establishing the circuit, the currents and potential differences in the circuit have not yet reached their permanent values, that is, the electrical conditions of the circuit are not yet the normal or permanent ones, but a certain time elapses while the electrical conditions adjust themselves. 12. For instance, a continuous e.m.f., eOJ impressed upon a circuit of resistance r, produces", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... nd decay of continuous current in an inductive circuit. continuous current in an inductive circuit: the exciting current of an alternator field, or a circuit having the constants r = 12 ohms; L = 6 henrys, and eQ = 240 volts; the abscissas being seconds of time. 13. If an electrostatic condenser of capacity C is connected to a continuous e.m.f. e0, no current exists, in stationary con- dition, in this direct-current circuit (except that a very small current may leak through the insulation or the dielectric of the condenser), but the condenser is charged to ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... ostatic charge Q = to0. In the moment of closing the circuit of e.m.f. e0 upon the capacity C, the condenser contains no charge, that is, zero potential difference exists at the condenser terminals. If there were no resistance and no inductance in the circuit in the 18 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA moment of closing the circuit, an infinite current would exist charging the condenser instantly to the potential difference e0. If r is the resistance of the direct-current circuit containing the condenser, and this circuit contains no inductance, the current Q ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... If the circuit contained only resistance but no inductance, this would take place instantly, that is, there would be no transition period. Every circuit, however, contains some inductance. The induc- tance L of the circuit means L interlinkages of the circuit with lines of magnetic force produced by unit current in the circuit, or iL interlinkages by current i. That is, in establishing current i0 in the circuit, the magnetic flux iQL must be produced. A change of the magnetic flux iL surrounding a circuit generates in the circuit an e.m.f., d e - * ..." }, { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "... m, which connects the initial with the stationary condition of the circuit, necessarily can be a steady logarithmic term only, or a gradual approach. An oscillation can occur only with the existence of two energy-storing constants, as capacity and inductance, which permit a surge of energy from the one to the other, and there- with an overreaching. 17. Transient terms may occur periodically and in rapid suc- cession, as when rectifying an alternating current by synchro- nously reversing the connections of the alternating impressed e.m.f. with the r ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-24.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-24.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-25", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "title": "Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "label": "Chapter 3: Inductance And Resistance In Continuous Current Circuits", "slug": "chapter-25", "location": "lines 2659-3514", "line_start": 2659, "line_end": 3514, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3220, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "transients", "complex-quantities", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 61, "fields": 58, "transients": 12, "complex-quantities": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 128, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0142", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "20. In continuous-current circuits the inductance does not", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2664, "line_end": 2664, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0143", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "•enter the equations of stationary condition, but, if e0 = impressed", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2665, "line_end": 2665, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0144", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "e.m.f. by e0, the resistance by r, and the inductance by L.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2689, "line_end": 2689, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0145", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "therefore at the moment t = 0, by i the current during the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2698, "line_end": 2698, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0146", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "Hence, eQ = ir + L — > (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2716, "line_end": 2716, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0147", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "However, for t = 0, i = iQ.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2732, "line_end": 2732, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0148", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "hence, i = il + (i0 - t\\) e ' , (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2738, "line_end": 2738, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0149", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "e^-L^rtf.-*,).^', . (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 2743, "line_end": 2743, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 20. In continuous-current circuits the inductance does not •enter the equations of stationary condition, but, if e0 = impressed e.m.f., r = resistance, L = inductance, the permanent value of /> current is ia = — • r Therefore less care is taken in direct-current circuits to reduce the inductance than in alternating-current circuits, where the inductance usually causes a drop of voltage, and direct-current circuits as a rule have higher inductance, especially if the circuit is used for producing magnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... e less care is taken in direct-current circuits to reduce the inductance than in alternating-current circuits, where the inductance usually causes a drop of voltage, and direct-current circuits as a rule have higher inductance, especially if the circuit is used for producing magnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a transie ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... the inductance than in alternating-current circuits, where the inductance usually causes a drop of voltage, and direct-current circuits as a rule have higher inductance, especially if the circuit is used for producing magnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a transient term connecting the current values i0 and iv and int ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... agnetic flux, as in solenoids, electro- magnets, machine-fields. Any change of the condition of a continuous-current circuit, as a change of e.m.f., of resistance, etc., which leads to a change of current from one value i0 to another value iv results in the appearance of a transient term connecting the current values i0 and iv and into the equation of the transient term enters the inductance. Count the time t from the moment when the change in the continuous-current circuit starts, and denote the impressed e.m.f. by e0, the resistance by r, and the in ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... r is ir, and the e.m.f. consumed by inductance L is di Ldt' where i = current in the circuit. 26 26 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA di Hence, eQ = ir + L — > (1) dt or, substituting eQ = if, and transposing, -i*-i±V This equation is integrated by - -t = log (i - ij - logc, where — log c is the integration constant, or, r i — i^ = ce L . However, for t = 0, i = iQ. Substituting this, gives IQ — il = c, -ft hence, i = il + (i0 - t\\) e ' , (3) the equation of current in the circuit. The counter e.m.f. of self -inductance is e^- ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-25.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-25.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-26", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "title": "Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "label": "Chapter 4: Inductance And Resistance In Alternating Current Circuits", "slug": "chapter-26", "location": "lines 3515-4071", "line_start": 3515, "line_end": 4071, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 896, "top_themes": [ "transients", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 14, "waves-lines": 7, "alternating-current": 4, "impedance-reactance": 4, "complex-quantities": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "magnetism": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 31, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0270", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "• 26. In alternating-current circuits, the inductance L, or, as", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 3520, "line_end": 3520, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0271", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "it is usually employed, the reactance x = 2 nfL, where / = fre-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 3521, "line_end": 3521, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0272", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "At the moment 0 = 0, let the e.m.f. e = E cos (0 — 00) be", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 3525, "line_end": 3525, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0273", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "inductive reactance x = 2 xfL; let the time 6 = 2 xft be counted", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 3527, "line_end": 3527, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0274", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "from the moment of closing the circuit, and 00 be the phase of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 3528, "line_end": 3528, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0275", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "or, by substituting 6 = 2 nft, x = 2 nfL, the e.m.f. consumed", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 3540, "line_end": 3540, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0276", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "Since e = E cos (0 — 00) = impressed e.m.f.,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 3545, "line_end": 3545, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-eq-candidate-0277", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "original_form": "E cos (6 - 00) = ir + x — (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 3548, "line_end": 3548, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. • 26. In alternating-current circuits, the inductance L, or, as it is usually employed, the reactance x = 2 nfL, where / = fre- quency, enters the expression of the transient as well as the permanent term. At the moment 0 = 0, let the e.m.f. e = E cos (0 — 00) be impressed upon a circuit of resistance r and inductance L, thus inductive reactance x = 2 xfL; let the time 6 = 2 xft be counted from the moment of closing the circuit, and 00 be the phase of the impressed e.m.f. at this moment. In this case the e.m.f. consumed by the resistance = ir, where i = instantaneous value of current. The e.m.f. consumed by the inductance L is proportional", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV. INDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. • 26. In alternating-current circuits, the inductance L, or, as it is usually employed, the reactance x = 2 nfL, where / = fre- quency, enters the expression of the transient as well as the permanent term. At the moment 0 = 0, let the e.m.f. e = E cos (0 — 00) be impressed upon a circuit of resistance r and inductance L, thus inductive reactance x = 2 xfL; let the time 6 = 2 xft be counted from the moment of closing the circuit, and 00 be the p ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... circuit of the following constants: — = 0.1, corresponding approximately to a lighting circuit, where the permanent value GO 2 7T/C J where/ = frequency and 6 = 2 nft. (3) Then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance is ri\\ the e.m.f. consumed by inductance, is di di Ldt = xJe' and the e.m.f. consumed by capacity is , (4) where i = instantaneous value of the current. di di C Hence, e = ri + x -- + xc I i dO, (5) da J di f*", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII. RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT. 65. Let, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the c ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... - = 0, , (10) # sin 00 -- rB sin o- + B (x — xc) cos a- = 0. Substituting — 4 tan 7 = in equations (10) gives x - xc r ± s and = 00 + ? = indefinite, and the equation of current, (9), thus is i = -cos (6 - 60 -7) + A/~ (ID (12) (13) 90 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and, substituting (12) in (7), and rearranging, the potential difference at the condenser terminals is . (14) The two integration constants Al and A2 are given by the terminal conditions of the problem. Let, at the moment of start, 0-0, i = iQ = instant ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... t, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the condensive reactance is xc = > 2 7T/C J where/ = frequency and 6 = 2 nft. (3) Then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance is ri\\ the e.m.f. consumed by inductance, is di di Ldt = xJe' and the e.m.f. consumed by capacity is , (4) where i = instantaneous value of the current. di di C Hence, e = ri + x -- + xc I i dO, (5) ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY IN SERIES IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUIT. 65. Let, at time t = 0 or 0 = 0, the e.m.f., e = E cos (0 - 00), (1) be impressed upon a circuit containing in series the resistance, r, the inductance, L, and the capacity, C. The inductive reactance is x = 2 TT/L 1 and the condensive reactance is xc = > 2 7T/C J where/ = frequency and 6 = 2 nft. (3) Then the e.m.f. consumed by resistance is ri\\ the e.m.f. consumed by inductance, is di di Ldt = xJe' and the e.m.f. consumed by capacity is , (4) where i = in ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-29.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-29.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-30", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "title": "Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "label": "Chapter 8: Low Frequency Surges In High Potential Systems", "slug": "chapter-30", "location": "lines 7826-9227", "line_start": 7826, "line_end": 9227, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2976, "top_themes": [ "transients", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 51, "dielectricity": 28, "waves-lines": 26, "radiation-light": 24, "impedance-reactance": 10, "lightning-surges": 5, "complex-quantities": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 24, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole system, of the same character as in the case of localized capacity and inductance discussed in the preceding chapter. While a system of distributed capacity has an infinite number of frequencies, which usually are the odd multiples of a funda- mental frequency of oscillation, in those cases where the fundamental frequency predominates and the effect of the higher frequencies is negligible, the oscillation can be approxi- mated by the equations of oscillation given in Chapters V and VII, which are far simpler than the equations of an oscillation of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole system, of the same character as in the case of localized capacity and inductance discussed in the preceding chapter. While a system of distributed capacity has an infinite number of frequencies, which usually are the odd multiples of a funda- mental frequen ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, oscillations of the whole system, of the same character as in the case of localized ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... negligible, the oscillation can be approxi- mated by the equations of oscillation given in Chapters V and VII, which are far simpler than the equations of an oscillation of a system of distributed capacity. Such low frequency surges comprise the total system, not only the transmission lines but also the step-up transformers, gen- erators, etc., and in an underground cable system in such an oscillation the capacity and inductance are indeed localized to a certain extent, the one in the cables, the other in the generating system. In an underground cable system, ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII. LOW FREQUENCY SURGES IN HIGH POTENTIAL SYSTEMS. 64. In electric circuits of considerable capacity, that is, in extended high potential systems, as long distance transmission lines and underground cable systems, occasionally destructive high potential low frequency surges occur; that is, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-30.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-30.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-31", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "title": "Divided Circuit", "label": "Chapter 9: Divided Circuit", "slug": "chapter-31", "location": "lines 9228-10474", "line_start": 9228, "line_end": 10474, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3576, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "transients", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 39, "impedance-reactance": 23, "transients": 23, "complex-quantities": 15, "radiation-light": 8, "waves-lines": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "fields": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IX. DIVIDED CIRCUIT. 72. A circuit consisting of two branches or multiple circuits 1 and 2 may be supplied, over a line or circuit 3, with an impressed e.m.f., e0. Let, in such a circuit, shown diagrammatically in Fig 31, rv Lv Cl and r2, L2, Cz — resistance, inductance, and capacity, respectively, of the two branch circuits 1 and 2; r0, L0, C0 = Co Fig. 31. Divided circuit. resistance, inductance, and capacity of the undivided part of the circuit, 3. Furthermore let e = potential difference at terminals of branch circuits 1 and 2, it and i2 respectively = currents in branch circuits 1 and 2, and i3 = current in undivided part of circuit, 3. Then ia = il + i2 and e.m.f. at the terminals of circuit 1 is of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... DIVIDED CIRCUIT. 72. A circuit consisting of two branches or multiple circuits 1 and 2 may be supplied, over a line or circuit 3, with an impressed e.m.f., e0. Let, in such a circuit, shown diagrammatically in Fig 31, rv Lv Cl and r2, L2, Cz — resistance, inductance, and capacity, respectively, of the two branch circuits 1 and 2; r0, L0, C0 = Co Fig. 31. Divided circuit. resistance, inductance, and capacity of the undivided part of the circuit, 3. Furthermore let e = potential difference at terminals of branch circuits 1 and 2, it and i2 respec ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... e.m.f. at the terminals of circuit 1 is of circuit 2 is e = di 121 (2) (3) 122 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and of circuit 3 is (4) Instead of the inductances, L, and capacities, C, it is usually preferable, even in direct-current circuits, to introduce the reactances, x = 2 nfL = inductive reactance, xc = = con- 2 7T/G densive reactance, referred to a standard frequency, such as / = 60 cycles per second. Instead of the time t, then, an angle 0 = 2 nft (5) is introduced, and then we have di x di dd di ^ * (6) i/iift - 2 Kfo f ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... terminals of branch circuits 1 and 2, it and i2 respectively = currents in branch circuits 1 and 2, and i3 = current in undivided part of circuit, 3. Then ia = il + i2 and e.m.f. at the terminals of circuit 1 is of circuit 2 is e = di 121 (2) (3) 122 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA and of circuit 3 is (4) Instead of the inductances, L, and capacities, C, it is usually preferable, even in direct-current circuits, to introduce the reactances, x = 2 nfL = inductive reactance, xc = = con- 2 7T/G densive reactance, referred to a standard ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... 3 the engineer who is mainly familiar with the effect of inductance in alternating-current circuits. Substituting therefore (5) and (6) in equations (2), (3), (4), gives the e.m.f. in circuit 1 as dL e = rli1 + xl -r1 + a in circuit 2 as dL ' C * = r** + **-fi + *ctJi,M', (8) in circuit 3 as e = e a. r { 4. x -h. _j_ x I { ^. /Q\\ 0 03 ' 0 J/j ' CQ I 3 J v*^/ tZC7 «/ hence, the potential differences at the condenser terminals are /di< i,dd = e-r1i1- xt— S (10) e2= (11) and e3 = xco I i3dd = e0- e - r0i ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-31.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-31.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-32", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "title": "Mutual Inductance", "label": "Chapter 10: Mutual Inductance", "slug": "chapter-32", "location": "lines 10475-12216", "line_start": 10475, "line_end": 12216, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5572, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "transients", "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 65, "magnetism": 52, "transients": 39, "impedance-reactance": 25, "complex-quantities": 14, "dielectricity": 11, "radiation-light": 4, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER X. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE. 82. In the preceding chapters, circuits have been considered containing resistance, self-inductance, and capacity, but no mutual inductance; that is, the phenomena which take place in the circuit have been assumed as depending upon the impressed e.m.f. and the constants of the circuit, but not upon the phenomena taking place in any other circuit. Of the magnetic flux produced by the current in a circuit and interlinked with this circuit, a part may be interlinked with a second circuit also, and so by its change generate an e.m.f. in the second circuit, and part of the magnetic flux produced by Fig. 38. Mutual inductance between circuits. the current in a second circuit and interlinked with the second circuit may be interlinked also with the first circuit, and a change of current", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... h other symmetrically, or reduced thereto; that is, where the mutual inductance is due to coils enclosed in the first circuit, interlinked magnetically with coils enclosed in the second circuit, as the primary and the secondary coils of a transformer, or a shunt and a series field winding of a generator, 144 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA the two coils are assumed as of the same number of turns, or reduced thereto. ri, No. turns second circuit If a = — = — =rr— — - -- : - r— , the currents in the nA No. turns first circuit second circuit are multiplied, ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... , self-inductance, and capacity, but no mutual inductance; that is, the phenomena which take place in the circuit have been assumed as depending upon the impressed e.m.f. and the constants of the circuit, but not upon the phenomena taking place in any other circuit. Of the magnetic flux produced by the current in a circuit and interlinked with this circuit, a part may be interlinked with a second circuit also, and so by its change generate an e.m.f. in the second circuit, and part of the magnetic flux produced by Fig. 38. Mutual inductance between ci ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... hen generates an e.m.f. in the first circuit. Diagrammatically the mutual inductance between two circuits can be sketched as shown by M in Fig. 38, by two coaxial coils, while the self-inductance is shown by a single coil L, and the resistance by a zigzag line. 141 142 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA The presence of mutual inductance, with a second circuit, introduces into the equation of the circuit a term depending upon the current in the second circuit. If i^ = the current in the circuit and r1 = the resistance of the circuit, then r^\\ = the e.m.f. consum ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... it, we have di L{j± = e.m.f. consumed by the inductance, ctt where, t = time. If instead of time t an angle 6 = 2 nft is introduced, where / is some standard frequency, as 60 cycles, di x. 3^ = e.m.f. consumed by the inductance, au where x1 = 2 nfL^ = inductive reactance. If now M = mutual inductance between the circuit and another circuit, that is, number of interlinkages of the circuit with the magnetic flux produced by unit current in the second circuit, and i2 = the current in the second circuit, then M—~= e.m.f. consumed by mutual in ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-32.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-32.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-33", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 33, "title": "General System Of Circuits", "label": "Chapter 40: General System Of Circuits", "slug": "chapter-33", "location": "lines 12217-12884", "line_start": 12217, "line_end": 12884, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1813, "top_themes": [ "transients", "dielectricity", "ether", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 23, "dielectricity": 14, "ether": 4, "impedance-reactance": 4, "waves-lines": 3, "complex-quantities": 2, "magnetism": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XL GENERAL SYSTEM OF CIRCUITS. (A) Circuits containing resistance and inductance only. 95. Let, upon a general system or network of circuits con- nected with each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In the latter case, the dependency of the e.m.f. upon the currents must obviously be given. Then, in each branch circuit, ^5~=0, (1) where e = total impressed e.m.f.; r. = resistance; L = induc- tance, of the circuit or branch of circuit traversed", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the currents in the system. In the latter case, the dependency of the e.m.f. upon the currents must obviously be given. Then, in each branch circuit, ^5~=0, (1) where e = total impressed e.m.f.; r. = resistance; L = in ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER XL GENERAL SYSTEM OF CIRCUITS. (A) Circuits containing resistance and inductance only. 95. Let, upon a general system or network of circuits con- nected with each other directly or inductively, and containing resistance and inductance, but no capacity, a system of e.m.fs., ey be impressed. These e.m.fs. may be of any frequency or wave shape, or may be continuous or anything else, but are supposed to be given by their equations. They may be free of transient terms, or may contain transient terms depending upon the current ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... gives A-o =0- (11) The n equations (11) must be identities, that is, the coefficients of £~aJ must individually disappear. Each equation (11) thus gives m equations between the constants a, A, b, c, for i = 1, 2, . . . m, and since n equations (11) exist, we get altogether mn equations of the form where -0, q = 1, 2, 3,. . . n and i = 1, 2, 3,. . . m. (12) In addition hereto, the n terminal conditions, or values of current iK\" for t = 0: iK°, give by substitution in (9) n further equations, (13) There thus exist (mn + n) eq ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ions which represent the transient term. 96. As an example of the application of this method may be considered the following case, sketched diagrammatically in Fig. 42: An alternator of e.m.f. E cos (6 - 00) feeds over resistance rl the primary of a transformer of mutual reactance xm. The secondary of this transformer feeds over resistances r2 and rs the primary of a second transformer of mutual reactance xmo, and the secondary of this second transformer is closed by resist- ance r4. Across the circuit between the two transformers and the two resista ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-33.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-33.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-34", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 34, "title": "Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "label": "Chapter 12: Magnetic Saturation And Hysteresis In Alternat Ing-Current Circuits", "slug": "chapter-34", "location": "lines 12885-13935", "line_start": 12885, "line_end": 13935, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2754, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "transients", "waves-lines", "fields", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 134, "transients": 26, "waves-lines": 25, "fields": 12, "hysteresis": 10, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XII. MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS IN ALTERNAT- ING-CURRENT CIRCUITS. 99. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a circuit con- taining resistance and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that point of the e.m:f. wave at which the permanent current is zero. Closing the circuit at any other point of the e.m.f. wave produces a transient term of current and of magnetic flux. So for instance, if the circuit is closed when the current i should have its negative maximum value - 70, and therefore the magnetic flux and the magnetic flux density also be at their negative maximum value - ^>0 and - (B0 — that is, in an inductive circuit, near", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII. MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS IN ALTERNAT- ING-CURRENT CIRCUITS. 99. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a circuit con- taining resistance and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent value ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... reby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that point of the e.m:f. wave at which the permanent current is zero. Closing the circuit at any other point of the e.m.f. wave produces a transient term of current and of magnetic flux. So for instance, if the circuit is closed when the current i should have its negative maximum value - 70, and therefore the magnetic flux and the magnetic flux density also be at their negative maximum value - ^>0 and - (B0 — that is, in ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... 9. If an alternating e.m.f. is impressed upon a circuit con- taining resistance and inductance, the current and thereby the magnetic flux produced by the current immediately assume their final or permanent values only in case the circuit is closed at that point of the e.m:f. wave at which the permanent current is zero. Closing the circuit at any other point of the e.m.f. wave produces a transient term of current and of magnetic flux. So for instance, if the circuit is closed when the current i should have its negative maximum value - 70, and therefor ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... The most convenient way of dealing with such a case is to resolve the magnetic flux density, (B, in the iron into the \" metallic MAGNETIC SATURATION AND HYSTERESIS 183 600— WIOCO- -1400- -1800- -2200 Fig. 43. Magnetic cycle of a transformer starting with low stray field. Fig. 44. Magnetic cycle of a transformer starting with high stray field. 184 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA flux density,\" ($>' = & - X, which reaches a finite limiting value, and the density in space, oe. The total magnetic flux then consists of the flux carried by the mole ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-34.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-34.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-35", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 35, "title": "Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "label": "Chapter 13: Transient Term Of The Rotating Field", "slug": "chapter-35", "location": "lines 13936-14548", "line_start": 13936, "line_end": 14548, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1541, "top_themes": [ "transients", "fields", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 24, "fields": 13, "magnetism": 6, "dielectricity": 4, "waves-lines": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "complex-quantities": 1, "ether": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIII. TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD. 106. The resultant of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a polyphase system of m.m.fs. produces a revolving magnetic flux, or a rotating field. (\" Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" 4th edition, Chapter XXXIII, paragraph 368.) That is, if np equal mag- netizing coils are arranged under equal space angles of - np electrical degrees, and connected to a symmetrical np phase system, that is, to np equal e.m.fs. displaced in time-phase by 360 - degrees, the resultant m.m.f. of these np coils is a constant np and uniformly revolving m.m.f., of intensity SF0", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII. TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD. 106. The resultant of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII. TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD. 106. The resultant of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a polyphas ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII. TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD. 106. The resultant of np equal m.m.fs. equally displaced from each other in space angle and in time-phase is constant in intensity, and revolves at constant synchronous velocity. When acting upon a magnetic circuit of constant reluctance in all directions, such a polyphase system of m.m.fs. produces a revolving magnetic flux, or a rotating field. (\" Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" 4th edition, Chapter XXXIII, paragraph 368.) That is, if np equal mag- ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ansient terms of all the phases of a sym- metrical polyphase system equals zero. In the polyphase field, however, these m.m.fs. (4) do not act in the same direction, but in directions displaced from each other by a space angle — equal to the time angle of their phase np displacement. 108. The component of the m.m.f., fit acting in the direction (00 - T), thus is 27T .> // = ft cos (»„ - T - ~ i), (6) \\ nn i TRANSIENT TERM OF THE ROTATING FIELD 193 and the sum of the components of all the np m.m.fs., in the direction (00 - r), that is, the co ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-35.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-35.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-36", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 36, "title": "Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "label": "Chapter 14: Short-Circuit Currents Of Alternators", "slug": "chapter-36", "location": "lines 14549-15353", "line_start": 14549, "line_end": 15353, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2498, "top_themes": [ "fields", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "transients", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 73, "impedance-reactance": 27, "magnetism": 26, "transients": 22, "radiation-light": 13, "waves-lines": 5, "alternating-current": 1, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 13, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIV. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS OF ALTERNATORS. 112. The short-circuit current of an alternator is limited by armature reaction and armature self-inductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to a resultant m.m.f. reduces the magnetic flux from that corre- sponding to the field excitation to that corresponding to the resultant of field excitation and armature reaction, and thus reduces the generated e.m.f. from the nominal generated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- faces which does not interlink with the field coils, but is a true self-inductive flux, and therefore is represented by a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ORS. 112. The short-circuit current of an alternator is limited by armature reaction and armature self-inductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to a resultant m.m.f. reduces the magnetic flux from that corre- sponding to the field excitation to that corresponding to the resultant of field excitation and armature reaction, and thus reduces the generated e.m.f. from the nominal g ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... nominal generated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current also produces a local magnetic flux in the armature iron and pole- faces which does not interlink with the field coils, but is a true self-inductive flux, and therefore is represented by a reactance xr Combined with the effective resistance, rv of the armature winding, this gives the self-inductive impedance Zl = rl — or zt = Vr* + x*. Vectorially subtracted from the virtual generated e.m.f., ev the voltage consumed by the armature current in the self-inductive imped ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... eaction and armature self-inductance; that is, the current in the armature represents a m.m.f. which with lagging current, as at short circuit, is demagnetizing or opposing the impressed m.m.f. of field excitation, and by combining therewith to a resultant m.m.f. reduces the magnetic flux from that corre- sponding to the field excitation to that corresponding to the resultant of field excitation and armature reaction, and thus reduces the generated e.m.f. from the nominal generated e.m.f., eOJ to the virtual generated e.m.f., er The armature current als ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... condition, thus is As shown in Chapter XXII, \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena,\" the armature reaction can be represented by an equivalent, or effective reactance, z2, and the self-inductive reactance, xv and the effective reactance of 199 200 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA armature reaction, x2J combine to form the synchronous react- ance, XQ = xl + x2, and the short-circuit current of the alterna- tor, in permanent condition, therefore can be expressed by where e0 = nominal generated e.m.f. 113. The effective reactance of armat ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-36.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-36.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-37", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 37, "title": "Introduction", "label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "slug": "chapter-37", "location": "lines 15354-15625", "line_start": 15354, "line_end": 15625, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2177, "top_themes": [ "transients", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "fields", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 31, "waves-lines": 10, "alternating-current": 3, "fields": 3, "magnetism": 3, "radiation-light": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Whenever in an electric circuit a sudden change of the circuit conditions is produced, a transient term appears in the circuit, that is, at the moment when the change begins, the circuit quantities, as current, voltage, magnetic flux, etc., cor- respond to the circuit conditions existing before the change, but do not, in general, correspond to the circuit conditions brought about by the change, and therefore must pass from the values corresponding to the previous condition to the values corre- sponding to the changed condition. This transient term may be a gradual approach to the final condition, or an approach by a series of oscillations of gradual decreasing intensities. Gradually — after indefinite time theoretically, after relatively short time practically — the transient term disappears, and permanent conditions of current, of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. Whenever in an electric circuit a sudden change of the circuit conditions is produced, a transient term appears in the circuit, that is, at the moment when the change begins, the circuit quantities, as current, voltage, magnetic flux, etc., cor- respond to the circuit conditions existing before the change, but do not, in general, correspond to the circuit conditions broug ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... TION 221 nating voltage and the receiver circuit, synchronously with the alternations of the voltage, the current in the receiver circuit is made unidirectional (though more or less pulsating) and there- fore rectified. In rectifying alternating voltages, either both half waves of voltage can be taken from the same source, as the same trans- former coil, and by synchronous reversal of connections sent in the same direction into the receiver circuit, or two sources of voltage, as the two secondary coils of a transformer, may be used, and the one h ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... hange, but do not, in general, correspond to the circuit conditions brought about by the change, and therefore must pass from the values corresponding to the previous condition to the values corre- sponding to the changed condition. This transient term may be a gradual approach to the final condition, or an approach by a series of oscillations of gradual decreasing intensities. Gradually — after indefinite time theoretically, after relatively short time practically — the transient term disappears, and permanent conditions of current, of voltage, of ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ectification by a commutator driven by a separate synchronous motor has not yet found any industrial application. Rectification by a commuta- tor driven by the generator of the alternating voltage has found very extended and important industrial use in the excitation of the field, or a part of the field (the series field) of alternators and synchronous motors, and especially in the constant-current arc machine. The Brush arc machine is a quarter-phase alternator connected to a rectifying commutator on the armature shaft, and the Thomson-Houston arc m ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-37.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-37.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-38", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 38, "title": "Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "label": "Chapter 2: Circuit Control By Periodic Transient Phenomena", "slug": "chapter-38", "location": "lines 15626-15962", "line_start": 15626, "line_end": 15962, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 788, "top_themes": [ "fields", "transients", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 10, "transients": 7, "alternating-current": 2, "complex-quantities": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, is arranged so as to short circuit resistance, rv if the alternating potential is below, to throw resistance rl into circuit again, if the potential is above normal. With a single resistance step, rv in the one position of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resis ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. CIRCUIT CONTROL BY PERIODIC TRANSIENT PHENOMENA. 6. As an example of a system of periodic transient phenomena, used for the control of electric circuits, may be considered an automatic potential regulator operating in the field circuit of the exciter of an alternating current system. Let, r0 = 40 ohms = resistance and L = 400 henrys = inductance of the exciter field circuit. A resistor, having a resistance, rl = 24 ohms, is inserted in series to r0, L in the exciter field, and a potential magnet, con- trolled by the alternating current system, ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... e in position r0, hence a shorter time in position (r0 + rt), before the rising potential throws it over into the next position; while at light load, requiring low field excitation, the duration of the period of high resistance, 223 224 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (TO _|_ rj} is greater, and that of the period of low resistance, r0, less. 7. Let, ^ = the duration of the short circuit of resistance rx; t2 = the time during which resistance rx is in circuit, and t0 = t, + tr During each period t0, the resistance of the exciter field, therefore, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-38.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-38.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-39", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 39, "title": "Mechanical Rectification", "label": "Chapter 3: Mechanical Rectification", "slug": "chapter-39", "location": "lines 15963-17754", "line_start": 15963, "line_end": 17754, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3024, "top_themes": [ "transients", "alternating-current", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 11, "alternating-current": 9, "impedance-reactance": 9, "waves-lines": 6, "fields": 5, "magnetism": 4, "complex-quantities": 1, "ether": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. MECHANICAL RECTIFICATION. 9. If an alternating-current circuit is connected, by means of a synchronously operated circuit breaker or rectifier, with a second circuit in such a manner, that the connection between the two circuits is reversed at or near the moment when the alternating voltage passes zero, then in the second circuit current and voltage are more or less unidirectional, although they may not be constant, but pulsating. If i = instantaneous value of alternating current, and i0 = instantaneous value of rectified current, then we have, before reversal, i0 = i, and after reversal, i0 = — i\\ that is, during the reversal of the circuit one of the currents must reverse. Since, however, due to the self-inductance of the circuits, neither current can reverse instantly, the reversal occurs gradually, so that", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... ed-current circuits, as on arc lighting machines, or in * If the circuit is reversed at the moment when the alternating current passes zero, due to self-inductance of the rectified circuit its current differs from zero, and an arc still appears at the rectifier. 229 230 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA cases where the voltage of the rectified circuit is only a small part of the total voltage, and thus the current not controlled thereby, as when rectifying for the supply of series fields of alternators. 2. r = r0 = oo , or open circuit rectification. This is fea ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. MECHANICAL RECTIFICATION. 9. If an alternating-current circuit is connected, by means of a synchronously operated circuit breaker or rectifier, with a second circuit in such a manner, that the connection between the two circuits is reversed at or near the moment when the alternating voltage passes zero, then in the second circui ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... achine. MECHA NIC A L REG TIFICA TION 231 i. Single-phase constant-current rectification. 10. A sine wave of current, i0 sin 0, derived from an e.m.f. very large compared with the voltage consumed in the recti- fied circuit, feeds, after rectification, a circuit of impedance Z = r — jx. This circuit is permanently shunted by a circuit of resistance rr Rectification takes place over short- circuit from the moment n — 02 to TT + 0jj that is, at n - 02the rectified and the alternating circuit are closed upon themselves at the rectifier, and th ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... from the one to the next phase. Thus the Thomson-Houston arc machine is a star-connected three- phase constant-current alternator with rectifying commutator. The Brush arc machine is a quarter-phase machine with rectify- ing commutator. In rectification frequently the sine wave term of the current is entirely overshadowed by the transient exponential term, and thus the current in the rectified circuit is essentially of an exponential nature. As examples, three cases will be discussed: 1. Single-phase constant-current rectification; that is, a r ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-39.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-39.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-40", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 40, "title": "Arc Rectification", "label": "Chapter 4: Arc Rectification", "slug": "chapter-40", "location": "lines 17755-19259", "line_start": 17755, "line_end": 19259, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5107, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 70, "transients": 23, "impedance-reactance": 14, "radiation-light": 14, "alternating-current": 13, "dielectricity": 8, "lightning-surges": 3, "complex-quantities": 2, "hysteresis": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. ARC RECTIFICATION. I. THE ARC. 16. The operation of the arc rectifier is based on the charac- teristic of the electric arc to be a good conductor in one direction but a non-conductor in the opposite direction, and so to permit only unidirectional currents. In an electric arc the current is carried across the gap between the terminals by a bridge of conducting vapor consisting of the material of the negative or the cathode, which is produced and constantly replenished by the cathode blast, a high velocity blast issuing from the cathode or negative terminal towards the anode or positive terminal. An electric arc, therefore, cannot spontaneously establish itself. Before current can exist as an arc across the gap between two terminals, the arc flame or vapor bridge must exist, i.e., energy must", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... erse cathode blast, which, in general, requires a voltage higher than the electrostatic striking 249 250 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA voltage (at arc temperature) between the electrodes. With an alternating impressed e.m.f. the arc if established goes out at the end of the half wave, or if a cathode blast is maintained continuously by a second arc (excited by direct current or overlapping sufficiently with the first arc), only alternate half waves can pass, those for which that terminal is negative from which the continuous blast issues. The arc, with a ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... e cathode blast puts out the arc by interrupting the supply of conducting vapor, and a reversal of the arc stream means stopping the cathode blast and producing a reverse cathode blast, which, in general, requires a voltage higher than the electrostatic striking 249 250 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA voltage (at arc temperature) between the electrodes. With an alternating impressed e.m.f. the arc if established goes out at the end of the half wave, or if a cathode blast is maintained continuously by a second arc (excited by direct current or overlapping suffi ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... eactive coils are inserted between the outside terminals of the transformer and rectifier tube respectively, for the purpose of producing an overlap between the two rectifying arcs, ca and cb, and thereby the required continuity of the arc stream at c. Or instead of separate reactances, the two half coils II and III may be given sufficient reactance, as in Fig. 61. A reactive coil is inserted into the rectified or arc circuit, which connects between transformer neutral C and rectifier neutral c, for the purpose of reducing the fluctuation of the rectified ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... hat only the constant-current rectifier will be considered more explicitly in the following paragraphs. The constant-current mercury arc rectifier system, as used for the operation of constant direct-current arc circuits from an alternating constant potential supply of any frequency, is sketched diagrammatically in Fig. 60. It consists of a constant-current transformer with a tap C brought out from the middle of the secondary coil AB. The rectifier tube has two graphite anodes ARC RECTIFICATION 251 a, 6, and a mercury cathode c, and usually two ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-40.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-40.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-41", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 41, "title": "Introduction", "label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "slug": "chapter-41", "location": "lines 19260-19338", "line_start": 19260, "line_end": 19338, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 537, "top_themes": [ "transients", "alternating-current", "fields", "lightning-surges", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 9, "alternating-current": 4, "fields": 4, "lightning-surges": 4, "magnetism": 4, "radiation-light": 4, "waves-lines": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. The preceding sections deal with transient phenomena in time, that is, phenomena occurring during the time when a change or transition takes place between one condition of a cir- cuit and .another. The time, t, then is the independent variable, electric quantities as current, e.m.f., etc., the dependent variables. Similar transient phenomena also occur in space, that is, with space, distance, length, etc., as independent variable. Such transient phenomena then connect the conditions of the electric quantities at one point in space with the electric quantities at another point in space, as, for instance, current and potential difference at the generator end of a transmission line with those at the receiving end of the line, or current density at the surface of a solid conductor carrying alternating current, as the rail", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. The preceding sections deal with transient phenomena in time, that is, phenomena occurring during the time when a change or transition takes place between one condition of a cir- cuit and .another. The time, t, then is the independent variable, electric quantities as current, e.m.f., etc., the dependent variables. ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. The preceding sections deal with transient phenomena in time, that is, phenomena occurring during the time when a change or transition takes place between one condition of a cir- cuit and .another. The time, t, then is the independent variable, electric quantities as current, e.m.f., etc., the dependent variables. Similar transient phenomena also occur in space, that is, with space, distance, length, etc., as independe ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... esulting therefrom. (c) The distribution of alternating magnetic flux in solid iron, or the screening effect of eddy currents produced in the iron, and the apparent decrease of permeability and increase of power consumption resulting therefrom. (d) The distribution of the electric field of a conductor through space, resulting from the finite velocity of propagation of the electric field, and the variation of self-inductance and mutual inductance and of capacity of a conductor without return, as function of the frequency, in its effect on wireless telegraph ..." }, { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "... enomena in space are of importance in electrical engineering are : (a) Circuits containing distributed capacity and self-induc- tance, as long-distance energy transmission lines, long-distance telephone circuits, multiple spark-gaps, as used in some forms of high potential lightning arresters (multi-gap arrester), etc. (b) The distribution of alternating current in solid conductors and the increase of effective resistance and decrease of effective inductance resulting therefrom. (c) The distribution of alternating magnetic flux in solid iron, or the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-41.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-41.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-42", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 42, "title": "Long-Distance Transmission Line", "label": "Chapter 2: Long-Distance Transmission Line", "slug": "chapter-42", "location": "lines 19339-21720", "line_start": 19339, "line_end": 21720, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 7787, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 84, "complex-quantities": 43, "radiation-light": 43, "dielectricity": 42, "transients": 24, "impedance-reactance": 15, "lightning-surges": 15, "fields": 8, "hysteresis": 6, "magnetism": 5, "alternating-current": 3, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 18, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If now at the moment when the impulse arrives at the starting point a second impulse, of opposite direction, is sent into the line, the return of the first impulse adds itself, and so increases the second impulse; the return of this increased second impulse adds itself to the third impulse, and so on; that is, if alternating impulses succeed each other at intervals equal to the time required by an impulse to travel over the line and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... e is one quarter wave length. 279 280 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA If then I = length of line, S = speed of light, the frequency of oscillations or natural period of the line is — '• \"4? or, with I given in miles, hence S = 188,000 miles per second, it is , 47,000 /o = — j- cycles. (2) To get a resonance frequency as low as commercial frequencies, as 25 or 60 cycles, would require Z == 1880 miles for /0 = 25 cycles, and Z = 783 miles for./, - 60 cycles. It follows herefrom that many existing transmission lines are such small fractions of a qu ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER II. LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION LINE. 3. If an electric impulse is sent into a conductor, as a trans- mission line, this impulse travels along the line at the velocity of light (approximately), or 188,000 miles per second. If the line is open at the other end, the impulse there is reflected and returns at the same velocity. If now at the moment when the impulse arrives at the starting point a second impulse, of opposite direction, is sent into the ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... , - 60 cycles. It follows herefrom that many existing transmission lines are such small fractions of a quarter-wave length of the impressed frequency that the change of voltage and current along the line can be assumed as linear, or at least as parabolic; that is, the line capacity can be represented by a condenser in the middle of the line, or by condensers in the middle and at the two ends of the line, the former of four times the capacity of either of the two latter (the first approximation giving linear, the second a para- bolic distribution). Fo ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-42.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-42.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-43", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 43, "title": "The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "label": "Chapter 3: The Natural Period Of The Transmission Line", "slug": "chapter-43", "location": "lines 21721-23178", "line_start": 21721, "line_end": 23178, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4328, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 77, "transients": 66, "radiation-light": 49, "dielectricity": 26, "complex-quantities": 11, "impedance-reactance": 8, "lightning-surges": 8, "alternating-current": 2, "fields": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 41, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 27. An interesting application of the equations of the long distance transmission line given in the preceding chapter can be made to the determination of the natural period of a transmis- sion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit containing self- inductance and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exceed a certain critical value depending upon the capacity and the self-inductance) ; that is, the discharge current alternates with constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 27. An interesting application of the equations of the long distance transmission line given in the preceding chapter can be made to the determination of the natural period of a transmis- sion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated cha ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... h constantly decreasing intensity. The frequency of this oscillating discharge depends upon the capacity C and the self -inductance L of the circuit, and to a much lesser extent upon the resistance, so that, if the resistance of the circuit is not excessive, the frequency of oscillation can, by neglecting the resistance, be expressed with fair, or even close, approximation by the formula An electric transmission line represents a circuit having capacity as well as self-inductance ; and thus when charged to a certain potential, for instance, by atmospheri ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. THE NATURAL PERIOD OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE. 27. An interesting application of the equations of the long distance transmission line given in the preceding chapter can be made to the determination of the natural period of a transmis- sion line; that is, the frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser th ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... he frequency at which such a line discharges an accumulated charge of atmospheric electricity (lightning), or oscillates because of a sudden change of load, as a break of circuit, or in general a change of circuit conditions, as closing the circuit, etc. The discharge of a condenser through a circuit containing self- inductance and resistance is oscillating (provided the resistance does not exceed a certain critical value depending upon the capacity and the self-inductance) ; that is, the discharge current alternates with constantly decreasing intensity ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-43.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-43.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-44", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 44, "title": "Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "label": "Chapter 4: Distributed Capacity Of High-Potential Transformers", "slug": "chapter-44", "location": "lines 23179-23585", "line_start": 23179, "line_end": 23585, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1194, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 28, "impedance-reactance": 7, "radiation-light": 3, "waves-lines": 3, "transients": 2, "complex-quantities": 1, "lightning-surges": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transformers — the high- potential coil contains a large number of turns, a great length of conductor, and therefore its electrostatic capacity is appreciable, and such a coil thus represents a circuit of distributed resistance, inductance, and capacity somewhat similar to a transmission line. The same applies to reactive coils, etc., wound for very high voltages, and even in smaller reactive coils at very high frequency. This capacity effect is more marked in smaller transformers, where the size of the iron core and therewith the voltage per turn is less, and therefore the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY OF HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS. 40. In the high-potential coils of transformers designed for very high voltages phenomena resulting from distributed capacity occur. In transformers for very high voltages — 100;000 volts and more, or even considerably less in small transf ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... cilla- tions of higher frequencies, extending over sections of the circuit, and of lesser power. 41. Let then, in the high-potential coil of a high- voltage trans- former, e = the e.m.f. generated per unit length of conductor, as, for instance, per turn; Z = r — ' jx = the impedance per unit length; Y = g — jb = the capacity admittance against ground per unit length of conductor, and Y' = pY= the capacity admittance, per unit length of conductor, between conductor elements distant from each other by unit length, as admittance between successive turns. ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ty is appreciable, and such a coil thus represents a circuit of distributed resistance, inductance, and capacity somewhat similar to a transmission line. The same applies to reactive coils, etc., wound for very high voltages, and even in smaller reactive coils at very high frequency. This capacity effect is more marked in smaller transformers, where the size of the iron core and therewith the voltage per turn is less, and therefore the number of turns greater than in very large transformers, and at the same time the exciting cur- rent and the full-loa ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... s, the internal capacity of the transformer becomes very marked in its effect on the dis- tribution of voltage and current, and may produce dangerous high-voltage points in the transformer. The distributed capacity of the transformer, however, is differ- ent from that of a transmission line. 342 HIGH-POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS 343 In a transmission line the distributed capacity is shunted capacity, that is, can be represented diagrammatically by con- densers shunted across the circuit from line to line, or, what amounts to the same thing, from line to gro ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-44.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-44.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-45", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 45, "title": "Distributed Series Capacity", "label": "Chapter 5: Distributed Series Capacity", "slug": "chapter-45", "location": "lines 23586-23947", "line_start": 23586, "line_end": 23947, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1471, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "lightning-surges", "radiation-light", "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 24, "lightning-surges": 24, "radiation-light": 21, "complex-quantities": 10, "impedance-reactance": 4, "transients": 4, "waves-lines": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 13, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 43. The capacity of a transmission line, cable, or high-poten- tial transformer coil is shunted capacity, that is, capacity from conductor to ground, or from conductor to return conductor, or shunting across a section of the conductor, as from turn to turn or layer to layer of a transformer coil. In some circuits, in addition to this shunted capacity, dis- tributed series capacity also exists, that is, the circuit is broken at frequent and regular intervals by gaps filled with a dielectric or insulator, as air, and the two faces of the conductor ends thus constitute a condenser in series with the circuit. Where the elements of the circuit are short enough so as to be represented, approximately, as conductor differentials, the circuit constitutes a circuit with distributed series capacity.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTED SERIES CAPACITY. 43. The capacity of a transmission line, cable, or high-poten- tial transformer coil is shunted capacity, that is, capacity from conductor to ground, or from conductor to return conductor, or shunting across a section of the conductor, as from turn to turn or layer to lay ..." }, { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "... e circuit. Where the elements of the circuit are short enough so as to be represented, approximately, as conductor differentials, the circuit constitutes a circuit with distributed series capacity. An illustration of such a circuit' is afforded by the so-called \" multi-gap lightning arrester,\" as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 90, which consists of a large number of metal cylinders p, q . . . , with small spark gaps between the cylinders, connected between line L and ground G. This arrangement, Fig. 90, can be represented diagrammatically by Fig. 91. Ea ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... e circuit. Where the elements of the circuit are short enough so as to be represented, approximately, as conductor differentials, the circuit constitutes a circuit with distributed series capacity. An illustration of such a circuit' is afforded by the so-called \" multi-gap lightning arrester,\" as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 90, which consists of a large number of metal cylinders p, q . . . , with small spark gaps between the cylinders, connected between line L and ground G. This arrangement, Fig. 90, can be represented diagrammatically by Fig. 91 ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... e number of metal cylinders p, q . . . , with small spark gaps between the cylinders, connected between line L and ground G. This arrangement, Fig. 90, can be represented diagrammatically by Fig. 91. Each cylinder has a capacity (70 against ground, a capacity C against the adja- cent cylinder, a resistance r, — usually very small, — and an inductance L. If such a series of n equal spark gaps is connected across a & constant supply voltage e0, each gap has a voltage e = — . If, Tl however, the supply voltage is alternating, the voltage does no ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-45.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-45.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-46", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 46, "title": "Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "label": "Chapter 6: Alternating Magnetic Flux Distribution", "slug": "chapter-46", "location": "lines 23948-24980", "line_start": 23948, "line_end": 24980, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2710, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 143, "radiation-light": 30, "waves-lines": 16, "complex-quantities": 10, "transients": 9, "fields": 5, "hysteresis": 3, "lightning-surges": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 48. As carrier of magnetic flux iron is used, as far as possible, since it has the highest permeability or magnetic conductivity. If the magnetic flux is alternating or otherwise changing rapidly, an e.m.f. is generated by the change of magnetic flux in the iron, and to avoid energy losses and demagnetization by the currents produced by these e.m.fs. the iron has to be subdivided in the direction in which the currents would exist, that is, at right angles to the lines of magnetic force. Hence, alternating magnetic fields and magnetic structures desired to respond very quickly to changes of m.m.f. are built of thin wires or thin iron sheets, that is, are laminated. Since the generated e.m.fs. are proportional to the frequency of the alternating magnetism, the laminations", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI. ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FLUX DISTRIBUTION. 48. As carrier of magnetic flux iron is used, as far as possible, since it has the highest permeability or magnetic conductivity. If the magnetic flux is alternating or otherwise changing rapidly, an e.m.f. is generated by the change of magnetic flux in t ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... t angles to the lines of magnetic force. Hence, alternating magnetic fields and magnetic structures desired to respond very quickly to changes of m.m.f. are built of thin wires or thin iron sheets, that is, are laminated. Since the generated e.m.fs. are proportional to the frequency of the alternating magnetism, the laminations must be finer the higher the frequency. To fully utilize the magnetic permeability of the iron, it there- fore has to be laminated so as to give, at the impressed frequency, practically uniform magnetic induction throughout its ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ), and (24), as ^2Ve+2d + e-*'I + 2cos2d, (25) o CB1 = >e+2^ + £-2^o + 2cos2c/0, (26) (B = and 2 cos 2 (28) 52. Where the thickness of lamination, 2 Z0, or the frequency/, is so great as to give cZ0 a value sufficiently high to make e~cl°, or the reflected wave, negligible compared with the main wave e+cl°, the equations can be simplified by dropping s~cl. In this case the flux density, (B, is very small or practically nothing in the interior, and reaches appreciable values only near the surface. It then is preferable to count the ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... dl from the center line of the lamination, and 2 10 = the total thickness of the lamination. If then / = the current density in the layer dl, and E = the e.m.f.'per unit length generated in the zone dl by the alternating magnetic flux, we have The magnetic flux density (Bj at the surface I = 10 of the lamination corresponds to the Fig. 92. Alter- jmpresseci or external m.m.f. The' density (B natmg magnetic ,, 77 , ,, fluxdistribution m the zone dl corresponds to the impressed in solid iron. m.m.f. plus the sum of all the m.m.fs. in the zone ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-46.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-46.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-47", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 47, "title": "Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "label": "Chapter 7: Distribution Of Alternating-Current Density In Conductor", "slug": "chapter-47", "location": "lines 24981-26094", "line_start": 24981, "line_end": 26094, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3920, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "transients", "fields", "alternating-current", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 41, "transients": 25, "fields": 24, "alternating-current": 20, "radiation-light": 20, "complex-quantities": 12, "lightning-surges": 11, "impedance-reactance": 5, "ether": 2, "waves-lines": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 59. If the frequency of an alternating or oscillating current is high, or the section of the conductor which carries the current is very large, or its electric conductivity or its magnetic per- meability high, the current density is not uniform throughout the conductor section, but decreases towards the interior of the conductor, due to the higher e.m.f. of self-inductance in the interior of the conductor, caused by the magnetic flux inside of the conductor. The phase of the current inside of the conductor also differs from that on the surface and lags behind it. In consequence of this unequal current distribution in a large conductor traversed by ^alternating currents, the effective resist- ance of the conductor may be far higher than the ohmic resist- ance, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 59. If the frequency of an alternating or oscillating current is high, or the section of the conductor which carries the current is very large, or its electric conductivity or its magnetic per- meability high, the current density is not uniform throughout the conductor section, but decreases towards the interior of the conductor, due to the higher e.m.f. of self-inductance in the interior of the conductor, caused by the magnetic flux inside of the conductor. ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... f very high permeability, as iron, to investigate this phenomenon. An approximate determination of this effect for the purpose of deciding whether the unequal current distribution is so small as to be negligible in its effect on the resistance of the conductor, 369 370 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA or whether it is sufficiently large to require calculation and methods of avoiding it, is given in \" Alternating-Current Phe- nomena,\" Chapter XIV, paragraph 133. An appreciable increase of the effective resistance over the ohmic resistance may be expected in th ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... discharges, as lightning arrester connections, flat copper ribbon offers a very much smaller effective resistance than a round wire. Strand- ing the conductor, however, has no direct effect on this phenom- enon, since it is due to the magnetic action of the current, and the magnetic field in the stranded conductor is the same as in a solid conductor, other things being equal. That is, while eddy currents in the conductor, due to external magnetic fields, are eliminated by stranding the conductor, this is not the case with the increase of the effective resista ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII. DISTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT DENSITY IN CONDUCTOR. 59. If the frequency of an alternating or oscillating current is high, or the section of the conductor which carries the current is very large, or its electric conductivity or its magnetic per- meability high, the current density is not uniform throug ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-47.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-47.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-48", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 48, "title": "Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "label": "Chapter 8: Velocity Of Propagation Of Electric Field", "slug": "chapter-48", "location": "lines 26095-27002", "line_start": 26095, "line_end": 27002, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3316, "top_themes": [ "fields", "radiation-light", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 105, "radiation-light": 29, "magnetism": 23, "dielectricity": 20, "complex-quantities": 12, "waves-lines": 12, "transients": 9, "impedance-reactance": 6, "alternating-current": 4, "lightning-surges": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD. 67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the electric field starts at the conductor and propa- gates from there through space with a finite though very high velocity, the velocity of light; that is, at any point in space the electric field at any moment corresponds not to the condi- tion of the electric energy flow at that moment but to that at a moment earlier by the time of propagation from the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII. VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD. 67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field i ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the electric field starts at the conductor and propa- gates from there through space with a finite though very high velocity, the velocity of light; that is, at any point in space the electric field at any moment corresponds not to the condi- tion of the electric energy flow at that moment but to that at a moment earlier by the time of propagation from the conductor to the point under consideration, or, in other words, ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD. 67. In the theoretical investigation of electric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the electric field starts at the conductor and propa- gates from there through space with a finite though very high velocity, ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... tric circuits the velocity of propagation of the electric field through space is usually not considered, but the electric field assumed as instan- taneous throughout space; that is, the electromagnetic com- ponent of the field is considered as in phase with the current, the electrostatic component as in phase with the voltage. In reality, however, the electric field starts at the conductor and propa- gates from there through space with a finite though very high velocity, the velocity of light; that is, at any point in space the electric field at any moment c ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-48.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-48.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-49", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 49, "title": "High-Frequency Conductors", "label": "Chapter 9: High-Frequency Conductors", "slug": "chapter-49", "location": "lines 27003-27760", "line_start": 27003, "line_end": 27760, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2899, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "magnetism", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 69, "impedance-reactance": 36, "fields": 19, "magnetism": 10, "transients": 10, "lightning-surges": 9, "waves-lines": 7, "complex-quantities": 3, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 38, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 21, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., cannot be calculated by the use of the constants derived at low frequency, but effective resistance and inductance, and therewith the power consumed by the conductor, and the voltage drop, may be of an entirely different magnitude from the values which would be found by using the usual values of resistance and induc- tance. In conductors such as are used in the connections and the discharge path of lightning arresters and surge protectors, the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII) and the power and voltage consumed by electric radiation, due to the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER IX. HIGH-FREQUENCY CONDUCTORS. 80. As the result of the phenomena discussed in the preceding chapters, conductors intended to convey currents of very high frequency, as lightning discharges, high frequency oscillations of transmission lines, the currents used in wireless telegraphy, etc., ca ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... nce from the return conductor, X = the conductivity of conductor material, fi. = the permeability of conductor material, / = the frequency, S = the speed of light = 3 X 1010 cm., and (1) a = — — = the wave length constant, o the true ohmic resistance is the ohmic reactance, low frequency value is *o = 2 7r/70 1 2 loge f + ^l 10~9 ohms; (3) or, reduced to common logarithms by dividing by log e, x0 = 2 TT/Z f4.6 log^ + |) 10~9 ohms. (4) \\ l>r ** The equivalent depth of penetration of the current into the con- ductor, from Chapter VII, (40 ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... . In conductors such as are used in the connections and the discharge path of lightning arresters and surge protectors, the unequal current distribution in the conductor (Chapter VII) and the power and voltage consumed by electric radiation, due to the finite velocity of the electric field (Chapter VIII), require con- sideration. The true ohmic resistance in high frequency conductors is usually entirely negligible compared with the effective resistance resulting from the unequal current distribution, and still greater may be, at very high frequency, the effe ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... erted upon bodies near the path of a lightning stroke, as \"side discharge.\" The inductance is reduced by the unequal current distribution in the conductor, which, by deflecting most of the current into the outer layer of the conductor, reduces or practically eliminates the magnetic field inside of the conductor. The lag of the mag- netic field in space, behind the current in the conductor, due to the finite velocity of radiation, also reduces the inductance to less than that from the conductor surface to a distance of one- half wave. An exact determina ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-49.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-49.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-50", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 50, "title": "General Equations", "label": "Chapter 1: General Equations", "slug": "chapter-50", "location": "lines 27761-28694", "line_start": 27761, "line_end": 28694, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2653, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "transients", "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 17, "transients": 16, "dielectricity": 9, "radiation-light": 8, "impedance-reactance": 7, "alternating-current": 4, "fields": 4, "magnetism": 3, "lightning-surges": 2, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "dielectric-constant", "label": "Dielectric constant", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. GENERAL EQUATIONS. 1. The energy relations of an electric circuit can be charac- terized, as discussed in Section III, by the four constants, namely : r = effective resistance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the current, tfr; or the power component of the e.m.f. consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating current, the voltage, ir, in phase with the current. L = effective inductance, representing the energy storage i2L depending upon the current, - — , as electromagnetic component & of the electric field; or the voltage generated due to the change of the current, L — , that is, with an alternating current, the at reactive voltage consumed in the circuit - jxi, where x = 2 nfL and / = frequency. g = effective", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ng the energy storage i2L depending upon the current, - — , as electromagnetic component & of the electric field; or the voltage generated due to the change of the current, L — , that is, with an alternating current, the at reactive voltage consumed in the circuit - jxi, where x = 2 nfL and / = frequency. g = effective (shunted) conductance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the voltage, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating voltage, the current, ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... oltage, — , as electrostatic component of the electric field; or the current consumed by a change of the de voltage, C — , that is, with an alternating voltage, the (leading) dt reactive current consumed in the circuit - jbe, where 6 = 2 and / = frequency. 417 418 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA In the investigation of electric circuits, these four constants, r, L, g, C, usually are assumed as located separately from each other, or localized. Although this assumption can never be per- fectly correct, — for instance, every resistor has some inductance and ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ctive (shunted) conductance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the voltage, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating voltage, the current, eg, in phase with the voltage. C = effective capacity, representing the energy storage e*C depending upon the voltage, — , as electrostatic component of the electric field; or the current consumed by a change of the de voltage, C — , that is, with an alternating voltage, the (leading) dt reactive current consumed in the ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... depending upon the current, - — , as electromagnetic component & of the electric field; or the voltage generated due to the change of the current, L — , that is, with an alternating current, the at reactive voltage consumed in the circuit - jxi, where x = 2 nfL and / = frequency. g = effective (shunted) conductance, representing the power or rate of energy consumption depending upon the voltage, e*g; or the power component of the current consumed in the circuit, that is, with an alternating voltage, the current, eg, in phase with the voltage. C ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-50.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-50.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-51", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 51, "title": "Discussion Of General Equations", "label": "Chapter 2: Discussion Of General Equations", "slug": "chapter-51", "location": "lines 28695-29315", "line_start": 28695, "line_end": 29315, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2223, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 92, "transients": 17, "radiation-light": 15, "dielectricity": 6, "fields": 4, "complex-quantities": 3, "lightning-surges": 1, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS. 7. In the preceding chapter the general equations of current and voltage were derived for a circuit or section of a circuit having uniformly distributed and constant values of r, L, g, C. These equations appear as a sum of groups of four terms each, characterized by the feature that the four terms of each group have the same values of s, q, h, k. Of the four terms of each group, iv iv i3, i4 or ev ev es, e4 respectively (equations (50) and (51)), two contain the angles (qt — kl): iv e1 and iz, e3; and two contain the angles (qt + kl): i2, e2 and i4, e4. In the terms iv e^ and iz, e3, the speed of propagation of the phenomena follows from the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ing I. In the terms iv e2 and i4, e4, the speed of propagation from qt + kl = constant is dl_ _q Jt~ ~k hence is negative, that is, the propagation is from higher to lower values of I, or towards decreasing I. Considering therefore iv el and i3J e3 as direct or main waves, iv e2 and i4, e4 are their return waves, or reflected waves, and iv e2 is the reflected wave of iv e^ i4, e4 is the reflected wave of iv ey 431 432 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA Obviously, i2J e2 and i^ e± may be considered as main waves, and then iv et and i3, e3 are reflecte ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... om higher to lower values of I, or towards decreasing I. Considering therefore iv el and i3J e3 as direct or main waves, iv e2 and i4, e4 are their return waves, or reflected waves, and iv e2 is the reflected wave of iv e^ i4, e4 is the reflected wave of iv ey 431 432 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA Obviously, i2J e2 and i^ e± may be considered as main waves, and then iv et and i3, e3 are reflected waves. Substituting ( - I) for (+ I) in equations (50) and (51), that is, looking at the circuit in the opposite direction, terms i2, e2 and iv e1 and terms i4, 6 ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... e oscillatory or trigonometric, are both special cases of the equations (60) and (61), corresponding respectively to q = o, k = 0 and to h = 0, s = 0. 8. In the equations (50) and (51) qt = 2x gives the time of a complete cycle, that is, the period of the wave, and the frequency of the wave is / = -L 2 kl = 27T gives the distance of a complete cycle, that is, the wave length, W 7 7 k (u — s) t = 1 and (u + s) t = 1 give the time, */'- — and t\"= -*—, during which the wave decreases to - = 0.3679 of its value, and hi = 1 gives the di ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... he expense of a decrease of amplitude during its propagation, or, in i\", e\" duration in time is sacrificed to duration in distance, and inversely in i', e'. DISCUSSION OF GENERAL EQUATIONS 433 It is interesting to note that in a circuit having resistance, inductance, and capacity, the mathematical expressions of the two cases of energy flow; that is, the gradual or exponential and the oscillatory or trigonometric, are both special cases of the equations (60) and (61), corresponding respectively to q = o, k = 0 and to h = 0, s = 0. 8. In the equatio ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-51/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-51.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-51.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-52", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 52, "title": "Standing Waves", "label": "Chapter 3: Standing Waves", "slug": "chapter-52", "location": "lines 29316-30243", "line_start": 29316, "line_end": 30243, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2711, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "transients", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 150, "radiation-light": 45, "transients": 13, "dielectricity": 9, "impedance-reactance": 3, "magnetism": 2, "complex-quantities": 1, "ether": 1, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 33, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "dielectric-constant", "label": "Dielectric constant", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 33, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 14. If the propagation constant of the wave vanishes, h = 0, the wave becomes a stationary or standing wave, and the equa- tions of the standing wave are thus derived from the general equations (50) to (61), by substituting therein h = 0, which gives R2 = V(k2 - LCm2)2; (97) hence, if k2 > LCm2, R2 = tf- LCm2; and if /c2 < LCm2, R2 = LCm2'- tf. Therefore, two different cases exist, depending upon the rela- tive values of Ar* and LCm2, and in addition thereto the inter- mediary or critical case, in which k2 = LCm2. These three cases require separate consideration. is a circuit constant, while k is the wave length constant, that is, the higher k the shorter the wave length. A. Short waves, k2", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. STANDING WAVES. 14. If the propagation constant of the wave vanishes, h = 0, the wave becomes a stationary or standing wave, and the equa- tions of the standing wave are thus derived from the general equations (50) to (61), by substituting therein h = 0, which gives R2 = V(k2 - LCm ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... Cm2'- tf. Therefore, two different cases exist, depending upon the rela- tive values of Ar* and LCm2, and in addition thereto the inter- mediary or critical case, in which k2 = LCm2. These three cases require separate consideration. is a circuit constant, while k is the wave length constant, that is, the higher k the shorter the wave length. A. Short waves, k2 > LCm2, (99) hence, R2 = k2 - LCm2 (100) and q = V ^ - ™\\ 442 STANDING WAVES 443 or approximately, for very large k, Herefrom then follows and VLC °l= k c' mL c ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... cos (qt-kl)-(mB, + qB,'} sin (qt-kl)] + [(mB2'-qB3) cos (qt + Jd)-(mB2 + qBJ) sin (qt + kl)]}. (106) Equations (105) and (106) represent a stationary electrical oscil- lation or standing wave on the circuit. B. Long waves, k2 < LCm2] (107) 444 hence, and TRANSIENT PHENOMENA R22 = LCm2 - k2, s = (108) (109) or approximately, for very small values of &, 1 r herefrom then follows (HO) ci = c2 = 0, and (m + s) L ~T~ (m — s) L (111) Substituting now h = Oand (109), (111) into (50) and (51), the two wa ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... = 0, (126) or - = §J (127) that is, the ratio of the energy coefficients is equal to the ratio of the reactive coefficients of the circuit. The standing wave can never be oscillatory, but is always exponential, or gradually dying out, if either the inductance L or the capacity 0 vanishes ; that is, the circuit contains no capacity or contains no inductance. In all other cases the standing wave is oscillatory for waves shorter than the critical value L = -— , where 0 V - 9 V §} > (128) and is exponential or gradual for standing waves longer ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-52.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-52.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-53", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 53, "title": "Traveling Waves", "label": "Chapter 4: Traveling Waves", "slug": "chapter-53", "location": "lines 30244-31450", "line_start": 30244, "line_end": 31450, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4012, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "radiation-light", "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 236, "transients": 27, "radiation-light": 17, "complex-quantities": 12, "impedance-reactance": 6, "alternating-current": 3, "dielectricity": 1, "lightning-surges": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-fig-099", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "figure_number": 99, "caption": "given for ^ = 0, where tt = t] for any other point of the line X the wave shape is the same, but all the ordinates reduced by the factor £~115* in the proportion as shown in the dotted curve in Fig. 99. Fig. 101 shows the beginning of the passage of the traveling wave across a point X = 0 of the line, that is, the starting of a", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "line_start": 31048, "line_end": 31048, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping constant on the frequency and the wave length is negligible. The same obviously applies also to traveling waves, generally to a still greater extent, since the lengths of traveling waves are commonly only a small part of the length of the circuit. Usually, therefore, in the discussion of traveling waves, the effect of the damping constants on the fre- quency constant q and the wave length constant k can be neglected, that is, frequency and wave length assumed as inde- pendent of the energy", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... NG WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping constant on the frequency and the wave length is negligible. The same obviously applies also to traveling waves, generally to a still greater extent, since the lengths of traveling waves are commonly only a small part of the length of the circuit. Usually, therefore, in the ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV. TRAVELING WAVES. 20. As seen in Chapter III, especially in electric power cir- cuits, overhead or underground, the longest existing standing wave has a wave length which is so small compared with the critical wave length — where the frequency becomes zero — that the effect of the damping constant on the frequency and the wave length is negligible. The same obviously applies also to traveling waves, generally to a still greater extent, ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ations of the traveling wave, thus: i = £-ut { £+«('-*) [(7^ cos q (t — X) + (7/ sin q (t — X)] - £+s«+x) [C2 cos q (t + X) + C2' sin q (t + X)] + £—<«-*> [C3 cos q(t- X)+ C3' sin q (t - /I)] - <•-* ('+A) [C4 cos g (t + ;) + C/ sin q (t + ^)] } (141) and — v/I-- [Cj cos g (^ — ^) 4- C/ sin q (t — X)] [C2 cos q (t + X) + C27 sin g 0 + ^)] [C8 cos g ft - A) 4- C87 sin g (* - A)] [(74 cos g (^ + X) + (7/ sin g (t + A)] } , (142) or cos q(t - /I)] + X)] (143) and [A2 cos q (t - [A3 cos g (t + [A 4 cos g (t — A/ sin g ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-53.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-53.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-54", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 54, "title": "Free Oscillations", "label": "Chapter 5: Free Oscillations", "slug": "chapter-54", "location": "lines 31451-32708", "line_start": 31451, "line_end": 32708, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3936, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "radiation-light", "complex-quantities", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 94, "transients": 83, "radiation-light": 22, "complex-quantities": 15, "fields": 4, "alternating-current": 2, "dielectricity": 2, "ether": 1, "lightning-surges": 1, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g; the wave length constant, &; the time attenuation constant, u\\ the distance attenuation constant, h, and the time acceleration constant, s ; among these, the time attenuation, uy is a constant of the circuit, independent of the character of the wave. By the value of the acceleration constant, s, waves may be sub- divided into three classes, namely: s = 0, standing waves, as discussed in Chapter III; u > s > 0, traveling waves, as dis- cussed in Chapter IV; s = u, • alternating-current", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g; the wave length constant, &; the time attenuation constant, u\\ the distance attenuation constant, h ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... R V. FREE OSCILLATIONS. 28. The general equations of the electric circuit, (50) and (51), contain eight terms: four waves: two main waves and their reflected waves, and each wave consists of a sine term and a cosine term. The equations contain five constants, namely: the frequency constant, g; the wave length constant, &; the time attenuation constant, u\\ the distance attenuation constant, h, and the time acceleration constant, s ; among these, the time attenuation, uy is a constant of the circuit, independent of the character of the wave. By the va ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... e = 0, or i = 0. Substituting I = 0 into the equations (50) and (51) gives eo = fi-<«- >'{[C/ (C/ + C2') - c, (C, + C2)] cos qt r ' (c1 ' -i- r f\\ r (C1 -\\- r v i • (L°2 V°3 ' U4 / °2 V°3 ' U4A - [ea' (C8 + C4) + c2 (C,7 + C/)] sin qt} (198) and i0 = s~(u~s)< { (Cj— C2) cos qt + (C/ — C/) sin qt} + e~(u+sn{(C3 -C4)cosqt+(C3' -C4')smqt}. (199) If neither g nor s equals zero, for e0 = 0, c/ (C/ + <72') - ct (Ct + Ca) = 0 I and c/ (C, + C2) + ct (C/ + Ca7) =0; J hence, \\' \\ _ '/ i (200) and for i0 = 0, n - r r - r 1 tf» '• V. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-54.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-54.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-55", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 55, "title": "Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "label": "Chapter 6: Transition Points And The Complex Circuit", "slug": "chapter-55", "location": "lines 32709-33527", "line_start": 32709, "line_end": 33527, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3666, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 60, "transients": 33, "radiation-light": 14, "dielectricity": 3, "impedance-reactance": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 40. The discussions of standing waves and free oscillations in Chapters III and V, and traveling waves in Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are always complex circuits comprising sections of different con- stants, — generator, transformer, transmission lines, and load, — and a simple circuit is realized only by a section of a circuit, as a transmission line or a high-potential transformer coil, which is cut off at both ends from the rest of the circuit, either by open- circuiting, i = 0, or by short-circuiting, e = 0. Approximately, the simple circuit is realized by a section", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 40. The discussions of standing waves and free oscillations in Chapters III and V, and traveling waves in Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple ci ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI. TRANSITION POINTS AND THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 40. The discussions of standing waves and free oscillations in Chapters III and V, and traveling waves in Chapter IV, apply directly only to simple circuits, that is, circuits comprising a con- ductor of uniformly distributed constants r, L, g, and C. Indus- trial electric circuits, however, never are simple circuits, but are alway ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... inductance and the capacity, respect- ively, of the section i of the circuit, per unit length, for instance, per mile, in a line, per turn in a transformer coil, etc. In a complex circuit the time variable t is the same throughout the entire circuit, or, in other words, the frequency of oscillation, as represented by q, and the rate of decay of the oscillation, as represented by the exponential function of time, must be the same throughout the entire circuit. Not so, however, with the distance variable Z; the wave length of the oscillation and its rate ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... hout the entire circuit, and across transition points, at which the circuit constants change, and the same equations (266) and (267) apply throughout the entire circuit. In this case, however, in any section of the circuit, (268) where Lt and Ct are the inductance and the capacity, respect- ively, of the section i of the circuit, per unit length, for instance, per mile, in a line, per turn in a transformer coil, etc. In a complex circuit the time variable t is the same throughout the entire circuit, or, in other words, the frequency of oscillation, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-55.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-55.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations-chapter-56", "source_id": "theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations", "year": 1909, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 56, "title": "Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "label": "Chapter 7: Power And Energy Of The Complex Circuit", "slug": "chapter-56", "location": "lines 33528-34202", "line_start": 33528, "line_end": 34202, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2062, "top_themes": [ "fields", "waves-lines", "transients", "magnetism", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 33, "waves-lines": 12, "transients": 11, "magnetism": 5, "radiation-light": 5, "dielectricity": 3, "impedance-reactance": 3, "complex-quantities": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 50. The free oscillation of a complex circuit differs from that of the uniform circuit in that the former contains exponential functions of the distance A which represent the shifting or transfer of power between the sections of the circuit. Thus the general expression of one term or frequency of current and voltage in a section of a complex circuit is given by equations (290); - £~SA [C cos q (A + 0 + D sin q (J + t)]} and /7 +SA [A cos q (A — t) -f B sin q (A — £)] where q = nq0, q0 = — , A = total length of circuit, expressed in the distance coordinate A = o-lt I being the distance coordinate of the circuit", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ved by the section from the rest of the circuit, is proportional to the length of the section, A', to its trans- fer constant, s, and to the sum of the power of main wave and reflected wave. 51. The energy stored by the inductance L of a circuit element dXj that is, in the magnetic field of the circuit, is 'LV dwl =-^~A where U = inductance per unit length of circuit expressed by the distance coordinate A. Since L = the inductance per unit length of circuit, of distance coordinate Z, and X = 2) } ; (304) .2 * C that is, the effective power at any point of the circuit is the difference between the effective power of the main wave and that of the reflected wave, and also, the instantaneous power at any time and any point of the circuit is the difference between the instantaneous power of the main wave and that of the reflected wave. The effective power at any point of the circuit gradually decrease ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII. POWER AND ENERGY OF THE COMPLEX CIRCUIT. 50. The free oscillation of a complex circuit differs from that of the uniform circuit in that the former contains exponential functions of the distance A which represent the shifting or transfer of power between the sections of the circuit. Thus the general expression of one term or frequency of c ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ved by the section from the rest of the circuit, is proportional to the length of the section, A', to its trans- fer constant, s, and to the sum of the power of main wave and reflected wave. 51. The energy stored by the inductance L of a circuit element dXj that is, in the magnetic field of the circuit, is 'LV dwl =-^~A where U = inductance per unit length of circuit expressed by the distance coordinate A. Since L = the inductance per unit length of circuit, of distance coordinate Z, and X = l< 0 is section 1, A>0 is section 2, equations (285) assume the form A2 = B2 = C2 = D2 = blCv (349) From equations (349) and (286) it follows that c2 (A* - C22) = ct (A* - C,2) 1 and (350) c2 (B2 - D2) = c, (B2 - D2). J If now a wave in section 1, A B, travels towards transition point A = 0, at this point a part is reflected, giving rise to the reflected wave C D in section 1, while a part is transmitted and appears as main wave A B in section 2. The wave C D in sec- tion 2 thus would not exist, as it wo ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... d so in opposite direction as 528 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA in the main wave and the transmitted wave, equations (355) become C2+C1 (357) and then or c, 2 ' \"1 V1J (358) (1) In a single electric wave, current and e.m.f. are in phase with each other. Phase displacements between current and e.m.f. thus can occur only in resultant waves, that is, in the com- bination of the main and the reflected wave, and then are a function of the distance ^, as the two waves travel in opposite direction. (2) When reaching a transition point, a wave spli ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... nt and voltage in a sec tion of a complex circuit, from equations (290), is - £-sA [C cos q 0* + 0 + D sin q (A + 0]} e = C£-Uot {e+8* [A cos g (J - 0 + # sin g (A - 0] where A = -^ (cos qX + 0.040 sin gj). 544 TRANSIENT PHENOMENA (6) Three-half wave: 541.94°. & = 20,920; UQ = 105.6; 7 = if-** (cos qX- 29.6 sin gd); jE/ = 10,460 v~Wo< (cos g>l + 0.033 sin qX). APPENDIX VELOCITY FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN the study of the propagation of the electric field through space (wireless telegraphy and telephony), a number of new functions appear (Section III, Chapter VIII). . By the following equations these functions are defined, and related to the \" Sine-Integral\" Si x, the \" ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/cleaned_text/chapter-58.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/chapter-58.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/transelectricphenom00steirich", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/theory-calculation-transient-electric-phenomena-oscillations/raw/transient-electric-phenomena-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-01", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "title": "General Review", "label": "Lecture 1: General Review", "slug": "lecture-01", "location": "lines 154-565", "line_start": 154, "line_end": 565, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2947, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 24, "radiation-light": 22, "waves-lines": 4, "complex-quantities": 1, "dielectricity": 1, "fields": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 18, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 6, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "In England and on the continent, 50 cycles is standard", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 240, "line_end": 240, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "The frequencies of 125 to 140 cycles, which were standard", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 245, "line_end": 245, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "standard frequencies, 25 and 60 cycles, come into considera-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 268, "line_end": 268, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "instance t6; the economy — for instance 3.1 watts for hori-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 327, "line_end": 327, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "and 2600, as in step-down transformers a constant ratio of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 360, "line_end": 360, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "sively, while in England, for instance, 220 volt lamps are", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 368, "line_end": 368, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "FIRST LECTURE r t, fVHtrM LABORATORY. \\ GENERAL REVIEW I~\" N ITS economical application, electric power passes through the successive steps : generation, transmission, ■^ conversion, distribution and utilization. The require- ments regarding the character of the electric power imposed by the successive steps, are generally different, frequently contradictory, and the design of an electric system is therefore a compromise. For instance, electric power can for most pur- poses be used only at low voltage, no to 600 volts, while economical transmission requires the use of as high voltage as possible. For many purposes, as electrolytic work, direct current is necessary; for others, as railroading, preferable; while for transmission, alternating current is preferable, due to the great difficulty of generating and converting high voltage direct current. In the design of any of the steps through", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "FIRST LECTURE r t, fVHtrM LABORATORY. \\ GENERAL REVIEW I~\" N ITS economical application, electric power passes through the successive steps : generation, transmission, ■^ conversion, distribution and utilization. The require- ments regarding the character of the electric power imposed by the successive steps, are generally different, frequently contradictory, and the design of an electric system is therefore a compromise. For instance, electric power can for most pur- poses be used only at low voltage, no to 600 volts, while ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... on, as the long distance transmission line usually is the most expensive part of the system, and in the transmission the limitation is more severe than in any other step through which the electric power passes. The main uses of electric power are : General Distribution for Lighting and Pozver. The relative proportion between power use and lighting may vary from the distribution system of many small cities, in which 10 GENERAL LECTURES practically all the current is used for lighting, to a power distribution for mills and factories, with only a m ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... other steps so must be taken into consideration. Of the greatest importance in this respect is the use to which electric power is put, since it is the ultimate purpose for which it is generated and transmitted ; next in importance is the transmis- sion, as the long distance transmission line usually is the most expensive part of the system, and in the transmission the limitation is more severe than in any other step through which the electric power passes. The main uses of electric power are : General Distribution for Lighting and Pozver. The relative proport ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... em of many small cities, in which 10 GENERAL LECTURES practically all the current is used for lighting, to a power distribution for mills and factories, with only a moderate lighting load in the evening. The electric railway. Blectro chemistry. For convenience, the subject zvill he discussed under the subdivisions: I. General distribution for lighting and power. Long distance transmission. Generation. Control and protection. Electric railway. Electrochemistry. Lighting. Character of Electric Power. Electric power is used as — a. A ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-02", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "title": "General Distribution", "label": "Lecture 2: General Distribution", "slug": "lecture-02", "location": "lines 566-982", "line_start": 566, "line_end": 982, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2681, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 15, "impedance-reactance": 9, "dielectricity": 6, "radiation-light": 4, "ether": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 13, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "For instance, in a 2 x 120 voltage distribution, the station", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 659, "line_end": 659, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "instance, if by the potential wires a drop of voltage below 120", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 687, "line_end": 687, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0009", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "mils is one-tenth the resistance of a conductor of 100,000", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 745, "line_end": 745, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0010", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "of a wire No. 7, and therefore one-eighth (the resistance;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 752, "line_end": 752, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0011", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "but the wire No. 000 has a reactance of .109 ohms per 1000", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 753, "line_end": 753, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0012", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "feet, the wire No. 7 has a reactance of .133 oms, or only 1.22", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 754, "line_end": 754, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0013", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "times as large. Hence, while in the wire No. 7, the reactance,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 755, "line_end": 755, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0014", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "at 60 cycles, is only .266 times the resistance and therefore not", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 756, "line_end": 756, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "SECOND LECTURE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION DIRECT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION HE TYPICAL direct current distribution is the system of feeders and mains, as devised by Edison, and since used in all direct current distributions. It is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 2. The conductors are usually under- T f2a ^120 W^ -^\\\\ ft. 1 1 /30 i 1 \\30 fZOT #1 /ze? /30 1 1 A ^_.. \\ \\ ItfO \\ Fife. 2 24 GENERAL LECTURES ground, as direct current systems are used only in large cities. A system of three-wire conductors, called the \"mains\" is laid in the streets of the city, shown diagrammatically by the heavily drawn lines. Commonly, conductors of one million circular mil section (that is, a copper section which as solid round conductor would have a diameter of i\") are used for the outside", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... and the \"negative\" con- ductor; and a conductor of half this size for the middle or \"neutral\" conductor. The latter is usually grounded, as pro- tection against fire risk, etc. Conductors of more than one million circular mils are not used, but when the load exceeds the capacity of such conductors, a second main is laid in the same street. A number of feeders, shown by dotted lines in Fig. 2, radiate from the generating station or converter substations, and tap into the mains at numerous points ; potential wires run back from the mains to the stati ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the size or section of the conductor, hence decreases rapidly with increasing current: a conductor of one million circular mils is one-tenth the resistance of a conductor of 100,000 circular mils, and so can carry ten times the direct current with the same voltage drop. The reactance of a conductor, however, and so the voltage consumed by self-induction, de- creases only very little with the increasing size of a conductor, as seen from the table of resistances and reactances of conductors. A wire No. 000 B & S G is eight times the section of a wire No. ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ve\" and the \"negative\" con- ductor; and a conductor of half this size for the middle or \"neutral\" conductor. The latter is usually grounded, as pro- tection against fire risk, etc. Conductors of more than one million circular mils are not used, but when the load exceeds the capacity of such conductors, a second main is laid in the same street. A number of feeders, shown by dotted lines in Fig. 2, radiate from the generating station or converter substations, and tap into the mains at numerous points ; potential wires run back from the mains to the statio ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... istribution, the station may have, in addition to the neutral bus bar zero, three positive GENERAL DISTRIBUTION 25 bus bars i, i', i\", and three negative bus bars 2, 2', 2\", differing respectively from the neutral bus by 120, 130 and 140 volts, as shown in Fig. 3. At light load, when the drop of voltage in the feeders is negligible, the feeders connect to the busses I, o, 2 of 120 volts. When the load increases, some of the feeders are shifted over, by transfer bus bars, to the 130 volt busbars i' and 2'; with still further increase of load, m ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-03", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "title": "Light And Power Distribution", "label": "Lecture 3: Light And Power Distribution", "slug": "lecture-03", "location": "lines 983-1526", "line_start": 983, "line_end": 1526, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2515, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "fields", "waves-lines", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 24, "radiation-light": 21, "fields": 3, "waves-lines": 3, "ether": 2, "complex-quantities": 1, "dielectricity": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 21, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 8, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0020", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "transmission system are used to supply a 2200 single-phase", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1132, "line_end": 1132, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0021", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "2. Three- WiRS Direct Current or Singi^e-Phase iio-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1228, "line_end": 1228, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0022", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "gives 4 X ; = jg or altogether ^ + ^ = jg of the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1259, "line_end": 1259, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0023", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "In a 1 10 volt single-phase system the voltage from line to", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1328, "line_end": 1328, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0024", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "or glof 4 = 24 » ^^'^ so gives a total copper economy of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1440, "line_end": 1440, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0025", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "8. Three-Wire Single-Phase Lighting with Three-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1447, "line_end": 1447, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0026", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "copper of No. 5, or j of ;j = ^: Cu. = ^", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1459, "line_end": 1459, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0027", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "Fife. 13. Single-Phase Llfehtlnfe and Three-Phnse Power.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1471, "line_end": 1471, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "THIRD LECTURE LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 1\"^ N A DIRECT current distribution system, the motor load is connected to the outside mains at 220 volts, \"^\"^ and only very small motors, as fan motors, between outside mains and neutral ; since the latter connection, with a large motor, would locally unbalance a system. The effect of a motor on the system depends upon its size and starting current, and with the large mains and feeders, which are gener- ally used, even the starting of large elevator motors has no appreciable effect, and the supply of power to electric elevators represents a very important use of direct current distribution. In alternating current distribution systems, the effect on the voltage regulation, when starting a motor, is far more severe; since alternating current motors in starting usually take", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... ze and starting current, and with the large mains and feeders, which are gener- ally used, even the starting of large elevator motors has no appreciable effect, and the supply of power to electric elevators represents a very important use of direct current distribution. In alternating current distribution systems, the effect on the voltage regulation, when starting a motor, is far more severe; since alternating current motors in starting usually take a larger current than direct current motors starting with the same torque on the same voltage; and the current of ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "THIRD LECTURE LIGHT AND POWER DISTRIBUTION 1\"^ N A DIRECT current distribution system, the motor load is connected to the outside mains at 220 volts, \"^\"^ and only very small motors, as fan motors, between outside mains and neutral ; since the latter connection, with a large motor, would loc ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... h decrease of load, while that of a direct current system increases. Compared with the direct current motor, the polyphase induction motor has the disadvantage of being less flexible: its speed cannot be varied economically, as that of a direct current motor by varying the field excitation. Speed variation of the induction motor produced by a rheostat in the armature or secondary circuit, in the so-called form \"M\" motor is accomplished by wasting power : the power input of an induc- tion motor always corresponds to full speed; if the speed is reduc ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... has, however, also the disadvantages of the direct current motor: commutator and brushes; and so requires more attention than the squirrel cage induction motor. Alternating current generators now are almost always used as polyphase machines, three-phase or two-phase, and transmission lines are always three-phase, though in transform- ing down, the system can be changed to two-phase. The power supply in an alternating current system therefore is practically always polyphase ; and since a motor load, which is very desir- able for economical operation, also requ ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-04", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "title": "Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "label": "Lecture 4: Load Factor And Cost Of Power", "slug": "lecture-04", "location": "lines 1527-2561", "line_start": 1527, "line_end": 2561, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2297, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 17, "dielectricity": 8, "waves-lines": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 17, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 6, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0028", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER 53", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1607, "line_end": 1607, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0029", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "For instance, Fig. 14 shows an approximate load curve", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1884, "line_end": 1884, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0030", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER 55", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 1888, "line_end": 1888, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0031", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "shape shown in Fig. 16: fairly constant from the opening", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2338, "line_end": 2338, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0032", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER 57", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2345, "line_end": 2345, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0033", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER 59", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2535, "line_end": 2535, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "FOURTH LECTURE LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER The cost of the power supplied at the customer's meter consists of three parts. A. A fixed cost, that is, cost which is independent of the amount of power used, or the same whether the system is fully loaded or carries practically no load. Of this character, for instance, is the interest on the investment in the plant, the salaries of its officers, etc. B. A cost which is proportional to the amount of power used. Such a proportional cost, for instance, is that of fuel in a steam plant. C. A cost depending on the reliability of service required, as the cost of keeping a steam reserve in a water power trans- mission, or a storage battery reserve in a direct current dis- tribution. Since of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... URES Salaries are fixed cost, A ; labor, attendance and inspection are partly fixed cost A, partly proportional cost B, — economy of operation requires therefore a shifting of as large a part thereof over into class B, by shutting down smaller substations during periods of light load, etc. Incandescent lamp renewals, arc lamp trimming, etc., are essentially proportional costs, B. The reserve capacity of a plant, the steam reserve main- tained at the receiving end of a transmission line, the difference in cost between a duplicate pole line and a s ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... in a direct current dis- tribution. Since of the three parts of the cost, only one, B, is propor- tional to the power used, hence constant per kilowatt output, — the other two parts being independent of the output, — hence the higher per kilowatt, the smaller a part of the capacity of the plant the output is ; it follows that the cost of power delivered is a function of the ratio of the actual output of the plant, to the available capacity. Interest on the investment of developing the water power or building the steam plant, the transmission lines, c ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... part of the capacity of the plant the output is ; it follows that the cost of power delivered is a function of the ratio of the actual output of the plant, to the available capacity. Interest on the investment of developing the water power or building the steam plant, the transmission lines, cables and distribution circuits, and depreciation are items of the character A, or fixed cost, since they are practically independent of the power which is produced and utilized. Fuel in a steam plant, oil, etc., are proportional costs, that is, essentially depending on ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "FOURTH LECTURE LOAD FACTOR AND COST OF POWER The cost of the power supplied at the customer's meter consists of three parts. A. A fixed cost, that is, cost which is independent of the amount of power used, or the same whether the system is fully loaded or carries practically no load. Of this chara ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-05", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "title": "Long Distance Transmission", "label": "Lecture 5: Long Distance Transmission", "slug": "lecture-05", "location": "lines 2562-3132", "line_start": 2562, "line_end": 3132, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2599, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 30, "impedance-reactance": 30, "radiation-light": 11, "waves-lines": 11, "ether": 5, "magnetism": 5, "transients": 4, "fields": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "lightning-surges": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 35, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0034", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "volts is most common for shorter distances, as 10 to 20 miles,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2590, "line_end": 2590, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0035", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "up to distances of 50 to 60 miles.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2608, "line_end": 2608, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0036", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "at — 7| = 57% of full voltage.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2629, "line_end": 2629, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0037", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION 65", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2644, "line_end": 2644, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0038", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "and costs 10% less; but copper has a permanent value, while", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2681, "line_end": 2681, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0039", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "2 d = distance between conductor centres.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2731, "line_end": 2731, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0040", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION 67", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2750, "line_end": 2750, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0041", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "^ = 100,000", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2774, "line_end": 2774, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-018", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 18, "caption": "c/ Fig. 18. In Fig. i8 let", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 2725, "line_end": 2725, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "FIFTH LECTURE V l>nte LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION mHREE-PHASE is used altogether for long distance transmission. Two-phase is not used any more, and direct current is being proposed, having been used abroad in a few cases : but due to the difficulty of generation and utilization, it is not probable that it will find any extended use, so that it does not need to be considered. FREQUENCY The frequency depends to a great extent on the character of the load, that is, whether the power is used for alternating current distribution — 60 cycles^-or for conversion to direct current — 25 cycles. For the transmission line, 25 cycles has the advantage that the charging current is less and the inductive drop is less, because charging current and inductance voltage are proportional to the frequency. VOLTAGE 11,000", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ns. At very high voltages it is therefore necessary to have the system statically balanced or symmetrical, that is, have the same potential differences from all the conductors to the ground. Any electric circuit, and so also the transmission line, contains inductance and capacity, and therefore stores energy as electromagnetic energy in the magnetic field due to the cur- rent, and as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge, due to the voltage. LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION 69 If: e = voltage, C = capacity. i = current, L = inductance. the ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... C. Of frequencies entirely independent of the generator, or of a frequency which originates in the circuit, that is, high frequency oscillations as arcing grounds, etc. If a capacity is in series with an inductance, as the line capacity and the line inductance, the capacity reactance and the inductive reactance are opposed to each other ; if they hap- pened to be equal they would neutralize each other, the current would depend on the resistance only and therefore be very large, and with this very large current passing through the inductance and capacity ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ission. Two-phase is not used any more, and direct current is being proposed, having been used abroad in a few cases : but due to the difficulty of generation and utilization, it is not probable that it will find any extended use, so that it does not need to be considered. FREQUENCY The frequency depends to a great extent on the character of the load, that is, whether the power is used for alternating current distribution — 60 cycles^-or for conversion to direct current — 25 cycles. For the transmission line, 25 cycles has the advantage that the charg ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... d use, so that it does not need to be considered. FREQUENCY The frequency depends to a great extent on the character of the load, that is, whether the power is used for alternating current distribution — 60 cycles^-or for conversion to direct current — 25 cycles. For the transmission line, 25 cycles has the advantage that the charging current is less and the inductive drop is less, because charging current and inductance voltage are proportional to the frequency. VOLTAGE 11,000 to 13,200 volts and more recently, even 22,000 volts is most common for shorte ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-06", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 6, "title": "Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "label": "Lecture 6: Higher Harmonics Of The Generator Wave", "slug": "lecture-06", "location": "lines 3133-3507", "line_start": 3133, "line_end": 3507, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2674, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 27, "waves-lines": 26, "magnetism": 25, "impedance-reactance": 20, "fields": 10, "dielectricity": 9, "transients": 4, "ether": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 27, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 7, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0069", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "3rd. The armature reaction of a single-phase machine", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3206, "line_end": 3206, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0070", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "The resultant armature reaction of a pol3rphase machine", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3210, "line_end": 3210, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0071", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "If m == number of phases, the higher harmonics : 2m — i", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3222, "line_end": 3222, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0072", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "4th. The terminal voltage under load is the resultant of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3225, "line_end": 3225, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0073", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "third harmonic of e. m. f . of 3 x 20 = 60% ; the e. m. f. being", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3282, "line_end": 3282, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0074", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "of a sine wave by 50% and more, thus giving high insulation", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3299, "line_end": 3299, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0075", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "and their third harmonics are 3 x 120° = 360° apart, that is, in", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3305, "line_end": 3305, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-023", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 23, "caption": "saturation. Fig. 23. In a transformer, e. m. f. and exciting current therefore", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3268, "line_end": 3268, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher frequency; that is, for the higher harmonics of the generator wave, and for some of the higher harmonics of the generator wave resonance rise of voltage so may occur between the line capacity and the circuit inductance. The origin and existence of higher harmonics therefore bears investigation in transformers, transmlission lines and cable systems. ORIGIN OF HIGHER HARMONICS Higher harmonics may originate in synchronous machines, as generators, synchronous motors and converters, and in", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the frequency, the two reactances come nearer together for higher frequency; that is, for the higher harmonics of the generat ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decre ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... CTURES short circuit currents, due to the constant potential character, and is therefore dangerous. HIGHER HARMONICS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES In synchronous machines, as alternating current genera- tors, the higher harmonics are : At No Load I St. The distribution of magnetism in the air gap depends on the shape of the field poles; it is not a sine wave; neither is the e. m. f . induced by it in an armature a sine wave. Since there are a number of conductors in series on the armature, the voltage wave is more evened out than that of a single con ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "SIXTH LECTURE HIGHER HARMONICS OF THE GENERATOR WAVE mHE open circuit reactance of the transformer is the only reactance high enough to give resonance with the line capacity at fundamental frequency. All other reactances are too low for this. Since, however, the inductive reactance increases and the capacity reactance decreases proportionally to the fr ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-07", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 7, "title": "High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "label": "Lecture 7: High Frequency Oscillations And Surges", "slug": "lecture-07", "location": "lines 3508-3780", "line_start": 3508, "line_end": 3780, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1981, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "transients", "dielectricity", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 41, "radiation-light": 33, "transients": 29, "dielectricity": 12, "lightning-surges": 9, "fields": 4, "magnetism": 3, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 7, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0076", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "circuit is 2 X 80 = 160 miles — conductor and return conductor,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3620, "line_end": 3620, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0077", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "2 X 160 = 320 miles long, and the duration of the wave is", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3622, "line_end": 3622, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0078", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "2g3 QQQ = ^ seconds; the frequency 587 cycles, and if this", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3624, "line_end": 3624, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0079", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "as for instance, lOO feet = ^230 ~ 52^ miles wave length,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3633, "line_end": 3633, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0080", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "Assuming for instance a 44,ocx) volt transmission line of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3673, "line_end": 3673, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0081", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "— ' — = 25,000. If now somewhere in the middle of this", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3679, "line_end": 3679, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0082", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "i5ioo + ^ + n^ + Wo = ^ -ond, so giving a", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 3728, "line_end": 3728, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the former varying with the voltage, the latter with the current in the line. Any change of the voltage on the line, or the current in the line, or the relation between volt- age and current, therefore requires a corresponding change of the stored energy; that is, a readjustment of the stored energy e^C in the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... mp- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about equal magnitude; the former varying with the voltage, the latter with the current in the line. Any change of the voltage on the line, or the current in the line, or the relation between volt- age and current ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic ene ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magn ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "SEVENTH LECTURE HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND SURGES 1\"^ N an electric circuit, in addition to the power consump- tion by the resistance of the lines, an energy storage ■^ occurs as electrostatic energy, or electrostatic charge due to the voltage on the line (capacity) ; and as electromag- netic energy, or magnetic field of the current in the line (inductance). In the long distance transmission line, both amounts of stored energy are very considerable, and of about ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-08", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 8, "title": "Generation", "label": "Lecture 8: Generation", "slug": "lecture-08", "location": "lines 3781-4217", "line_start": 3781, "line_end": 4217, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2904, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 15, "magnetism": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "impedance-reactance": 5, "waves-lines": 5, "alternating-current": 4, "lightning-surges": 3, "dielectricity": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-024", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 24, "caption": "ment is now most commonly used. Fig. 24 For direct current distribution in larger cities, such generating stations have practically disappeared, and have been", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 4052, "line_end": 4052, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "EIGHTH LECTURE GENERATION For driving electric generators the following methods are available : 1. The hydraulic turbine in a water power station. 2. The steam engine. 3. The steam turbine. 4. The gas engine. COMPARISON OF PRIME MOVERS I. The advantages of water power, compared with steam power, are: a. Very low cost of operation : no fuel, very little attend- ance. The disadvantages are : a. Usually the cost of development and installation is far higher than with steam power. b. The location of the water power cannot be chosen freely, but is fixed by nature; therefore the power cannot be used where generated, but a long distance transmission line is required. c. Usually lower reliability of service, due to the depend- ence on a transmission line, and on meteorological conditions : the river", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... in single-phase alternators the power is pul- sating. In a polyphase machine the armature reaction also is con- stant, in a single-phase machine, pulsating; in the latter therefore, in machines of very large armature reaction, as turbo-alternators, pulsations of the magnet field, and thereby loss in efficiency, and heating may result. An alternator has armature reaction and self-induction. The armature reaction is the magnetic action of the arma- ture current on the field, that is, the armature current demag- netizes or magnetizes the field accor ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... sating; in the latter therefore, in machines of very large armature reaction, as turbo-alternators, pulsations of the magnet field, and thereby loss in efficiency, and heating may result. An alternator has armature reaction and self-induction. The armature reaction is the magnetic action of the arma- ture current on the field, that is, the armature current demag- netizes or magnetizes the field according to its phase, and so lowers or raises the voltage. Armature reaction therefore is expressed in ampere turns. Self-induction is the action of the ar ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ciency- curve; that is, the turbine efficiency remains high at partial loads, and at overloads, where the steam engine efficiency falls off greatly; so that the superiority of the steam turbine in efficiency, while marked at rated load, is still far greater at partial load, light load and overload. b. Smaller size, weight and space occupied. c. Uniform rate of rotation, therefore decreased liability of hunting of synchronous machines, and decreased necessity of heavy foundations to withstand reciprocating strains. d. Greater reliability of operat ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... etism does not go through the field. This magnetism induces an e. m. f. in the armature, which opposes or assists the e. m. f . produced by the field magnetism, according to the phase of the armature current, and so lowers or raises the voltage. Self-induction, or \"armature reactance\" therefore is expressed in ohms. Armature reaction and self-induction therefore act in the same manner, lowering the voltage with lagging and raising the voltage with leading current. In calculating alternators, either the armature reaction and the self-induction can both ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-09", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "title": "Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "label": "Lecture 9: Hunting Of Synchronous Machines", "slug": "lecture-09", "location": "lines 4218-4594", "line_start": 4218, "line_end": 4594, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2455, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "ether", "fields", "magnetism", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 30, "ether": 19, "fields": 17, "magnetism": 13, "transients": 11, "lightning-surges": 5, "dielectricity": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 22, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 3, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0083", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "Instance : 80 beats per minute, 10 intermissions per", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 4459, "line_end": 4459, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0084", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "instance, a generator may make 75 revolutions per minute,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 4469, "line_end": 4469, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0085", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "to hunting so that if the resistance drop is more than 10% to", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 4573, "line_end": 4573, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "NINTH LECTURE HUNTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES C\"^ROSS currents can flow between alternators due to dif- ferences in voltage, that is, differences in excitation; ■—^ and due to differences in phase, that is, differences in position of their rotors. Cross currents due to differences in excitation are watt- less currents, magnetizing the under-excited and demagnetiz- ing the over-excited machine. Cross currents due to differences in position are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... reases and dies out, and the machines run steadily. If the oscillations do not decrease, but continue, the machines are said to be hunting. If the oscillation is small it may do no harm ; if it is greater, it may cause fluctuation of voltage, resulting in flick- ering of lights, etc. ; if it gets very large, it may throw the ma- chines out of step. Some causes of hunting are: 1st. Magnetic lag. 2nd. Pulsation of engine speed. 3rd. Hunting of engine governors. 4th. Wrong speed characteristic of engine. ii6 GENERAL LECTURES I St. When th ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... n are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of load of a synchronous motor) then the two machines pull each other in phase again, oscillate a few times against each other, which oscillation gradually decreases and dies ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... less currents, magnetizing the under-excited and demagnetiz- ing the over-excited machine. Cross currents due to differences in position are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the change of load of a synchronous motor) then the ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... rrents due to differences in excitation are watt- less currents, magnetizing the under-excited and demagnetiz- ing the over-excited machine. Cross currents due to differences in position are energy currents, accelerating the lagging and retarding the leading machine. Their magnetic action is a distortion or a shift of the field, ithat is, they increase the magnetic density at the one and decrease it at the other pole corner. If two machines are thrown together out of phase, or brought out of the phase by some cause (as the beat of an en- gine, or the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-09.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-09.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-10", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "title": "Regulation And Control", "label": "Lecture 10: Regulation And Control", "slug": "lecture-10", "location": "lines 4595-4930", "line_start": 4595, "line_end": 4930, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1563, "top_themes": [ "fields", "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "magnetism", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 10, "radiation-light": 5, "alternating-current": 3, "magnetism": 1, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "TENTH LECTURE REGULATION AND CONTROL A. Direct Current Systems. In direct current three-wire 220 volt distribution systems several outside bus bars are used and, with change of load, the feeders are changed from one bus bar to another. The different bus bars are connected to different machines, to the storage battery or to boosters. The lighting boosters are low voltage machines separ- ately excited from the bus bars. The main generators are shunt machines or rather are excited from the bus bars, or ro- tary converters, and are usually of 250 volts, that is, the neutral brought out by collector rings and compensator. In railway circuits, in addition to trolley wire and rail return, trolley feeders and ground feeders, or plus and minus feeders are sufficient for converter substations, and where the distance gets too", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... onomical and railway boosters are therefore used only for small sections for which it does not pay to install a separate station, especially where the load is very temporary, as for instance, heavy Sunday load, etc. Railway boosters are series machines, that is, the series field and the machine voltage therefore are proportional to the current. In such railway boosters it is necessary to take care in the booster design that it does not build up as series generator 128 GENERAL LECTURES * feeding a current through the local circuit between a short ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... direct current three-wire 220 volt distribution systems several outside bus bars are used and, with change of load, the feeders are changed from one bus bar to another. The different bus bars are connected to different machines, to the storage battery or to boosters. The lighting boosters are low voltage machines separ- ately excited from the bus bars. The main generators are shunt machines or rather are excited from the bus bars, or ro- tary converters, and are usually of 250 volts, that is, the neutral brought out by collector rings and compensa ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... EGULATION AND CONTROL A. Direct Current Systems. In direct current three-wire 220 volt distribution systems several outside bus bars are used and, with change of load, the feeders are changed from one bus bar to another. The different bus bars are connected to different machines, to the storage battery or to boosters. The lighting boosters are low voltage machines separ- ately excited from the bus bars. The main generators are shunt machines or rather are excited from the bus bars, or ro- tary converters, and are usually of 250 volts, that is, ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... nt and a stationary secondary coil is in series and at right angles to the primary ; an iron shuttle moves inside of the coils and so turns the mag- netism of the primary coil into the secondary coil either one way or the other. On the dotted position the primary sends the magnetism through the secondary in opposite direction as in the drawn position, in Fig. 26. 134 GENERAL LECTURES Fife. 26 Advantage — Uniform variation. Disadvantage — More expensive than compensator regulator." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-11", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 11, "title": "Lightning Protection", "label": "Lecture 11: Lightning Protection", "slug": "lecture-11", "location": "lines 4931-5294", "line_start": 4931, "line_end": 5294, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2467, "top_themes": [ "lightning-surges", "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "lightning-surges": 84, "radiation-light": 45, "waves-lines": 6, "alternating-current": 2, "fields": 2, "magnetism": 2, "dielectricity": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 45, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 1, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0086", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "finds a discharge path of moderate resistance R2, and so dis-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5155, "line_end": 5155, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-027", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 27, "caption": "^ Fig. 27 142 - GENERAL LECTURES", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5129, "line_end": 5129, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-028", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 28, "caption": "over a path of zero resistance, Z. On lower voltage, commonly only two resistances are used, one high and one moderately low, as shown by the diagram of a 2000 volt multi-gap arrester. Fig. 28. The resistance of the discharge path of the present multi- gap arrester therefore is approximately inversely proportional", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5162, "line_end": 5162, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "ELEVENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W\"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits made their appearance, this protection against lightning by a simple small spark gap to ground became insufficient, and this addi- tional problem arose : to open the short circuit of the machine current, which resulted from and followed the lightning dis- charge. This problem of opening the circuit after the discharge was solved by the magnetic blow-out, which is still used to a large extent on 500 volt railway circuits; by the horn gap arrester — a gap between two horn-shaped terminals, between which the arc rises, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "ELEVENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W\"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "ELEVENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W\"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric l ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... alternating current, the multi-gap between non-arcing metal cylinders, a number of small spark gaps in series with each other, between line and ground, over which the lightning discharges to ground — the machine cur- rent following as arc, but stopped at the end of the half wave of alternating current; but not starting at the next half wave, due to the property of these \"non-arcing\" metals (usually zinc-copper alloys), to carry an arc in one direction, but requir- ing an extremely high voltage to start a reverse arc. These lightning arresters oper ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "ELEVENTH LECTURE LIGHTNING PROTECTION W\"~l HEN the first telegraph circuits were strung across the country, lightning protection became necessary, and ■^ was given to these circuits at the station by connecting spark gaps between the circuit conductors and the ground. When, however, electric light and power circuits made their appearance, this protection against l ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-12", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 12, "title": "Electric Railway", "label": "Lecture 12: Electric Railway", "slug": "lecture-12", "location": "lines 5295-7123", "line_start": 5295, "line_end": 7123, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3175, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "radiation-light", "fields", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 5, "radiation-light": 5, "fields": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 6, "figure_count": 6, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0087", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "4. Long distance and trunk line railroading.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5360, "line_end": 5360, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0088", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "time of the run, of 130 seconds, and constant distance between", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5573, "line_end": 5573, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0089", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "consumed by the brakes is given by the speed E F = 34.5 miles", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5580, "line_end": 5580, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0090", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "second. Constant speed running between. Fig. 30. Compared", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5692, "line_end": 5692, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0091", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "3. Constant acceleration of one mile per hour per", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5717, "line_end": 5717, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0092", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "4. Constant acceleration and braking of one mile per", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5860, "line_end": 5860, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-030", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 30, "caption": "^ Fig. 30. 2. Acceleration and retardation at two miles per hour per second. Constant speed running between. Fig. 30. Compared", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5689, "line_end": 5689, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-031", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 31, "caption": "_ Fig. 31. gram i is shown in the same figure 31, for comparison. As seen, with the lower rate of acceleration, the maximum speed", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5852, "line_end": 5852, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-032", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 32, "caption": "^ g. Fig. 32. mum speed and the lost speed are still greater, that is, the efficiency of the run still lower, and at least 145 seconds", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 5908, "line_end": 5908, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-034", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 34, "caption": "1 Fig. 34. with the speed time curves, is much less, and the power con- sumption therefore is less ; that is, the total efficiency is higher.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 6448, "line_end": 6448, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-035", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 35, "caption": "B Fig. 35. ELECTRIC RAILWAY", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 6649, "line_end": 6649, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-036", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 36, "caption": "_ Fig. 36. be impaired again by carrying this too far. Usually the rheostat is all cut out and the acceleration continues on the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 6859, "line_end": 6859, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "TWELFTH LECTURE ELECTRIC RAILWAY TRAIN CHARACTERISTICS The performance of a railway consists of acceleration, motion and retardation, that is, starting, running and stopping. The characteristics of the railway motor are: 1. Reliability. 2. Limited available space, which permits less margin in the design, so that the railway motor runs at a higher temp- erature, and has a shorter life, than other electrical apparatus. The rating of a railway motor is therefore entirely determined by its heating. That is, the rating of a railway motor is that output which it can carry without its temperature exceeding the danger limit. The highest possible efficiency is therefore aimed at, not so much for the purpose of saving a few percent, of power, but because the power lost produces heat and so reduces the motor output. 3. Very variable", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... nary trolley car in the streets of a city or town. Moderate speeds, frequent stops, and running at vari- able speeds, and frequently even at very low speeds, are char- acteristic. 3. Suburban and interurban lines. That is, lines leading from cities into suburbs and to adjacent cities, through less densely populated districts. Characteristics are less frequent stops, varying speeds, and the ability to run at fairly high speeds as well as low speeds. 4. Long distance and trunk line railroading. Characteristics are: infrequent stops, high spee ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... l^. 29. Choose for instance, a maximum acceleration and maxi- mum braking of two miles per hour per second, and assuming a retardation of one-quarter mile per hour per second by fric- tion (that is, assuming that the car slows down one-quarter mile per second, when running light on a level track) ; if then the time of one complete run between two stations is given equal to A B in Fig. 29, the simplest t)rpe of run consists of constant acceleration, from A to C, on the line A a, drawn 152 GENERAL LECTURES under a slope of two miles per hour per s ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... l. In elevator work the series motor is objectionable, due to the unlimited speed ; therefore a limited speed motor is neces- sary. In elevators frequent stops, and so efficient acceleration are necessary; therefore a compound motor is best, that is, a motor having a shunt field to limit the speed and a series field (which is ait out after starting) to give efficient acceleration." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... shut off and the car coasts until the brakes are applied. The area A M C D B, representing the distance between the stations, is the same as in i ; the opera- tion efficiency is somewhat lower, but the total current con- sumption, as shown by the curves of current, shown together ; ..V.PEKTY OF tLECTROL LABORATORY, j FACULTY OF APrtlEO SCIENCE. j i 158 GENERAL LECTURES n n F 6 .7^ J ^ y ^ ' C X /^ ^ > ^> «:::: ■^ / ' y -^ >. --» \\ / / -\"t ;::: ^ -c j^ ^ \"^^ ^ tv D ■ ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-13", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 13, "title": "Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "label": "Lecture 13: Electric Railway: Motor Characteristics", "slug": "lecture-13", "location": "lines 7124-8648", "line_start": 7124, "line_end": 8648, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2107, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 36, "magnetism": 7, "alternating-current": 4, "radiation-light": 3, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 2, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0093", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "- = -;5 -", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 7432, "line_end": 7432, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0094", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "rotation thus drops still further, as seen in Fig. 41. Since the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 8047, "line_end": 8047, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-041", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 41, "caption": "^_, Fig. 41. MOTOK CHARACTERISTICS 173", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 8627, "line_end": 8627, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "THIRTEENTH LECTURE ELECTRIC RAILWAY: MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS mHE economy of operation of a railway system, station, lines, etc., decreases, and the amount of apparatus, line copper, etc., which is required, increases with increas- ing fluctuations of load ; the best economy of an electric system therefore requires as small a power fluctuation as possible. The pull required of the railway motor during accelera- tion, on heavy grades, etc., is, however, many times greater than in free running. In a constant speed motor, as a direct current shunt motor or an alternating current induction motor, the power consumption is approximately proportional to the torque of the motor and thus to the draw bar pull that is given by it. With such motors, the fluctuation of power consump- tion would thus be as great as the fluctuation of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ll by a decrease of speed ; the series motor thus gives a more economical utilization of apparatus and lines than the shunt or induction motor, and is therefore almost ex- clusively used. The torque, and so the pull produced by a motor, is approximately proportional to the field magnetism and the armature current; that is, neglecting the losses in the motor, or assuming ioo% efficiency, the torque is proportional to the product of magnetic field strength and armature current 1 66 GENERAL LECTURES In a shunt motor, at constant supply voltage ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... a decrease of speed ; the series motor thus gives a more economical utilization of apparatus and lines than the shunt or induction motor, and is therefore almost ex- clusively used. The torque, and so the pull produced by a motor, is approximately proportional to the field magnetism and the armature current; that is, neglecting the losses in the motor, or assuming ioo% efficiency, the torque is proportional to the product of magnetic field strength and armature current 1 66 GENERAL LECTURES In a shunt motor, at constant supply voltage e, the fie ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "THIRTEENTH LECTURE ELECTRIC RAILWAY: MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS mHE economy of operation of a railway system, station, lines, etc., decreases, and the amount of apparatus, line copper, etc., which is required, increases with increas- ing fluctuations of load ; the best economy of an electric system therefore requires as small a ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... rmature, as shown by the curve e at constant field strength, the speed decreases in the same proportion, as shown by the curve Si. The field strength, however, does not remain perfectly constant, but with MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS 167 increasing load the field magnetism slightly changes: it de- creases by field distortion and demagnetization, and the speed therefore increases in the same proportion, to the curve S. The current used as abscissae in Fig. 38 is the armature current. The total current consumed by the motor is, however, slightly great ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-13.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-13.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-14", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 14, "title": "Alternating Current Railway Motor", "label": "Lecture 14: Alternating Current Railway Motor", "slug": "lecture-14", "location": "lines 8649-9342", "line_start": 8649, "line_end": 9342, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4794, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 136, "magnetism": 43, "alternating-current": 22, "radiation-light": 12, "impedance-reactance": 7, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 10, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0095", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "tion : armature turns m to field turns n = 2 -4- i ; and at this", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 8744, "line_end": 8744, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0096", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "No = 2 N, it must be twice ; at double synchronism :", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9104, "line_end": 9104, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0097", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "No = 2 N, it must be one-half the main field.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9105, "line_end": 9105, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0098", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "At half synchronism, No = 2 ^' ^^^ transformer field of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9181, "line_end": 9181, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0099", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "the commutating field required Fo = 2 F, and the short cir-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9183, "line_end": 9183, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0100", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "At double synchronism : No = 2 N, the transformer field", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9188, "line_end": 9188, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0101", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "is F* = 2 F, while the commutation field should be:", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9189, "line_end": 9189, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0102", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "Fo = 2 ^» ^^^ the transformer field thus is four times larger", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9190, "line_end": 9190, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "FOURTEENTH LECTURE ALTERNATING CURRENT RAILWAY MOTOR. mN a direct current motor, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- nating voltage supply, the field magnetism of the motor also alternates ; the motor field must therefore be laminated, to avoid excessive energy losses and heating by eddy currents (cur- rents produced in the field iron by the alternation of the mag- netism) just as in the direct current motor the armature must be laminated. In the shunt motor — in which the supply current", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "FOURTEENTH LECTURE ALTERNATING CURRENT RAILWAY MOTOR. mN a direct current motor, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- nating voltage supply, the field magnetism of the motor also alternates ; the ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, such a direct current motor there- fore can operate also on alternating current. With an alter- nating voltage supply, the field magnetism of the motor also alternates ; the motor field must therefore be laminated, to avoid excessive energy losses and heating by eddy currents (cur- rents produced in the field iron by the alternation of the mag- netism) just as in the direct current motor the armature must be l ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "FOURTEENTH LECTURE ALTERNATING CURRENT RAILWAY MOTOR. mN a direct current motor, whether a shunt or a series motor, the motor still revolves in the same direction, if the impressed e. m. f. be reversed, as field and arma- ture both reverse. Since a reversal of voltage does not change the operation of the motor, ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... current to lag, and so lowers the power factor of the motor; that is, causes the motor to take more volt-amperes than corresponds to its output, and so is objectionable. The useful voltage, or e. m. f. of rotation of the motor, is proportional to the speed ; or rather the \"frequency of rota- tion\", No, is proportional to the field strength F, and to the number of armature turns m. The wattless voltage, or self- induction of the field, is proportional to the frequency N, to the field strengfth F, and the number of field turns n. The ratio of the useful ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-14.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-14.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-15", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 15, "title": "Electrochemistry", "label": "Lecture 15: Electrochemistry", "slug": "lecture-15", "location": "lines 9343-9686", "line_start": 9343, "line_end": 9686, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2071, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 4, "alternating-current": 3, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 10, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0105", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "containing water is 1.4 + the tr drop in the resistance of the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9382, "line_end": 9382, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0106", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "2CI + H2O = CIH + ClOH, that is, hydrochloric + hypo-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9480, "line_end": 9480, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0107", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "6C1 + 3H2O = 5CIH +C108H, that is hydrochloric and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9488, "line_end": 9488, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0108", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "of carbides, CO therefore always forms and not CO2, since", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9587, "line_end": 9587, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0109", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "is, up to 35oo°C, when using carbon.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9624, "line_end": 9624, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0110", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "CaO + 3C = CaC^ + CO.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9636, "line_end": 9636, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0111", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "SiO^ -f 3C = SiC + 2CO.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9650, "line_end": 9650, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0112", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "SiOa + 20 = Si + 2CO.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9664, "line_end": 9664, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "FIFTEENTH LECTURE ELECTROCHEMISTRY LECTROCHEMISTRY is one of the most important applications of electric power, and possibly even more power is used for electrochemical work than for rail- roading. In electrochemical industries the most expensive part is electric power; material and labor are usually much less. Such industries therefore are located at water powers, where the cost of power is very low. The main classes of electrochemical work are : A. Electrol3rtic. B. Electrometallurgical. A. Ei^ECTROivYTic Work. . The chemical action of the current is used, by electrolyz- ing either solutions of salts or fused salts or compounds. Electrolysis of solutions in water is possible only with such metals which have less chemical affinity than hydrogen. For instance, Cu, Fe, and Zn can be deposited from salt solu- tions in water, but not Al, Mg, Na,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... es. Alternating current is used very little for electrolytic work, as with organic compounds to produce oxidation and reduction at the same time; that is, act on the compound in rapid succession by oxygen and hydrogen, the one during the one, the other during the next half wave of current. Very active metals like manganese and silicon dissolve by alternating current; that is, one-half wave dissolves, but the other does not deposit again. Very inert metals like platinum are deposited by alternat- ing current; that is, the negative half wave depos ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... ower; material and labor are usually much less. Such industries therefore are located at water powers, where the cost of power is very low. The main classes of electrochemical work are : A. Electrol3rtic. B. Electrometallurgical. A. Ei^ECTROivYTic Work. . The chemical action of the current is used, by electrolyz- ing either solutions of salts or fused salts or compounds. Electrolysis of solutions in water is possible only with such metals which have less chemical affinity than hydrogen. For instance, Cu, Fe, and Zn can be deposited from salt ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... that is, the negative half wave deposits by alter- nating current, but the positive half wave does not dissolve. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 203 B, ElvECTROMETAI,I,URGICAI. WORK. In electrometallurgical work the heat is used to produce the chemical action; thus it is immaterial whether alternating or direct current is used. The voltage required is still low but not as low as in elec- trolytic work : The carborundum furnace takes from 250 to 90, mostly about 100 volts; that is, it starts cold with 250 volts. While heating up the resistance drops, and th ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-15.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-15.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-16", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 16, "title": "The Incandescent Lamp", "label": "Lecture 16: The Incandescent Lamp", "slug": "lecture-16", "location": "lines 9687-9919", "line_start": 9687, "line_end": 9919, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1866, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "ether", "alternating-current", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 15, "ether": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 15, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "luminescence", "label": "Luminescence", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 28, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 3, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0115", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "greater than the cost of the lamp, when distributed over 500", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9720, "line_end": 9720, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0116", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "life of 500 hours; since obviously any efficiency can be pro-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9728, "line_end": 9728, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0117", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "16 x .79 = 12.6 c. p., and at an efficiency of 3.1 watts per", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9753, "line_end": 9753, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "SIXTEENTH LECTURE THE INCANDESCENT LAMP mHE two main types of electric illuminants are the in- candescent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent lamps in an electric circuit therefore act as non-inductive ohmic resistance and can there- fore be operated equally well on constant potential as on con- stant current. As electric distribution systems are always constant potential, most incandescent lamps are operated on constant potential ; and only for outdoor lighting, that is, for street lighting in cases where the arc lamp is too large and too expensive a unit of light for the requirements, incandescent lamps are used on a constant, direct or", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... P mHE two main types of electric illuminants are the in- candescent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent lamps in an electric circuit therefore act as non-inductive ohmic resistance and can there- fore be operated equally well on constant potential as on con- stant current. As electric distribution systems are always constant potential, most incandescent lamps are ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... ng out of use. By exposing these \"treated\" filaments to the highest temperature of the electric furnace, their stability at high temperature is greatly improved ; so that in these \"metallized\"* filament lamps an efficiency of 2.5 to 2.6 watts per candle power is reached. Whether a still further increase of efficiency of the carbon filament will occur, as is quite possible, or whether the carbon filament will be replaced by the metal fila- ments, remains for the future to decide. In the last years, metal filament lamps giving efficiencies far highe ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "SIXTEENTH LECTURE THE INCANDESCENT LAMP mHE two main types of electric illuminants are the in- candescent lamp and the arc. In the incandescent lamp the current flows through a solid conductor, usually in a vacuum, and the heat produced in the resistance of the conductor makes it incandescent, thus giving the light. Incandescent lamps in an electric circuit therefore act as non-inductive ohmic resistance and can there- fore be operated equally well on constant potential as on con- s ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... cy compari- sons have a meaning only when based on the same length of useful life, as 500 hours. Obviously, for other types of lamps, the economic life may be greater (as for more expensive lamps) or less than 500 hours. Illuminants are measured and compared by the total flux of light which they give. Usually, however, this is expressed in \"mean spherical candle power\"; that is, the candle power which would be given by the illuminant if this light were dis- tributed uniformly throughout. Since the object of a lamp is to give light, obviously the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-16.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-16.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-lecture-17", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "source_title": "General Lectures on Electrical Engineering", "year": 1908, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 17, "title": "Arc Lighting", "label": "Lecture 17: Arc Lighting", "slug": "lecture-17", "location": "lines 9920-12795", "line_start": 9920, "line_end": 12795, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 20719, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "lightning-surges", "fields", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 705, "waves-lines": 170, "lightning-surges": 169, "fields": 25, "transients": 20, "dielectricity": 19, "impedance-reactance": 15, "ether": 14, "alternating-current": 13, "magnetism": 7, "complex-quantities": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 422, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 102, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 85, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 44, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 29, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 28, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 23, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 14, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ultraviolet", "label": "Ultra-violet radiation", "count": 11, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ultrared", "label": "Ultra-red radiation", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "brilliancy", "label": "Brilliancy", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "refraction", "label": "Refraction", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 23, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 14, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "candle-power", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "brilliancy", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "mechanical equivalent of light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 17, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0118", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "potential, for instance on 80 volts — which would correspond", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9932, "line_end": 9932, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0119", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "the current, and a resistance of 8 ohms inserted in series to the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9952, "line_end": 9952, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0120", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "Fig. 47. The voltage consumed by the arc plus the resistance", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 9954, "line_end": 9954, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0121", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "Fig. 47, is reached, at which for decreasing current the arc", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 10322, "line_end": 10322, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0122", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "stability curve IV. For instance, at 4 amperes, the arc cannot", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 10329, "line_end": 10329, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0123", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "machine necessarily must be a small unit, since 100 to 150", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 10414, "line_end": 10414, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0124", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "to 80 volts per lamp are used ; in the alternating current titan-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 10672, "line_end": 10672, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-eq-candidate-0125", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "original_form": "power of 5 X 10* K. W. Estimating the energy of the discharge,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 12171, "line_end": 12171, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-047", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 47, "caption": "^ Fig. 47. seen, below 3.35 amperes, the total required voltage still", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 10298, "line_end": 10298, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering-fig-048", "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "figure_number": 48, "caption": "48. The primary coil P and the secondary coil S are movable Fig. 48. with regard to each other (which of the two coils is movable,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "general-lectures-electrical-engineering", "line_start": 10437, "line_end": 10437, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "SEVENTEENTH LECTURE ARC LIGHTING W\"^HILE incandescent lamps can be operated on constant potential as well as on constant current, the arc is —^ essentially a constant current phenomenon. At con- stant length, the voltage consumed by the arc decreases with increase of current, as shown by curve I in Fig. 47. If, there- fore, an attempt is made to operate such an arc on constant potential, for instance on 80 volts — which would correspond to 3.9 amperes on curve I — then any tendency of the current to increase — as by a momentary drop of the arc resistance — would lower the required arc voltage, and so increase the cur- rent, at constant supply voltage, hence still further lower the arc voltage, etc., and a short circuit would result. Vice versa, a momentary", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "SEVENTEENTH LECTURE ARC LIGHTING W\"^HILE incandescent lamps can be operated on constant potential as well as on constant current, the arc is —^ essentially a constant current phenomenon. At con- stant length, the voltage consumed by the arc decreases with increase of current, as shown by curve I in Fi ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ing energy, is a vibratory motion of a hypothetical medium, the ether, which vibration is transmitted or propagated at a velocity of about 188,000 miles per second; and it is a transverse vibration, differing from the vibratory energy of sound in this respect, that the sound waves are longitudinal, that is, the vibration is in the direction of the beam, while the vibration of radiation is transverse. Radiating energy can be derived from other forms of energy, for instance, from heat energy by raising a body to a 230 GENERAL LECTURES high temper ..." }, { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "... re. Practically nothing has yet been done in this direction systematically and intelligently, but all has been done by trial which at the best usually means producing more light than necessary, and throw- ing away the excess of diffused light by absorption. APPENDIX II LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION Paper read before the Annual Convention of the National Electric Light Association, 1907. Revised to date. L LIGHTNING PHENOMENA IN THE CLOUDS. /n^ HE first man who attacked the problem of lightning and I lightning protection, a century and hal ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... t or alternating current. For direct current constant current supply, separate arc light machines have been built, and are still largely used. In these machines, inherent regulation for constant current is produced by using a very high armature reaction and relatively weak field excitation; that is, the armature ampere turns are nearly equal and opposite to the field ampere turns, and thus both very large compared with the difference, the resultant ampere turns, which produce the magnetic field. A moderate increase of current and consequent increase ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/cleaned_text/lecture-17.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/general-lectures-electrical-engineering/lecture-17.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/generallectureso00steiuoft", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-introduction-01", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "introduction", "sequence": 1, "title": "Introduction", "label": "Introduction 1: Introduction", "slug": "introduction-01", "location": "lines 87-233", "line_start": 87, "line_end": 233, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 837, "top_themes": [ "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "ether": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "corporation", "label": "Corporation", "count": 3, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "INTRODUCTION The following does not represent my senti- ments, but gives the conclusions drawn from the historical facts which of necessity follow from the preceding causes, regardless whether we like them or dislike them. Sentiment has nothing to do with, can exert no influence on, the phenomena of nature, on the workings of nature's laws, whether it be the cosmic laws which let winter follow summer, regardless whether we wish it or not, or the economic laws which plunged the world into war with England and Germany as pro- tagonists, irrespective whether we are pa- cificists or militarists, pro-German or pro- English. In judging on the meaning of historical facts, on events which we see occurring before our eyes, we must entirely set aside our senti- ments and our wishes, and, like in any physical", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "INTRODUCTION The following does not represent my senti- ments, but gives the conclusions drawn from the historical facts which of necessity follow from the preceding causes, regardless whether we like them or dislike them. Sentiment has nothing to do with, can exert no influence on, the phenomena of nature, on the workings of nature's laws, whether it be the cosmic laws which let winter follow summer, regardless whether we wi ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/introduction-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/introduction-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/introduction-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-02", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "title": "Eras in the World's History", "label": "Chapter 1: Eras in the World's History", "slug": "chapter-02", "location": "lines 234-626", "line_start": 234, "line_end": 626, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2224, "top_themes": [ "fields", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "democracy", "label": "Democracy", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "monarchy", "label": "Monarchy", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "I ERAS IN THE WORLD's HISTORY WHILE this is being written the world's war is entering its third year, and no entl to the catastrophe is yet in sight. . All attempts to explain the cause of the dis- aster have failed: the assassination of the Austrian Crown Prince, the violation of Bel- gium's neutrality. Slavish expansion, Prussian militarism, British greed alike do not explain. The assassination of the Austrian Crown Prince may have justified a punitive expedition against Servia, but not that Russia, England, and France come to the assistance of the assassins. The violation of the neutrality of Belgium I AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH does not appear acceptable to an American as explanation of England's entrance into the war. It would imply that the American's moral sense is so inferior to that", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... historical epochs which have clianged the organization of human society, an epoch Hke that which, begin- ning in the August night of 1789, with the declaration of the rights of man, liberie, egal- ite, f rater 7iiie, and ending on the battle-field of Waterloo, changed the world from feudalism to industrial capitalism, or that earlier epoch of the migration of the German tribes, which buried the classic civilization of ancient times under the ruins of the Roman Empire and es- tablishe ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... t to war for a moral issue, while beyond mere academic condemnation not a single voice was raised in America for war in defense of Belgium; nay, such obligation was expressly disclaimed. The battle lines between Slav and German have been wavering to and fro in the East for over fifteen centuries without kindling a world's war, and while the old fight for the ground, be- tween Slav and German, would flare up with renewed intensity as incident of a world's war, it cannot be th ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-03", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "title": "The Epoch of the French Revolution", "label": "Chapter 2: The Epoch of the French Revolution", "slug": "chapter-03", "location": "lines 627-873", "line_start": 627, "line_end": 873, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1254, "top_themes": [ "ether", "fields", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "ether": 3, "fields": 2, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "competition", "label": "Competition", "count": 3, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "co-operation", "label": "Co-operation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "democracy", "label": "Democracy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "monarchy", "label": "Monarchy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "co-operation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "II THE EPOCH OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION THE fire which consumed feudalism was kindled in the French parliament, called together when the feudal monarchy, bankrupt by ineflSciency and extravagance, had arrived at the end of its rope. The declaration of the rights of man, made in the August night of 1789, ranges with the Magna Charta and our Declaration of Independence as one of the greatest documents of human history. It wiped out all privilege. It demanded the freedom of the fullest in- dividual development for all human beings — liberie. It established equal rights before the law for all — egalite. The last demand, brotherhood of man, fra- ternitc, was promptly forgotten for another century. The great revolution was bloodless, the privi- 13 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH leged classes voluntarily resigned their special", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "II THE EPOCH OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION THE fire which consumed feudalism was kindled in the French parliament, called together when the feudal monarchy, bankrupt by ineflSciency and extravagance, had arrived at the end of its rope. The declaration of the rights of man, made in the August night of 1789, ranges with the Magna Charta and our Declaration of Independe ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... stocratic rulers of to-day are the descendants of common folk, put on the throne by the country lawyer's son. The Russian winter — not the Russian army — broke the spell of victory of France, and on the AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH battle-field of Waterloo finally tlie Prussian army under Blueclier saved tlie British army and turned defeat into victory, and France was conquered. But not so the new idea. The defeat of France had become possible only by the adop- tion of the new ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... roduced the new ideas, and it was a new Prussia, the Prussia of the new era, which rose and defeated Na- poleon. Thus, while France was defeated, the ideas which France had given to the world con- quered. It is true, after Waterloo a temporary reac- tion set in. In unholy alliance, Austria, Rus- sia, and Prussia, together with the restored Bourbon France, tried to re-establish feudalism. But in 1830 France broke away, under the bourgeois king, Louis Philippe, and in 1848 the revolu ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-04", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "title": "The Individualistic Era: From 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"tions up to over 90 per cent, of the total cost", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 1083, "line_end": 1083, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "fixed cost per $100 capital invested in the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 1164, "line_end": 1164, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "$26 proportionate cost, per $100 invested,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 1192, "line_end": 1192, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "would be saved, but the $14 fixed cost, per $100", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 1193, "line_end": 1193, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "At $40 total cost of production, this would", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 1207, "line_end": 1207, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "give an annual loss of $40 — $33 = $7, or 7 per", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 1214, "line_end": 1214, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "out the capital of the company in -7- = 14", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 1216, "line_end": 1216, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "cost, to $33, as the loss thereby incurred, of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 1222, "line_end": 1222, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "FROM COMPETITION TO CO-OPERATION finally a time came when the means of produc- tion of commodities increased beyond the demand possible under existing conditions. England was the first nation to benefit from the competitive organization of society. While all Europe was plunged into the Napoleonic wars, England, protected by the ocean, organ- ized its trade and industries. Therefore Eng- land was the first nation in which the means of production developed beyond the possible demand. Temporarily the problem was solved by supplying the markets of the world, and thereby taking care of the rapidly increasing excess of its producing facilities over its own demand. Thus England became a great ex- porting nation, and by the profits of its foreign trade laid the foundation of its later financial power. But gradually the other nations caught up.", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... to the 23 AMERICA AND THE NEW EPOCH soil as fertilizer whatever we take out as crops, then under the present industrial organization of our country we will not be able to maintain our present standard of living. All these features together have created an abnormal increase of consuming capacity of our nation, and so it was only in the last decades that the means of possible production have be- gun to increase beyond the possible demand for consumption and the industrial prob ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... tilizer whatever we take out as crops, then under the present industrial organization of our country we will not be able to maintain our present standard of living. All these features together have created an abnormal increase of consuming capacity of our nation, and so it was only in the last decades that the means of possible production have be- gun to increase beyond the possible demand for consumption and the industrial problem has become urgent. This problem had not been expec ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... cannot re- store competition. It is dead, just as dead as the feudalism of the Middle Ages. Co-operation is taking its place. This, here in America, many of our leaders 32 FROM COMPETITION TO CO-OPERATION of thought in the theoretical field, in our uni- versities, in our political offices, have not real- ized, neither do the mass of the people realize it yet, and consequently they mistake the effect for the cause. They imagine industrial consoli- dation is killing competition, a ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... tted, as temporarily, for some years, an industrial organization can continue without dividends. Surplus represents the amount of income set aside for times when the income falls below the cost of production — that is, is an insurance against temporary losses.) 28 FROM COMPETITION TO CO-OPERATION The distribution of proportionate cost and of fixed cost per $100 capital invested in the plant thus would be: At an annual income of $50 : Proportionate Fixed Cost Cost Labor $ 8 $1 Fue ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-05", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "title": "The Individualistic Era: The Other Side", "label": "Chapter 4: The Individualistic Era: The Other Side", "slug": "chapter-05", "location": "lines 1746-2408", "line_start": 1746, "line_end": 2408, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3764, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "corporation", "label": "Corporation", "count": 6, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "competition", "label": "Competition", "count": 3, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 12, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0010", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "(luring the year 3Gj X 24 = 8,7C0 hours = 100%", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 2342, "line_end": 2342, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0011", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "and eating (1 hr.) ... 365 X 9 = 3,985 hours = 37.5%", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 2346, "line_end": 2346, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0012", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "10 hours 300 X 10 = 3,000 hours = 34.4%", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 2349, "line_end": 2349, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0013", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "free time 2,475 hours = 28.1%", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 2353, "line_end": 2353, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0014", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "(luring the year 305 X 24 = 8,760 hours = 100%", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 2360, "line_end": 2360, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0015", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "and eating (1 hr.) ... 365 X 9 = 3,285 hours = 37.5%", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 2364, "line_end": 2364, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0016", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "8 hours 300 X 8 == 2,400 hours = 27.4%", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 2367, "line_end": 2367, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-eq-candidate-0017", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "original_form": "free time 3,085 hours = 35.1%", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "line_start": 2371, "line_end": 2371, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IV THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA! THE OTHER SIDE POLITICAL and industrial freedom unfet- tered the ambition, the initiative, the cre- ative, and inventive abihty of all the human race and so founded our modern industrial civ- ilization on the basis of individualism. But differently expressed, this foundation of our civilization means, \"Everybody for himself, and the devil take the hindmost.\" What then if the hindmost does not care to be taken? And organized mediocrity is more powerful than individualistic ability. For a long time this issue did not arise; the opportunities opened up by the destruction of feudal i)rivilege were so vast that few indeed were those who did not find their social and industrial position materially better than in previous ages. In the small individualistic pro- duction of the first half-century of capitalism everybody with", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-06", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "title": "England in the Individualistic Era", "label": "Chapter 5: England in the Individualistic Era", "slug": "chapter-06", "location": "lines 2409-2775", "line_start": 2409, "line_end": 2775, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2120, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "competition", "label": "Competition", "count": 3, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "co-operation", "label": "Co-operation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "co-operation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "ENGLAND IN THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA WHILE France in the great revolution gave the world the industrial era, England very soon took the leadership, and has retained it ever since. Various causes contributed: the early start of England in gradual revolution from the industrial centers of the later Middle Ages, which had been destroyed on the Conti- nent by the perpetual wars of the absolute mon- archies, but survived in England; the protec- tion of its island position by the ocean, which kept hostile armies out of England during the Napoleonic wars; the acquisition of a great colonial empire : whenever Napoleon conquered and annexed another country, England took its colonies, and when France, after its final defeat by the allies, had to give back all these nations, England, as one of the allied \"liberators,\" kept", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-07", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "title": "Germany in the Individualistic Era", "label": "Chapter 6: Germany in the Individualistic Era", "slug": "chapter-07", "location": "lines 2776-3206", "line_start": 2776, "line_end": 3206, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2448, "top_themes": [ "fields", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 4, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "monarchy", "label": "Monarchy", "count": 9, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "corporation", "label": "Corporation", "count": 5, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "co-operation", "label": "Co-operation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "competition", "label": "Competition", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "democracy", "label": "Democracy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "co-operation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VI GERMANY IN THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA THE development of Germany during the individualistic era was dominated by two features — the late arrival of capitalism, and the early arrival of the socialistic movement. In- dustrial capitalism in Germany became vic- torious a generation later, while a powerful Social Democratic party made its appearance in Germany a generation earlier than in any other nation. The result was that before the con- flict between capitalism and feudalism was ended, capitalism had already to meet the at- tacks of socialism, and as the result in Germany industrial capitalism has in reality never gained as complete control of the nation and its gov- ernment as was the case elsewhere. The reactionary period of the unholy alli- ance was broken and the individualistic era finally established in France by the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... in- terfering with the industries' most effective tool, the corporation, has never appeared in Ger- many, but consolidation has proceeded un- checked. The educational system was reorganized, and the university idea extended Into the industrial field, and a universal system of industrial edu- cation established, from the vocational school which takes the graduate of the public schools and does in a more efficient manner what the apprenticeship of former times did, the teaching of a trad ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... if Germany should be utterly defeated and crushed, it would be only by the adoption b}' the Allies of the co-operative indus- trial organization against which they went to war, and the era of individualism thus is passed forever, though a temporary reaction may still give it an apparent but short life, and the era of co-operative social organization is at hand." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-08", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "title": "The Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era", "label": "Chapter 7: The Other European Nations in the Individualistic Era", "slug": "chapter-08", "location": "lines 3207-3740", "line_start": 3207, "line_end": 3740, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3108, "top_themes": [ "fields", "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "radiation-light": 1, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "monarchy", "label": "Monarchy", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "competition", "label": "Competition", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VII THE OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS IN THE INDI- VIDUALISTIC ERA FRxVNCE has never become a great industrial country like England or Germany. Weak- ened by a generation of continual war under the first Napoleon, its recovery retarded by the reactionary period under the unholy alliance and the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, which led to the Second Empire with its repeated wars, and ended in the disastrous Franco-Prussian war, France never had the chance of undis- turbed industrial development which other nations had. The decreasing birth-rate, and finally the decreasing population, made the social problem less severe than in nations with rapidly increasing population, as Germany, where national production had to provide not only for the existing population, but for a great increase of population. Adding hereto the thrift and the saving habits of the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... Though France was unable to compete with England or Germany in supplying the standard industrial products to the world's markets, the inborn artistic temperament of the French na- tion made France successful in a limited but very profitable field, and in all those industries in which an artistic sense is necessary France became, and is to-day, predominant in the markets of the world, and has no competition to fear. Thus the waves of the conflict for industrial supremacy between E ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... France successful in a limited but very profitable field, and in all those industries in which an artistic sense is necessary France became, and is to-day, predominant in the markets of the world, and has no competition to fear. Thus the waves of the conflict for industrial supremacy between England, Germany, and America left France untouched. France's rising financial power was repeatedly set back — by the extravagance of the Second Fmpire, by the war indemnity to Germany, and re ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... than Japan was when the American ships opened it to Western civilization; and it took Japan two generations to rise to equality with the Western civilized nations. ^Vhat Rus- sia needs is not political freedom and parlia- mentarism, but an enlightened autocrat like Frederic II. of Prussia was in the middle of the eighteenth century, who establishes schools everywhere throughout the country, and forces all the people to send their children to school. Then, in a generation, Russia can ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... er since leaned toward Russia, and become practically a Russian dependency, while Roumania and Bulgaria gravitated into the Austrian sphere of influence, since it was Russia which threatened their national exist- ence, by considering them as a temporary ar- rangement, pending absorption by Russia. Thus the alignment of these nations in the present war was to be expected, in spite of the enmity between Bulgaria and Roumania, en- OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS gendered by the second Balkan war. R ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-09", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "title": "America in the Past", "label": "Chapter 8: America in the Past", "slug": "chapter-09", "location": "lines 3741-4267", "line_start": 3741, "line_end": 4267, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2989, "top_themes": [ "ether", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "ether": 5, "fields": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "co-operation", "label": "Co-operation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "competition", "label": "Competition", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "corporation", "label": "Corporation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "co-operation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "VIII AMERICA IN THE PAST THE history of American colonization can be divided into three periods, of which the latter two largely overlap; the period of ex- ploitation, the period of the classic civilization of the South, and the period of the individual- istic civilization of the North. For centuries after the discovery of America the new continent was a field of forcible exploit- ation, but no serious attempts at settlement and organization of new communities were made. The European nations, Spaniards, Portu- guese, etc., attracted by the treasures of gold and silver, came to plunder, but not to settle and stay; few remained, and the white popu- lation thus grew very slowly — and even then strongly intermixed with the native Indian population. The gold and silver fleets carried the loot of the new", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... usually capable — as was the case in the United States — or other for- tunate circumstances intervene and change the trend of development, sooner or later a reaction sets in, a revolution against foreign exploitation, and then it is doubtful whether a stable govern- ment of the natives for their own interests will ultimately arise, or whether anarchism will end the nation as an independent unit, as seems to be now the fate of Mexico. Here probably the European war may be a godsend, ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... two largely overlap; the period of ex- ploitation, the period of the classic civilization of the South, and the period of the individual- istic civilization of the North. For centuries after the discovery of America the new continent was a field of forcible exploit- ation, but no serious attempts at settlement and organization of new communities were made. The European nations, Spaniards, Portu- guese, etc., attracted by the treasures of gold and silver, came to plunder, but not to ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-09/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-09.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-09.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-10", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "title": "America in the Individualistic Era", "label": "Chapter 9: America in the Individualistic Era", "slug": "chapter-10", "location": "lines 4268-4715", "line_start": 4268, "line_end": 4715, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2481, "top_themes": [ "fields", "dielectricity", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 2, "dielectricity": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "corporation", "label": "Corporation", "count": 33, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "co-operation", "label": "Co-operation", "count": 7, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "competition", "label": "Competition", "count": 6, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "co-operation", "count": 7, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "IX AMERICA IN THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA DURING the Civil War, when industrial capitalism extended its sway over the en- tire United States, and in the years following the war we were in the first period of the indi- vidualistic era, that of numerous small and independent producers, all more or less success- ful, due to the still almost untouched resources of the new continent. Then we had a large, prosperous middle class, and little diflSculty ex- isted for any man with a fair amount of intelli- gence and ambition to rise to independence. These were the golden days, to which our in- dividualists hark back, which our legislatures and governments attempt to restore by legal enactments. But the world does not stand still, for standstill is death; in free competition, the more successful producers destroyed", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... rations came, and the individualistic era seemed to approach its end, the co-operative era to arrive. The fundamental jirinciple of industrial co- operation between corporations in the same or 120 AMERICA IN THE INDIVIDUALISTIC ERA similar fields comprise control of production; control of prices; interchange of information. Control of production 7neans: Elimination of the constantly recurring periods of business depression and business boom, by restricting excessive production in boo ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ore destructive. Finally, in the 90's the end was reached; especially in those industries which had been organized into a few large corporations. The necessity of keeping the factories going, with the steadily increasing excess of productive capacity over the demand for the products, had made competition so vicious that it threatened with destruction the victor as well as the van- quished, in a universal v.Tcck of the industry. Thus co-operation had to come, of neces- sity, to avoid t ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... nism was the failure of the corporation in one of its most important activities, that of the social relations to its employees and to the public at large. In those early days the leaders and organizers of corporate production were al- together too much inclined to consider the cor- poration as their own private property, and felt that paying such wages as they had to pay to get efficient workers comprised all their rela- tions to the em])loyees, and that toward the general public ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-11", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "title": "Public and Private Corporations", "label": "Chapter 10: Public and Private Corporations", "slug": "chapter-11", "location": "lines 4716-5059", "line_start": 4716, "line_end": 5059, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1917, "top_themes": [ "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "corporation", "label": "Corporation", "count": 20, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "democracy", "label": "Democracy", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CORPORATIONS OUR governments, as now constituted, are not adapted for eflScient constructive work. The smaller the governmental organi- zation and the more, therefore, there is an op- portunity for constructive work, in a democratic nation, the more this is evident. Much efficient constructive work has been done by the Federal Government; the Panama Canal, the reclama- tion work, our Army and Navy, as far as they have been left free from civilian — that is, politi- cal— interference. Some constructive work also has been done by States, but it rarely has been characterized by economic efficiency; compare the building of the New York State Barge Canal with that of the Panama Canal. In the smallest political organization — municipality, township, or village — inefficiency, waste, and incompetency have been customary, except in", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... ent and unsatisfactory than the political government which they replaced, and some communities have 134 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CORPORATIONS abandoned commission government and gone back to the old form of government. The question then arises whether the economic success of the change from political to commis- sion government was really due to the form of the new government, or whether it was merely the result of the change which disorganized the forces that made for ineflSciency and ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-12", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "title": "Democracy and Monarchy", "label": "Chapter 11: Democracy and Monarchy", "slug": "chapter-12", "location": "lines 5060-5327", "line_start": 5060, "line_end": 5327, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1574, "top_themes": [], "theme_counts": {}, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "democracy", "label": "Democracy", "count": 6, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "monarchy", "label": "Monarchy", "count": 5, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "corporation", "label": "Corporation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "co-operation", "label": "Co-operation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "co-operation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XI DEMOCRACY AND MONARCHY As seen in the preceding chapters, a reorgan- jLa. ization of our nation's industrial-political system is inevitable, if we hope to retain and extend our industrial prosperity against the highly organized and efficient co-operative sys- tems of industrial society into which the Euro- pean war is forcing the nations. We will have to stop our muddling, our interference of every- body with everybody, and prepare to meet Europe by a still more efficient co-operative industrial system. How can we organize such efficiency of in- dustrial co-operation? What forms or shapes must such organization assume in our nation? It is a matter of evolution, of which we cannot foresee the end, but one thing we can see with certainty, and that is, how not to proceed; we cannot copy European organizations and", "theme_snippets": [], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "america-and-new-epoch-chapter-13", "source_id": "america-and-new-epoch", "source_title": "America and the New Epoch", "year": 1916, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "title": "Evolution: Political Government", "label": "Chapter 12: Evolution: Political Government", "slug": "chapter-13", "location": "lines 5328-5797", "line_start": 5328, "line_end": 5797, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2613, "top_themes": [ "ether", "fields", "radiation-light", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "ether": 4, "fields": 2, "radiation-light": 1, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "corporation", "label": "Corporation", "count": 10, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "co-operation", "label": "Co-operation", "count": 6, "status": "seeded-source-specific" }, { "id": "competition", "label": "Competition", "count": 6, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "co-operation", "count": 6, "status": "seeded-source-specific" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "XII evolution: political government OUR nation has been fairly prosperous and successful thus far, in spite of our previous and present method of dealing with social, in- dustrial, and political problems, which is no method at all, but mere muddling. However, we had no serious foreign competition to meet; we had at our disposition the vast and un- touched resources of a virgin continent, the intellectual stores of the Old World, and the continuous supply of skilled and unskilled labor, in the despised immigrant, who, after all, has made America what it is to-day. The most desirable immigration — from England, Ger- many, Ireland, Scandinavia — practicU ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/america-and-new-epoch/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/america-and-new-epoch/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/america-and-new-epoch/cleaned_text/chapter-18.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/america-and-new-epoch/chapter-18.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/americanewepoch00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-01", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "title": "Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "label": "Chapter 1: Speed Control Of Induction Motors", "slug": "chapter-01", "location": "lines 1368-3542", "line_start": 1368, "line_end": 3542, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6386, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 33, "impedance-reactance": 31, "magnetism": 30, "dielectricity": 24, "hysteresis": 16, "complex-quantities": 9, "fields": 6 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 28, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 90, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "2. A resistance material of high positive temperature coeffi-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 1435, "line_end": 1435, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "r = r° (1 + aii3). (I)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 1449, "line_end": 1449, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Co = 110;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 1454, "line_end": 1454, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Zo = r„+ j\"j:0 =0.1 +0.3j;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 1457, "line_end": 1457, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Z, = rl+jxl = 0.1 -f 0.3j;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 1458, "line_end": 1458, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Suppose now a resistance, r, i8 inserted in series into the sec-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 1464, "line_end": 1464, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "but increases so as to double with 100 amp. passing through it.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 1469, "line_end": 1469, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "r = r° (1 + i,« 10-*)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 1472, "line_end": 1472, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS I. STARTING AND ACCELERATION 1. Speed control of induction motors deals with two problems: to produce a high torque over a wide range of speed down to standstill, for starting and acceleration; and to produce an approximately constant speed for a wide range of load, for constant-speed operation. In its characteristics, the induction motor is a shunt motor, that is, it runs at approximately constant speed for all loads, and this speed is synchronism at no-load. At speeds below full speed, and at standstill, the torque of the motor is low and the current high, that is, the starting-torque efficiency and especially the apparent starting-torque efficiency are low. Where starting with considerable load, and without excessive current, is necessary, the induction motor thus requires the use of a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... 10; Yt-g-jb\" 0.01 - 0.1 j; Zo = r„+ j\"j:0 =0.1 +0.3j; Z, = rl+jxl = 0.1 -f 0.3j; the speed-torque curve of this motor is shown as A in Fig. 1 SPEED CONTROL 3 Suppose now a resistance, r, i8 inserted in series into the sec- ondary circuit, which when cold — that is, at light-load — equals the internal secondary resistance: but increases so as to double with 100 amp. passing through it. This resistance can then be represented by: r = r° (1 + i,« 10-*) = 0.1 (1 +»i,10-4), NDUCTION MOTOR -110 I ^ z,=r, + .3i SPEED CONTROL BY POSITI ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... actor, in a closed magnetic circuit, are independent of the frequency, and vary relatively little with the magnetic density and thus the current, over a wide range,1 thus may approxi- mately be assumed as constant. That is, the hysteretic con- ductance is proportional to the susceptance : g' = V tan a. ((>) Thus, the exciting admittance, of a closed magnetic circuit of negligible resistance and negligible eddy-current losses, at the frequency of slip, «, is given by: Y' = g' - jb' = V (tan a - j) = - J = (tan a - j) (7) 8 8 8 1 \"Theoiy and Calcula ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... sistance with increas- ing slip, to get high torque at low speeds, the same result can be produced by the use of an effective resistance, such as the effect- ive or equivalent resistance of hysteresis, or of eddy currents. As the frequency of the secondary current varies, a magnetic circuit energized by the secondary current operates at the varying frequency of the slip, s. At a given current, i\\, the voltage required to send the current through the magnetic circuit is proportional to the frequency, that is, to 8. Hence, the suaceptance is inverse pro ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... hunt character- istic, except that its speed is limited by synchronism. Series resistance in the armature thus is not suitable to produce steady running at low speeds. To a considerable extent, this disadvantage of inconstancy of speed can be overcome: (a) By the use of capacity or effective capacity in the motor secondary, which contracts the range of torque into that of approximate resonance of the capacity with the motor inductance, and thereby gives fairly constant speed, independent of the load, at various speed values determined by the value o ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-02", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "title": "Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "label": "Chapter 2: Multiple Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor", "slug": "chapter-02", "location": "lines 3543-5554", "line_start": 3543, "line_end": 5554, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5213, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "radiation-light", "fields", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 44, "magnetism": 40, "radiation-light": 31, "fields": 7, "ether": 5, "complex-quantities": 4, "alternating-current": 1, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 30, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 136, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0091", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 3547, "line_end": 3547, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0092", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "19. In the calculation of the standard induction motor, it is", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 3620, "line_end": 3620, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0093", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "$2 = true induced vpltage in inner squirrel cage, reduced", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 3664, "line_end": 3664, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0094", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Zi = r2 + jx2 = self-inductive impedance at full frequency,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 3668, "line_end": 3668, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0095", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Z0 = r0 + jx0 = primary self -inductive impedance, and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 3684, "line_end": 3684, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0096", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "*8ee \"Electric Circuits\", Chapter XII. Reactance of Induction", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 3687, "line_end": 3687, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0097", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "E, = Et + jx, h- (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 3721, "line_end": 3721, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0098", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "E - E,+jx,Ut + h)- (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 3723, "line_end": 3723, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II MULTIPLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor has a great slip of speed under load, therefore poor efficiency and poor speed regu- lation, but it has a high starting torque and torque at low and intermediate speed. With a low resistance fairly high-reactance secondary, the slip of speed under load is small, therefore effi- ciency and speed regulation good, but the starting torque arid torque at low and intermediate speeds is low, and the current in starting and at low speed is large. To combine good start- ing with good", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER II MULTIPLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 18. In an induction motor, a high-resistance low-reactance secondary is produced by the use of an external non-inductive resistance in the secondary, or in a motor with squirrel-cage secondary, by small bars of high-resistance material located clow* to the periphery of the rotor. Such a motor has a great slip of speed under load, t ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... the first squirrel cage, and thus of higher reactance, a \"double squirrel-cage induction motor\" in derived, which to some extent combines the characteristics of the high- resistance and the low-resistance secondary. That is, at start- ing and low speed, the frequency of the magnetic flux in the arma- ture, and therefore the voltage induced in the secondary winding is high, and the high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries con- siderable current, gives good torque and torque efficiency, while the low-resistance squirrel cage is ineffective, due to its h ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... hat is, inside of the first squirrel cage, and thus of higher reactance, a \"double squirrel-cage induction motor\" in derived, which to some extent combines the characteristics of the high- resistance and the low-resistance secondary. That is, at start- ing and low speed, the frequency of the magnetic flux in the arma- ture, and therefore the voltage induced in the secondary winding is high, and the high-resistance squirrel cage thus carries con- siderable current, gives good torque and torque efficiency, while the low-resistance squirrel cage is ineffecti ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... hus receives the secondary current from the n-polar winding and acts as n'-polar primary to the short-circuited stator winding as secondary. This gives an n-polar motor concatenated to an n'-polar, and the magnetic structure simultaneously carries an n-polar and an n'-polar magnetic field. With this arrangement of \"internal concatenation,\" it is essential to choose the number of poles, n and n', so that the two rotating fields do not interfere with each other, that is, the n'-polar field does not induce in the n-polar winding, nor the n-polar field in the n'- ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-03", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "title": "Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "label": "Chapter 4: Induction Motor With Secondary Excitation", "slug": "chapter-03", "location": "lines 5555-8554", "line_start": 5555, "line_end": 8554, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 9778, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "fields", "dielectricity", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 78, "radiation-light": 74, "fields": 60, "dielectricity": 52, "magnetism": 20, "complex-quantities": 14, "hysteresis": 6, "waves-lines": 6, "alternating-current": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 70, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 74, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0227", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "small — as for instance a 100-hp. 60-cycle motor for 90 revolu-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 5579, "line_end": 5579, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0228", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Impressed voltage: ea = 500.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 5592, "line_end": 5592, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0229", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Primary exciting admittance: Ya = 0.02 — 0.6 j.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 5594, "line_end": 5594, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0230", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Primary self-inductive impedance: Zu = 0.1 + 0.3j.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 5596, "line_end": 5596, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0231", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Secondary self-inductive impedance: Zi = 0.1 + 0.3 j.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 5598, "line_end": 5598, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0232", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "Y0 = 0.01 -O.lj,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 5616, "line_end": 5616, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0233", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "1. Passing a direct current through the rotor for excitation.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 5736, "line_end": 5736, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-eq-candidate-0234", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "original_form": "effective frequency,/ — (1 — s) / = sf, that is, the frequency of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 5748, "line_end": 5748, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-fig-022", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "figure_number": 22, "caption": "nes, the ) parent Fig. 22. INDUCTION MOTOR 67", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 6685, "line_end": 6685, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is a wattless reactive current, the result is, that the alternating-current input into the induction motor is always lagging, the more so, the larger a part of the total current is given by the magnetizing current. To secure good power-factor in an induction motor, the magnetizing current, that i«, the current which produces the magnetic field flux, must be kept as small as possible. This means as small an air gap between stator", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... secured, power-factor and apparent efficiency necessarily are very low. As illustration is shown in Fig. 20 the load curve of a typical 100-hp. 60-cycle 80-polar induction motor (90 revolutions per minute) of the constants: Impressed voltage: ea = 500. Primary exciting admittance: Ya = 0.02 — 0.6 j. Primary self-inductive impedance: Zu = 0.1 + 0.3j. Secondary self-inductive impedance: Zi = 0.1 + 0.3 j. INDUCTION MOTOR 53 As seen, at full-load of 75 kw. output, the efficiency is 80 per cent., which is fair for a slow-speed motor. But the p ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... primary, that is, which receives electric power and converts it into mechanical power, and the primary or stator of the induc- tion machine thus corresponds to the armature of the synchro- nous or commutating machine. In the secondary or rotor of the induction machine, low-frequency currents — of the frequency of slip — are induced by the primary, but the magnetic field flux is produced by the exciting current which traverses the primary or armature or stator. Thus the induction machine may be considered as a machine in which the magnetic field is produ ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SECONDARY EXCITATION 38. While in the typical synchronous machine and eommu- tating machine the magnetic field is excited by a direct current, characteristic of the induction machine is, that the magnetic field is excited by an alternating current derived from the alter- nating supply voltage, just as in the alternating-current trans- former. As the alternating magnetizing current is ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ow, that is, the number of poles large compared with the out- put, and the pole pitch thus must for economical reasons be kept small — as for instance a 100-hp. 60-cycle motor for 90 revolu- tions, that is, 80 poles— or where the requirement of an exutMrVV momentary overload capacity has to be met, etc. In such motors of necessity the exciting current or current at no-load — which is practically all magnetizing current — is a very large part of full-load current, and while fair efficiencies may nevertheless be secured, power-factor and apparent efficienc ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-04", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "title": "Single-Phase Induction Motor", "label": "Chapter 5: Single-Phase Induction Motor", "slug": "chapter-04", "location": "lines 8555-10582", "line_start": 8555, "line_end": 10582, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6193, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 72, "magnetism": 64, "dielectricity": 30, "complex-quantities": 16, "alternating-current": 5, "fields": 5, "radiation-light": 2, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 60. As more fully discussed in the chapters on the single-phase induction motor, in \" Theoretical Elements of Electrical Engineer- ing\" and \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" the single-phase induction motor has inherently, no torque at standstill, that is, when used without special device to produce such torque by converting the motor into an unsym- metrical ployphase motor, etc. The magnetic flux at standstill is a single-phase alternating flux of constant direction, and the line of polarization of the armature or secondary currents, that is, the resultant m.m.f. of the armature currents, coincides with the axis of magnetic flux impressed by the primary circuit. When revolving, however, even at low speeds, torque appears in the single-phase induction motor, due to the axis of armature polarization being shifted against", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the main flux, and thus is proportional to the quadrature flux. At synchronism, the quadrature magnetic flux produced by the armature currents becomes equal to the main magnetic flux produced by the impressed single-phase voltage (approximately, in reality it is less by the impedance drop of the exciting current in the armature conductors) and the magnetic disposition of the single-phase induction motor thus becomes at synchronism iden- tical with that of the polyphase induction motor, and approxi- mately so near synchronism. The magnetic field of the ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... nd \" Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" the single-phase induction motor has inherently, no torque at standstill, that is, when used without special device to produce such torque by converting the motor into an unsym- metrical ployphase motor, etc. The magnetic flux at standstill is a single-phase alternating flux of constant direction, and the line of polarization of the armature or secondary currents, that is, the resultant m.m.f. of the armature currents, coincides with the axis of magnetic flux impressed by the primary circuit. ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... e-splitting Devices. — The primary system of the single- phase induction motor is composed of two or more circuits displaced from each other in position around the armature circumference, and combined with impedances of different in- ductance factors so as to produce a phase displacement between them. The motor circuits may be connected in series, and shunted by the impedance, or they may be connected in shunt with each other, but in series with their respective impedance, or they may be connected with each other by transformation, etc. B. Inductive Devi ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... e polyphase motor at the same induced voltage, and decreases to half this value at stand- still, where only one of the two quadrature components of magnetic flux exists. The primary impedance of the motor is that of the circuits used. The secondary impedance varies from the joint impedance of all phases, at synchronism, to twice this value at standstill, since at synchronism all the secondary circuits correspond to the one primary circuit, while at stand- still only their component parallel with the primary circuit corres ponds. 61. Hereby the si ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-05", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "title": "Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "label": "Chapter 6: Induction-Motor Regulation And Stability", "slug": "chapter-05", "location": "lines 10583-12397", "line_start": 10583, "line_end": 12397, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5540, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 28, "radiation-light": 15, "dielectricity": 6, "complex-quantities": 4, "fields": 3, "magnetism": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 12, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VI INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION AND STABILITY 1. VOLTAGE REGULATION AND OUTPUT 79. Load and speed curves of induction motors are usually calculated and plotted for constant-supply voltage at the motor terminals. In practice, however, this condition usually is only approximately fulfilled, and due to the drop of voltage in the step-down transformers feeding the motor, in the secondary and the primary supply lines, etc., the voltage at the motor terminals drops more or less with increase of load. Thus, if the voltage at the primary terminals of the motor transformer is constant, and such as to give the rated motor voltage at full-load, at no- load the voltage at the motor terminals is higher, but at overload lower by the voltage drop in the internal impedance of the trans- formers. If the voltage is kept", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... increase of load. Thus, if the voltage at the primary terminals of the motor transformer is constant, and such as to give the rated motor voltage at full-load, at no- load the voltage at the motor terminals is higher, but at overload lower by the voltage drop in the internal impedance of the trans- formers. If the voltage is kept constant in the center of distri- bution, the drop of voltage in the line adds itself to the imped- ance drop in the transformers, and the motor supply voltage thus varies still more between no-load and overload. With a drop of ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... !•-• CO 110.0; 100.0; 107.5: 102.0 OH OiO • • • • 0 ^1 H *£ ** ** eM -* 0000 • • • • 0000 »H *-l f>4 <-4 ^as .2 31 00 O CO 00 0000 I I I • • • 000 s CO 00 000*0 I I I O © «\"« • » • 000 INDUCTION-MOTOR REGULATION 131 3. FREQUENCY PULSATION 81. If the frequency of the voltage supply pulsates with sufficient rapidity that the motor speed can not appreciably follow the pulsations of frequency, the motor current and torque also pulsate; that is, if the frequency pulsates by the fraction, p, above and b ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... s the maximum output and maximum torque of the motor, and also the motor impedance current, that is, current consumed by the motor at standstill, and thereby the starting torque of the motor, are lower than on a constant-poten- tial supply. Hereby then the margin of overload capacity of the motor is reduced, and the characteristic constant of the motor, or the ratio of exciting current to short-circuit current, is in- creased, that is, the motor characteristic made inferior to that given at constant voltage supply, the more so the higher the voltage dro ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... creased, that is, the motor characteristic made inferior to that given at constant voltage supply, the more so the higher the voltage drop in the supply circuit. Assuming then a three-phase motor having the following con- stants: primary exciting admittance, Y = 0.01 — 0.1 j; primary self-inductive impedance, Z0 = 0.1 + 0.3 j; secondary self -induc- 123 124 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS tive impedance, Z, = 0.1 + 0.3 j; supply voltage, e0 = 110 volts, and rated output, 5000 waits per phase. Assuming this motor to be operated: 1. By transformers ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-06", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "title": "Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "label": "Chapter 7: Higher Harmonics In Induction Motors", "slug": "chapter-06", "location": "lines 12398-13955", "line_start": 12398, "line_end": 13955, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3505, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 26, "waves-lines": 20, "complex-quantities": 12, "radiation-light": 8, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-fig-058", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "figure_number": 58, "caption": "which represents the current distribution per phase through the air gap of the induction machine, shown by the diagrams F of Fig. 58. The corresponding flux distribution, $, in Fig. 58, expressed by a trignometric series:", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 13533, "line_end": 13533, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII HIGHER HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 88. The usual theory and calculation of induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armature or primary, is sinusoidal in space. While in most eases this is sufficicntly the ease, it is not always so, and especially the space or air-gap distribution of the magnetic flux may sufficiently differ from sine shape, to exert an appreciable effect on the torque at lower speeds, and require", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armature or primary, is sinusoidal in space. While in most eases this is sufficicntly the ease, it is not always so, and especially the space or a ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... HIGHER HARMONICS IN INDUCTION MOTORS 88. The usual theory and calculation of induction motors, .■is discussed in '* Theoretical Elements of Electrical Enginccr- ing\" and in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-current Phenomena,\" is based on the assumption of the sine wave. That U, it is assumed that the voltage impressed upon the motor per phase, and therefore the magnetic flux and the current, KM sine waves, and it is further assumed, that the distribution of the winding on the circumference of the armature or primary, is sinusoidal in spac ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... he magnetic flux may sufficiently differ from sine shape, to exert an appreciable effect on the torque at lower speeds, and require consideration where motor action and braking action with considerable power is required throughout the entire range of speed. Let then: r — iji cos * + e» cos (3 * — a,) + es cos (5 * — at) 4- e? cos (7* - a-) + e, cos (9 * - a„) + . . . (1) be the voltage impressed u|hjn one phase of the induction motor. If the motor is a quarter-pha.se motor, the voltage of the second motor phase, which lags 90° or behind the fi ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... s(3 0- «» + 5)-| (4) As seen, these also constitute a quarter-phase system of voltage, but the second wave, which is lagging in the funda- mental, is 90° leading in the third harmonic, or in other words, the third harmonic gives a backward rotation of the poles with triple frequency. It thus produces a torque in opposite direc- tion to the. fundamental, and would reach its synchronism, that is, zero torque, at one-third of synchronism in negative direction, or at the speed /, the motor torque is reversed, and the rotor turns in the same direction as the brushes. In general, it is: /i+/2 + s=/, where /i = brush speed, /2 = motor speed, s = slip required to give the desired torque, / = supply frequency. 102. An application of this type of motor for starting larger motors under power, by means of a small auxiliary motor, is shown diagrammatically, in section, in Fig. 61. Po is the stationary primary or stator, So the revolving squirrel- cage secondary of the power motor. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-11", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "title": "Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "label": "Chapter 12: Frequency Converter Or General Alternating Current Transformer", "slug": "chapter-11", "location": "lines 14897-17124", "line_start": 14897, "line_end": 17124, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 8971, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "magnetism", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 187, "impedance-reactance": 55, "fields": 33, "magnetism": 29, "alternating-current": 24, "complex-quantities": 13, "ether": 5, "dielectricity": 4, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 184, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other words, power is transferred through space, by magnetic energy, from primary to secondary circuit. This power finds its mechanical equivalent in a repulsive llirusi acting between primary and secondary conductors. Thus, if the secondary is not held rigidly, with regards to the primary, it will be repelled and move. This repulsion is used in the constant-current transformer for regulating the current for constancy independent of the load. In the induction motor, this mechanical force", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed v ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... tor must contain an air gap in the magnetic circuit, to permit movability between primary and secondary, and thus they require a higher magnetizing current than the closed magnetic circuit stationary transformer, and this again results in general in a higher self- inductive impedance. Thus, the frequency converter and in- duction motor magnetically represent transformers of high ex- citing admittance and high self-inductive impedance. 104. The mutual magnetic flux of the transformer is pro- duced by the resultant m.m.f. of both electric circuits. It is ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... r, this mechanical force is made use of for doing the work: the induction motor represents an alternating-current transformer, in which the secondary is mounted niovably with regards to the primary, in such a manner that, while set in motion, it still remains in the primary field of force. This requires, i hat the induction motor field is not constant in one direction, but that a magnetic field exists in every direction, in other words that the magnetic field successively assumes all directions, as a so- called rotating field. The induction motor a ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII FREQUENCY CONVERTER OR GENERAL ALTERNATING- CURRENT TRANSFORMER 103. In general, an alternating-current transformer conafete of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits, the primary circuit, in which power, sup- plied by the impressed voltage, is consumed, and the secondary circuit, in which a corresponding amount of electric power is produced; or in other words, p ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-12", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "title": "Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "label": "Chapter 14: Phase Conversion And Single-Phase Generation", "slug": "chapter-12", "location": "lines 17125-18412", "line_start": 17125, "line_end": 18412, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6188, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "magnetism", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 30, "impedance-reactance": 25, "fields": 23, "magnetism": 16, "radiation-light": 5, "alternating-current": 3, "complex-quantities": 3, "waves-lines": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-fig-068", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "figure_number": 68, "caption": "In Fig. 68 the drawn tinea correspond to non-inductive bftd The regulation for 45° lagging load is shown by dotted lines in Fig. 68. e'o shows the quadrature component of the monocyclic voltage. e ii, at non-inductive load. That is, the component of e«, which is", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 17658, "line_end": 17658, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIV PHASE CONVERSION AND SINGLE-PHASE GENERATION 126. Any polyphase system can, by mean? of two stationary transformers, be converted into any other polyphase system, and in such conversion, a balanced polyphase system remains balanced, while an unbalanced system converts into a polyphase system of the same balance factor.1 In the conversion between single-phase system and polyphase system, a storage of energy thus must take place, as the balance factor of the single-phase system is zero or negative, while that of the balanced polyphase system is unity. For such energy storage may be used capacity, or inductance, or momentum or a combination thereof: Energy storage by capacity, that is, in the dielectric fu Id, required per kilovolt-ampere at 60 cycles about 200O <-.•■. ol space, at a cost of about $10. Inductance, that is. energy", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... r.1 In the conversion between single-phase system and polyphase system, a storage of energy thus must take place, as the balance factor of the single-phase system is zero or negative, while that of the balanced polyphase system is unity. For such energy storage may be used capacity, or inductance, or momentum or a combination thereof: Energy storage by capacity, that is, in the dielectric fu Id, required per kilovolt-ampere at 60 cycles about 200O <-.•■. ol space, at a cost of about $10. Inductance, that is. energy storage by the magnetic field, requ ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... tem of voltages (whether symmetrical or unsymmetrical), in which the flow of energy is essentially single- phase. For instance, if, as shown diagrammatic ally in Fig. 67, we connect, between single-phase mains, AB, two pairs of non-in- ductive resistances, r, and inductive reactances, x (or in general, two pairs of impedances of different inductance factors), such that t = x, consuming the voltages E\\ and Et respectively, then the voltage e» = CD is in quadrature with, and equal to, the voltage e = AB, and the two voltages, e and eo, constitute a monoc ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... may be used capacity, or inductance, or momentum or a combination thereof: Energy storage by capacity, that is, in the dielectric fu Id, required per kilovolt-ampere at 60 cycles about 200O <-.•■. ol space, at a cost of about $10. Inductance, that is. energy storage by the magnetic field, requires about 1000 c.e. per kilo- volt-ampere at 60 cycles, at a cost of $1, while energy storage by momentum, as kinetic mechanical energy, assuming iron moving at 30 meter-seconds, stores 1 kva. at 60 cycles by about 3 c.c., at a cost of 0.2c, thus is by far the cheapest ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... may be used capacity, or inductance, or momentum or a combination thereof: Energy storage by capacity, that is, in the dielectric fu Id, required per kilovolt-ampere at 60 cycles about 200O <-.•■. ol space, at a cost of about $10. Inductance, that is. energy storage by the magnetic field, requires about 1000 c.e. per kilo- volt-ampere at 60 cycles, at a cost of $1, while energy storage by momentum, as kinetic mechanical energy, assuming iron moving at 30 meter-seconds, stores 1 kva. at 60 cycles by about 3 c.c., at a cost of 0.2c, thus is by far the ch ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-13", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "title": "Synchronous Rectifier", "label": "Chapter 15: Synchronous Rectifier", "slug": "chapter-13", "location": "lines 18413-19373", "line_start": 18413, "line_end": 19373, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4865, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 81, "alternating-current": 10, "impedance-reactance": 5, "radiation-light": 5, "fields": 4, "magnetism": 4, "transients": 3, "ether": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "lightning-surges": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XV SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER Self-compounding Alternators— Self-starting Synchro- nous Motors — Arc Rectifier — Brush and Thomson Houston Arc Machine — Leblanc Panchahuteur — Permutator — Synchronous Converter 138. Rectifiers ffir converting alternating into direct current have been designed and built since many years. As mechanical rectifiers, mainly single-phase, they have found a limited use for small powers since a long time, and during the last years arc rectifiers have found extended use for small and moderate powers, for storage-battery charging and for series arc lighting by constant direct current. For large powers, however, the rectifier does not appear applicable, but the synchronous converter takes its place. The two most important types of direct-current arc-light ma- chines, however, have in reality been mechanical rectifiers, and for compounding alternators, and for starting synchronous motors, rectifying commutators", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... of direct-current arc-light ma- chines, however, have in reality been mechanical rectifiers, and for compounding alternators, and for starting synchronous motors, rectifying commutators have been used to a considerable extent. Let, in Fig. 72, e be the alternating voltage wave of the supply source, and the connections of the receiver circuit with this sup- ply source be periodically and synchronously reversed, at the zero points of the voltage wave, by a reversing commutator driven by a small synchronous motor, shown in Fig. 73. In the receiver c ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XV SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER Self-compounding Alternators— Self-starting Synchro- nous Motors — Arc Rectifier — Brush and Thomson Houston Arc Machine — Leblanc Panchahuteur — Permutator — Synchronous Converter 138. Rectifiers ffir converting alternating into direct current have been designed and built since many years. As mechanical rectifiers, mainly single-phase, they have found a limited use for small powers since ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... t is, the making of contact during one half wave, and opening it during the reverse half wave, is accomplished not by mechanical syn- chronous rotation, but by the use of the arc as unidirec- rwm hPHH 'hbHI B Fig. 102. — Diagram of mercury-arc rectifier with its reactances. tional conductor:1 with the voltage gradient in one direc- tion, the arc conducts; with the reverse voltage gradient 1 Sec Chapter II of \"Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits/' SYXCHROXOUS RECTIFIER 249 — the other half wave — it does not conduct. A large ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... since many years. As mechanical rectifiers, mainly single-phase, they have found a limited use for small powers since a long time, and during the last years arc rectifiers have found extended use for small and moderate powers, for storage-battery charging and for series arc lighting by constant direct current. For large powers, however, the rectifier does not appear applicable, but the synchronous converter takes its place. The two most important types of direct-current arc-light ma- chines, however, have in reality been mechanical rectifiers, and f ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-13.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-13.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-14", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "title": "Reaction Machines", "label": "Chapter 16: Reaction Machines", "slug": "chapter-14", "location": "lines 19374-20293", "line_start": 19374, "line_end": 20293, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3527, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 62, "fields": 34, "waves-lines": 33, "impedance-reactance": 30, "hysteresis": 7, "radiation-light": 7, "alternating-current": 5, "dielectricity": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-fig-128", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "figure_number": 128, "caption": "circuitcd turn, S, as shown in Fig. 128, This gives a periodic variation of the effective reluctance, from ft minimum, shown in Fig. 128, to a maximum in the position shown in dotted lines in Fig. 128. This latter structure is the so-called \"synchronous-induction motor,\" Chapter VIII, which here appears as a special form of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 19586, "line_end": 19586, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVI REACTION MACHINES 147. In the usual treatment of synchronous machines and induction machines, the assumption is made that the reactance, x, of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large armature reaction, the reactance, x, is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circum- stances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... nce, x, of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large armature reaction, the reactance, x, is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchron ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... cal calculations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors or converters of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circum- stances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter e.m.f., E,, reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter e.m.f., £.',. made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the current and the e.m.f. of a generator do not d ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... r e.m.f. of self-induction lags less than 90° behind the current. 149. A case of this nature occurs in the effect of hysteresis, from a different point of view. In \"Theory and Calcuation of Al- ternating Current\" it was shown, thai -magnetic hysteresis distorts the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, REACTION MACHINES 263 that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called the angle of hysteretic advanee of phase a. the e.m.f. ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVI REACTION MACHINES 147. In the usual treatment of synchronous machines and induction machines, the assumption is made that the reactance, x, of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large armature reaction, the reactance, x, is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the mag ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-14.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-14.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-15", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "title": "Inductor Machines", "label": "Chapter 17: Inductor Machines", "slug": "chapter-15", "location": "lines 20294-20974", "line_start": 20294, "line_end": 20974, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3640, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 92, "fields": 48, "radiation-light": 37, "alternating-current": 4, "waves-lines": 4, "hysteresis": 3, "complex-quantities": 1, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 37, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVII INDUCTOR MACHINES Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, but has practically gone out of use except for special Fia. 134. — Revolving armature alternator Fig. 135.— Revolving field al ternator. purposes, and for synchronous commutating machines, as the revolving-armature type of structure is almost exclusively used for commutating machines. The revolving-field type is now almost exclusively used, as the standard construction of alter- nators, synchronous motors, etc. The inductor type had been used to a considerable extent, and had a high reputation in the Stanley alternator. It", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, but has practically gone out of use except for special Fia. 134. — Revolving armature alternator Fig. 135.— Revolving field al ternator. purposes, and for synchronous commutating machines ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVII INDUCTOR MACHINES Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revolving magnetic circuit. The revolving-armature type was the most frequent in the early days, ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ature turns of the inductor alternator, thus is #i — *», while that in the revolving-field or revolving-armature type of alternator is 2 *„. The general formula of voltage induction in an alternator is: (1) ! - y/2 «/«*„, 27G ELECTRICAL APPARATUS where : / = frequency, in hundreds of cycles, n = number of armature turns in series, *0 = maximum magnetic flux, alternating through the armature turns, in megalines, e = effective value of induced voltage. *i — *s taking the place of 2 *0, in the inductor alternator, the equation of voltage i ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVII INDUCTOR MACHINES Inductor Alternators, Etc. 156. Synchronous machines may be built with stationary field and revolving armature, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 134, or with revolving field and stationary armature, Fig. 135, or with stationary field and stationary armature, but revo ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-15.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-15.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-16", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "title": "Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "label": "Chapter 18: Surging Of Synchronous Motors", "slug": "chapter-16", "location": "lines 20975-21712", "line_start": 20975, "line_end": 21712, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2889, "top_themes": [ "transients", "fields", "radiation-light", "magnetism", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 27, "fields": 18, "radiation-light": 15, "magnetism": 14, "complex-quantities": 12, "impedance-reactance": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 14, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVIII SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS 166. In the theory of the synchronous motor the assumption is made that the mechanical output of the motor equals the power developed by it. This is the case only if the motor runs at constant speed. If, however, it accelerates, the power input is greater; if it decelerates, less than the power output, by the power stored in and returned by the momentum. Obviously, the motor can neither constantly accelerate nor decelerate, without breaking out of synchronism. If, for instance, at a certain moment the power prod wed by the motor exceeds the mechanical load (as in the moment of throwing off a part of the load), the excess power is consumed by the momentum as acceleration, causing an increase of speed. The result thereof is that the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... is manner a periodic variation of the phase relation between e and to, and correspond- ing variation of speed and current occurs, of an amplitude and period depending upon the circuit conditions and the mechanical momentum. If the amplitude of this pulsation has a positive decrement, that is, is decreasing, the motor assumes after a while a constant position of e regarding ea, that is, its speed becomes uniform. If, however, the decrement of Hie pulsation is negative, an infinitely small pulsation will continuously increase in amplitude, until the moto ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... onditions of oscillation, and a period, which for small oscillations gives the frequency of oscillation: f „f _ //ee0 sin (a - 0) As instance, let: + #1 = 0; lo = co/i; It = 0. Fig. 186. 7. Series repulsion motor with secondary excitation :", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 26791, "line_end": 26791, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-fig-187", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "figure_number": 187, "caption": "/m Fig. 187. 10. Rotor-excited series motor with conductive compensation :", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 26816, "line_end": 26816, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-fig-188", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "figure_number": 188, "caption": "brush short-circuit c* = 0.04; that is, the same constants as used in the repulsion motor, Fig. 188. Curves are plotted for the voltage ratios; t = 0: inductively compensated series motor, Fig. 189.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 29224, "line_end": 29224, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-fig-192", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "figure_number": 192, "caption": "t = 0.2: series repulsion motor, high-speed, Fig. 190. ( = 0.5: series repulsion motor, medium-speed, Fig. 191. ( = 1.0: repulsion motor with secondary excitation, low-speed, Fig. 192. e", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 29231, "line_end": 29231, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE COMMUTATOR MOTORS I. General 189. Alternating-current commutating machines have so far become ef industrial importance mainly as motors of the series or varying-speed type, for single-phase railroading, and as con- stant-speed motors or adjustable-speed motors, where efficient acceleration under heavy torque is necessary. As generators, they would be of advantage for the generation of very low fre- quency, since in this case synchronous machines are uneconom- ical, due to their very low speed, resultant from the low frequency. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt or series motor, remains the same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... o their very low speed, resultant from the low frequency. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt or series motor, remains the same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... nt from the low frequency. The direction of rotation of a direct-current motor, whether shunt or series motor, remains the same at a reversal of the im- pressed e.m.f., as in this case the current in the armature circuit and the current in the field circuit and so the field magnetism both reverse. Theoretically, a direct-current motor therefore could be operated on an alternating impressed e.m.f. provided that the magnetic circuit of the motor is laminated, so as to fol- low the alternations of magnetism without serious loss of power, and that precautio ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... he inductivity of the secondary circuit, as shown by the transformer diagram, Fig. 166. Herefrom it follows that: In the inductively compensated series motor, 2, the quad- rature flux is very small and practically negligible, as very little voltage is consumed in the low impedance of the secondary cir- cuit, C; whatever flux there is, lags behind the main flux. 346 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS In the inductively compensated series ipotor with secondary excitation, or inverted repulsion motor, 3, the quadrature flux, $1, is quite large, as a considerab ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "CHAPTER XX SINGLE-PHASE COMMUTATOR MOTORS I. General 189. Alternating-current commutating machines have so far become ef industrial importance mainly as motors of the series or varying-speed type, for single-phase railroading, and as con- stant-speed motors or adjustable-speed motors, where efficient acceleration under heavy torque is necessary. As generators, they would be of advantage for the generation of very low fre- quency, since in this case synchronous machines are uneconom- ical, due to their very low speed, resultant from the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-18.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-18.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-19", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "title": "Regulating Pole Converters", "label": "Chapter 21: Regulating Pole Converters", "slug": "chapter-19", "location": "lines 30088-31715", "line_start": 30088, "line_end": 31715, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6667, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "alternating-current", "waves-lines", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 89, "fields": 49, "alternating-current": 26, "waves-lines": 25, "radiation-light": 6, "complex-quantities": 4, "ether": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXI REGULATING POLE CONVERTERS 230. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a syn- chronous converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating voltaga between two diametrically opposite points of the commutator, or \"diametrical voltage,\" and the diametrical voltage is twice the voltage between alternating lead and neutral, or star or J voltage of the polyphase system. A change of the direct voltage, at constant, impressed alter- nating voltage (or inversely), can be produced: Either by changing the position angle between the eiuimjuia- tor brushes and the resultant magnetic flux, so that the direct voltage between the brushes is not the maximum", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXI REGULATING POLE CONVERTERS 230. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a syn- chronous converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of the alternating voltaga between two diametrically opposite points of the co ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... pressed alternating voltage, is in- 424 EL ECTRIC A L A PPA RA T f '8 dependent of the wave shape, and thus run be produced whether the alternating voltage is a sine wave or any other wave. It is obvious that, instead of shifting the brushes on the com- mutator, the magnetic field poles may \\k< shifted, in the opposite direction, by the same angle, as shown in Fig. 198, A, B, C. Instead of mechanically shifting the field poles, they can bt shifted electrically, by having each field pole consist of a numUr of sections, and successively reversing the p ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... nies are in phase, and a reduction if the higher harmonics are in opposition to the fundamental wave of the dia- metrical or Y voltage. A. Variable Ratio by a Change of the Position Angle between Commutator Brushes and Resultant Magnetic Flux 231. Let, in the commutating maclane shown diagrammatic- ally in Fig. 195, the potential difference, or alternating voltage between one point, a, of the armature winding and the neutral, 0 (that is, the 1' voltage, or half the diametrical voltage) be repre- sented by the sine wave, Fig. 197. This potential di ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXI REGULATING POLE CONVERTERS 230. With a sine wave of alternating voltage, and the com- mutator brushes set at the magnetic neutral, that is, at right angles to the resultant magnetic flux, the direct voltage of a syn- chronous converter is constant at constant impressed alternating voltage. It equals the maximum value of th ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-19.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-19.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-20", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "title": "Unipolar Machines", "label": "Chapter 22: Unipolar Machines", "slug": "chapter-20", "location": "lines 31716-32137", "line_start": 31716, "line_end": 32137, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2788, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "ether", "radiation-light", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 38, "fields": 15, "ether": 6, "radiation-light": 2, "complex-quantities": 1, "dielectricity": 1, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-fig-227", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "figure_number": 227, "caption": "262. The unipolar machine may be used :i^ motor as well as generator, and has found some application as motor meter. The general principle of a unipolar meter may be illustrated by Fig. 227. The meter shaft, A , with counter, F, is pivoted at P, anil carries the brake disk and conductor, a copper or aluminum disk. D, be-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "line_start": 32127, "line_end": 32127, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXII UNIPOLAR MACHINES Homopolar or Acyclic Machines 247.. If a conductor, C, revolves around, one pole of a stationary magnet shown as NS in Fig. 215, a continuous voltage is induced in the conductor by its cutting of the lines of magnetic force of the pole, N, and this voltage can be supplied to an external cir- cuit, D, by stationary brushes, Bi and B2) bearing on the ends of the revolving conductor, C. The voltage is: e = /$ 10-8, where / is the number of revolutions per second, $ the magnetic flux of the magnet, cut by the conductor, C. N Fig. 215. — Diagrammatic illustration of unipolar machine with two high- speed collectors. Such a machine is called a unipolar machine, as the conductor during its rotation traverses the same polarity,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXII UNIPOLAR MACHINES Homopolar or Acyclic Machines 247.. If a conductor, C, revolves around, one pole of a stationary magnet shown as NS in Fig. 215, a continuous voltage is induced in the conductor by its cutting of the lines of magnetic force of the pole, N, and this voltage can be supplied to an external cir- cuit, D, by stationary brushes, Bi and B2) bearing on the ends of the revolving conductor, C. The voltage is: e = /$ 10-8, where / is the number of revolutions per second, $ the magnetic flux of ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... more miles per Fia. 216. — Diagrammatic illustration of unipolar machine with one high- speed collector. minute, which has stood in the way of the commercial intro- duction of unipolar machines. Electromagnetic induction is due to the relative motion of con- ductor and magnetic field, and every electromagnetic device is thus reversible with regards to stationary and rotary elements. Howeyer, the hope of eliminating high-speed collector rings in the unipolar machine, by having the conductor standstill and the magnet revolve, is a fallacy: in Figs. 215 and ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... on- ductor, C, revolves, and the magnet, NS, and the external circuit, D, stands still. The mechanical reversal thus would be, to have the conductor, C, stand still, and the magnet, NS, and the external circuit revolve, and this would leave high-speed current collection. Whether the magnet, NS, stands still or revolves, is immaterial in any case, and the question, whether the lines of force of the magnet are stationary or revolve, if the magnet revolves around its axis, is meaningless. If, with revolving conductor, C, and stationary external circuit ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... is homopolar machine,* signifying uniformity of polarity, or acyclic machine, signifying absence of any cyclic change: in all other electromagnetic machines, the voltage induced in a con- ductor changes cyclically, and the voltage in each turn is alter- nating, thus having a frequency, even if the terminal voltage and current at the corjimutator are continuous. 450 UNIPOLAR MACHINES 451 By bringing the conductor, C, over the end of the magnet close to the shaft, as shown in Fig. 216, the peripheral speed of motion of brush, J32, on its collector rin ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-20.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-20.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-21", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "title": "Review", "label": "Chapter 23: Review", "slug": "chapter-21", "location": "lines 32138-32819", "line_start": 32138, "line_end": 32819, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4333, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "fields", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 42, "fields": 34, "magnetism": 26, "dielectricity": 19, "alternating-current": 15, "impedance-reactance": 11, "waves-lines": 8, "hysteresis": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 37, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIII REVIEW 263. In reviewing the numerous types of apparatus, methods of construction and of operation, discussed in the preceding, an alphabetical list of them is given in the following, comprising name, definition, principal characteristics, advantages and dis- advantages, and the paragraph in which they are discussed. Alexanderson High-frequency Inductor Alternator. — 159. Comprises an inductor disk of very many teeth, revolving at very high speed between two radial armatures. Used for producing very high frequencies, from 20,000 to 200,000 cycles per second. Amortisseur. — Squirrel-cage winding in the pole faces of the synchronous machine, proposed by Leblanc to oppose the hunt- ing tendency, and extensively used. Amplifier. — 161. An apparatus to intensify telephone and radio telephone currents. High-frequency inductor alternator excited by the telephone current, usually by armature reaction through capacity. The", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ds of construction and of operation, discussed in the preceding, an alphabetical list of them is given in the following, comprising name, definition, principal characteristics, advantages and dis- advantages, and the paragraph in which they are discussed. Alexanderson High-frequency Inductor Alternator. — 159. Comprises an inductor disk of very many teeth, revolving at very high speed between two radial armatures. Used for producing very high frequencies, from 20,000 to 200,000 cycles per second. Amortisseur. — Squirrel-cage winding in the pole faces o ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... d. 459 400 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS Brush Arc Machine. — (Sec1 \"Are Machines.'1} Compound Alternator. — 138. Alternator with rectifying com- mutator, connected in Beriea to the armature, either con- ductive!}-, or inductively through transformer, and exciting a scries field winding by the rectified current. The limitation of l he power, which can be rectified, and the need of readjusting the brushes with a change of the inductivity of the load, hasmade njGfl compounding unsuitahie for the modern high-power altcrnu- ton. Condenser Motor. — 77 ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... starting. Eickemeyer Inductively Compensated Single-phase Series Motor. — 193. Single-phase commutating machine with series field and inductive compensating winding. Eickemeyer Inductor Alternator. — 160. Inductor alternator with field coils parallel to shaft, so that the magnetic flux disposi- tion is that of a bipolar or multipolar machine, in which the multitooth inductor takes the place of the armature of the stand- ard machine. Voltage induction then takes place in armature coils in the pole faces, and the magnetic flux in the inductor re- verse ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... achine, proposed by Leblanc to oppose the hunt- ing tendency, and extensively used. Amplifier. — 161. An apparatus to intensify telephone and radio telephone currents. High-frequency inductor alternator excited by the telephone current, usually by armature reaction through capacity. The generated current is then rectified, be- fore transmission in long-distance telephony, after transmission in radio telephony. Arc Machines. — 138. Constant-current generators, usually direct-current, with rectifying commutators. The last and most extensively used arc ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-21.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-21.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus-chapter-22", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-apparatus", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Apparatus", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "title": "Conclusion", "label": "Chapter 24: Conclusion", "slug": "chapter-22", "location": "lines 32820-33531", "line_start": 32820, "line_end": 33531, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2362, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "fields", "magnetism", "waves-lines", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 17, "fields": 11, "magnetism": 6, "waves-lines": 4, "alternating-current": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "ether": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 16, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIV CONCLUSION 254. Numerous apparatus, structural features and principles have been invented and more or less developed, but have fOQMJ a limited industrial application only, or arc not used at all, l>e- cause there is no industrial demand for them. Nevertheless B knowledge of these apparatus is of (treat importance to the elec- trical engineer. They may bo considered as filling the storehouse of electrical engineer inn, waiting until they are needed. Wry often, in the development of the industry, a demand arises for certain types of apparatus, which have been known for many years, but not used, because they offered no material advan- tage, unlil with the change of the industrial conditions their use became very advantageous and this led to their extrusive application. Thus for instance the com mutating pole (\"interpole\") in", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... f concatenation of induction machines with synchronous and commutating machines, etc 256. In general, a new design or new type of machine or apparatus has economically no right of existence, if it. is only jnst aa good as the existing one. A new type, which offers only a slight advantage in efficiency, size, coat of production or operation, etc., over the existing type, is economically preferable only, if it can entirely supersede tfw existing type; but if its advantage is limited to certain applica- tions, very often, even usually, the new type is ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... omically preferable wherever they can be used, it is ohvious that with the rapid expansion of the industry, new types of apparatus will be developed, introduced and become standard, to meet new conditions, and for this reason, aa Btated above, I knowledge of the entire known field of apparatus is to the engineer. CONCLUSION 475 Most of the less-known and less-used types of apparatus have been discussed in the preceding, and a comprehensive list of them is given in Chapter XXIII, together with their definitions and short characterization. While ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... chines, this classification becomes difficult in considering all known apparatus, as many of them fall in two or even all three classes, or are intermediate, or their inclusion in one class depends on the particular definition of this class. Induction machines consist of a magnetic circuit inductively related, that is, interlinked with two sets of electric circuits, which are movable with regards to each other. They thus differ from transformers or in general stationary induction apparatus, in that the electric circuits of the latter are stationary w ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... 4 477 478 lUfiEX E Eddy current starting device of in- duction motor, 8 in unipolar machine, 456 Eickemeyer high frequency inductor alternator, 280 F Flashing of rectifier, 249 Frequency converter, 176 pulsation, effect in induction motor, 131 Full wave rectifier, 245 G General alternating current motor, 300 Generator regulation affecting induc- tion motor stability, 137 H Half wave rectifier, 245 Harmonic torque of induction motor, 144 Heyland motor, 92 Higher harmonic torques in induc- tion motor, 144 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/cleaned_text/chapter-22.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-apparatus/chapter-22.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul04steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-01", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "title": "General", "label": "Lecture 1: General", "slug": "lecture-01", "location": "lines 275-735", "line_start": 275, "line_end": 735, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3959, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 20, "ether": 4 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 20, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE I GENERAL A. RELATIVITY OF MOTION, LOCATION AND TIME The theory of relativity as developed by Einstein and his collaborators has revohdionized science by sweeping aside many of the limitations which hitherto fettered the human intellect. But, being essentially mathematical, a general conception of it can be given to the non-mathematician only by the use of analogies and illustrations, and this inevitably involves a certain looseness of argumentation. The following pages therefore may serve to give a general idea of the theory of relativity and its consequences, but not to revieiv it critically. The theory of relativity starts from two premises : 1. All phenomena of space, time and motion are relative; that is, there is no absolute motion, etc., but motion, location and time have a meaning only relative to some other location,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... the same, as the same laws of nature apply everywhere. 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The highest cosmic velocity", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 785, "line_end": 785, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "distance, 200 kilometers per second. The shortening of the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 787, "line_end": 787, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "line has a wave length of 3 X lO^V^O cm. = 5000 km. Its", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1224, "line_end": 1224, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "c = ~7E=^ = 3 X IQio cm.,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1272, "line_end": 1272, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "moving with the velocity v, for instance, at 60 miles per", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1374, "line_end": 1374, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "value — that is, assume x = 0, t = 0, x' = 0, t' = 0,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1388, "line_end": 1388, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "1. Since x'i' has relative to xi the velocity f, it is, for a;' = 0:ax — bt = 0,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1458, "line_end": 1458, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "0 = av j '", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1464, "line_end": 1464, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-002", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 2, "caption": "M Fig. 2. 18 RELATIVITY AND SPACE", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1012, "line_end": 1012, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-004", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 4, "caption": "M Fig. 4. 22 RELATIVITY AND SPACE", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1207, "line_end": 1207, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-005", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 5, "caption": "none returned to the radiator. Fig. 5. CONCLUSIONS FROM RELATIVITY THEORY 23", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1253, "line_end": 1253, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-006", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 6, "caption": "•^W///y/y/y/////////////'//vy/////////'//^/^^////^>>^ Fig. 6. hour, relative to the track B. Let us denote the distance relative to the train — that is, measured in the train^ — ^by", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1380, "line_end": 1380, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-008", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 8, "caption": "and (2), are very similar to those representing a rotation of Fig. 8. the coordinate axes by an angle tan co = v/c. If it were such", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1695, "line_end": 1695, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-009", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 9, "caption": "r 7' Fig. 9. P1P3' is not the time but a combination of time and length. Inversely, to the second observer P1P3' is the time and", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 1729, "line_end": 1729, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE II CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RELATIVITY THEORY A. INTRODUCTION The theory of relativity of Einstein and his collaborators has profoundly revolutionized our conceptions of nature. Time and space have ceased to be entities and have become mere forms of conception. The length of a body and the time on it and the mass have ceased to be fixed properties and have become dependent on the conditions of obser- vation. The law of conservation of matter thus had to be abandoned and mass became a manifestation of energy. The law of gravitation has been recast, and the force of gravitation has become an effect of inertial motion, like centrifugal force. The ether has been abandoned, and the field of force of Faraday and Maxwell has become the fundamental conception of physics. The laws of mechanics ^", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... The law of conservation of matter thus had to be abandoned and mass became a manifestation of energy. The law of gravitation has been recast, and the force of gravitation has become an effect of inertial motion, like centrifugal force. The ether has been abandoned, and the field of force of Faraday and Maxwell has become the fundamental conception of physics. The laws of mechanics ^ have been changed, and time and space have been bound' together in the four-dimensional world space, the dimen- sions of which are neither space nor time, but a symmetri ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... the old and of the new conceptions are so small that they usually cannot be observed even by the most accurate scientific investigation, and in the few instances where the differences have been measured, as in the disturbances of Mercury's orbit, the bending of the beam of light in the gravitational field, etc., they are close to the limits of observation. 12 CONCLUSIONS FROM RELATIVITY THEORY 13 We have seen that the length of a body and the time on it change with the relative velocity of the observer. The highest velocities which we can prod ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ver, shows that two equal beams of light when superimposed, may give a beam of double intensity, or may extinguish each other and give darkness, or may give anything between these two 14 RELATIVITY AND SPACE extremes. This can be explained only by assuming light to be a wave, like an alternating current. Depending on their phase relation, the combination of two waves (as two beams of light or two alternating currents) may be anything between their sum and their difference. Thus the two alternating currents consumed by two incandescent lamps add ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... n the conditions of obser- vation. The law of conservation of matter thus had to be abandoned and mass became a manifestation of energy. The law of gravitation has been recast, and the force of gravitation has become an effect of inertial motion, like centrifugal force. The ether has been abandoned, and the field of force of Faraday and Maxwell has become the fundamental conception of physics. 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"source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "title": "Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "label": "Lecture 3: Gravitation And The Gravitational Fleld", "slug": "lecture-03", "location": "lines 2389-3594", "line_start": 2389, "line_end": 3594, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6716, "top_themes": [ "fields", "radiation-light", "magnetism", "ether", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 114, "radiation-light": 47, "magnetism": 19, "ether": 9, "waves-lines": 8, "complex-quantities": 6, "dielectricity": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 37, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 10, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "refraction", "label": "Refraction", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 53, "figure_count": 5, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0052", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "F = HP (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2426, "line_end": 2426, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0053", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "F=KQ, (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2441, "line_end": 2441, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0054", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "F = gN, (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2449, "line_end": 2449, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0055", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "F = CR, (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2458, "line_end": 2458, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0056", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "W = Mvy2, (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2471, "line_end": 2471, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0057", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "a = F/M, (6)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2478, "line_end": 2478, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0058", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "W = Mvy2,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2549, "line_end": 2549, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0059", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "Let (in Fig. 11) C be a railway car standing still on a", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2632, "line_end": 2632, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-010", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 10, "caption": "R = M. Fig. 10. Let (in Fig. 10) 5 be a body revolving around a point 0. The fundamental law of physics is the law of inertia.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2580, "line_end": 2580, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-014", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 14, "caption": "<^-<-r) B Fig. 14. constant speed in a straight line, but curves backward, just as it did in Fig. 13 on a 10 per cent up grade at constant", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2705, "line_end": 2705, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-015", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 15, "caption": "7 ' Fig. 15. standing near the track, shoot a rifle bullet through the car,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 2931, "line_end": 2931, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-016", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 16, "caption": ">Vf Fig. 16. leaves the car, at the point B of the track, it is greater and is v^. Then the angle which the bullet makes relative", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 3004, "line_end": 3004, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-017", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 17, "caption": "until finally, at the extremely high velocity of light, c = Fig. 17. 186,000 miles per second, the hyperbola (6) becomes almost a straight line. Even if the beam of light comes very close", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 3139, "line_end": 3139, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE III GRAVITATION AND THE GRAVITATIONAL FLELD A. THE IDENTITY OF GRAVITATIONAL, CENTRIFUGAL AND INERTIAL MASS As seen in the preceding lecture, the conception of the ether as the carrier of radiation had to be abandoned as incompatible with the theory of relativity; the conception of action at a distance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, character- ized by the property of exerting a force on any body susceptible to this energy — that is, a magnetic field on a magnetizable body, a gravitational field on a gravitational mass, etc. Light, or, in general, radiation, is an electromagnetic wave — ^that is, an alternation or periodic variation", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... As seen in the preceding lecture, the conception of the ether as the carrier of radiation had to be abandoned as incompatible with the theory of relativity; the conception of action at a distance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, character- ized by the property of exerting a force on any body susceptible to this energy — that is, a magnetic field on a magnetizable body, a gravitational field on a gravi ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE III GRAVITATION AND THE GRAVITATIONAL FLELD A. THE IDENTITY OF GRAVITATIONAL, CENTRIFUGAL AND INERTIAL MASS As seen in the preceding lecture, the conception of the ether as the carrier of radiation had to be abandoned as incompatible with the theory of relativity; the conception of action at a distance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of e ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The energy field is a storage of energy in space, character- ized by the property of exerting a force on any body susceptible to this energy — that is, a magnetic field on a magnetizable body, a gravitational field on a gravitational mass, etc. Light, or, in general, radiation, is an electromagnetic wave — ^that is, an alternation or periodic variation of the electromagnetic field^ — and the difference between the alternating field ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "LECTURE III GRAVITATION AND THE GRAVITATIONAL FLELD A. THE IDENTITY OF GRAVITATIONAL, CENTRIFUGAL AND INERTIAL MASS As seen in the preceding lecture, the conception of the ether as the carrier of radiation had to be abandoned as incompatible with the theory of relativity; the conception of action at a distance is repugnant to our reasoning, and its place is taken by the conception of the field of force, or, more correctly, the energy field. The en ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/four-lectures-relativity-space/cleaned_text/lecture-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/fourlecturesonre00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-lecture-04", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "source_title": "Four Lectures on Relativity and Space", "year": 1923, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "title": "The Characteristics Of Space A. The Geometry Of The Gravitational Field", "label": "Lecture 4: The Characteristics Of Space A. 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We can", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4176, "line_end": 4176, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0107", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "the same characteristic constant as the elliptic 2-space, the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4387, "line_end": 4387, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0108", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "1 - C/27rr (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4439, "line_end": 4439, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0109", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "diameter, the quantity (1) is not constant, but depends on", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4445, "line_end": 4445, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0110", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "/vi = 1/R, (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4501, "line_end": 4501, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0111", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "A% = I/R1R2. (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4526, "line_end": 4526, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-eq-candidate-0112", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "original_form": "It can be shown that the characteristic constant (2) of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4528, "line_end": 4528, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-020", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 20, "caption": "R = j/VK. (15) Fig. 20. E. THE STRAIGHT LINE AND THE ELLIPTIC 2-SPACE", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4631, "line_end": 4631, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-021", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 21, "caption": "line between them, as Li or L2 — shown dotted in Fig. 21 — Fig. 21. is longer. Suppose we have a straight line L in the plane Fig. 21 and a point P outside of L. Any line drawn in the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 4776, "line_end": 4776, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-025", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 25, "caption": "The mathematical n-space merely is the continuous mani- FiG. 25. fold of oo« elements which are given by the n ratios: x : y :", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 5036, "line_end": 5036, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-029", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 29, "caption": "however, are no part of projective geometry, as they are Fig. 29. made by its relation to infinity and therefore are metric in character : The hyperbola has two infinitely distant points,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 5667, "line_end": 5667, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-030", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 30, "caption": "with regard to a conic, then the line connecting the points Fig. 30. pi and P2 is the polar of the point of intersection of Pi and", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 5703, "line_end": 5703, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-031", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 31, "caption": "of these six lines by e = ah, cd;f = ac, hd; g = ad, he, and Fig. 31. draw the three additional lines ef, eg and fg, we get a total of nine lines and four points on each of these nine lines.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 5727, "line_end": 5727, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-032", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 32, "caption": "tant (that is, very far distant) we thus recognize by the Fig. 32. two lines of sight from our eyes to the object having the same direction.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 6025, "line_end": 6025, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "four-lectures-relativity-space-fig-033", "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "figure_number": 33, "caption": "parallels Li and Lo through a point P — that is, two lines Fig. 33. which intersect L at infinity — and these tvv^o parallels Li and L2 make an angle L1PL2 with each other. Thus L]", "source_ref": { "source_id": "four-lectures-relativity-space", "line_start": 6078, "line_end": 6078, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE IV THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPACE A. THE GEOMETRY OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD The starting point of the relativity theory is that the laws of nature, including the velocity of light in empty space, are the same everywhere and with regard to any system to which they may be referred — whether on the revolving platform of the earth or in the speeding railway train or in the space between the fixed stars. From this it follows that the length of a body is not a fixed property of it, but is relative, depending on the conditions of obser- vation— the relative velocity of the observer with regard to the body. It also is shown that the laws of motion of bodies in a gravitational field are identical with the laws of inertial motion with", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "LECTURE IV THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPACE A. THE GEOMETRY OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD The starting point of the relativity theory is that the laws of nature, including the velocity of light in empty space, are the same everywhere and with regard to any system to which they may be referred — whether on the revolving platform of the earth or in the speeding r ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "LECTURE IV THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPACE A. THE GEOMETRY OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD The starting point of the relativity theory is that the laws of nature, including the velocity of light in empty space, are the same everywhere and with regard to any system to which they may be referred — whether on the revolving platform of the earth or in the speeding railway train or in the space between the fixed stars. From this it follows that the length of a body is n ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... ARACTERISTICS OF SPACE A. THE GEOMETRY OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD The starting point of the relativity theory is that the laws of nature, including the velocity of light in empty space, are the same everywhere and with regard to any system to which they may be referred — whether on the revolving platform of the earth or in the speeding railway train or in the space between the fixed stars. From this it follows that the length of a body is not a fixed property of it, but is relative, depending on the conditions of obser- vation— the relative velocit ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... e angles are the same, etc. Thus the characteristic constant, or the curvature of the space, remains unchanged by the bending of the space. Euclidean 2-space thus is the plane and any surface made by bending it or a part of it in any desired manner — • into cylinder, cone, wave surface, etc; elliptic 2-space is the sphere and any surface made by bending a piece of the sphere into some other shape, as a spindle; hyperbolic 2-space is the pseudo-sphere — ^not existing in Euclidean 3-space — or any surface which can be considered as made by bending a ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/four-lectures-relativity-space/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/four-lectures-relativity-space/cleaned_text/lecture-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/four-lectures-relativity-space/lecture-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/fourlecturesonre00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-front-letter-01", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "kind": "front-matter", "sequence": 1, "title": "Cover Letter to Samuel Insull", "label": "Front Matter 1: Cover Letter to Samuel Insull", "slug": "front-letter-01", "location": "PDF pages 1-7, lines 1-144", "line_start": 1, "line_end": 144, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": 625, "top_themes": [ "ether", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "ether": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "tie-cable", "label": "Tie cable", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "power-limiting-reactor", "label": "Power limiting reactor", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "protective-reactance", "label": "Protective reactance", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "tie cable", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "power limiting reactor", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "protective reactance", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 1, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [ { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-quote-scaled-system-model", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "quote_candidate": "Steinmetz proposes a reduced operating model of stations, cables, and substations for experimental disturbance study.", "why_it_matters": "This is a hidden gem because it shows Steinmetz thinking like a systems simulator before digital simulation existed.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 121, "line_end": 132, "pdf_page_start": 6, "pdf_page_end": 6, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "opening_excerpt": "[[PDF_PAGE:1]] FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY Investigation of some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co. Chicago 1919 Charles P. Steinmetz, A. M., Ph. D. [[END_PDF_PAGE:1]] [[PDF_PAGE:2]] [[END_PDF_PAGE:2]] [[PDF_PAGE:3]] Investigation of some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co. Chicago 1919 Charles P. Steinmetz, A. M., Ph. D. [[END_PDF_PAGE:3]] [[PDF_PAGE:4]] COPYRIGHT 1910 CHARLES P. STEINMETZ [[END_PDF_PAGE:4]] [[PDF_PAGE:5]] Schenectady, N. Y., December 19, 1919. Mr. S. Insull, Pres. Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, 111. My dear Mr. Insull: Enclosed I send you report of investigation of. some operating trou- bles in the generating system of the Commonwealth Edison Company, during 1919, with some recommendations. I am sending copies of the report to Mr. L. Ferguson and to Mr. R. F. Schuchardt. I regret that in some respects the report is not as", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... ors, which would not interfere with the economic use of tie cables of substation feeder cables. 2.) The substations were originally operated by separate feeders, but the need of using the feeder cables and apparatus in the most eco- nomical manner has led to tying substations together on the same feeder, which necessarily increases the interference between substations and between generating stations in case of trouble, and further changes are contemplated and desirable. It therefore appears advisable to make a thorough study of substation operation with the v ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... recommendations. I am sending copies of the report to Mr. L. Ferguson and to Mr. R. F. Schuchardt. I regret that in some respects the report is not as final and conclusive as I like to see it, but during the years of successful operation since the installation of the protective reactances, your system has grown and changed so much, and while I have received very complete and extremely satis- factory information and data from your engineers, it necessarily is not possible for me to be as fully familiar with the system, as I was once, but I hope that I shall now b ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/front-letter-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/cleaned_text/front-letter-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/front-letter-01.txt", "archive": "", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/raw/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-01-recommendations", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "kind": "report-section", "sequence": 2, "title": "Recommendations", "label": "Report Section 2: Recommendations", "slug": "section-01-recommendations", "location": "PDF pages 7-12, lines 145-720", "line_start": 145, "line_end": 720, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": 2384, "top_themes": [ "ether", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "transients", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "ether": 15, "impedance-reactance": 13, "radiation-light": 3, "transients": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "short-circuit", "label": "Short circuit", "count": 12, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "synchronism", "label": "Synchronism", "count": 6, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "tie-cable", "label": "Tie cable", "count": 4, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "circuit-breaker", "label": "Circuit breaker", "count": 3, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "power-limiting-reactor", "label": "Power limiting reactor", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "synchronizing-power", "label": "Synchronizing power", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "current-transformer", "label": "Current transformer", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "synchronous apparatus", "count": 4, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "tie cable", "count": 4, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "power limiting reactance", "count": 3, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "feeder reactance", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "power limiting reactor", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "synchronizing power", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "busbar reactance", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "RECOMMENDATIONS From the investigation, the following recommendations appear to me justified: 1.) To reduce the liability of trouble, by carefully going over all the controlling devices, such as relays, current transformers, circuit breaker-operating mechanisms, etc., especially those at or near the gen- erating stations to ascertain whether they are in perfect condition and whether they are of the most reliable and safest type now available, and where necessary replace them or change them to the safest and most reliable now available for the existing conditions of operation. It must be expected, that during the time which many of the controlling devices have been in operation in the system, advances have been made in type and design of circuit controlling devices. The conditions of operation have become more severe, due to the increase of the size", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... mmendations appear to me justified: 1.) To reduce the liability of trouble, by carefully going over all the controlling devices, such as relays, current transformers, circuit breaker-operating mechanisms, etc., especially those at or near the gen- erating stations to ascertain whether they are in perfect condition and whether they are of the most reliable and safest type now available, and where necessary replace them or change them to the safest and most reliable now available for the existing conditions of operation. It must be expected, that during the tim ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... peak loads of the day, when the cables are at their maximum tempera- tures. I understand that simple devices for getting high voltage direct current for testing purposes have been developed. 3.) To cut off the troubles from the generating stations by the in- stallation of feeder reactances. By far the largest majority of troubles leading to short circuit occur in the feeder cables and beyond them, in the substations, but very few only in the generators, and extremely few on the busbars. The gen- erators have power limiting reactors, but no power limiting reactors ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... w reactances, two at the Northwest Station, one at Fisk A, and one at Fisk B, for the interconnection with the Northwest Station. Each of the reactors then would be about .875 ohms (half the size of the present power limiting busbar reactors) . Such an arrangement may require a slight increase of excitation of the synchronous converters in the substations connected to these tie cables, to keep their voltage by giving the current a slight lead. Another possibility, which might be more convenient, would be to install normal feeder reactors at each end of each o ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... should thus be investigated. Similar results are given by grouping in pairs of identical cables with differential relays between them. This latter arrangement perhaps is somewhat less sensitive and reliable, since with two separate cables, no matter how identical they may be, a transient may occur in the one and not or a different transient in the other, and the sensitivity of the differential relay thus probably has to be lowered not to be affected by transients. On the other hand, the latter arrangement would not require such extensive replacement of cables. S ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/cleaned_text/section-01-recommendations.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-01-recommendations.txt", "archive": "", "raw_pdf": 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"transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "synchronism", "label": "Synchronism", "count": 19, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "short-circuit", "label": "Short circuit", "count": 8, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "synchronizing-power", "label": "Synchronizing power", "count": 7, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "synchronous-machines", "label": "Synchronous machines", "count": 5, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "power-limiting-reactor", "label": "Power limiting reactor", "count": 4, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "circuit-breaker", "label": "Circuit breaker", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "synchronizing power", "count": 7, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "power limiting reactor", "count": 4, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 3, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [ { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-quote-out-of-synchronism-voltage-collapse", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "quote_candidate": "The extracted text says the stations apparently broke out of synchronism and kept voltage practically at zero.", "why_it_matters": "This makes the report an early practical stability case study, not just a protection memorandum.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 756, "line_end": 771, "pdf_page_start": 13, "pdf_page_end": 13, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-quote-limit-local-power-concentration", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "quote_candidate": "Steinmetz argues that very large power systems need power-limiting reactors to limit local power concentration.", "why_it_matters": "The statement connects fault-current limitation with system architecture and disturbance containment.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 772, "line_end": 786, "pdf_page_start": 13, "pdf_page_end": 13, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-quote-synchronizing-power-voltage-square", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "quote_candidate": "The report states that lowered voltage also lowers synchronizing power, which varies with voltage squared.", "why_it_matters": "This is a concise bridge between short-circuit voltage depression and loss of synchronizing stability.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 855, "line_end": 861, "pdf_page_start": 13, "pdf_page_end": 13, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "opening_excerpt": "Discussion of Recommendations While recommendations 1) to 3) should greatly reduce the frequency of troubles or keep them out of the generating system by isolating or localizing them by the feeder reactors, it obviously is not possible to absolutely guard against the occasional troubles in the generating sys- tem, such as short circuits. But as soon as the trouble is cleared as by the opening of the circuit breakers, in a second or a few seconds, the system should immediately return to normal, and to begin to pick up again the load which the short circuit dropped. The most serious feature of the troubles of September 18th, May 19th, and October 22nd, in my opinion, was that with the clearing of the short circuit, the sys- [[END_PDF_PAGE:12]] [[PDF_PAGE:13]] Report of Charles P. Steinmetz tern did", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "Discussion of Recommendations While recommendations 1) to 3) should greatly reduce the frequency of troubles or keep them out of the generating system by isolating or localizing them by the feeder reactors, it obviously is not possible to absolutely guard against the occasional troubles in the generating sys- tem, such as short circuits. But as soon as the trouble is cleare ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... rt circuit at the busbars dropping out the synchronous machines in the substations while full steam supply is still on, the synchronizing power coming over the power limiting reactor is insufficient to hold the station in step, and the station breaks synchronism and speeds up. Whether synchronous operation is preserved or synchronism broken, depends on the relative speed, with which the synchronous machines in the substations drop out, the turbine governors shut off steam and the alternators speed up. The synchronous machines in the substations, carrying load ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... tz ample synchronizing power, at full voltage, to keep the station section in synchronism with the rest of the system, even at no load but full steam supply, so that it could break out of synchronism only if the short circuit lasts sufficiently long to demagnetize the alternator fields and thereby drop the voltage. Therefore it is recommended to tie all the stations by power limiting reactors into ring connection. If a short circuit occurs at or near the busbars of a station section, it necessarily drops the busbar voltage to zero. It takes, however, a number ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... urs at or near the busbars of a station section, it necessarily drops the busbar voltage to zero. It takes, however, a number of seconds for the short circuit current to demagnetize the alternator fields, and if therefore the short circuit is opened quickly, the alternator field magnetism is still there, at least partly, and the station voltage thus comes back instantly, at least partly. If then the station section has sufficient synchronizing power against the adjacent section, it is probable that it would remain in synchronism, no further trouble would occur, a ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/cleaned_text/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-02-discussion-of-recommendations.txt", "archive": "", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/raw/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-section-03-record", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "kind": "report-record", "sequence": 4, "title": "Record of Four Troubles", "label": "Report Record 4: Record of Four Troubles", "slug": "section-03-record", "location": "PDF pages 16-27, lines 1139-2164", "line_start": 1139, "line_end": 2164, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": 4341, "top_themes": [ "ether", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "transients", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "ether": 14, "impedance-reactance": 13, "radiation-light": 11, "transients": 7, "dielectricity": 5, "fields": 3, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "synchronism", "label": "Synchronism", "count": 26, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "synchronous-machines", "label": "Synchronous machines", "count": 21, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "short-circuit", "label": "Short circuit", "count": 14, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "synchronizing-power", "label": "Synchronizing power", "count": 6, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "power-limiting-reactor", "label": "Power limiting reactor", "count": 5, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "tie-cable", "label": "Tie cable", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "hunting-pulsation", "label": "Hunting pulsation", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "synchronizing power", "count": 6, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "power limiting reactor", "count": 5, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "tie cable", "count": 2, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "hunting pulsation", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "power limiting reactance", "count": 1, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "II RECORD Four troubles were studied, occurring respectively on September 18th, 1919, 3:47 P.M. September 18th, 1919, 5:27 P.M. October 22nd, 1919, 12:20 P.M. May 19th, 1919, 7:25 A.M. The generating system is divided into four sections, connected in tandem, with the A section of Fisk Street, and the Northwest Station as the two ends of the chain, and with power limiting reactors stated to be 1.75 ohms each, between Fisk A and Quarry Street, and between Quarry Street and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... ep with each other at practically zero voltage for a considerable time, about a quarter of an hour. Apparently, the synchronizing power between the station sections is lower than desirable, and the speed con- trol of the alternators not such as to bring them promptly so close together in speed as to drop into step. d) The tandem or chain connection of the stations has the disad- vantage that if an intermediary station, as Fisk B or Quarry Street, even momentarily drops out of synchronism by a short circuit, the system is cut in two. Ring connection of the sta ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... connected in tandem, with the A section of Fisk Street, and the Northwest Station as the two ends of the chain, and with power limiting reactors stated to be 1.75 ohms each, between Fisk A and Quarry Street, and between Quarry Street and Fisk B, and six tie cables of negligible reactance and about .3 ohms joint resistance between Fisk B and the Northwest Station. 1.) Sept. 18th, 19193:47 P. M. a) A short circuit close to the busbars of B section of Fisk Street held on for several seconds, before it was opened. As there are no power limiting reactors between Fisk ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... an amplitude apparently of 1,000 to 2,000 volts, most severe in Fisk A, where the trouble originated, of an irregular period of about 1 second per beat. d) The tie line reactor B, got very hot. e) The drop of voltage and the voltage fluctuation lasted for 18 minutes, with only slight decrease. Then they suddenly disappeared and normal voltage returned. f) During the disturbance, the frequency of the system fluctuated by about two cycles, that is 8%, and three machines in Fisk A where the trouble originated tripped their excess speed governors and cut off ste ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... ference between the machine reverses, and the ma- chines thus oscillate against each other, while the interchange current between the machines fluctuates between a maximum value at maximum phase difference, and zero or a minimum value when machines are in phase. If there were no damping effects, this oscillation would con- tinue with constant amplitude. Due to the damping effects exerted mainly by the lag of the field flux behind the resultant field excitation (the armature reaction component of the synchronous impedance), the amplitude of the oscillation stead ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/cleaned_text/section-03-record.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/section-03-record.txt", "archive": "", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/raw/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "source_title": "Investigation of Some Trouble in the Generating System of the Commonwealth Edison Co.", "year": 1919, "kind": "mathematical-appendix", "sequence": 5, "title": "Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "label": "Mathematical Appendix 5: Appendix: Synchronous Operation", "slug": "appendix-01-synchronous-operation", "location": "PDF pages 27-68, lines 2165-5013", "line_start": 2165, "line_end": 5013, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate", "word_count": 8812, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "transients", "ether", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 79, "radiation-light": 39, "transients": 16, "ether": 15, "fields": 14, "dielectricity": 11, "magnetism": 10 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "synchronism", "label": "Synchronism", "count": 84, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "synchronizing-power", "label": "Synchronizing power", "count": 20, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "synchronous-machines", "label": "Synchronous machines", "count": 6, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "power-limiting-reactor", "label": "Power limiting reactor", "count": 5, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "tie-cable", "label": "Tie cable", "count": 5, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "synchronizing power", "count": 20, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "power limiting reactor", "count": 5, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "tie cable", "count": 5, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": null, "label": "critical slip", "count": 4, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "equation_count": 220, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 1, "equations": [ { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-eq-sync-emfs-0001", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "original_form": "e1 = E cos(...); e2 = E cos(...), OCR candidate", "modern_form": "Two equal-voltage alternator EMFs displaced by a phase angle.", "variables": [ "E: effective machine EMF", "phase angle: OCR damaged", "f: frequency" ], "physical_meaning": "Represents two alternators or station sections that remain at the same frequency but differ in phase.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 2211, "line_end": 2217, "pdf_page_start": 28, "pdf_page_end": 28, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "curated-pdf-text-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-eq-resultant-voltage-0002", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "original_form": "e = e1 - e2 = 2E sin(...) sin(...), OCR candidate", "modern_form": "Difference voltage between two equal alternating EMFs displaced in phase.", "variables": [ "e: resultant interconnection voltage", "E: machine EMF", "phase displacement: OCR damaged" ], "physical_meaning": "The out-of-phase connection creates the interchange voltage driving current through the interconnection impedance.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 2218, "line_end": 2230, "pdf_page_start": 28, "pdf_page_end": 28, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "curated-pdf-text-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-eq-interchange-current-0003", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "original_form": "i = (2E / z) sin(...) sin(...), OCR candidate", "modern_form": "Interchange current equals resultant voltage over circuit impedance with phase shift.", "variables": [ "i: interchange current", "z: impedance", "a: impedance phase angle" ], "physical_meaning": "The current between alternators is set by phase displacement and by the impedance/reactance between station sections.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 2231, "line_end": 2239, "pdf_page_start": 28, "pdf_page_end": 28, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "curated-pdf-text-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-eq-impedance-angle-0004", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "original_form": "z = sqrt(r^2 + x^2); tan a = x / r, OCR candidate", "modern_form": "Z = sqrt(R^2 + X^2), alpha = atan(X/R)", "variables": [ "r or R: resistance", "x or X: reactance", "z or Z: impedance magnitude", "a or alpha: impedance angle" ], "physical_meaning": "Defines the interconnection impedance controlling magnitude and phase of synchronizing current.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 2240, "line_end": 2255, "pdf_page_start": 28, "pdf_page_end": 28, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "curated-pdf-text-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-eq-frequency-slip-0005", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "original_form": "one alternator frequency (1 - s)f, the other (1 + s)f, OCR candidate", "modern_form": "f1 = (1 - s) f; f2 = (1 + s) f", "variables": [ "s: fractional frequency difference", "f: nominal frequency" ], "physical_meaning": "Represents station sections slipping past each other in frequency rather than merely being out of phase.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 2571, "line_end": 2591, "pdf_page_start": 32, "pdf_page_end": 32, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "curated-pdf-text-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-eq-max-sync-power-condition-0006", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "original_form": "x2 = 2x1 + x, OCR candidate", "modern_form": "Candidate maximum synchronizing-power condition involving machine and external reactance.", "variables": [ "x: external circuit reactance", "x1/x2: OCR labels needing scan verification" ], "physical_meaning": "Steinmetz uses a reactance relation to reason about maximum synchronizing power and pull-in behavior.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 3557, "line_end": 3561, "pdf_page_start": 44, "pdf_page_end": 44, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "curated-pdf-text-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "original_form": "ei = E cos (0", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 2212, "line_end": 2212, "pdf_page_start": 28, "pdf_page_end": 28, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" }, { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "original_form": "e2 = Ecos (0+co)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 2215, "line_end": 2215, "pdf_page_start": 28, "pdf_page_end": 28, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-fig-001", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "figure_number": 1, "caption": "Appendix Figure 1, candidate reference for synchronous-operation current and voltage curves.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 2560, "line_end": 2570, "pdf_page_start": 32, "pdf_page_end": 32, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [ "synchronism", "synchronizing-power", "frequency-slip", "phase-angle" ], "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "quotes": [ { "id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-quote-maximum-synchronizing-power-reactance", "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "quote_candidate": "The appendix states that synchronizing power can be maximized by a specific relation between external and machine reactance.", "why_it_matters": "This is the mathematical core of the report's reactor recommendation and needs scan-verified promotion.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble", "line_start": 3562, "line_end": 3599, "pdf_page_start": 44, "pdf_page_end": 44, "verification": "pdf-text-extracted-needs-scan-verification" }, "status": "pdf-text-extracted-candidate" } ], "opening_excerpt": "Appendix [[END_PDF_PAGE:27]] [[PDF_PAGE:28]] 22 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz APPENDIX Synchronous Operation A Consider the case of two alternators or groups of alternators such as station sections, which are running in synchronism with each other, that is, have the same frequency f, but are connected together while out of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the voltage phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchronizing energy current due to the phase difference, a reactive magnetizing current due to the voltage difference without materially changing the energy relations. The EMFs of the two alternators then may be represented by: ei = E cos (0 co) 1 e2 = Ecos (0+co) /", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ) 1 e2 = Ecos (0+co) / (1) and the resultant voltage in the circuit between the alternators then is : e = ei e 2 = E cos \\ ( co) cos (+ co) [ = 2E sin co sin (2) and the interchange currentwbeteen the alternators is: 2E . i = sin co sin ( a) (3) where: z = r2+x 2 is the impedance of the circuit between the two alternators, and the phase angle a is given by: x tan a = - r and: r= resistance x = reactance of the circuit between the alternators (including their internal resistances and reactances). [[END_PDF_PAGE:28]] [[PDF_PAGE:29]] Report of Charles P. S ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "Appendix [[END_PDF_PAGE:27]] [[PDF_PAGE:28]] 22 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz APPENDIX Synchronous Operation A Consider the case of two alternators or groups of alternators such as station sections, which are running in synchronism with each other, that is, have the same frequency f, but are connected together while out of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the voltage phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchroniz ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... but pulsates with approximately constant low frequency, the frequency of the beat, and decreasing amplitude. co =co oe = maximum value of the phase angle, then may approximately represent the gradually decreasing amplitude of the phase angle, where a = attenuation of the beat or oscillation, and -at . ... co=a>oo sin pc/> (5; would approximately represent the instantaneous value of the phase angle co where: pf= frequency of the beat, or the periodic variation of the phase angle. [In the derivation of equations (3) and (4), co has been assumed as constant. As co is ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... [[PDF_PAGE:28]] 22 Report of Charles P. Steinmetz APPENDIX Synchronous Operation A Consider the case of two alternators or groups of alternators such as station sections, which are running in synchronism with each other, that is, have the same frequency f, but are connected together while out of phase with each other by angle 2w. That is, the one alternator has the voltage phase ( to), the other the voltage phase (0+w). We may assume the alternators as of equal voltage, since a voltage difference superposes on the synchronizing energy current due to the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/cleaned_text/appendix-01-synchronous-operation.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/appendix-01-synchronous-operation.txt", "archive": "", "raw_pdf": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/sources/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble/raw/commonwealth-edison-generating-system-trouble-local.pdf" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-01", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "title": "Introduction", "label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "slug": "chapter-01", "location": "lines 1224-1727", "line_start": 1224, "line_end": 1727, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2333, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 40, "magnetism": 29, "impedance-reactance": 21, "alternating-current": 12, "dielectricity": 11, "radiation-light": 8, "complex-quantities": 3, "fields": 3, "hysteresis": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 25, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1237, "line_end": 1237, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "2.) Joule's law : P= i^r, where P is the rate at which", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1240, "line_end": 1240, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "3.) The power equation : P^ = ei, where P^ is the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1243, "line_end": 1243, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "a) The sum of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit = 0,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1248, "line_end": 1248, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "tributing point = 0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1254, "line_end": 1254, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "3. The principal sources of reactance are electro-mag-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1314, "line_end": 1314, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "tancc lags 90°, or a quarter period, behind the current ; that", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1327, "line_end": 1327, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "circuits. Hence the inductance is L = ^ / 1 = n^ / iR.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1354, "line_end": 1354, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. In the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respec- tively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a constant of the circuit. 2.) Joule's law : P= i^r, where P is the rate at which energy is expended by the current, /, in the resistance, r. 3.) The power equation : P^ = ei, where P^ is the power expended in the circuit of E.M.F., nES KSD INTSaRAI. VAIiUia. 8. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective FI9. 4. mwrnaUng ■value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different for the two half-waves, as in Fig. 3. As arithmetic mean, or average value, of a wave as in Figs. 4 and 5, the arithmetical average of all the instan-", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... PTER II INSTAIfTAmiOUB VAI>nES KSD INTSaRAI. VAIiUia. 8. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective FI9. 4. mwrnaUng ■value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... nipolar machines (or by the superposi- tion of alternating waves upon continuous currents, etc.). All inductive apparatus without commutation give ex- clusively alternating waves, because, no matter what con- S. PmmUog WwK. ditions may exist in the circuit, any line of magnetic force, which during a complete period is cut by the circuit, and thereby induces an H.M.F., must during the same period be cut again in the opposite direction, and thereby induce the same total amount of E.M.F. (Obviously, this does not apply to cii-cuits consisting of diff ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER II INSTAIfTAmiOUB VAI>nES KSD INTSaRAI. VAIiUia. 8. In a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective FI9. 4. mwrnaUng ■value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-03", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "title": "Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "label": "Chapter 3: Iiaw Of Eucctbo-Maonimc Induction", "slug": "chapter-03", "location": "lines 1973-2121", "line_start": 1973, "line_end": 2121, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 727, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 30, "fields": 8, "radiation-light": 3, "impedance-reactance": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 12, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0043", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 10« = 100,000,000", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1986, "line_end": 1986, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0044", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "of ' the flux inclosed by the turns, times 10~*.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 1999, "line_end": 1999, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0045", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "wfi'.vf . = 4 // ♦ jy 10 - \" volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2022, "line_end": 2022, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0046", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "machine is jE\" = 4«aV10~® volts, independent of the num-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2037, "line_end": 2037, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0047", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "^.^. = 4// 7V10-» volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2045, "line_end": 2045, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0048", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "= 2 7r«4>iV10-»VOltS.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2056, "line_end": 2056, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0049", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "E^ft, = V2ir«jyi0-8", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2071, "line_end": 2071, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0050", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "= 4.44«*iV^10-8volts,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2073, "line_end": 2073, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. IiAW OF EUCCTBO-MAONimC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is defined as the E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 10« = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic force per second. If the conductor is closed upon itself, the induced E.M.F. produces a current. A closed conductor may be called a turn or a convolution. In such a turn,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. IiAW OF EUCCTBO-MAONimC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. IiAW OF EUCCTBO-MAONimC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to th ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... flux passes in and out of the turns, during each complete alternation or cycle, — the total flux is cut four times, twice passing into, and twice out of, the turns. / §12] LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION, 17 Hence, if A^= number of complete cycles per second, or the frequency of the relative alternation of flux ♦, the average E.M.F. induced in ;/ turns is, — wfi'.vf . = 4 // ♦ jy 10 - \" volts. This is the fundamental equation of electrical engineer- ing, and applies to continuous-current, as well as to alter- nating-current, apparatus. 12. I ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... into the maxi- mum flux, *, produced by a current of / amperes effective, or/V2 amperes maximum, is therefore — and consequently the effective E.M.F. of self-inductance is: = 2 IT NLI volts. The product, jr = 2 irNLy is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the reactance of the circuit ; and the E.M.F. of self-inductance of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90** behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux. The E ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-04", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "title": "Graphic Befrisxintation", "label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Befrisxintation", "slug": "chapter-04", "location": "lines 2122-2743", "line_start": 2122, "line_end": 2743, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3073, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 48, "impedance-reactance": 17, "magnetism": 15, "alternating-current": 5, "dielectricity": 4, "hysteresis": 4, "radiation-light": 4, "complex-quantities": 3, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 22, "figure_count": 6, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0055", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "15. The sine wave, Fig. 1, is represented in polar", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2181, "line_end": 2181, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0056", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "Thus, for instance, at the amplitude AOB^ == j = 2ir/j/ T'", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2201, "line_end": 2201, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0057", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "(Fig. 10), the instantaneous value is 0B'\\ at the amplitude", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2202, "line_end": 2202, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0058", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "AOB2 == 2 = 2ir/2 / T, the instantaneous value is (?jff\", and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2203, "line_end": 2203, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0059", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "is then V2 times the vector OC^ so that the instantaneous", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2224, "line_end": 2224, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0060", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "16. To combine different sine waves, their graphical", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2228, "line_end": 2228, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0061", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "If, for instance, two sine waves, OB and OC (Fig. 11),", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2232, "line_end": 2232, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0062", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "17. Suppose, as an instance, that over a line having the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2300, "line_end": 2300, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-009", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 9, "caption": "in the direction of the vector, giving the positive half-wave, Fig. 9. and once in opposition to the vector, giving the negative", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2170, "line_end": 2170, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-010", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 10, "caption": "different, they give different polar characteristics. Fig. 10. 15. The sine wave, Fig. 1, is represented in polar", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2178, "line_end": 2178, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-011", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 11, "caption": "nates by a vector, which by its length, OC, denotes tlie in- Fig. 11. tensity, and by its amplitude, AOC, the phase, of the sine", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2266, "line_end": 2266, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-012", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 12, "caption": "— ~^^E. Fig. 12. volts. What will be the E.M.F. required at the generator end of the line ?", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2338, "line_end": 2338, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-016", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 16, "caption": "Eo = V(^ cos a> + Jry + {E^m u> -f Jx)\\ Fig. 16. If, however, the current in the receiving circuit is", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2519, "line_end": 2519, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-077", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 77, "caption": "non-inductive load it will be lower than when feeding into Fig. 77. a circuit with leading current, as, for instance, a synchro-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2560, "line_end": 2560, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. GRAPHIC BEFRISXINTATION. 14. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, represented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternate waves is given by their repre- sentation in polar coordinates, with the time as an angle or the amplitude, — one complete period being represented by one revolution, — and the instantaneous values as radii vectores. Fiq, 8, Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV. GRAPHIC BEFRISXINTATION. 14. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, represented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternate waves is given by their repre- sent ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... parallelogram or the polygon of sine waves. Kirchhoff' s laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : — a.) The resultant of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit, as found by thq parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.) The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a §17] GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-curre ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... r instance, a synchro- nous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 21. As a further example, we may consider the dia- gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero. The phase of the flux, that is, the amplitude of its maximum value, is 90° in this case, and, consequently, ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... tes, with the time as an angle or the amplitude, — one complete period being represented by one revolution, — and the instantaneous values as radii vectores. Fiq, 8, Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and n ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-05", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "title": "Symbouc Mbthod", "label": "Chapter 5: Symbouc Mbthod", "slug": "chapter-05", "location": "lines 2744-3229", "line_start": 2744, "line_end": 3229, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2030, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 53, "complex-quantities": 23, "impedance-reactance": 18, "dielectricity": 8, "alternating-current": 3, "magnetism": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 31, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0077", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "100 volts, and /j = 75 amperes, for a non-inductive secon-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2759, "line_end": 2759, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0078", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "or, x\\ = .08 ohms, giving a lag of eSj = 3.6^. We have", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2762, "line_end": 2762, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0079", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "fty = 30 turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2766, "line_end": 2766, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0080", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "Uf, = 300 turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2768, "line_end": 2768, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0081", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "(Fi = 2250 ampere-turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2770, "line_end": 2770, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0082", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "$f = 100 ampere- turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2772, "line_end": 2772, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0083", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "Er = 10 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2774, "line_end": 2774, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-eq-candidate-0084", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "original_form": "£^ = 60 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 2776, "line_end": 2776, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V. SYMBOUC MBTHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating- current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is frequently not well suited, owing to the widely •different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (cf. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes •will have numerical values in practice, somewhat like E-^ = 100 volts, and /j = 75 amperes, for a non-inductive secon- dary load, as of incandescent lamps. Thus the only reac- tance of the secondary circuit is that of the secondary coil, or,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER V. SYMBOUC MBTHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating- current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is frequently not well suited, owing to the widely •different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination im ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ng sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (cf. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes •will have numerical values in practice, somewhat like E-^ = 100 volts, and /j = 75 amperes, for a non-inductive secon- dary load, as of incandescent lamps. Thus the only reac- tance of the secondary circuit is that of the secondary coil, or, x\\ = .08 ohms, giving a lag of eSj = 3.6^. We have also, fty = 30 turns. Uf, = 300 turns. (Fi = 2250 amper ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... . If /= / +ji' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the E.M.F. consumed by the re- sistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the prod- uct of the current and resistance. Or — r/= ri '\\' jri\\ If L is the inductance, and j: = 2 tt NL the reactance, the E.M.F. produced by the reactance, or the counter §20] SYMBOLIC METHOD. 39' E.M.F. of self-inductance, is the product of the current and reactance, and lags 90° behind the current; it is, therefore, represented by the expression — jxl =jxi — xi\\ The E.M.F. requir ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... — 7 ^ (^+J^(^+Jx) ^ er — /x , . /r + BJEACTANOB. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' where, however, the \"power*' and the \"E.M.F.\" do not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... most of the difficulties met in dealing analytically with alternating-current circuits containing iron. 73. The foremost sources of energy loss in alternating- current circuits, outside of the true ohmic resistance loss, are as follows : 1.) Molecular friction, as, a.) Magnetic hysteresis; b) Dielectric hysteresis. 106 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 74 2.) Primary electric currents, as, a.) Leakage or escape of current through the in- sulation, brush discharge ; b.) Eddy currents in the conductor or unequal current distribution. 3.) Sec ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... his phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductance, but negligible true ohmic resistance ; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating magnetic flux which induces in the electric circuit an E.M.F., — the counter E.M.F. of self-induction. If the ohmic resistance is negligible, the counter E.M.F. equals the impressed E.M.F. ; hence, if the impressed E.M.F. is ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu it Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, z = V/^ + x\\ 3.) By the ratio : __ Power consumed __ (E.M.F.)' . (Current)* Power consumed ' where, however, the \"power*' and the \"E.M.F.\" do not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the coun ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... heat inside of the electric conductor by a current of uniform density, the effective resistance repre- sents the total expenditure of energy. Since, in an alternating-current circuit in general, energy is expended not only in the conductor, but also outside of it, through hysteresis, secondary currents, etc., the effective resistance frequently differs from the true ohmic resistance in such way as to represent a larger expenditure of energy. In dealing with alternating-current circuits, it is necessary, therefore, to substitute everywhere the values \"e ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-11", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "title": "Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "label": "Chapter 11: Fouoault Or Eddy 0Ubbent8", "slug": "chapter-11", "location": "lines 10500-11563", "line_start": 10500, "line_end": 11563, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4947, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "dielectricity", "fields", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 73, "dielectricity": 48, "fields": 42, "impedance-reactance": 32, "radiation-light": 27, "hysteresis": 23, "alternating-current": 9, "ether": 4, "lightning-surges": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 26, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-081", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 81, "caption": "iron, to give the same loss of energy through eddy currents. Fig. 81. 02. Demagnetizing^ or screening effect of eddy currents.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 10894, "line_end": 10894, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is produced, which makes solid masses of iron unsuitable for alternating fields, and necessitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux. Eddy currents are true electric currents, though flowing in minute", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... jf« — »f », Xi b = — ^-^^^ — ■* = effective susceptance of mutual inductance. The susceptance of mutual inductance is negative, or of opposite sign from the susceptance of self-inductance. Or, Mutual itidtutance consumes energy and decreases the self- inductatice. Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena, 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, cori- densance has an energy component also, called dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hyster ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XI. FOUOAULT OR EDDY 0UBBENT8. • 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... is proportional to the induced E.M.F., E, in the equation it follows that, The loss of power by eddy currents is propor- tional to the square of the E.M.F., and proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron ; or, H^=aJS^y. Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents, is that is. The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit ; it is indepen- dent of 1£.M.,Y ,y frequency y etCy but proportiotml to the electric conductivity of the iropi, y. 87. Eddy curre ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-12", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "title": "Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "label": "Chapter 12: Dibtbisnted Capacity, Inductance, Besistance, And", "slug": "chapter-12", "location": "lines 11564-12672", "line_start": 11564, "line_end": 12672, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3156, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "hysteresis", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 59, "impedance-reactance": 16, "complex-quantities": 9, "hysteresis": 6, "waves-lines": 6, "fields": 4, "alternating-current": 3, "magnetism": 3, "radiation-light": 3, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "dielectric-constant", "label": "Dielectric constant", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XII. DIBTBISnTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, BESISTANCE, AND liEAKAGE. 102. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi. nitely near together, as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 83. 8 3 S Fig, 83. Distributed Capacity. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current,, and consequently of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII. DIBTBISnTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, BESISTANCE, AND liEAKAGE. 102. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII. DIBTBISnTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, BESISTANCE, AND liEAKAGE. 102. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi. nitely near together, ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... kes no difference either, whether this condenser is considered as connected across the line at the generator end, or at the receiver end, or at the middle. The best approximation is to consider the line as shunted at the generator and at the motor end, by two condensers of J the line capacity each, and in the middle by a condenser of \\ the line capacity. This approximation, based on Simpson's rule, assumes the variation of the elec- tric quantities in the line as parabolic. If, however, the capacity of the line is considerable, and the condenser ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... proportional to the E.M.F., and consisting of an energy component, in phase with the E.M.F., and a wattless component, in quadrature thereto. The alternating electromagnetic field of force set up by the line current produces in some materials a loss of energy by magnetic hysteresis, or an expenditure of E.M.F. in phase with the current, which acts as an increase of re- sistance. This electromagnetic hysteretic loss may take place in the conductor proper if iron wires are used, and will then be very serious at high frequencies, such as those of telepho ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-13", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "title": "Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "label": "Chapter 13: Ths Alternating^Cnrrent Traxsfobmer", "slug": "chapter-13", "location": "lines 12673-14088", "line_start": 12673, "line_end": 14088, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3824, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 55, "magnetism": 52, "alternating-current": 13, "complex-quantities": 11, "waves-lines": 6, "radiation-light": 5, "hysteresis": 4, "dielectricity": 2, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIII. THS ALTERNATING^CnRRENT TRAXSFOBMER. 116. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the E.M.F. induced per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit ; hence, the primary induced E.M.F. being approximately equal to the impressed E.M.F., the E.M.Fs. at primary and at sec- ondary terminals have approximately the ratio of their respective turns. Since the power produced in the second- ary is approximately the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... <9^, leading t?* by the angle ^(7* = ea. The induced E.M.Fs. have the phase 180\"^, that is, are plotted towards the left, and represented by the vectors OE;, and 0E{. If, now, Wj' = angle of lag in the secondary circuit, due to the total (internal and ewXternal) secondary reactance, the secondary current Z^, and hence the secondary M.M.F., (Fi= ;/i /p will lag behind E^ by an angle ^\\ and have the phase, 180° + )S', represented by the vector O'S^, Con- structing a parallelogram of M.M.Fs., with C^$F as a diag- onal and C^tFj as one side, the other sid ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII. THS ALTERNATING^CnRRENT TRAXSFOBMER. 116. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII. THS ALTERNATING^CnRRENT TRAXSFOBMER. 116. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... elf-induc- tance of the transformer; while the flux surrounding both 168 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§118 coils may be considered as mutual inductance. This cross- flux of self-induction does not induce E.M.F. in the second- ary circuit, and is thus, in general, objectionable, by causing a drop of voltage and a decrease of output ; and, therefore, in the constant potential transformer the primary and sec- ondary coils are brought as near together as possible, or even interspersed, to reduce the cross-flux. As will be seen, by the self-i ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-13.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-13.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-14", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "title": "The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "label": "Chapter 14: The Osni!Raij Aiitebnatina-Cubbent Tbakbfobmsb", "slug": "chapter-14", "location": "lines 14089-14918", "line_start": 14089, "line_end": 14918, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2392, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 27, "impedance-reactance": 22, "radiation-light": 20, "alternating-current": 15, "complex-quantities": 9, "fields": 8, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 20, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIV. THE OSNI!RAIj AIiTEBNATINa-CUBBENT TBAKBFOBMSB. 131. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary circuit a correspond- ing amount of power produced ; or in other words, power is transferred through space, from primary to secondary circuit. This transfer of power finds its mechanical equiv- alent in a repulsive thrust acting between primary and secondary. Thus, if the secondary coil is not held rigidly as in the stationary transformer, it will be repelled and move away from the primary. This mechanical effect is made use", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIV. THE OSNI!RAIj AIiTEBNATINa-CUBBENT TBAKBFOBMSB. 131. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit, power is consumed, in the secondary ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... g current within reasonable limits. An iron- clad construction again greatly increases the self-induction of primary and secondary circuit. Thus the induction motor is a transformer of large magnetizing current and large self-induction ; that is, comparatively large primary susceptance and large reactance. The general alternating-current transformer transforms between electrical and mechanical power, and changes not only E.M.Fs. and currents, but frequencies also. 132. Besides the magnetic flux interlinked with both primary and secondary electric circui ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ithout interlinking with the other, and is thus produced by the M.M.F. of one circuit only. 133. The common magnetic flux of the transformer is produced by the resultant M.M.F. of both electric circuits. It is determined by the counter E.M.F., the number of turns, and the frequency of the electric circuit, by the equation : ^ Where E = effective E.M.F. iV= frequency. n = number of turns. * = maximum magnetic flux. The M.M.F. producing this flux, or the resultant M.M.F. of primary and secondary circuit, is determined by shape and magnetic charact ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIV. THE OSNI!RAIj AIiTEBNATINa-CUBBENT TBAKBFOBMSB. 131. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the alternating-current transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit, interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of electric circuits. The one, the primary circuit, is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the other, the secondary circuit, an E.M.F. is ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-14.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-14.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-15", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "title": "Induction Motob", "label": "Chapter 15: Induction Motob", "slug": "chapter-15", "location": "lines 14919-17024", "line_start": 14919, "line_end": 17024, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4895, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 25, "magnetism": 19, "complex-quantities": 16, "radiation-light": 16, "alternating-current": 8, "fields": 5, "dielectricity": 3, "hysteresis": 3, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 16, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XV. INDUCTION MOTOB. 140. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the sta- tionary alternating-current transformer in so far as the two sets of electric circuits — the primary or excited, and the secondary or induced, circuits — are movable with regard to each other ; and that in general a number of primary and a number of secondary circuits are used, angularly displaced around the periphery of the motor, and containing E.M.Fs. displaced in phase by the same angle. This multi-circuit arrangement has the object always to retain secondary cir- cuits in inductive relation to primary circuits, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... o primary system ; if Ii = secondary current per circuit, /^ = _L a = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r/ = secondary resistance per circuit, r, = a^ r^ = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; if Xx =- secondary reactance per circuit, Xi = a^ Xi^ = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; I 142] INDUCTION MOTOR. 209 if 0/ = secondary impedance per circuit, z^ = a^ z^ = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to pri- mary system ; that is, the number of secondary ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... n the following discussion, as secondary quantities ex- clusively, the values reduced to the primary system shall be used, so that, to derive the true secondary values, these quantities have* to be reduced backwards again by the factor np «iA 142. Let * = total maximum flux of the magnetic field per motor pole. It is then E = V2ir«iV*10\"® = effective E.M.F. induced by the mag- netic field per primary circuit. Counting the time from the moment where the rising magnetic flux of mutual induction * (flux interlinked with both electric circuits ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... able with regard to each other ; and that in general a number of primary and a number of secondary circuits are used, angularly displaced around the periphery of the motor, and containing E.M.Fs. displaced in phase by the same angle. This multi-circuit arrangement has the object always to retain secondary cir- cuits in inductive relation to primary circuits, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same freq ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... bject always to retain secondary cir- cuits in inductive relation to primary circuits, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the E.M.F. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the ** slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycles). Hence, if N = frequency of ma ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-15.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-15.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-16", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "title": "Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "label": "Chapter 16: Aiitebnatingh-Current Osnebator", "slug": "chapter-16", "location": "lines 17025-18828", "line_start": 17025, "line_end": 18828, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2451, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 37, "magnetism": 29, "impedance-reactance": 26, "alternating-current": 5, "waves-lines": 5, "dielectricity": 4, "complex-quantities": 3, "radiation-light": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-110", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 110, "caption": "also. Thus, we have, in this case, even on open circuit, no Fig. 110. rotation through a constant magnetic field, but rotation through a pulsating field, which makes the E.M.F. wave", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 17072, "line_end": 17072, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-112", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 112, "caption": "its maximum while the armature coil still partly faces the Fig. 112. preceding-field pole, as shown in diagram Fig. 112, — it tends", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 17126, "line_end": 17126, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F., or uni-directional, but pulsating in a single-phase alternator. In the polyphase alternator, when evenly loaded or balanced, the resultant M.M.F. of the armature current is more or less constant. The E.M.F. induced in the armature is due to the mag- netic flux passing through", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternati ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is al ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§ 160 density at the trailing-pole corner. Since the internal self- inductance of the alternator alone causes a certain lag of the current behind the induced E.M.F., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external nega- tive reactance, as capacity, etc. If the armature current lags, it reaches the maximum later than the E.M.F. ; that is, in a position where the armature coil partly faces the following-field pole, as shown in diagram in Fig. 111. Since the armature current flows Fiq. Ill, in opposit ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVI. AIiTEBNATINGh-CURRENT OSNEBATOR. 159. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-16.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-16.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-17", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "title": "Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "label": "Chapter 17: Synchbonizino Aiitebkatobs", "slug": "chapter-17", "location": "lines 18829-19345", "line_start": 18829, "line_end": 19345, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1654, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 9, "impedance-reactance": 6, "dielectricity": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "complex-quantities": 2, "fields": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVII. SYNCHBONIZINO AIiTEBKATOBS. 168. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 169. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 169. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be co ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... he voltage at the common bus bars be assumed Fig, 121. as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex method ; and let — 252 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA, [§ 1 74 e = difference of potential at the common bus bars of the two alternators, Z ^= r — jx = impedance of external circuit, K=s^»--|-y^ = admittance of external circuit; hence, the current in external circuit is /- —JX Let £i = fi —/i cos (/'i ^,), (1) thus, — cos (f\\ dy) = ^ sm i„(/. ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... t the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E^, be connected as synchronous motor w^ith a supply circuit of E.M.F., E^y by a circuit of the impedance Z, If E^ is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-18.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-18.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-19", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "title": "Commutatob Motobs", "label": "Chapter 19: Commutatob Motobs", "slug": "chapter-19", "location": "lines 21339-22387", "line_start": 21339, "line_end": 22387, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2369, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 42, "magnetism": 39, "impedance-reactance": 9, "dielectricity": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "alternating-current": 5, "complex-quantities": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIX. COMMUTATOB MOTOBS. 192. Commutator motors — that is, motors in which the current enters or leaves the armature over brushes through a segmental commutator — have been built of various types, but have not found any extensive appli- cation, in consequence of the superiority of the induction and synchronous motors, due to the absence of commu- tators. The main subdivisions of commutator motors are the repulsion motor, the series motor, and the shunt motor. REPULSION MOTOR. 193. The repulsion motor is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, and thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ors. The main subdivisions of commutator motors are the repulsion motor, the series motor, and the shunt motor. REPULSION MOTOR. 193. The repulsion motor is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, and thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the pur ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, and thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having always secondary circuits in inductive relation to the primary circuit during the rotation. If with a single- coil field, these secondary circuits are consta ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the same, when moving out of this position, is replaced by other secondary circuits entering this position of 45° displacement. For simplicity, in the following all the secondary quan- 296 AL TERN A TJNG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [ § 196 titles, as E.M.F., current, resistance, reactance, etc., are assumed as reduced to the primary circuit by the ratio of turns, in the same way as done in the chapter on Induction Motors. 196. Let ^ = maximum magnetic flux per field pdle ; e = effective E.M.F. induced thereby in the field turns; thus : ^^ n = number of ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... nd a secondary circuit closed upon itself and displaced in Bg. 144. space by 45° — in a bipolar motor — from the direction of the magnetic flux, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 144. This secondary circuit, while set in motion, still remains in the same position of 45° displacement, with the magnetic flux, or rather, what is theoretically the same, when moving out of this position, is replaced by other secondary circuits entering this position of 45° displacement. For simplicity, in the following all the secondary quan- 296 AL TERN A TJNG-CURRENT P ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-19.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-19.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-20", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "title": "Beactiox Machines", "label": "Chapter 20: Beactiox Machines", "slug": "chapter-20", "location": "lines 22388-23273", "line_start": 22388, "line_end": 23273, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2334, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 38, "waves-lines": 32, "impedance-reactance": 24, "fields": 16, "alternating-current": 5, "radiation-light": 5, "hysteresis": 4, "complex-quantities": 3, "dielectricity": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XX. BEACTIOX MACHINES. 204. In the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately thd case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circumstances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ctance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately thd case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... lags less than 90° behind the current. 206. A case of this nature has been discussed already in the chapter on Hysteresis, from a different point of view. 310 ALTERNATING-CUKREXT PHKNOMENA. [§ 207 There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called tlie angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the mag ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XX. BEACTIOX MACHINES. 204. In the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately thd case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnet ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... y the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circumstances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter E.M.F. E^ reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter E.M.F. E^ made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the current and the E.M.F. of a generator do not disappe ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-20.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-20.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-21", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "title": "Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "label": "Chapter 21: Dibtobtiox Of Wavs-Shafe And Its Causes", "slug": "chapter-21", "location": "lines 23274-24559", "line_start": 23274, "line_end": 24559, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2705, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "fields", "impedance-reactance", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 75, "magnetism": 42, "fields": 15, "impedance-reactance": 15, "hysteresis": 9, "dielectricity": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "alternating-current": 4, "complex-quantities": 4, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXI. DIBTOBTIOX OF WAVS-SHAFE AND ITS CAUSES. 212. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and no longer, and it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equiv- alent sine wave, since the angle of phase displacement of the equivalent sine wave becomes indefinite. Thus it becomes desirable to investigate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be represented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the investigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the investigation of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXI. DIBTOBTIOX OF WAVS-SHAFE AND ITS CAUSES. 212. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and no longer, and it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equiv- ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 213. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 213. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of un ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... t passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 213. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 1214] DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE. 321 a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the mag ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-21.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-21.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-22", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "title": "Ri", "label": "Chapter 20: Ri", "slug": "chapter-22", "location": "lines 24560-25119", "line_start": 24560, "line_end": 25119, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2224, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 80, "magnetism": 22, "radiation-light": 18, "dielectricity": 16, "fields": 3, "impedance-reactance": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 18, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXri. XFFBCTB OF HIOHXilt BAAHONICS. 223. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 159 and rig. reo. £jr«t •/ wp/. ho™ 160 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 159 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacements of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°, represented by the equations : s s s s s s n/3 — .3 s — .3 s — .3 s — .3 « — .3 s n3)3 n (3)3 n(3)3 n(3)3", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXri. XFFBCTB OF HIOHXilt BAAHONICS. 223. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 159 and rig. reo. £jr«t •/ wp/. ho™ 160 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 1 ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... given effective current, are increased. In consequence hereof alternators and synchronous motors of ironclad unitooth construction — that is, machines giving waves with pronounced higher harmonics — give with the same number of turns on the armature, and the same mag- netic flux per field pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 227. This explains an apparent paradox : If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the magnetic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 162, the magnetic ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ouble peak, with sharp zero : sin /3 - .15 sin (3 p - 180°) - .10 sin 5 p. Sharp peak with sharp zero : sin 13 - .15 sin 3 /3 - .10 sin (5 /S - 180°). 224. Since the distortion of the wave-shape consists in the superposition of higher harmonics, that is, waves of higher frequency, the phenomena taking place in a circuit / 3o8 AL TERNA TIXG-CURREXT PHEXOMEXA. [§ 225 supplied by such a wave will be the combined effect of the different waves. Thus in a non-inductive circuit, the current and the potential difference across the different parts of ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... n the fimdamental sine wave. § 223] EFFECTS OF JIIGHER HARMONICS. 335 In Fig. 159 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacements of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°, represented by the equations : s s s s s s n/3 — .3 s — .3 s — .3 s — .3 « — .3 s n3)3 n (3)3 n(3)3 n(3)3 n(3^ 45°) 90°) 135°) 180°). As seen, the effect of the triple harmonic is in the first figure to fl ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-22.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-22.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-23", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "title": "Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "label": "Chapter 23: Generaii Foiitfhase Ststems", "slug": "chapter-23", "location": "lines 25120-25270", "line_start": 25120, "line_end": 25270, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 579, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "alternating-current", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 3, "alternating-current": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-103", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 103, "caption": "o E Fig. 103. I", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 25185, "line_end": 25185, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-104", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 104, "caption": "I Fig. 104. The different branches of a polyphase system may be either independent from each other, that is, without any", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 25191, "line_end": 25191, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-fig-165", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "figure_number": 165, "caption": "four collector rings, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 165, Fig. 165. is an interlinked system also. The four-wire quarter-phase system produced by a generator with two independent", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "line_start": 25219, "line_end": 25219, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIII. GENERAIi FOIiTFHASE STSTEMS. 232. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinked with each other. In general the investigation of a polyphase system is carried out by treating the single-phase branch circuits independently. Thus all the discussions on generators, synchronous motors, induction motors, etc., in the preceding chapters, apply to single-phase systems as well as polyphase systems, in the latter case the total power being the sum of the powers of the individual or branch circuits. If the polyphase system", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXIII. GENERAIi FOIiTFHASE STSTEMS. 232. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of the polyphase system, which may be more or less interlinke ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXIII. GENERAIi FOIiTFHASE STSTEMS. 232. A polyphase system is an alternating-current sys- tem in which several E.M.Fs. of the same frequency, but displaced in phase from each other, produce several currents of equal frequency, but displaced phases. Thus any polyphase system can be considered as con- sisting of a number of single circuits, or branches of th ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... system, consisting of two equal E.M.Fs. displaced by 90°, or one-quarter of a peHod, is an unsymmetrical system. 233. The flow of power in a single-phase system is pulsating ; that is, the watt curve of the circuit is a sine § 233] GENERAL rOLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 347 wave of double frequency, alternating between a maximum value and zero, or a negative maximum value. In a poly- phase system the watt curves of the different branches of the system are pulsating also. Their sum, however, or the total flow of power of the system, may be either con ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-23.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-23.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-24", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "title": "Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "label": "Chapter 24: Symmetbicaii Polyphase Ststems", "slug": "chapter-24", "location": "lines 25271-25604", "line_start": 25271, "line_end": 25604, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1001, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 10, "magnetism": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "dielectricity": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIV. SYMMETBICAIi POLYPHASE STSTEMS. 235. If all the E.M.Fs. of a polyphase system are equal in intensity, and differ from each other by the same angle of difference of phase, the system is called a symmetrical polyphase system. Hence, a symmetrical //-phase system is a system of n E.M.Fs. of equal intensity, differing from each other in phase by 1/;/ of a period: ^1 = ^ sin )8 ; €^ = £ s'\\n( P — tlJL \\ J ^„ = -£■ sin ( )8 — 2(n - l)ir ^) The next E.M.F. is again : ^i = /^ s\\n (P — 2 w) = £ sin /S. In the polar diagram the ;/ E.M.Fs. of the symmetrical «-phase system are represented by ;/ equal vectors, follow- ing each other under equal angles. Since in", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... r by the same angle of difference of phase, the system is called a symmetrical polyphase system. Hence, a symmetrical //-phase system is a system of n E.M.Fs. of equal intensity, differing from each other in phase by 1/;/ of a period: ^1 = ^ sin )8 ; €^ = £ s'\\n( P — tlJL \\ J ^„ = -£■ sin ( )8 — 2(n - l)ir ^) The next E.M.F. is again : ^i = /^ s\\n (P — 2 w) = £ sin /S. In the polar diagram the ;/ E.M.Fs. of the symmetrical «-phase system are represented by ;/ equal vectors, follow- ing each other under equal angles. Since in sy ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... M.M.F. at the time repre- sented by the angle /3 is : tan a> = cot P ; That is, the M.M.F. produced by a symmetrical «-phase system revolves with constant intensity : F = ,— » V2 and constant speed, in synchronism with the frequency of the system ; and, if the reluctance of the magnetic circuit §238] SYMMETRICAL POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 355 is constant, the magnetism revolves with constant intensity and constant speed also, at the point acted upon symmetri- cally by the ;/ M.M.Fs. of the //-phase system. This is a characteristic feature of th ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXIV. SYMMETBICAIi POLYPHASE STSTEMS. 235. If all the E.M.Fs. of a polyphase system are equal in intensity, and differ from each other by the same angle of difference of phase, the system is called a symmetrical polyphase system. Hence, a symmetrical //-phase system is a system of n E.M.Fs. of equal intensity, differing from each other in phase by 1/;/ of a period: ^1 = ^ sin )8 ; €^ = £ s'\\n( P ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... , have not been used, and are of little practical interest. 237. A characteristic feature of the symmetrical n- phase system is that under certain conditions it can pro- duce a M.M.F. of constant intensity. If n equal magnetizing coils act upon a point under equal angular displacements in space, and are excited by the n E.M.Fs. of a symmetrical //-phase system, a M.M.F. of constant intensity is produced at this point, whose direction revolves synchronously with uniform velocity. Let, «' = number of turns of each magnetizing coil. E=^ effective value o ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-24.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-24.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-25", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 25, "title": "Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "label": "Chapter 25: Baiianced And Unbaxiancbd Polyphase Systema", "slug": "chapter-25", "location": "lines 25605-26027", "line_start": 25605, "line_end": 26027, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1558, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 8, "complex-quantities": 5, "waves-lines": 5, "dielectricity": 4, "radiation-light": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXV. BAIiANCED AND UNBAXiANCBD POLYPHASE SYSTEMa 239. If an alternating E.M.F. : ^ = ^ V2 sin j8, produces a current : /• = /V2sin()8-^), where w is the angle of lag, the power is : / = ^/ = 2 Elsm )8 sin 03 - u») = -£'/(cos w — sin (2 /3 — w)), and the average value of power : 7^= EI cos w. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : \\^ cos w J Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : p -= €t. If the angle of lag w = it is : / =", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... r is : / = ^/ = 2 Elsm )8 sin 03 - u») = -£'/(cos w — sin (2 /3 — w)), and the average value of power : 7^= EI cos w. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : \\^ cos w J Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : p -= €t. If the angle of lag w = it is : / = /^ (1 - sin 2 )3) ; hence the flow of power varies between zero and ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXV. BAIiANCED AND UNBAXiANCBD POLYPHASE SYSTEMa 239. If an alternating E.M.F. : ^ = ^ V2 sin j8, produces a current : /• = /V2sin()8-^), where w is the angle of lag, the power is : / = ^/ = 2 Elsm )8 sin 03 - u») = -£'/(cos w — sin (2 /3 — w)), and the average value of power : 7^= EI cos w. Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... of energy or the effective power of the circuit. 1240} BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 857 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle a> the power varies between p(\\--±J\\ and /Yl+-l_V y cos w y y cos w j that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If ci = 90°, it is : / = EIcos2p\\ that is ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ly, as in the single-phase sys- tem ; and the ratio of the minimum value to the maximum value of power is called the balance factor of ttie system. 358 ALTERNATIXG-CURRENT PHENOMENA. [§§241,242 Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance factor is zero ; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes = — 1, if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 241. Obviously, in a polyphase systeiji the balance of the system is a funct ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-25.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-25.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-26", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 26, "title": "Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "label": "Chapter 26: Intebunkeid Foiiyfhase Systems", "slug": "chapter-26", "location": "lines 26028-26427", "line_start": 26028, "line_end": 26427, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1580, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "ether", "alternating-current", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 8, "ether": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXVI. INTEBUNKEID FOIiYFHASE SYSTEMS. 249. In a polyphase system the different circuits of displaced phases, which constitute the system, may either be entirely separate and without electrical connection with each other, or they may be connected with each other electrically, so that a part of the electrical conductors are in common to the different phases, and in this case the system is called an interlinked polyphase system. Thus, for instance, the quarter-phase system will be called an independent system if the two E.M.Fs. in quadra- ture with each other are produced by two entirely separate coils of the same, or different but rigidly connected, arma- tures, and are connected to four wires which energize inde- pendent circuits in motors or other receiving devices. If the quarter-phase system is derived by connecting four equidistant points", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... M.F. and ring current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if : €* E are the E.M.Fs. between the ;/ terminals and the neutral point, or star E.M.Fs., $254] INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 373 /,• = the currents issuing from terminal i over a line of the impedance Z^ (including generator impedance in star connection), we have : Potential at end of line / : Difference of potential between terminals k and / : where /, is the star current of the system, Z, the star im- pedance. The ring potential at the end of the line between ter- ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... atus into the system. {250] INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 369 1st. The star connection^ represented diagrammatically in Fig. 179. In this connection the n circuits excited by currents differ from each other by l/« of a period, and are connected with their one end together into a neutral point or common connection, which may either be grounded or connected with other corresponding neutral points, or insu- lated. In a three-phase system this connection is usually called a Y connection, from a similarity of its diagrammatical rep- resentation ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXVI. INTEBUNKEID FOIiYFHASE SYSTEMS. 249. In a polyphase system the different circuits of displaced phases, which constitute the system, may either be entirely separate and without electrical connection with each other, or they may be connected with each other electrically, so that a part of the electrical conductors are in common to the different phases, and in this case ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... by a voltmeter con- nected between adjacent lines, in ring or delta connec- tion. In the same way the star or Y current is the current flowing from one line to a neutral point ; the ring or delta current, the current flowing from one line to the other. The current in the transmission line is always the star or Y current, and the potential difference between the line wires, the ring or delta potential. Since the star potential and the ring potential differ from each other, apparatus requiring different voltages can be connected into the same polyphase mains, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-26.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-26.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-27", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 27, "title": "Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 27: Tbansfobmation Of Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-27", "location": "lines 26428-26583", "line_start": 26428, "line_end": 26583, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 814, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "complex-quantities", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 6, "complex-quantities": 2, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXVII. TBANSFOBMATION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 255. In transforming a polyphase system into another polyphase system, it is obvious that the primary system must have the same flow of power as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy efficiently, as revolving", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ystem will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energ ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... esolved into components in phase with e and T, the E.M.Fs. of the secondary system, E^y E^, .... are produced from components, E^ and E^y E^ and E^y .... in phase with c and F, and give as numbers of second- ary turns, — El I Cy E^ / r, .... in the first transformer ; El jly E^ 17, .... in the second transformer.* That means each of the two transformers hi and vi con- tains in general primary turns of each of the primary phases, and secondary turns of each of the secondary phases. Loading now the secondary polyphase system in any desired manne ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... he primary system must have the same flow of power as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of pr ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-27.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-27.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-28", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "title": "Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "label": "Chapter 28: Copper Efficiency Of Systems", "slug": "chapter-28", "location": "lines 26584-27052", "line_start": 26584, "line_end": 27052, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2695, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 4, "complex-quantities": 4, "dielectricity": 4, "radiation-light": 4 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXVIII. COPPER EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 259. In electric power transmission and distribution^ wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and what potential is to be used. In ger^eral, in transmitting a given amount of power at a given loss over a given distance, other things being equal, the amount of copper required in the conductors is inversely proportional to the square of the potential used. Since the total power transmitted is proportional to the product of current and E.M.F., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportional to the E.M.F., and therefore,, since the loss is proportional to the product of current- square and resistance,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXVIII. COPPER EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 259. In electric power transmission and distribution^ wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and what potential is to be used. In ger^eral, in transmitting a given ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... systems, as two-wire single-phase, single-phase three-wire, three-phase and quar- ter-phase, as basis of comparison equality of the potential is used. Some systems, however, as for instance, the Edison three-wire system, or the inverted three-phase system, have I § 260J COPPER EFFICIEXCY OF SYSTEMS. 381 different potentials in the different circuits constituting the system, and thus the comparison can be made either — 1st. On the basis of equality of the maximum potential difference in the system ; or 2d. On the basis of the minimum poten ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... maximum potential only, but where the limitation of potential depends upon the problem of insulating the conductors against disruptive discharge, the proper comparison is on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential in the system ; that is, equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from wires or high differences of potential. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is to be made on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential existing in the system. The comparison of low potential distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatus. 260. 1st. Comparison on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential^ in low potential lighting circuits : 382 AL TEKXA TIN ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-28.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-28.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-29", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "title": "Thbkb-Fhase System", "label": "Chapter 29: Thbkb-Fhase System", "slug": "chapter-29", "location": "lines 27053-27500", "line_start": 27053, "line_end": 27500, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 663, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 3, "complex-quantities": 2, "dielectricity": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIX. THBKB-FHASE SYSTEM. 263. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special features over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such ; since the mutual reactions between the three-phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, since each phase is acted upon by the preceding phase in an equal but opposite manner as by the following phase. With unequal distribution of load between the different branches, the voltages and phase differences become more or less unequal. These unbalancing effects are obviously maxi- mum, if some of the phases are fully loaded, others unloaded,. Let : E = E.M.F. between branches 1 and 2 of a three-phasen Then : c ^s = E.M.F. between 2 and 3,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ffects are obviously maxi- mum, if some of the phases are fully loaded, others unloaded,. Let : E = E.M.F. between branches 1 and 2 of a three-phasen Then : c ^s = E.M.F. between 2 and 3, ^ E= E.M.F. between 3 and 1, where, e = \"v^i = — — \"^ — - . Let Zi, Z2, Zj = impedances of the lines issuing from genera- tor terminals 1, 2, 3, and Fj, Y^, Yz = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. If then, Ii, /a, /j, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it is, /i+ ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ng effects are obviously maxi- mum, if some of the phases are fully loaded, others unloaded,. Let : E = E.M.F. between branches 1 and 2 of a three-phasen Then : c ^s = E.M.F. between 2 and 3, ^ E= E.M.F. between 3 and 1, where, e = \"v^i = — — \"^ — - . Let Zi, Z2, Zj = impedances of the lines issuing from genera- tor terminals 1, 2, 3, and Fj, Y^, Yz = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. If then, Ii, /a, /j, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXIX. THBKB-FHASE SYSTEM. 263. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special features over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such ; since the mutual reactions between the three-phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, sin ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-29/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-29.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-29.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897-chapter-30", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1897, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "title": "Quartbr-Fhase System", "label": "Chapter 30: Quartbr-Fhase System", "slug": "chapter-30", "location": "lines 27501-29124", "line_start": 27501, "line_end": 29124, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4474, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 50, "impedance-reactance": 40, "waves-lines": 25, "dielectricity": 21, "transients": 15, "alternating-current": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "lightning-surges": 3, "magnetism": 3, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXX. QUARTBR-FHASE SYSTEM. 265. In a three-wire quarter-phase system, or quarter- phase system with common return wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : £^ = E = E.M.F. between and 1 in the generator. E2 =^ J E = E.M.F. between and 2 in the generator. • Let : Ii and I2 = currents in 1 and in 2, Iq = current in 0, Z, and Za == impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zq = impedance of line 0. K, and Y^ = admittances of circuits to 1, and to 2, // and 73'= currents in circuits to 1, and to 2, ^/and ^2'= potential differences at circuit to 1, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... In a three-wire quarter-phase system, or quarter- phase system with common return wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : £^ = E = E.M.F. between and 1 in the generator. E2 =^ J E = E.M.F. between and 2 in the generator. • Let : Ii and I2 = currents in 1 and in 2, Iq = current in 0, Z, and Za == impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zq = impedance of line 0. K, and Y^ = admittances of circuits to 1, and to 2, // and 73'= currents in circuits to 1, and t ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... minals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2, the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : £^ = E = E.M.F. between and 1 in the generator. E2 =^ J E = E.M.F. between and 2 in the generator. • Let : Ii and I2 = currents in 1 and in 2, Iq = current in 0, Z, and Za == impedances of lines 1 and 2, Zq = impedance of line 0. K, and Y^ = admittances of circuits to 1, and to 2, // and 73'= currents in circuits to 1, and to 2, ^/and ^2'= potential differences at circuit to 1, and to 2. it is then, 7, + /a + /« = ) ^ or, /o = - (A + ^2) i ^ ^ that ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... constant maximum and minimum values, — that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values, — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero ; and is called a pulsating current if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is charac- terized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alter- nating cu ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... (5> Hence, the balanced quarter-phase system with common return is unbalanced with regard to voltage and phase rela- tion, or in other words, even if in a quarter-phase system with common return both branches or phases are loaded equally, with a load of the same phase displacement, nevertheless, the system becomes unbalanced, and the two E.M.Fs. at the end of the line are neither equal in magnitude, nor in quadrature with each other. »2ee] QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM. 397 B. One branch loaded^ one unloaded, /^\\ ^= ^2 ^= ^ \\ K, = 0, i; = K r, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/cleaned_text/chapter-30.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1897/chapter-30.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul03steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-01", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "title": "Introduction", "label": "Chapter 1: Introduction", "slug": "chapter-01", "location": "lines 963-1366", "line_start": 963, "line_end": 1366, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2368, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 45, "magnetism": 29, "impedance-reactance": 23, "alternating-current": 13, "dielectricity": 11, "radiation-light": 9, "fields": 3, "hysteresis": 3, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 36, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 976, "line_end": 976, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "2.) Joule's law: P= izr, where P is the rate at which", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 979, "line_end": 979, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "3.) The power equation : P0 = ei, where P0 is the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 982, "line_end": 982, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "a.} The sum of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit = 0,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 987, "line_end": 987, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "tributing point = 0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 993, "line_end": 993, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "0= Vr2 + Ar2.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1029, "line_end": 1029, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "3. The principal sources of reactance are electro-mag-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1056, "line_end": 1056, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "tance lags 90°, or a quarter period, behind the current ; that", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1069, "line_end": 1069, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. IN the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respec- tively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few fundamental laws : — 1.) Ohm's law : i = e j r, where r, the resistance, is a constant of the circuit. 2.) Joule's law: P= izr, where P is the rate at which energy is expended by the current, i, in the resistance, r. 3.) The power equation : P0 = ei, where P0 is the power expended in the circuit of E.M.F., e, and current, /. 4.) Kirchhoff's laws : a.} The sum of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit = 0, if the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... f a circle (a sinusoidal variation supposed), that is the ratio ir/2 H- 1, the maximum rate of cutting is 2-n-N, and, conse- quently, the maximum value of E.M.F. induced in a cir- cuit of maximum current strength, i, and inductance, L, is, Since the maximum values of sine waves are proportional (by factor V2) to the effective values (square root of mean squares), if i = effective value of alternating current, e = 2 TT NLi is the effective value of E.M.F. of self-inductance, and the ratio, e I i — 2 TT NL, is the magnetic reactance : xm = 2 TT NL ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... actance, x, or — , 0= Vr2 + Ar2. The resistance, r, in circuits where energy is expended only in heating the conductor, is the same as the ohmic resistance of continuous-current circuits. In circuits, how- ever, where energy is also expended outside of the con- ductor by magnetic hysteresis, mutual inductance, dielectric hysteresis, etc., r is larger than the true ohmic resistance of the conductor, since it refers to the total expenditure of energy. It may be called then the effective resistance. It is no longer a constant of the circuit. The react ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... nents, each of which is larger than the undivided current, etc. 2. In place of the above-mentioned fundamental laws of continuous currents, we find in alternating-current circuits the following : Ohm's law assumes the form, i = e ] s, where z, the apparent resistance, or impedance, is no longer a constant of the circuit, but depends upon the frequency of the cur- rents ; and in circuits containing iron, etc., also upon the E.M.F. Impedance, z, is, in the system of absolute units, of the same dimensions as resistance (that is, of the dimension LT~l ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. IN the practical applications of electrical energy, we meet with two different classes of phenomena, due respec- tively to the continuous current and to the alternating current. The continuous-current phenomena have been brought within the realm of exact analytical calculation by a few ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-02", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "title": "Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "label": "Chapter 2: Instantaneous Values And Integral Values", "slug": "chapter-02", "location": "lines 1367-1605", "line_start": 1367, "line_end": 1605, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 895, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 35, "magnetism": 3, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 15, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0037", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "Figs. 4 and 5, the arithmetical average of all the instan-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1390, "line_end": 1390, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0038", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "This arithmetic mean is either = 0, as in Fig. 4, or it", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1393, "line_end": 1393, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0039", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "mean value = 0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1432, "line_end": 1432, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0040", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "9. In a sine wave, the relation of the mean to the maxi-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1448, "line_end": 1448, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0041", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "B, the sine varies from 0 to OB = 1. Hence the average", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1458, "line_end": 1458, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0042", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "of the arc to that of the sine ; that is, 1 -f- 2 / 77-, and since", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1466, "line_end": 1466, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0043", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "Mean value of sine wave -r- maximum value = • — • -f- 1", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1472, "line_end": 1472, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0044", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "= .63663.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1476, "line_end": 1476, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-008", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 8, "caption": "mum value is found in the following way : — Fig. 8. Let, in Fig. 6, AOB represent a quadrant of a circle with radius 1.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1452, "line_end": 1452, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-007", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 7, "caption": "found in the following way : Fig. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, AOB represent a quadrant of a circle", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1503, "line_end": 1503, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES. 8. IN a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective Fig. 4. Alternating Wave. value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is understood. The maximum value of the wave is of practical interest only in few cases, and may, besides, be different for the two half-waves, as in Fig. 3. As arithmetic mean, or average value, of a wave as in Figs. 4 and 5, the arithmetical average of all the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES. 8. IN a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective Fig. 4. Alternating Wave. value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effective value is und ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... wave whose positive values give the same sum total as the negative values ; that is, whose two half-waves have in rectangular coordinates the same area, as shown in Fig. 4. A pulsating wave is a wave in which one of the half- waves preponderates, as in Fig. 5. By electromagnetic induction, pulsating waves are pro- duced only by commutating and unipolar machines (or by the superposition of alternating upon direct currents, etc.). All inductive apparatus without commutation give ex- clusively alternating waves, because, no matter what con- Fig. 5. ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER II INSTANTANEOUS VALUES AND INTEGRAL VALUES. 8. IN a periodically varying function, as an alternating current, we have to distinguish between the instantaneous value, which varies constantly as function of the time, and the integral value, which characterizes the wave as a whole. As such integral value, almost exclusively the effective Fig. 4. Alternating Wave. value is used, that is, the square root of the mean squares ; and wherever the intensity of an electric wave is mentioned without further reference, the effectiv ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-02.txt", "archive": 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"glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 12, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0052", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 108 = 100,000,000", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1619, "line_end": 1619, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0053", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "of the flux inclosed by the turns, times 10~8.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1632, "line_end": 1632, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0054", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "£&vg, = 4 « 3> N 10 ~ 8 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1652, "line_end": 1652, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0055", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "machine is E = 4«4>7V10~8 volts, independent of the num-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1667, "line_end": 1667, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0056", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "£avg = 4 « 4> JVW ~ 8 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1675, "line_end": 1675, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0057", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "^\"max. = 27r»7V710-8VOltS.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1682, "line_end": 1682, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0058", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "= 4.44 n 4>^10- 8 volts,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1691, "line_end": 1691, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0059", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "flux X number of turns X 10~8", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1703, "line_end": 1703, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to the number of lines of magnetic force cut per second by the conductor. As a practical unit of E.M.F., the volt is defined as the E.M.F. induced in a conductor, which cuts 108 = 100,000,000 lines of magnetic force per second. If the conductor is closed upon itself, the induced E.M.F. produces a current. A closed conductor may be called a turn or a convolution. In such a turn,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER III. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 11. If an electric conductor moves relatively to a mag- netic field, an E.M.F. is induced in the conductor which is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field, to the length of the conductor, and to the speed of its motion perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of the conductor ; or, in other words, proportional to th ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... the flux, or the flux passes in and out of the turns, the total flux is cut four times during each complete period or cycle, twice passing into, and twice out of, the turns. LAW OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION. 17 Hence, if N= number of complete cycles per second, or the frequency of the flux 3>, the average E.M.F. induced in n turns is, £&vg, = 4 « 3> N 10 ~ 8 volts. This is the fundamental equation of electrical engineer- ing, and applies to .continuous-current, as well as to alter- nating-current, apparatus. 12. In continuous-current machines ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... S>, produced by a current of / amperes effective, or / V2 amperes maximum, is therefore — n® =Z/V2 108; and consequently the effective E.M.F. of self-inductance is: E = V2 =' 2 TT NLI volts. The product, x = 2 vNL, is of the dimension of resistance, and is called the reactance of the circuit ; and the E.M.F. of self-inductance of the circuit, or the reactance voltage, is E = Ix, and lags 90° behind the current, since the current is in phase with the magnetic flux produced by the current, and the E.M.F. lags 90° behind the magnetic flux. The E. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-04", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "title": "Graphic Representation", "label": "Chapter 4: Graphic Representation", "slug": "chapter-04", "location": "lines 1743-2321", "line_start": 1743, "line_end": 2321, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3152, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 52, "impedance-reactance": 17, "magnetism": 15, "alternating-current": 6, "dielectricity": 4, "hysteresis": 4, "radiation-light": 4, "complex-quantities": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 39, "figure_count": 8, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0064", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "15. The sine wave, Fig. 1, is represented in polar", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1789, "line_end": 1789, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0065", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "1= OC, represents the intensity of the wave ; and the am-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1792, "line_end": 1792, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0066", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "where = 2 IT / / T is the instantaneous value of the ampli-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1800, "line_end": 1800, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0067", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "tude corresponding to the instantaneous value, 2, of the wave.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1801, "line_end": 1801, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0068", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "Thus, for instance, at the amplitude AOBl = ^ = 2 ^ / T", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1805, "line_end": 1805, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0069", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "(Fig. 10), the instantaneous value is OB' ; at the amplitude", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1806, "line_end": 1806, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0070", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "AO£2 = 2 = 27T/2/ T, the instantaneous value is ~OJ3\", and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1807, "line_end": 1807, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0071", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "is then V2 times the vector OC, so that the instantaneous", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1832, "line_end": 1832, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-011", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 11, "caption": "nates by a vector, which by its length, OC, denotes the in- Fig. 11. tensity, and by its amplitude, AOC, the phase, of the sine", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1892, "line_end": 1892, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-012", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 12, "caption": "be sent into a non-inductive circuit at an E.M.F. of E Fig. 12. volts. What will be the E.M.F. required at the generator end of the line ?", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1936, "line_end": 1936, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-013", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 13, "caption": "E? 0 Fig. 13. 18. We may, however, introduce the effect of the induc-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 1989, "line_end": 1989, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-014", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 14, "caption": "E.V o Fig. 14. of the impressed E.M.F., in the latter case being of opposite phase. According to the nature of the problem, either the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2025, "line_end": 2025, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-015", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 15, "caption": "—X« Fig. 15. 19. Coming back to the equation found for the E.M.F.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2062, "line_end": 2062, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-018", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 18, "caption": "E0 = V(^ cos w + Ir)2 -f- (E sin w + Ix)z. Fig. 18. If, however, the current in the receiving circuit is leading, as -is the case when feeding condensers or syn-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2112, "line_end": 2112, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-017", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 17, "caption": "'E. Fig. 17. a circuit with leading current, as, for instance, a synchro- nous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2152, "line_end": 2152, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-020", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 20, "caption": "same E.M.F. and current ; or conversely, at a given primary Fig. 20. impressed E.M.F., E0, the secondary E.M.F., E^ will be smaller with an inductive, and larger with a condenser", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2295, "line_end": 2295, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV. GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 14. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, represented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternate waves is given by their repre- sentation in polar coordinates, with the time as an angle or the amplitude, — one complete period being represented by one revolution, — and the instantaneous values as radii vectores. Fig. 8. Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV. GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 14. While alternating waves can be, and frequently are, represented graphically in rectangular coordinates, with the time as abscissae, and the instantaneous values of the wave as ordinates, the best insight with regard to the mutual relation of different alternate waves is given by their repre- sent ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... f parallelogram or tJie polygon of sine waves. Kirchhoff's laws now assume, for alternating sine waves, the form : — a.) The resultant of all the E.M.Fs. in a closed circuit, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero if the counter E.M.Fs. of resistance and of reactance are included. b.} The resultant of all the currents flowing towards a GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION. 23 distributing point, as found by the parallelogram of sine waves, is zero. The energy equation expressed graphically is as follows : The power of an alternating-curren ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... or instance, a synchro- nous motor circuit under the circumstances stated above. 21. As a further example, we may consider the dia- gram of an alternating-current transformer, feeding through its secondary circuit an inductive load. For simplicity, we may neglect here the magnetic hysteresis, the effect of which will be fully treated in a separate chapter on this subject. Let the time be counted from the moment when the magnetic flux is zero. The phase of the flux, that is, the amplitude of its maximum value, is 90° in this case, and, consequently, ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... tes, with the time as an angle or the amplitude, — one complete period being represented by one revolution, — and the instantaneous values as radii vectores. Fig. 8. Thus the two waves of Figs. 2 and 3 are represented in polar coordinates in Figs. 8 and 9 as closed characteristic curves, which, by their intersection with the radius vector, give the instantaneous value of the wave, corresponding to the time represented by the amplitude of the radius vector. These instantaneous values are positive if in the direction of the radius vector, and n ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-05", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "title": "Symbolic Method", "label": "Chapter 5: Symbolic Method", "slug": "chapter-05", "location": "lines 2322-2773", "line_start": 2322, "line_end": 2773, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1993, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 55, "complex-quantities": 25, "impedance-reactance": 19, "dielectricity": 8, "alternating-current": 4, "magnetism": 2, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 40, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0103", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "100 volts, and 1-^ = 75 amperes, for a non-inductive secon-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2337, "line_end": 2337, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0104", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "or, x-^ = .08 ohms, giving a lag of ^ = 3.6°. We have", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2340, "line_end": 2340, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0105", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "n^ = 30 turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2343, "line_end": 2343, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0106", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "n0 = 300 turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2345, "line_end": 2345, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0107", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "CFi = 2250 ampere-turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2347, "line_end": 2347, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0108", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "y = 100 ampere-turns.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2349, "line_end": 2349, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0109", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "Er = 10 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2351, "line_end": 2351, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0110", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "JSX = 60 volts.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2353, "line_end": 2353, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-021", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 21, "caption": "ever, this becomes too complicated, as will be seen by trying Fig. 21. to calculate, from the above transformer diagram, the ratio of transformation. The primary M.M.F. is given by the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2379, "line_end": 2379, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-022", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 22, "caption": "the graphical representation. Fig. 22. 25. We have seen that the alternating sine wave is represented in intensity, as well as phase, by a vector, Of,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2395, "line_end": 2395, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-024", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 24, "caption": "riod ; tJiat is, retarding the wave through one-quarter period. Fig. 24. Similarly, —", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2524, "line_end": 2524, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V. SYMBOLIC METHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating, current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impossible. For instance, in the trans- former diagrams (cf. Figs. 18-20), the different magnitudes will have numerical values in practice, somewhat like El — 100 volts, and 1-^ = 75 amperes, for a non-inductive secon- dary load, as of incandescent lamps. Thus the only reac- tance of the secondary circuit is that of the secondary coil, or,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER V. SYMBOLIC METHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating, current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calculation, however, the graphical method is generally not well suited, owing to the widely different magnitudes of the alternating sine waves repre- sented in the same diagram, which make an exact diagram- matic determination impo ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "CHAPTER V. SYMBOLIC METHOD. 23. The graphical method of representing alternating, current phenomena by polar coordinates of time affords the best means for deriving a clear insight into the mutual rela- tion of the different alternating sine waves entering into the problem. For numerical calc ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... f /= i +/z' is a sine wave of alternating current, and r is the resistance, the E.M.F. consumed by the re- sistance is in phase with the current, and equal to the prod- uct of the current and resistance. Or — rl ' — ri -\\- jri' . If L is the inductance, and x = 2 TT NL the reactance, the E.M.F. produced by the reactance, or the counter SYMBOLIC METHOD. 39 E.M.F. of self-induction, is the product of the current and reactance, and lags 90° behind the current ; it is, therefore, represented by the expression — The E.M.F. required to overcome the rea ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... nate the imaginary from the denominator, we have — T _ or, if E = e -\\-je' is the impressed E.M.F., and 7 = i ' -\\- ji' the current flowing in the circuit, its impedance is — 0 +./>') O'-./*'') «'+^*'' . ' ~ ei' ' 40 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 30. If C is the capacity of a condenser in series in a circuit of current I = i + //', the E.M.F. impressed upon the terminals of the condenser is E = - - , 90° behind the current ; and may be represented by — - - , or jx^ /, where x^ = - is the capacity reactance or condensatice 2 TT NC of the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-06", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "title": "Topographic Method", "label": "Chapter 6: Topographic Method", "slug": "chapter-06", "location": "lines 2774-3131", "line_start": 2774, "line_end": 3131, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1850, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "impedance-reactance", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 10, "waves-lines": 9, "alternating-current": 5, "impedance-reactance": 4, "ether": 2, "hysteresis": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 20, "figure_count": 7, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0143", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "33. In the representation of alternating sine waves by", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2778, "line_end": 2778, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0144", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "(Fig. 26), or by /= i -\\-ji', the same current can be con-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2791, "line_end": 2791, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0145", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "by a vector OI-± (Fig. 26), or by 7l = — i —ji'>", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2794, "line_end": 2794, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0146", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "34. Let, for instance, in Fig. 27, an interlinked three-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2818, "line_end": 2818, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0147", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "nals — for instance E^ and E2 — is then the distance EZEV", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2887, "line_end": 2887, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0148", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "vectors 07^ = 072 = Ofs = I, lagging behind the E.M.Fs.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2909, "line_end": 2909, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0149", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "pedance Z0 = x0 -jx0.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2914, "line_end": 2914, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0150", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "actance #! is represented by E^Ej' = Ixv 90° ahead of cur-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2919, "line_end": 2919, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-028", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 28, "caption": "-*' Fig. 28. 34. Let, for instance, in Fig. 27, an interlinked three- phase system be represented diagrammatically, as consist-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2816, "line_end": 2816, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-027", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 27, "caption": "by one-third of a period. Let the E.M.Fs. in the direction Fig. 27 from the common connection O of the three branch circuits", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2824, "line_end": 2824, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-029", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 29, "caption": "E° Fig. 29. E.M.Fs., these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2905, "line_end": 2905, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-031", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 31, "caption": "•I, Fig. 31. Fig. 32.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2964, "line_end": 2964, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-032", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 32, "caption": "Fig. 31. Fig. 32. As seen, the induced generator E.M.F. and thus the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 2967, "line_end": 2967, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-034", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 34, "caption": "90° LAO Fig. 34. Only the circuit characteristics of the first phase are shown as ^ and z'r As seen, passing from the receiving", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3089, "line_end": 3089, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-035", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 35, "caption": "RESISTANCE AND LEAKAGE Fig. 35. current alternately rise and fall, while their phase angle", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3102, "line_end": 3102, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VI. TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 33. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a gener- ator, G (Fig. 25), the current flowing from terminal A over resistance R to terminal B, is represented by a vector OI (Fig. 26), or by /= i -\\-ji', the same current can be con- sidered as flowing in the opposite direction, from terminal", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... £E°. In Fig. 29, the diagram is shown for 45° lag, in Fig. 30 for noninductive load, and in Fig. 31 for 45° lead of the currents with regard to their E.M.Fs. BALANCED THREE -PHASE SYSTEM 45° LEAD THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT 80°LA» TRANSMISSION LINE' WITH DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCB RESISTANCE AUD LEAKAQB •I, Fig. 31. Fig. 32. As seen, the induced generator E.M.F. and thus the generator excitation with lagging current must be higher, with leading current lower, than at non-inductive load, or conversely with the same generator exc ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI. TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 33. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or a ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI. TOPOGRAPHIC METHOD. 33. In the representation of alternating sine waves by vectors in a polar diagram, a certain ambiguity exists, in so far as one and the same quantity — an E.M.F., for in- stance — can be represented by two vectors of opposite direction, according as to whether the E.M.F. is considered as a part of the impressed E.M.F., or as a counter E.M.F. This is analogous to the distinction between action and reaction in mechanics. Further, it is obvious that if in the circuit of a gener- ator, G (Fig. 25), the current fl ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... BALANCED THREE-PHASE SYSTEM NON-INDUCTIVE LOAD E° Fig. 29. E.M.Fs., these currents are represented in Fig. 29 by the vectors 07^ = 072 = Ofs = I, lagging behind the E.M.Fs. by angles E.O^ = EZOIZ = EZOI& = Q. Let the three-phase circuit be supplied over a line of impedance Z± = r^ —jx\\ from a generator of internal im- pedance Z0 = x0 -jx0. In phase OEV the E.M.F. consumed by resistance r^ is represented by the distance E^EJ = Irv in phase, that is parallel with current OIV The E.M.F. consumed by re- actance #! is represented by E^Ej' = Ixv 9 ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-07", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "title": "Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "label": "Chapter 7: Admittance, Conductance, Susceptance", "slug": "chapter-07", "location": "lines 3132-3576", "line_start": 3132, "line_end": 3576, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1254, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 82, "complex-quantities": 6, "alternating-current": 3 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 25, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0163", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "resistances, ?\\, r%, r3, . . . are connected in series, their", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3137, "line_end": 3137, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0164", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "the term conductance, g = 1 / r. If, then, a number of con-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3151, "line_end": 3151, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0165", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 53", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3168, "line_end": 3168, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0166", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "y = Vr1 + P ;", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3232, "line_end": 3232, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0167", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "40. As shown, the term admittance implies resolving", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3240, "line_end": 3240, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0168", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "reactance x = 0, or in continuous-current circuits, is the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3251, "line_end": 3251, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0169", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "Again, only in circuits with zero resistance (r = 0) is", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3254, "line_end": 3254, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0170", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "1.) If r = QO , or x = oo , since in this case no current", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3260, "line_end": 3260, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, ?\\, r%, r3, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their joint resistance, R, cannot be expressed in a simple form, but is represented by the expression : — = J_ _l_ JL + J_ + /*! /*2 ^3 Hence, in the latter case it is preferable to introduce, in- stead of the term resistance, its reciprocal, or inverse value, the term conductance, g = 1 / r. If, then, a number of con- ductances, g^, g^, gz, . . . are connected in parallel, their joint conductance is the sum of the individual conductances, or", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, ?\\, r%, r3, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII. ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 38. If in a continuous-current circuit, a number of resistances, ?\\, r%, r3, . . . are connected in series, their joint resistance, R, is the sum of the individual resistances If, however, a number of resistances are connected in multiple or in parallel, their joint resistance, R, cannot be expressed in a simple form, but is represented by the expression : — = J_ _l_ JL + J_ + /*! /*2 ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... e of a number of series-connected resis- tances is equal to the sum of the individual resistances ; the ADMITTANCE, CONDUCTANCE, SUSCEPTANCE. 53 joint conductance of a number of parallel-connected conduc~ tances is equal to the sum of the individual conductances. 39. In alternating-current circuits, instead of the term resistance we have the term impedance, Z = r —Jx, with its two components, the resistance, r, and the reactance, x, in the formula of Ohm's law, E = IZ. The resistance, r, gives the component of E.M.F. in phase with the current, or the energy c ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-08", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "title": "Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "label": "Chapter 8: Circuits Containing Resistance, Inductance, And Capacity", "slug": "chapter-08", "location": "lines 3577-5333", "line_start": 3577, "line_end": 5333, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4195, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 52, "dielectricity": 39, "alternating-current": 10, "complex-quantities": 7, "ether": 2, "waves-lines": 2, "hysteresis": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 113, "figure_count": 13, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0188", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3589, "line_end": 3589, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0189", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "S/ = 0 at a distributing point,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3591, "line_end": 3591, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0190", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "1.) Resistance in series with a circuit.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3612, "line_end": 3612, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0191", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "43. In a constant-potential system with impressed", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3614, "line_end": 3614, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0192", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, CAPACITY. 59", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3621, "line_end": 3621, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0193", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "Z = r —jx, z = Vr2 + x'2,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3625, "line_end": 3625, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0194", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "be connected in series with a resistance, r0 .", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3627, "line_end": 3627, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-eq-candidate-0195", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "original_form": "Z + r0 = r + r0—jx\\", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3630, "line_end": 3630, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-038", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 38, "caption": "Er Er0 Fig. 38. and the current is, /=", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3764, "line_end": 3764, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-039", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 39, "caption": "E Fig. 39. Z-jx0 r—j(x + x0}'", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3771, "line_end": 3771, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-040", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 40, "caption": "of reactance in series in a non-inductive circuit is, for small Fig. 40. values of reactance, independent of the sign, but propor-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 3869, "line_end": 3869, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-041", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 41, "caption": "-t-CONDENSANCE Fig. 41. E0 = 100 volts, and the following conditions of receiver circuit •— z= 1 Qj r = 1>0> x= 0 (Curve j)", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 4148, "line_end": 4148, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-042", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 42, "caption": "series reactance continues up to x0 = il.6, or, x0 = — %x, Fig. 42. where E = 100 volts again ; and for x0 > 1.6 the voltage drops again.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 4179, "line_end": 4179, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-043", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 43, "caption": "\\ Fig. 43. Since a synchronous motor in the condition of efficient working acts as a condensance, we get the remarkable result", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 4194, "line_end": 4194, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-044", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 44, "caption": "x0 = 3.2 (Curve VI.) Fig. 44. Since z = 1.0, the current, /, in all these diagrams has the same value as E.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 4236, "line_end": 4236, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-049", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 49, "caption": "tance factor, *0/r0, of the series impedance. Fig. 49. ''o", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 4509, "line_end": 4509, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VIII. CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY. 42. Having, in the foregoing, reestablished Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of E.M.F., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quantities — calculate alternating-current cir- cuits and networks of circuits containing resistance, induc- tance,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of E.M.F., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII. CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY. 42. Having, in the foregoing, reestablished Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII. CIRCUITS CONTAINING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND CAPACITY. 42. Having, in the foregoing, reestablished Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws as being also the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... so the fundamental laws of alternating-current circuits, when expressed in their com- plex form, E = ZS, or, / = YE, and *%E = 0 in a closed circuit, S/ = 0 at a distributing point, where E, I, Z, Y, are the expressions of E.M.F., current, impedance, and admittance in complex quantities, — these values representing not only the intensity, but also the phase, of the alternating wave, — we can now — by application of these laws, and in the same manner as with continuous- current circuits, keeping in mind, however, that E, I, Z, Y, are complex quantities — ca ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-09", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "title": "Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "label": "Chapter 9: Resistance And Reactance Of Transmission Lines", "slug": "chapter-09", "location": "lines 5334-6956", "line_start": 5334, "line_end": 6956, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3369, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 72, "waves-lines": 14, "alternating-current": 7, "complex-quantities": 7, "dielectricity": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IX. RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while the E.M.F. consumed by the reactance is in quadrature, with the current. Hence their influence upon the E.M.F. at the receiver circuit depends upon the difference of phase between the current and the E.M.F. in that circuit. As discussed before, the drop of potential due to the resistance is a maximum when the receiver current is in phase, a minimum when it is in quadrature, with the E.M.F. The change of potential due to line reactance is small if the current is in phase", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER IX. RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistanc ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER IX. RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resistance is in phase, while ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER IX. RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES. 57. In alternating-current circuits, E.M.F. is consumed in the feeders of distributing networks, and in the lines of long-distance transmissions, not only by the resistance, but also by the reactance, of the line. The E.M.F. consumed by the resist ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... the receiver circuit. Thus the change of potential due to a line of given re- sistance and inductance depends upon the phase difference in the receiver circuit, and can be varied and controlled by varying this phase difference ; that is, by varying the admittance, Y = g -f jb, of the receiver circuit. The conductance, gy of the receiver circuit depends upon the consumption of power, — that is, upon the load on the circuit, — and thus cannot be varied for the purpose of reg- ulation. Its susceptance, b, however, can be changed by shunting the cir ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-09.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-09.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-10", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "title": "Effective Resistance And Reactance", "label": "Chapter 10: Effective Resistance And Reactance", "slug": "chapter-10", "location": "lines 6957-8383", "line_start": 6957, "line_end": 8383, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5062, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "hysteresis", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 126, "waves-lines": 70, "impedance-reactance": 61, "hysteresis": 35, "alternating-current": 21, "radiation-light": 16, "complex-quantities": 5, "fields": 4, "dielectricity": 3, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 16, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER X. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circuit Amperes in circuit In an alternating-current circuit, this method gives, not the resistance of the circuit, but the impedance, 3.) By the ratio : r__ Power consumed . (Current)2 where, however, the \"power\" does not include the work done by the circuit, and the counter E.M.Fs. representing it, as, for instance, in the case of the counter E.M.F. of a motor. In alternating-current circuits, this value of resistance is the energy coefficient of the E.M.F., _ Energy component of E.M.F. Total current", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... most of the difficulties met in dealing analytically with alternating-current circuits containing iron. 73. The foremost sources of energy loss in alternating- current circuits, outside of the true ohmic resistance loss, are as follows : 1.) Molecular friction, as, a.) Magnetic hysteresis ; b.) Dielectric hysteresis. 106 .ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 2.) Primary electric currents, as, a.} Leakage or escape of current through the insu- lation, brush discharge ; b.) Eddy currents in the conductor or unequal current distribution. 3.) Secondar ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... his phenomenon, first a circuit may be con- sidered, of very high inductance, but negligible true ohmic resistance ; that is, a circuit entirely surrounded by iron, as, for instance, the primary circuit of an alternating-current transformer with open secondary circuit. The wave of current produces in the iron an alternating magnetic flux which induces in the electric circuit an E.M.F., — the counter E.M.F. of self-induction. If the ohmic re- sistance is negligible, that is, practically no E.M.F. con- sumed by the resistance, all the impressed E.M.F ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER X. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. 72. The resistance of an electric circuit is determined : — 1.) By direct comparison with a known resistance (Wheat- stone bridge method, etc.). This method gives what may be called the true ohmic resistance of the circuit. 2.) By the ratio : Volts consumed in circu ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... heat inside of the electric conductor by a current of uniform density, the effective resistance repre- sents the total expenditure of energy. Since, in an alternating-current circuit in general, energy is expended not only in the conductor, but also outside of it, through hysteresis, secondary currents, etc., the effective resistance frequently differs from the true ohmic resistance in such way as to represent a larger expenditure of energy. In dealing with alternating-current circuits, it is necessary, therefore, to substitute everywhere the values \"e ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-11", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "title": "Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "label": "Chapter 11: Foucault Or Eddy Currents", "slug": "chapter-11", "location": "lines 8384-9380", "line_start": 8384, "line_end": 9380, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5081, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "dielectricity", "fields", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 76, "dielectricity": 51, "fields": 46, "impedance-reactance": 31, "radiation-light": 28, "hysteresis": 25, "alternating-current": 13, "ether": 4, "complex-quantities": 1, "lightning-surges": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 27, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-081", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 81, "caption": "as shown in Fig. 81. Fig. 81. 92. Demagnetizing, or screening effect of eddy currents.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 8748, "line_end": 8748, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-082", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 82, "caption": "where / = total current in conductor. Fig. 82. The magnetic reluctance of a tubular zone of unit length", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 8940, "line_end": 8940, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; consequently, an alternating magnetic field cannot penetrate deeply into a solid conductor, but a kind of screening effect is produced, which makes solid masses of iron unsuitable for alternating fields, and necessitates the use of laminated iron or iron wire as the carrier of magnetic flux. Eddy currents are true electric currents, though flowing in minute circuits;", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ctive resistance of mutual inductance ; ^ = effective reactance of mutual inductance. The susceptance of mutual inductance is negative, or of opposite sign from the reactance of self-inductance. Or, Mutual inductance consumes energy and decreases the self- inductance. Dielectric and Electrostatic Phenomena. 98. While magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents can be considered as the energy component of inductance, con- densance has an energy component also, namely, dielectric hysteresis. In an alternating magnetic field, energy is con- sumed in hystere ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XI. FOUCAULT OR EDDY CURRENTS. 86. While magnetic hysteresis or molecular friction is a magnetic phenomenon, eddy currents are rather an elec- trical phenomenon. When iron passes through a magnetic field, a loss of energy is caused by hysteresis, which loss, however, does not react magnetically upon the field. When cutting an electric conductor, the magnetic field induces a current therein. The M.M.F. of this current reacts upon and affects the magnetic field, more or less ; ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... is proportional to the induced E.M.F., E, in the equation it follows that, TJie loss of power by eddy currents is propor- tional to the square of the E.M.F., and proportional to tlie electric conductivity of the iron ; or, W=aE*y. Hence, that component of the effective conductance which is due to eddy currents, is that is, The equivalent conductance due to eddy currents in the iron is a constant of the magnetic circuit ; it is indepen- dent of ^M..^., frequency, etc., but proportional to the electric conductivity of the iron, y. 87. Eddy currents ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-12", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "title": "Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "label": "Chapter 12: Power, And Double Frequency Quantities In General", "slug": "chapter-12", "location": "lines 9381-9740", "line_start": 9381, "line_end": 9740, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1511, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "complex-quantities", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 16, "complex-quantities": 14, "magnetism": 7, "alternating-current": 5, "impedance-reactance": 5, "waves-lines": 4 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 16, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XII. POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL. 102. Graphically alternating currents and E.M.F's are represented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more convenient for complex networks, as interlinked polyphase circuits, the alternating wave is represented by the straight line between two points, these points representing the abso- lute values of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as co-ordinate center) and their connection the dif- ference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quantities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a complex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, E.M.F., impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII. POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL. 102. Graphically alternating currents and E.M.F's are represented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topogr ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... of potential (with regard to any reference point chosen as co-ordinate center) and their connection the dif- ference of potential in phase and intensity. Algebraically these vectors are represented by complex quantities. The impedance, admittance, etc., of the circuit is a complex quantity also, in symbolic denotation. Thus current, E.M.F., impedance, and admittance are related by multiplication and division of complex quantities similar as current, E.M.F., resistance, and conductance are related by Ohms law in direct current circuits. In direct current cir ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... urrents to be compensated for, wattless currents will flow, and for this reason it may be advisable to bring the compensator as near as possible to the circuit to be compensated. 106. Like power, torque in alternating apparatus is a double frequency vector product also, of magnetism and M.M.F. or current, and thus can be treated in the same way. In an induction motor, for instance, the torque is the product of the magnetic flux in one direction into the com- ponent of secondary induced current in phase with the magnetic flux in time, but in quadratur ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII. POWER, AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY QUANTITIES IN GENERAL. 102. Graphically alternating currents and E.M.F's are represented by vectors, of which the length represents the intensity, the direction the phase of the alternating wave. The vectors generally issue from the center of co-ordinates. In the topographical method, however, which is more convenient for complex ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-13", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "title": "Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "label": "Chapter 13: Distributed Capacity, Inductance, Resistance, And Leakage", "slug": "chapter-13", "location": "lines 9741-11604", "line_start": 9741, "line_end": 11604, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5979, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 86, "waves-lines": 39, "complex-quantities": 24, "impedance-reactance": 24, "radiation-light": 22, "alternating-current": 18, "transients": 9, "fields": 6, "hysteresis": 6, "lightning-surges": 4, "ether": 3, "magnetism": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 15, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "dielectric-constant", "label": "Dielectric constant", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-086", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 86, "caption": "i Fig. 86. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 173", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 10694, "line_end": 10694, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-088", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 88, "caption": "V Fig. 88. 176", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 10808, "line_end": 10808, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-089", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 89, "caption": "\\ Fig. 89. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 10830, "line_end": 10830, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-090", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 90, "caption": "V Fig. 90. put into the line has been consumed therein, and at this point the two curves for lead and for lag join each other as", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 10864, "line_end": 10864, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIII. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE. 107. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi nitely near together, as diagrammatically shown in Fig. 83. iiiimiiiiumiiiT TTTTTTTTTT.TTTTTTTTTT i Fig. 83. Distributed Capacity. In this case the intensity as well as phase of the current, and consequently of the counter E.M.F. of inductance and resistance, vary from point to point ; and it is no longer possible to treat the circuit in the usual manner", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE. 107. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ility of the approximate representation of the line by one or by three condensers. Assuming, for instance, that the line conductors are of 1 cm. diameter, and at a distance from each other of 50 cm., and that the length of transmission is 50 km., we get the capacity of the transmission line from the formula — C = 1.11 X 10 -«K/ -=- 4 loge 2 d/ 8 microfarads, where K = dielectric constant of the surrounding medium = 1 in air ; / = length of conductor = 5 x 106 cm. ; d = distance of conductors from each other = 50 cm. ; 8 = diameter of conductor = 1 cm. ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... es of practical engineering, however, the ca- pacity effect is small enough to be represented by the approx- imation of one ; viz., three condensers shunted across the line. 109. A.} Line capacity represented by one condenser shunted across middle of line. Let — Y = g + j b = admittance of receiving circuit ; z = r — j x = impedance of line ; be = condenser susceptance of line. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY. 161 Denoting, in Fig. 84, the E.M.F., viz., current in receiving circuit by £, It the E.M.F. at middle of line by £', the E.M.F., viz. ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII. DISTRIBUTED CAPACITY, INDUCTANCE, RESISTANCE, AND LEAKAGE. 107. As far as capacity has been considered in the foregoing chapters, the assumption has been made that the condenser or other source of negative reactance is shunted across the circuit at a definite point. In many cases, how- ever, the capacity is distributed over the whole length of the conductor, so that the circuit can be considered as shunted by an infinite number of infinitely small condensers infi nitely near together, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-13.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-13.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-14", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "title": "The Alternating-Current Transformer", "label": "Chapter 14: The Alternating-Current Transformer", "slug": "chapter-14", "location": "lines 11605-12682", "line_start": 11605, "line_end": 12682, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3614, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 64, "magnetism": 53, "alternating-current": 18, "complex-quantities": 12, "waves-lines": 6, "radiation-light": 5, "hysteresis": 4, "dielectricity": 2, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 8, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-094", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 94, "caption": "transformer is constructed thus : Fig. 94. Let, in Fig. 94, O® = the magnetic flux in intensity and", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 11766, "line_end": 11766, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-102", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 102, "caption": "Fig. 101. Transformer Diagram with 80° Lead in Secondary Circuit. Fig. 102. 202", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 11946, "line_end": 11946, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-103", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 103, "caption": "the locus gives curves of higher order. Fig. 103. Fig. 105 gives the locus of the various quantities when", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 11969, "line_end": 11969, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-104", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 104, "caption": "from the above by proportionality. Fig. 104. 133. It must be understood, however, that for the pur-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 12000, "line_end": 12000, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-105", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 105, "caption": "°f tne transformer. Fig. 105. The resistance and reactance of the primary and the secondary circuit are represented in the impedance by", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 12046, "line_end": 12046, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-106", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 106, "caption": "z Fig. 106. 137. Separating now the internal secondary impedance", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 12301, "line_end": 12301, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-107", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 107, "caption": "Generator I, Transformer I Fig. 107. This is represented diagrammatically in Fig. 107.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 12340, "line_end": 12340, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-108", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 108, "caption": "211 Fig. 108. admittance Y0) the exciting current, the other branches of the impedances ZJ + Z7, ZJ1 + Zn, . . . 2f + Zx, the latter", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 12364, "line_end": 12364, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIV. THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT TRANSFORMER. 126. The simplest alternating-current apparatus is the transformer. It consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits, a primary and a secondary. The primary circuit is excited by an impressed E.M.F., while in the secondary circuit an E.M.F. is induced. Thus, in the primary circuit power is consumed, and in the secondary a corresponding amount of power is produced. Since the same magnetic circuit is interlinked with both electric circuits, the E.M.F. induced per turn must be the same in the secondary as in the primary circuit ; hence, the primary induced E.M.F. being approximately equal to the impressed E.M.F., the E.M.Fs. at primary and at sec- ondary terminals have approximately the ratio of their respective turns. Since the power produced in the second- ary is approximately the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... tor QS, leading O Fig. 119. Again, a maximum torque point and a maximum output", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 14959, "line_end": 14959, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-120", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 120, "caption": "267 Fig. 120. 268 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 14974, "line_end": 14974, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-122", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 122, "caption": "1000 2000 3COO 4000 fiOOO fiOOO 7000 8000 Fig. 122. Voltampere output,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 15137, "line_end": 15137, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVI. INDUCTION MOTOR. 151. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the stationary alternating-current transformer, which is also a specialization of the general transformer, in so far as in the stationary transformer only the transfer of electrical energy from primary to secondary is used, but not the mechanical force acting between the two, and therefore primary and secondary coils are held rigidly in position with regard to each other. In the induction motor, only the mechanical force between primary and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electrical energy, and thus the secondary circuits closed upon themselves. Transformer and induction motor thus are the two limiting cases of the general alternating- current transformer. Hence the induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... and secondary is used, but not the transfer of electrical energy, and thus the secondary circuits closed upon themselves. Transformer and induction motor thus are the two limiting cases of the general alternating- current transformer. Hence the induction motor consists of a magnetic circuit interlinked with two electric circuits or sets of circuits, the primary and the secondary circuit, which are movable with regard to each other. In general a num- ber of primary and a number of secondary circuits are used, angularly displaced around the periphery of t ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... rcuit reduced to primary system; if // = secondary current per circuit, fl= — = secondary current per circuit reduced to primary system ; if r^ = secondary resistance per circuit, rt = a2 r{ = secondary resistance per circuit reduced to primary system ; if x± = secondary reactance per circuit, xt = a2 x\\ = secondary reactance per circuit reduced to primary system ; if £/ = secondary impedance per circuit, z1 = azz\\ = secondary impedance per circuit reduced to primary system ; that is, the number of secondary circuits and of turns per secondary cir ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... to retain secondary circuits in inductive relation to primary circuits and vice versa, in spite of their relative motion. The result of the relative motion between primary and secondary is, that the E.M.Fs. induced in the secondary or the motor armature are not of the same frequency as the E.M.Fs. impressed upon the primary, but of a frequency which is the difference between the impressed frequency 238 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. and the frequency of rotation, or equal to the \"slip,\" that is, the difference between synchronism and speed (in cycle ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVI. INDUCTION MOTOR. 151. A specialization of the general alternating-current transformer is the induction motor. It differs from the stationary alternating-current transformer, which is also a specialization of the general transformer, in so far as in the stationary transformer only the transfer of electrical energy from primary to secondary is used ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-16.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-16.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-17", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "title": "Alternating-Current Generator", "label": "Chapter 17: Alternating-Current Generator", "slug": "chapter-17", "location": "lines 16362-17596", "line_start": 16362, "line_end": 17596, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2542, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 45, "magnetism": 33, "impedance-reactance": 26, "alternating-current": 7, "dielectricity": 6, "waves-lines": 5, "ether": 2, "radiation-light": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-126", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 126, "caption": "also. Thus, we havet in this case, even on open circuit, no Fig. 126. rotation through a constant magnetic field, but rotation through a pulsating field, which makes the E.M.F. wave", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 16409, "line_end": 16409, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-127", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 127, "caption": "in diagram in Fig. 127. Since the armature current flows Fig. 127. in opposite direction to the current in the following-field", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 16452, "line_end": 16452, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-128", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 128, "caption": "its maximum while the armature coil still partly faces the Fig. 128. preceding-field pole, as shown in diagram Fig. 128, — it tends", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 16463, "line_end": 16463, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-129", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 129, "caption": "range where the alternator regulates approximately as a constant power machine, that is current and E.M.F. vary in inverse proportion, as between 130 and 200 amperes in Fig. 129. The modern alternators are generally more or less ma-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 17542, "line_end": 17542, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternating, and in synchro- nous motion relatively to the former ; hence, fixed in space relative to the field M.M.F., or uni-directional, but pulsating in a single-phase alternator. In the polyphase alternator, when evenly loaded or balanced, the resultant M.M.F. of the armature current is more or less constant. The E.M.F. induced in the armature is due to the mag- netic flux passing through", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is alternat ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator armature — the M.M.F. of the field due to the field-exciting 'spools, and the M.M.F. of the armature current. The former is constant, or approx- imately so, while the latter is a ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... RRENT GENERA TOR. 299 density at the trailing-pole corner. Since the internal self- inductance of the alternator itself causes a certain lag of the current behind the induced E.M.F., this condition of no displacement can exist only in a circuit with external nega- tive reactance, as capacity, etc. If the armature current lags, it reaches the maximum later than the E.M.F. ; that is, in a position where the armature coil partly faces the following-field pole, as shown in diagram in Fig. 127. Since the armature current flows Fig. 127. in opposit ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVII. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATOR. 182. In the alternating-current generator, E.M.F. is induced in the armature conductors by their relative motion through a constant or approximately constant magnetic field. When yielding current, two distinctly different M.M.Fs. are acting upon the alternator ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-17.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-17.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-18", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "title": "Synchronizing Alternators", "label": "Chapter 18: Synchronizing Alternators", "slug": "chapter-18", "location": "lines 17597-18052", "line_start": 17597, "line_end": 18052, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1605, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 9, "impedance-reactance": 6, "alternating-current": 4, "complex-quantities": 4, "dielectricity": 3, "fields": 2, "ether": 1, "lightning-surges": 1, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-136", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 136, "caption": "when operating in series, the coils of the transformer will Fig. 136. be without current. In this case, by interchange of power through the transformers, the series connection will be", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 17731, "line_end": 17731, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-137", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 137, "caption": "Fig. 137, let the voltage at the common bus bars be assumed Fig. 137. as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 17741, "line_end": 17741, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVIII. SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS. 189. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generators is withdrawn, this gene- rator will keep revolving in synchronism as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 190. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... as a synchronous motor ; and the power with which it tends to remain in synchronism is the maximum power which it can furnish as synchronous motor under the conditions of running. 190. The principal and foremost condition of parallel operation of alternators is equality of frequency ; that is, the transmission of power from the prime movers to the alternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be co ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... let the voltage at the common bus bars be assumed Fig. 137. as zero line, or real axis of coordinates of the complex representation ; and let — SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS. 315 e = difference of potential at the common bus bars of the two alternators, Z = r — jx = impedance of external circuit, Y = g -\\-jb = admittance of external circuit ; hence, the current in external circuit is Let J?i = e-i — je\\ = #2 (cos u>1 — j sin £>i) = induced E.M.F. of first machine ; £2 = e.2 — _/>•/ = a2 (cos w2 — j sin w2) = induced E.M.F. of sec- ond ma ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XVIII. SYNCHRONIZING ALTERNATORS. 189. All alternators, when brought to synchronism with each other, will operate in parallel more or less satisfactorily. This is due to the reversibility of the alternating-current machine ; that is, its ability to operate as synchronous motor. In consequence thereof, if the driving power of one of sev- eral parallel-operating generat ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ternators must be such as to allow them to run at the same frequency without slippage or excessive strains on the belts or transmission devices. Rigid mechanical connection of the alternators cannot be considered as synchronizing ; since it allows no flexibility or phase adjustment between the alternators, but makes them essentially one machine. If connected in parallel, a differ- ence in the field excitation, and thus the induced E.M.F. of the machines, must cause large cross-current ; since it cannot be taken care of by phase adjustment of the m ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-18.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-18.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-19", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 19, "title": "Synchronous Motor", "label": "Chapter 19: Synchronous Motor", "slug": "chapter-19", "location": "lines 18053-19457", "line_start": 18053, "line_end": 19457, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5681, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "alternating-current", "fields", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 34, "dielectricity": 25, "alternating-current": 13, "fields": 8, "complex-quantities": 6, "magnetism": 6, "ether": 5, "radiation-light": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 15, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-138", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 138, "caption": "eral, in one of these diagrams shown in Fig. 138 in drawn Fig. 138. lines, current and E.M.F. are in the same direction, repre- senting mechanical work done by the machine as motor-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 18154, "line_end": 18154, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-139", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 139, "caption": "sists of three components ; the E.M.F. OE£ — Ez, consumed Fig. 139. by the impedance of the motor, the E.M.F. consumed by the impedance of the line, and the E.M.F.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 18187, "line_end": 18187, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-140", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 140, "caption": "tor diagram in dotted line. Fig. 140. As seen, for small values of E1 the potential drops in the alternator and in the line. For the value of E1 = E0", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 18219, "line_end": 18219, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-747", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 747, "caption": "these quantities change with a change of the constants. Fig. 747. 201. A. — Constant impressed E.M.F. Ev, constant current strength I = i, variable motor excitation Ev (Fig. 142.)", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 18241, "line_end": 18241, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-142", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 142, "caption": "etc., the power is / x 02^, I x 03^, etc., increases first, Fig. 142. reaches the maximum at the point 3j, 3, the most extreme point at the right, with the impressed E.M.F. in phase with", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 18273, "line_end": 18273, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-143", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 143, "caption": "and O as center. Fig. 143. E lies on a straight line e, passing throtigh the origin;", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 18345, "line_end": 18345, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-144", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 144, "caption": "In the first case, El = EQ (Fig. 127), we see that at Fig. 144. very small current, that is very small OE, the current /", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 18368, "line_end": 18368, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-145", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 145, "caption": "V Fig. 145. EI = EQ, but has a minimum value corresponding to the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 18400, "line_end": 18400, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIX. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 198. In the chapter on synchronizing alternators we have seen that when an alternator running in synchronism is connected with a system of given E.M.F., the work done by the alternator can be either positive or negative. In the latter case the alternator consumes electrical, and consequently produces mechanical, power ; that is, runs as a synchronous motor, so that the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E±, be connected as synchronous motor with a supply circuit of E.M.F., EQ, by a circuit", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E±, be connected as synchronous motor with a supply circuit of E.M.F., EQ, by a circuit of the impedance Z. If E0 is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the motor of induced E.M.F., E±. If E0 is the E.M.F. at the generator terminals, Z is the impedance of motor and line, including transformers and other intermediate apparatus. If EQ is the i ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... or reduces, unloading increases, the current within the range between 1 and 12. The condition of maximum output is 3, current in phase with impressed E.M.F. Since at constant current the loss is constant, this is at the same time the condition of max- imum efficiency : no displacement of phase of the impressed SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. 329 E.M.F., or self-induction of the circuit compensated by the effect of the lead of the motor current. This condition of maximum efficiency of a circuit we have found already in the Chapter on Inductance and Capacity. ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... t the investigation of the synchronous motor is already contained essentially in the equations of parallel-running alternators. Since in the foregoing we have made use mostly of the symbolic method, we may in the following, as an instance of the graphical method, treat the action of the synchronous motor diagrammatically. Let an alternator of the E.M.F., E±, be connected as synchronous motor with a supply circuit of E.M.F., EQ, by a circuit of the impedance Z. If E0 is the E.M.F. impressed upon the motor termi- nals, Z is the impedance of the m ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... impedance of the circuit of (equivalent) resistance r and (equivalent) reactance x = 2 TT NL, containing the impressed E.M.F. e0* and the counter E.M.F. et of the syn- chronous motor; that is, the E.M.F. induced in the motor arma- ture by its rotation through the (resultant) magnetic field. Let i = current in the circuit (effective values). The mechanical power delivered by the synchronous motor (including friction and core loss) is the electric power consumed by the C. E.M.F. e1; hence — p = *>! cos ft,^), (1) thus, — * If f0 = E.M.F. at motor termin ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-19.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-19.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-20", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 20, "title": "Commutator Motors", "label": "Chapter 20: Commutator Motors", "slug": "chapter-20", "location": "lines 19458-20501", "line_start": 19458, "line_end": 20501, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2640, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 42, "magnetism": 41, "impedance-reactance": 10, "alternating-current": 8, "radiation-light": 7, "dielectricity": 6, "complex-quantities": 4 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-157", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 157, "caption": "the motor consists of a primary electric circuit, inducing Fig. 157. in the armature the secondary currents, and a primary magnetizing circuit producing the magnetism to act upon", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 19509, "line_end": 19509, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-158", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 158, "caption": "ance, only in that position where the induced currents give Fig. 158. a rotary effort in the desired direction, while the armature coils are open-circuited in the position where the rotary", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 19536, "line_end": 19536, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-159", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 159, "caption": "the direction of the magnetic field, short-circuit either a Fig. 159. part of the armature coils as shown in Fig. 158, or the whole armature by a connection from brush to brush as", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 19563, "line_end": 19563, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-160", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 160, "caption": "and a secondary circuit closed upon itself and displaced in Fig. 160. space by 45° — in a bipolar motor — from the direction of the magnetic flux, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 160. *", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 19590, "line_end": 19590, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XX. COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 213. Commutator motors — that is, motors in which the current enters or leaves the armature over brushes through a segmental commutator — have been built of various types, but have not found any extensive appli- cation, in consequence of the superiority of the induction and synchronous motors, due to the absence of commu- tators. The main subdivisions of commutator motcrs are the repulsion motor, the series motor, and the shunt motor. REPULSION MOTOR. 214. The repulsion motor -is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, arid thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... rs. The main subdivisions of commutator motcrs are the repulsion motor, the series motor, and the shunt motor. REPULSION MOTOR. 214. The repulsion motor -is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, arid thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the pu ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... tion motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, arid thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having always secondary circuits in inductive relation to the primary circuit during the rotation. If with a single- coil field, these secondary circuits are consta ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... what is theoretically the same, when moving out of this position, is replaced by other secondary circuits entering this position of 45° displacement. For simplicity, in the following all the secondary quan- COMMUTATOR MOTORS. 359 titles, as E.M.F., current, resistance, reactance, etc., are assumed as reduced to the primary circuit by the ratio of turns, in the same way as done in the chapter on Induction Motors. 217. Let $ = maximum magnetic flux per field pole ; e = effective E.M.F. induced thereby in the field turns ; thus, where ;/ = numb ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... the shunt motor. REPULSION MOTOR. 214. The repulsion motor -is an induction motor or transformer motor ; that is, a motor in which the main current enters the primary member or field only, while in the secondary member, or armature, a current is in- duced, arid thus the action is due to the repulsive thrust between induced current and inducing magnetism. As stated under the heading of induction motors, a multiple circuit armature is required for the purpose of having always secondary circuits in inductive relation to the primary circuit during ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-20.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-20.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-21", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 21, "title": "Reaction Machines", "label": "Chapter 21: Reaction Machines", "slug": "chapter-21", "location": "lines 20502-21189", "line_start": 20502, "line_end": 21189, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2166, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 39, "waves-lines": 33, "impedance-reactance": 26, "fields": 16, "radiation-light": 5, "alternating-current": 4, "hysteresis": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXI. REACTION MACHINES. 225. In the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circumstances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ctance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnetic circuit. This variation of the reactance causes phenomena which do not find their explanation by the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... of self-induction lags less than 90° behind the current. 227. A case of this nature has been discussed already in the chapter on Hysteresis, from a different point of view. REACTION MACHINES. 373 There the effect of magnetic hysteresis was found to distort the current wave in such a way that the equivalent sine wave, that is, the sine wave of equal effective strength and equal power with the distorted wave, is in advance of the wave of magnetism by what is called the angle of hysteretic advance of phase a. Since the E.M.F. induced by the magn ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXI. REACTION MACHINES. 225. In the chapters on Alternating-Current Genera- tors and on Induction Motors, the assumption has been made that the reactance x of the machine is a constant. While this is more or less approximately the case in many alternators, in others, especially in machines of large arma- ture reaction, the reactance x is variable, and is different in the different positions of the armature coils in the magnet ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... y the theoretical cal- culations made under the assumption of constant reactance. It is known that synchronous motors of large and variable reactance keep in synchronism, and are able to do a considerable amount of work, and even carry under circumstances full load, if the field-exciting circuit is broken, and thereby the counter E.M.F. E± reduced to zero, and sometimes even if the field circuit is reversed and the counter E.M.F. E± made negative. Inversely, under certain conditions of load, the current and the E.M.F. of a generator do not disappe ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-21.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-21.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-22", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 22, "title": "Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "label": "Chapter 22: Distortion Of Wave-Shape And Its Causes", "slug": "chapter-22", "location": "lines 21190-21982", "line_start": 21190, "line_end": 21982, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2841, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "fields", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 83, "magnetism": 56, "fields": 21, "impedance-reactance": 15, "alternating-current": 9, "hysteresis": 9, "dielectricity": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "complex-quantities": 2, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXII. DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES. 233. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation of the wave from sine shape becomes of importance, and with certain distortions it may not be possible to replace the distorted wave by an equivalent sine wave, since the angle of phase displacement of the equivalent sine wave becomes indefinite. Thus it becomes desirable to investigate the distortion of the wave, its causes and its effects. Since, as stated before, any alternating wave can be represented by a series of sine functions of odd orders, the investigation of distortion of wave-shape resolves itself in the investigation of the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXII. DISTORTION OF WAVE-SHAPE AND ITS CAUSES. 233. In the preceding chapters we have considered the alternating currents and alternating E.M.Fs. as sine waves or as replaced by their equivalent sine waves. While this is sufficiently exact in most cases, under certain circumstances the deviation ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 234. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 384 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... E.M.F. a distorting effect will cause distortion of the current wave, while with a sine wave of current passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 234. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 384 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uni ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... t passing through the circuit, a distorting effect will cause higher harmonics of E.M.F. 234. In a conductor revolving with uniform velocity through a uniform and constant magnetic field, a sine wave of E.M.F. is induced. In a circuit with constant resistance and constant reactance, this sine wave of E.M.F. produces 384 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. a sine wave of current. Thus distortion of the wave-shape or higher harmonics may be due to : lack of uniformity of the velocity of the revolving conductor ; lack of uniformity or pulsation of the magn ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-22.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-22.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-23", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 23, "title": "Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "label": "Chapter 23: Effects Of Higher Harmonics", "slug": "chapter-23", "location": "lines 21983-22448", "line_start": 21983, "line_end": 22448, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2389, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 83, "magnetism": 22, "dielectricity": 18, "radiation-light": 18, "alternating-current": 4, "fields": 3, "impedance-reactance": 3, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 18, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIII. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 244. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 175 and Fig. 175. Effect of Triple Harmonic. 176 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 399 In Fig. 175 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacements of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°, represented by the equations : sin ft sin ft — .3 sin 3 ft sin ft- .3 sin (3/3-45°) sin ft — .3 sin (3 ft — 90°) s'm ft - .3 sin (3", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXIII. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 244. To elucidate the variation in the shape of alternat- ing waves caused by various harmonics, in Figs. 175 and Fig. 175. Effect of Triple Harmonic. 176 are shown the wave-forms produced by the superposi- tion of the triple and the quintuple harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 399 In Fig. 175 is ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... given effective current, are increased. In consequence hereof alternators and synchronous motors of ironclad unitooth construction — that is, machines giving waves with pronounced higher harmonics — give with the same number of turns on the armature, and the same mag- netic flux per field pole at the same frequency, a higher output than machines built to produce sine waves. 248. This explains an apparent paradox : If in the three-phase star-connected generator with the magnetic field constructed as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 162, the magnetic ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... le harmonic upon the fundamental sine wave. EFFECTS OF HIGHER HARMONICS. 399 In Fig. 175 is shown the fundamental sine wave and the complex waves produced by the superposition of a triple harmonic of 30 per cent the amplitude of the fundamental, under the relative phase displacements of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°, represented by the equations : sin ft sin ft — .3 sin 3 ft sin ft- .3 sin (3/3-45°) sin ft — .3 sin (3 ft — 90°) s'm ft - .3 sin (3 ft - 135°) sin ft — .3 sin (3/3 — 180°). • As seen, the effect of the triple harmonic is in the fi ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... Double peak, with sharp zero : sin (3 - .15 sin (30- 180°) - .10 sin 5 /?. Sharp peak with sharp zero : sin {3 — .15 sin 3 0 — .10 sin (5 (3 — 180°). 245. Since the distortion of the wave-shape consists in the superposition of higher harmonics, that is, waves of higher frequency, the phenomena taking place in a circuit 402 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. supplied by such a wave will be the combined effect of the different waves. Thus in a non-inductive circuit, the current and the potential difference across the different parts of the circuit a ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-23.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-23.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-24", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 24, "title": "Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "label": "Chapter 24: Symbolic Representation Of General Alternating Waves", "slug": "chapter-24", "location": "lines 22449-23642", "line_start": 22449, "line_end": 23642, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3142, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 78, "dielectricity": 57, "impedance-reactance": 38, "radiation-light": 16, "complex-quantities": 14, "alternating-current": 12, "ether": 2, "magnetism": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 14, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIV. SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF GENERAL ALTERNATING WAVES. 253. The vector representation, A = a1 +y is the angle of lag, the power is : p = ei = 2 £Ssin ft sin (ft — S) = £S(cos a — cos (2 £ — a)), and the average value of power : Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : /-** If the angle of lag £ = 0 it is : p = P (1 — cos 2 0)", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... is the angle of lag, the power is : p = ei = 2 £Ssin ft sin (ft — S) = £S(cos a — cos (2 £ — a)), and the average value of power : Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : /-** If the angle of lag £ = 0 it is : p = P (1 — cos 2 0) ; hence the flow of power varies between zero and 2 Pt ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... and 2 Pt where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power of the circuit. BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 441 If the current lags or leads the E.M.F. by angle £ the power varies between and cos u> that is, becomes negative for a certain part of each half- wave. That is, for a time during each half-wave, energy flows back into the generator, while during the other part of the half-wave the generator sends out energy, and the difference between both is the effective power of the circuit. If £ = 90°, it is : O rt , \" p > that ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... s periodically, as in the single-phase sys- tem ; and the ratio of the minimum value to the maximum value of power is called the balance factor of the system. 442 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Hence in a single-phase system on non-inductive circuit, that is, at no-phase displacement, the balance factor is zero ; and it is negative in a single-phase system with lagging or leading current, and becomes = — 1, if the phase displace- ment is 90° — that is, the circuit is wattless. 269. Obviously, in a polyphase system the balance of the system is a functio ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... = £S(cos a — cos (2 £ — a)), and the average value of power : Substituting this, the instantaneous value of power is found as : Hence the power, or the flow of energy, in an ordinary single-phase alternating-current circuit is fluctuating, and varies with twice the frequency of E.M.F. and current, unlike the power of a continuous-current circuit, which is constant : /-** If the angle of lag £ = 0 it is : p = P (1 — cos 2 0) ; hence the flow of power varies between zero and 2 Pt where P is the average flow of energy or the effective power ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-27.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-27.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-28", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 28, "title": "Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 28: Interlinked Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-28", "location": "lines 24489-24804", "line_start": 24489, "line_end": 24804, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1531, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "ether", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 8, "alternating-current": 4, "ether": 2, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-198", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 198, "caption": "454 ALTERNATING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. Fig. 198. in three-phase systems Y- connected and delta-connected", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 24560, "line_end": 24560, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXVIII. INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 277. In a polyphase system the different circuits of displaced phases, which constitute the system, may either be entirely separate and without electrical connection with each other, or they may be connected with each other electrically, so that a part of the electrical conductors are in common to the different phases, and in this case the system is called an interlinked polyphase system. Thus, for instance, the quarter-phase system will be called an independent system if the two E.M.Fs. in quadra- ture with each other are produced by two entirely separate coils of the same, or different but rigidly connected, arma- tures, and are connected to four wires which energize inde- pendent circuits in motors or other receiving devices. If the quarter-phase system is derived by connecting four equidistant points", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... ring E.M.F. and ring current. In the generator of a symmetrical polyphase system, if : c'' E are the E.M.Fs. between the n terminals and the neutral point, or star E.M.Fs., INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 457 If = the currents issuing from terminal i over a line of the impedance Z{ (including generator impedance in star connection), we have : Potential at end of line i : Difference of potential between terminals k and i : where /,. is the star current of the system, Zt the star im- pedance. The ring potential at the end of the line between t ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXVIII. INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 277. In a polyphase system the different circuits of displaced phases, which constitute the system, may either be entirely separate and without electrical connection with each other, or they may be connected with each other electrically, so that a part of the electrical conductors are in common to the different phases, and in this case ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... apparatus into the system. INTERLINKED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 453 1st. The star connection, represented diagrammatically in Fig. 197. In this connection the n circuits excited by currents differing from each other by 1 / n of a period, are connected with their one end together into a neutral point or common connection, which may either be grounded or connected with other corresponding neutral points, or insu- lated. In a three-phase system this connection is usually called a Y connection, from a similarity of its diagrammatical rep- resentation ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... y a voltmeter con- nected between adjacent lines, in -ring or delta connec- tion. In the same way the star or Y current is the current flowing from one line to a neutral point ; the ring or delta current, the current flowing from one line to the other. The current in the transmission line is always the star or Y current, and the potential difference between the line wires, the ring or delta potential. Since the star potential and the ring potential differ from each other, apparatus requiring different voltages can be connected into the same polyphase mains, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-28/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-28.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-28.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-29", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 29, "title": "Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 29: Transformation Of Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-29", "location": "lines 24805-25135", "line_start": 24805, "line_end": 25135, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1338, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities", "ether", "impedance-reactance" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 6, "alternating-current": 2, "complex-quantities": 1, "ether": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 7, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-799", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 799, "caption": "mation between polyphase systems are : Fig. 799. 1. The delta -Y connection of transformers between three-phase systems, shown in Fig. 199. One side of the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 24980, "line_end": 24980, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-200", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 200, "caption": "V Fig. 200. three-phase secondary distributions. The Y connection of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 24992, "line_end": 24992, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-201", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 201, "caption": "system by the internal impedance of the transformers. Fig. 201. 3. The main and teaser, or T connection of trans- formers between three-phase systems, as shown in Fig. 201.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 25015, "line_end": 25015, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-202", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 202, "caption": "and connected with one of its ends to the center of the Fig. 202. other transformer. From the point £ inside of the teaser transformer, a neutral wire can be brought out in this con-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 25027, "line_end": 25027, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-203", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 203, "caption": "ter-phase side of the transformers contains two equal and Fig. 203. independent (or interlinked) coils, the three-phase side two", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 25051, "line_end": 25051, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-205", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 205, "caption": "9. The double T connection of transformation from Fig. 205. three-phase to six-phase, shown in Fig. 206. Two trans- formers are used with two secondary coils which are T con-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 25088, "line_end": 25088, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-208", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 208, "caption": "2' v ' Fig. 208. able to store energy, since the difference of power between", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 25115, "line_end": 25115, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXIX. TRANSFORMATION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS. 283. In transforming a polyphase system into another polyphase system, it is obvious that the primary system must have the same flow of power as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energy efficiently, as revolving", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ystem will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of producing symmetrical balanced polyphase systems by transformation from the unbalanced single-phase system without additional apparatus able to store energ ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... he primary system must have the same flow of power as the secondary system, neglecting losses in transformation, and that consequently a balanced system will be transformed again in a balanced system, and an unbalanced system into an unbalanced sys- tem of the same balance factor, since the transformer is an apparatus not able to store energy, and thereby to change the nature of the flow of power. The energy stored as magnetism, amounts in a well-designed transformer only to a very small percentage of the total energy. This shows the futility of pr ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... ON OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS, 461 phases, as magnetic circuits of the two transformers, which induce the E.M.Fs., e and ?, per turn, by the law of paral- lelogram the E.M.Fs., Elf E^, . . . . can be dissolved into two components, El and Elt E^ and Ez, .... of the phases* \"e and J. Then, - E!, £2, • • ' • are the counter E.M.Fs. which have to be- induced in the primary circuits of the first transformer;. Ev E2, .... the counter E.M.F.'s which have to be in- duced in the primary circuits of the second transformer.. hence EI 1 7, £2 1 J . . . . are ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... 66 AL TERN A TING-CURRENT PHENOMENA. 8. The double Y connection of transformation from three-phase to six-phase, shown in Fig. 205. It is analo- gous to (7), the delta connection merely being replaced by the Y connection. The neutrals of the two F's may be connected together and to an external neutral if desired. 9. The double T connection of transformation from Fig. 205. three-phase to six-phase, shown in Fig. 206. Two trans- formers are used with two secondary coils which are T con- nected, but one with reversed terminals. This method al ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-29.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-29.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-30", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 30, "title": "Efficiency Of Systems", "label": "Chapter 30: Efficiency Of Systems", "slug": "chapter-30", "location": "lines 25136-25597", "line_start": 25136, "line_end": 25597, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2745, "top_themes": [ "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "alternating-current": 6, "dielectricity": 4, "radiation-light": 4, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXX. EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 288. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and •what potential is to be used. In general, in transmitting a given amount of power at a given loss over a given distance, other things being equal, the amount of copper required in the conductors is inversely proportional to the square of the potential used. Since the total power transmitted is proportional to the product of current and E.M.F., at a given power, the current will vary inversely proportional to the E.M.F., and therefore, since the loss is proportional to the product of current- square and resistance, to", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXX. EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEMS. 288. In electric power transmission and distribution, wherever the place of consumption of the electric energy is distant from the place of production, the conductors which transfer the current are a sufficiently large item to require consideration, when deciding which system and •what potential is to be used. In general, in transmitting a given ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... maximum potential only, but where the limitation of potential depends upon the problem of insulating the conductors against disruptive discharge, the proper comparison is on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential in the system ; that is, •equal maximum dielectric strain on the insulation. The same consideration holds in moderate potential power circuits, in considering the danger to life from live wires entering human habitations. Thus the comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power d ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... comparison of different systems of long-dis- tance transmission at high potential or power distribution for motors is to be made on the basis of equality of the maximum difference of potential existing in the system. The comparison of low potential distribution circuits for lighting on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential between any pair of wires connected to the receiving apparatus. 289. 1st. Comparison on the basis of equality of the minimum difference of potential, in low potential lighting circuits : 4TO ALTERNATING- ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... lamps between the neutral wire and the three outside wires — that is, in Y con- nection— the potential between the outside wires or delta potential will be = e X V3, since the Y potential = e, and the potential of the system is raised thereby from e to e V3 ; that is, only J as much copper is required in the out- side wires as before — that is \\ as much copper as in the single-phase two-wire system. Making the neutral of the same cross-section as the outside wires, requires \\ more copper, or \\ = 33.3 per cent of the copper of the single- phase sy ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-30.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-30.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-31", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 31, "title": "Three-Phase System", "label": "Chapter 31: Three-Phase System", "slug": "chapter-31", "location": "lines 25598-25903", "line_start": 25598, "line_end": 25903, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 528, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 3, "dielectricity": 2, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXI. THREE-PHASE SYSTEM. 292. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special features over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such ; since the mutual reactions between the three phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, since each phase is acted upon by the preceding phase in an equal but opposite manner as by the following phase. With unequal distribution of load between the different branches, the voltages and phase differences become more or less unequal. These unbalancing effects are obviously maxi- mum, if some of the phases are fully loaded, others unloaded, Let: E — E.M.F. between branches 1 and 2 of a three-phaser. Then: « E = E.M.F. between 2 and 3, (*£=", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... se unbalancing effects are obviously maxi- mum, if some of the phases are fully loaded, others unloaded, Let: E — E.M.F. between branches 1 and 2 of a three-phaser. Then: « E = E.M.F. between 2 and 3, (*£= E.M.F. between 3 and 1, where, e= ^1= ~ - Let ZD Z2, Zs = impedances of the lines issuing from genera- tor terminals 1, 2, 3, and Yl} Y2, Ys = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. Jf then, ID It, /8, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it is, /I + ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "CHAPTER XXXI. THREE-PHASE SYSTEM. 292. With equal load of the same phase displacement in all three branches, the symmetrical three-phase system offers no special features over those of three equally loaded single-phase systems, and can be treated as such ; since the mutual reactions between the three phases balance at equal distribution of load, that is, sin ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... E = E.M.F. between 2 and 3, (*£= E.M.F. between 3 and 1, where, e= ^1= ~ - Let ZD Z2, Zs = impedances of the lines issuing from genera- tor terminals 1, 2, 3, and Yl} Y2, Ys = admittances of the consumer circuits con- nected between lines 2 and 3, 3 and 1, 1 and 2. Jf then, ID It, /8, are the currents issuing from the generator termi- nals into the lines, it is, /I + /2 + /3 = 0. (1) THREE-PHASE SYSTEM. 479 If //, 72', 7/ = currents flowing through the admittances Y1, F2, F3, from 2 to 3, 3 to 1, 1 to 2, it is, /! = /,'-/,', or, / ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-31/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-31.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-31.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-chapter-32", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena", "year": 1900, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 32, "title": "Quarter-Phase System", "label": "Chapter 32: Quarter-Phase System", "slug": "chapter-32", "location": "lines 25904-27405", "line_start": 25904, "line_end": 27405, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4310, "top_themes": [ "complex-quantities", "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "transients" ], "theme_counts": { "complex-quantities": 48, "impedance-reactance": 41, "waves-lines": 25, "dielectricity": 20, "transients": 15, "alternating-current": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "lightning-surges": 3, "magnetism": 3, "fields": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-209", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 209, "caption": "which is characterized by a constant angle of intersection Fig. 209. Fig. 210.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 26776, "line_end": 26776, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900-fig-210", "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "figure_number": 210, "caption": "Fig. 209. Fig. 210. with all concentric circles or all radii vectores.\" The oscil-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900", "line_start": 26779, "line_end": 26779, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XXXII. QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM. 294. In a three-wire quarter-phase system, or quarter- phase system with common return wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2> the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : EI = E = E.M.F. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ez=jE = E.M.F. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let: ./i and 72 = currents in 1 and in 2, 70 = current in 0, Z-L and Zz = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Z0 = impedance of line 0. Yl and Y2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, // and //= currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, Eia.-ndE2'= potential differences at circuit 0 to 1,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... In a three-wire quarter-phase system, or quarter- phase system with common return wire of both phases, let the two outside terminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2> the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : EI = E = E.M.F. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ez=jE = E.M.F. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let: ./i and 72 = currents in 1 and in 2, 70 = current in 0, Z-L and Zz = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Z0 = impedance of line 0. Yl and Y2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, // and //= currents in circuits 0 to 1, a ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... erminals and wires be denoted by 1 and 2> the middle wire or common return by 0. It is then : EI = E = E.M.F. between 0 and 1 in the generator. Ez=jE = E.M.F. between 0 and 2 in the generator. Let: ./i and 72 = currents in 1 and in 2, 70 = current in 0, Z-L and Zz = impedances of lines 1 and 2, Z0 = impedance of line 0. Yl and Y2 = admittances of circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, // and //= currents in circuits 0 to 1, and 0 to 2, Eia.-ndE2'= potential differences at circuit 0 to 1, and 0 to 2. it is then, 7, -f 78 + 70 = 0 ) «v or, I0 =-(/; + 7 ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... constant maximum and minimum values, — that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values, — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero ; and is called a pulsating current if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is charac- terized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alter- nating cu ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... 414 F2Z2 Hence, the balanced quarter-phase system with common return is unbalanced with regard to voltage and phase rela- tion, or in other words, even if in a quarter-phase system with common return both branches or phases are loaded equally, with a load of the same phase displacement, nevertheless the system becomes unbalanced, and the two E.M.Fs. at the end of the line are neither equal in magnitude, nor in quadrature with each other. QUARTER-PHASE SYSTEM. B. One branch loaded, one unloaded. 485 a.) b.) Substituting these values in (4), giv ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/cleaned_text/chapter-32.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-alternating-current-phenomena-1900/chapter-32.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theorycalculatio00steiiala", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-01", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 1, "title": "Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "label": "Chapter 1: Electric Conduction. Soled And Liquid", "slug": "chapter-01", "location": "lines 959-3894", "line_start": 959, "line_end": 3894, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6860, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "radiation-light", "lightning-surges", "ether", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 23, "radiation-light": 14, "lightning-surges": 7, "ether": 5, "fields": 4, "transients": 4, "magnetism": 3, "alternating-current": 2, "complex-quantities": 2, "hysteresis": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 46, "figure_count": 6, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "ance, a rather narrow range, between about 1.6 microhm-cm.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1003, "line_end": 1003, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "{1.6 X 10~*) for copper, to about 100 microhm-cm. for cast iron,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1004, "line_end": 1004, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "I on Fig. 1. Thus, the resistance may be expressed by", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1190, "line_end": 1190, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "r = roT (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1192, "line_end": 1192, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "3. The metallic conductors are the most important ones in", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1211, "line_end": 1211, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "1.3 ohm-cm., in 30 per cent, nitric acid, and still lower in fused", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1264, "line_end": 1264, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "salts, to about 10,000 ohm-cm. in pure river water, and from there", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1265, "line_end": 1265, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "For instance, copper, with atomic weight 63 and valency 2, has", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1469, "line_end": 1469, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-001", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 1, "caption": "L Fig. 1. A characteristic of metallic conductoi^ is that the resistance", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1172, "line_end": 1172, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-002", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 2, "caption": "/ Fig. 2. ance over a very wide range of temperature is extremely difficult, and often no more accurate.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1421, "line_end": 1421, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-004", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 4, "caption": "mm Fig. 4. though the temperature coefficient remains negative, like in electrolytic conductors.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1729, "line_end": 1729, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-005", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 5, "caption": "a Fig. 5. often plotted with -\\/i as abscissae, to show the ranges in better", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 1860, "line_end": 1860, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-010", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 10, "caption": "M Fig. 10. This, however, still further increases the required voltage and", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 2593, "line_end": 2593, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-013", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 13, "caption": "L Fig. 13. ticity, metallic luster, etc., and electrically it has a relatively", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 3274, "line_end": 3274, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER I ELECTRIC CONDUCTION. SOLED AND LIQUID CONDUCTORS 1, When electric power flows through a circuit, we find phe- nomena taking place outside of the conductor which directs the flow of power, and also inside thereof. The phenomena outside of the conductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into heat; that is, electric power is consumed in the conductor by what may be considered as a kind of resistance of the conductor to the flow of electric power, and so we speak of resistance of the conductor", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... lso inside thereof. The phenomena outside of the conductor are conditions of stress in space which are called the electric field, the two main components of the electric field being the electromagnetic component, characterized by the cir- cuit constant inductance, L, and the electrostatic component, characterized by the electric circuit constant capacity, C. Inside of the conductor we find a conversion of energy into heat; that is, electric power is consumed in the conductor by what may be considered as a kind of resistance of the conductor to the flow of el ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... se conductors in which the conduction of the electric current converts energy into no other form but heat. That is, a consumption of power takes place in the metallic con- 1 2 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ductors by conversion into heat, and into beat only. Indirectly, we may get light, if the heat produced raises the temperature high enough to get visible radiation as in the incandescent lamp filament, but this radiation is produced from heat, and directly the conversion of electric energy takes place into beat. Most of the metaUic conductors cover, as re ..." }, { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "... mite), metaUic sulphides, silicates such aa glass, many salts, etc. Intimate mixtures of conductors, as graphite, coke, powdered metal, with non-conductors as clay, carborundum, cement, also have pyroelectric conduction. Such are used, for instance, as \"resistance rods\" in lightning arresters, in some rheostats, as ELECTRIC CONDUCTION 13 cement resistances for high-frequency power dissipation in re- actances, etc. Many, if not all so-called \"insulators\" probably are in reality pyroelectric conductors, in which the maximum voltage point 6 is so h ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... >i>flSQ_9O0J_ WoltOO-KOOJ. ffiU M acteristic derived therefrom, with log r as ordinates, of a magnetic rod 6 in. long and % in. in diameter, consisting of 90 per cent, magnetite (FejOO, 9 per cent, chromite (FeCr204) and 1 per cent, sodium silicate, sintered together. 10. As result of these volf^ampere characteristics. Figs. 4 to 10, pyroelectric conductors as structural elements of an electric circuit show some very interesting effects, which may be illus- ELECTRIC CONDUCTION 15 trated on the magnetite rod, Fig. 9. The maximuin ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-02", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 2, "title": "Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "label": "Chapter 2: Electric Conduction. Gas And Vapor", "slug": "chapter-02", "location": "lines 3895-5444", "line_start": 3895, "line_end": 5444, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3991, "top_themes": [ "radiation-light", "waves-lines", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "radiation-light": 10, "waves-lines": 6, "dielectricity": 4, "impedance-reactance": 4, "alternating-current": 2, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "luminescence", "label": "Luminescence", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "spectrum", "label": "Spectrum", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 38, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0047", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "Fig. 16 shows the voltage-pressure characteristic, at constant", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 4236, "line_end": 4236, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0048", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "current of 0.1 amp. and 0.05 amp., of a Geissler tube of 1.3 cm.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 4237, "line_end": 4237, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0049", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "internal diameter and 200 cm. length, using air as conductor, and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 4238, "line_end": 4238, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0050", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "65 to 500 ohms per cm.* in the Geissler tube conduction of Figs.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 4252, "line_end": 4252, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0051", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "netite arcs of 0.3; 1.25; 2.5 and 3.75 cm. length.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 4671, "line_end": 4671, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0052", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "e = a + 7T- (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 4676, "line_end": 4676, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0053", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "Pi = 6i i = c -y/i {I + 8)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 4701, "line_end": 4701, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0054", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "ei = 7T— (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 4704, "line_end": 4704, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-021", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 21, "caption": "at low currents the voltage rises again, due to the arc not filling the entire tube. Such a volt-ampere characteristic is given in Fig. 21. 26. Herefrom then follows, that the voltage gradient in the mercury arc, for a tube diameter of 2 cm., is about ^ volts per", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5200, "line_end": 5200, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER II ELECTRIC CONDUCTION. GAS AND VAPOR CONDUCTORS Gas, Vapor and Vacuum Conduction 18. As further, and last class may be considered vapor, gas and vacuum conduction. Typical of this is, that the volt-ampere characteristic is dropping, that is, the voltage decreases with in- crease of current, and that luminescence accompanies the con- duction, that is, conversion of electric energy into light. Thus, gas and vapor conductors are unstable on constant- potential supply, but stable on constant current. On constant potential they require a series resistance or reactance, to produce stability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conduction, arc conduction, and true electronic conduction. In spark conduction, the gas or vapor which fills the space be- tween the electrodes is the conductor. The light given by the gaseous conductor thus shows", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... may be considered vapor, gas and vacuum conduction. Typical of this is, that the volt-ampere characteristic is dropping, that is, the voltage decreases with in- crease of current, and that luminescence accompanies the con- duction, that is, conversion of electric energy into light. Thus, gas and vapor conductors are unstable on constant- potential supply, but stable on constant current. On constant potential they require a series resistance or reactance, to produce stability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conducti ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... heated to high tem- perature, an arc spot may form on it by heat energy. If, there- fore, a body touched by the arc stream is connected to an alternat- ing voltage, so that it is alternately positive and negative toward the arc stream, then conduction occurs during the half-wave, when this body is positive, but no conduction during the negative half-wave (except when the negative voltage is so high as to give disruptive conduction), and the arc thus rectifies the alternating voltage, that is, permits current to pass in one direction only. The arc t ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ure stability by series resistance, but the con- duction changes to arc conduction, if sufficient current is avail- able, as from power generators, or the conduction ceases by the voltage drop of the supply source, and then starts again by the recovery of voltage, as with an electrostatic machine. Thus spark conduction also is called disruptive conduction and discon- tinuous conduction. Apparently continuous — though still interipittent — spark con- duction is produced at atmospheric pressure by capacity in series to the gaseous conductor, on an alternating ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... rrent, and that luminescence accompanies the con- duction, that is, conversion of electric energy into light. Thus, gas and vapor conductors are unstable on constant- potential supply, but stable on constant current. On constant potential they require a series resistance or reactance, to produce stability. Such conduction may be divided into three distinct types: spark conduction, arc conduction, and true electronic conduction. In spark conduction, the gas or vapor which fills the space be- tween the electrodes is the conductor. The light given by the ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-03", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 3, "title": "Magnetism", "label": "Chapter 3: Magnetism", "slug": "chapter-03", "location": "lines 5445-6941", "line_start": 5445, "line_end": 6941, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3495, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "hysteresis", "alternating-current", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 114, "fields": 31, "hysteresis": 8, "alternating-current": 3, "complex-quantities": 1, "radiation-light": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 62, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0085", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "ties covers a range of 1 to 10^^. The magnetic circuit thus is", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5464, "line_end": 5464, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0086", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "M = a(S - B) (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5486, "line_end": 5486, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0087", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": ". = 1 (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5499, "line_end": 5499, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0088", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "for B = Oy equation (1) gives", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5509, "line_end": 5509, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0089", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "/jLo = aS = -; a = — (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5511, "line_end": 5511, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0090", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "p = a+aH (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5529, "line_end": 5529, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0091", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "Bo = B-H (6)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5540, "line_end": 5540, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0092", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "far from 20 kilolines per cm.^, and that therefore Frohlich's and", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 5543, "line_end": 5543, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER III MAGNETISM Reluctivity 29. Considering magnetism as the phenomena of a \"magnetic circuit,\" the foremost differences between the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, while the maintenance of a magnetic circuit does not require the expenditure of energy, though the starting of a magnetic circuit requires energy. A magnetic circuit, there- fore, can remain \"remanent\" or \"permanent.\" (6) All materials are fairly good carriers of magnetic flux, and the range of magnetic permeabilities is, therefore, narrow, from 1 to a few thousands, while the range of electric conductivi- ties covers a range of 1 to 10^^. The magnetic circuit thus is analogous to an uninsulated electric circuit inunersed in a fairly good conductor, as salt water: the", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER III MAGNETISM Reluctivity 29. Considering magnetism as the phenomena of a \"magnetic circuit,\" the foremost differences between the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, wh ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... tivity at lower magnetizing forces, and thereby the initial rate of rise of the magnetization curve, which is characteristic of the \"magnetic hardness\" of the material, it is called the coefficient of magnetic hardness. 30. When investigating flux densities, B, at very high field intensities, H, it was found that B does not reach a finite satura- tion value, but increases indefinitely; that, however, Bo = B-H (6) reaches a finite saturation value S, which with iron usually is not far from 20 kilolines per cm.^, and that therefore Frohlich's and K ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... starting from Ao, passes through the zero point H = Oj B = 0, and thereby runs into the curve, J5i. The rising magnetization curve, or standard magnetic charac- teristic determined by the step-by-step method, J5i, thus is noth- ing but the rising branch of an unsymmetrical hysteresis cycle, traversed between such limits +Bo and — Ao, that the rising branch of the hysteresis cycle passes through the zero point. 33. The characteristic shape of a hysteresis cycle is that it is a loop, pointed at either end and thereby having an inflexion point about the m ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER III MAGNETISM Reluctivity 29. Considering magnetism as the phenomena of a \"magnetic circuit,\" the foremost differences between the characteristics of the magnetic circuit and the electric circuit are: (a) The maintenance of an electric circuit requires the ex- penditure of energy, while the maintenance of a magnetic circuit does not require the expenditure of energy, though the starting of a magnetic circuit r ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-04", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 4, "title": "Magnetism", "label": "Chapter 4: Magnetism", "slug": "chapter-04", "location": "lines 6942-9061", "line_start": 6942, "line_end": 9061, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4132, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "hysteresis", "fields", "waves-lines", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 104, "hysteresis": 53, "fields": 12, "waves-lines": 12, "alternating-current": 3, "radiation-light": 2, "transients": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 80, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0147", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "37. As the industrially most important varying magnetic fields", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7025, "line_end": 7025, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0148", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "f> = sB (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7043, "line_end": 7043, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0149", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "e = ns-^ (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7047, "line_end": 7047, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0150", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "F = ni (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7051, "line_end": 7051, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0151", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "H = 47r/", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7060, "line_end": 7060, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0152", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "hence, substituting (5) into (6) and transposing,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7061, "line_end": 7061, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0153", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "or, per cm.^ of the magnetic circuit, that is, f or s = 1 and Z =* ^h", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7076, "line_end": 7076, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0154", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "ti?i,2 = — I HdB ergs (1«)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7092, "line_end": 7092, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-031", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 31, "caption": "(13) Fig. 31. the maximum possible hysteresis loss.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7195, "line_end": 7195, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-032", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 32, "caption": ")f Fig. 32. w", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7206, "line_end": 7206, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-034", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 34, "caption": "s Fig. 34. half-scale, as curve 1, and the magnetization curve of magnetite , FeaO^ — which is about the same as the black scale of iron— ic*.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7575, "line_end": 7575, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-035", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 35, "caption": "3 1 Fig. 35. ^ under the assumption that cither material rigidly follows the 1-8 power law up to the highest densities, by the equation,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 7734, "line_end": 7734, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not a magnetic effect), but energy is required to produce a magnetic flux, is then stored as potential energy in the magnetic flux, and is returned at the decrease or disappear- ance of the magnetic flux. However, the amount of energy re- turned at the decrease of magnetic flux is less than the energy consumed at the same increase of magnetic flux, and energy is therefore dissipated by the magnetic change, by conversion into heat, by what may be called molecular magnetic friction, at least in those materials, which have", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electr ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "CHAPTER IV MAGNETISM Hysteresis 36. Unlike the electric current, which requires power for its maintenance, the maintenance of a magnetic flux does not require energy expenditure (the energy consumed by the magnetizing current in the ohmic resistance of the magnetizing winding being an electrical and not ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... of the cycle, Bi and B2, but not on the speed or wave shape of the change. If the energy which is consumed by molecular friction is sup- plied by an electric current as magnetizing force, it has the effect that the relations between the magnetizing current, i, or magnetic field intensity, H, and the magnetic flux density, B, is not revers- ible, but for rising, H, the density, B, is lower than for decreasing H; that is, the magnetism lags behind the magnetizing force, and the phenomenon thus is called hysteresis^ and gives rise to the hysteresis lo ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... alternating or pul- sating current, a dissipation of energy by molecular friction occurs during each magnetic cycle. Experiment shows that the energy consumed per cycle and cm.^ of magnetic material depends only on the limits of the cycle, Bi and B2, but not on the speed or wave shape of the change. If the energy which is consumed by molecular friction is sup- plied by an electric current as magnetizing force, it has the effect that the relations between the magnetizing current, i, or magnetic field intensity, H, and the magnetic flux density, B, i ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-05", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 5, "title": "Magnetism", "label": "Chapter 5: Magnetism", "slug": "chapter-05", "location": "lines 9062-11050", "line_start": 9062, "line_end": 11050, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3661, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "hysteresis", "ether", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 112, "fields": 14, "hysteresis": 8, "ether": 5, "complex-quantities": 1, "dielectricity": 1, "radiation-light": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 30, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0227", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "47. With the exception of a few ferromagnetic substances, the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 9068, "line_end": 9068, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0228", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "paramagnetic metals, is /x = 1.003; the permeability of bismuth,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 9076, "line_end": 9076, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0229", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "which is very strongly diamagnetic, is /* = 1 — 0.00017 = 0.99983.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 9077, "line_end": 9077, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0230", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "^^ lower intrinsic saturation value. Thus, if S = 21 X 10' is", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 9101, "line_end": 9101, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0231", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "value ofS = 0.72 X 21 X 10« = 15.1 X 10* only, or a still lower", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 9110, "line_end": 9110, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0232", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "saturation value, S = 19.2 X 10^, but the coefficient of hardness", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 9125, "line_end": 9125, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0233", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "of chilled tool steel, a = 8 X 10~^, is 200 times that of the special", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 9126, "line_end": 9126, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0234", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "silicon steel, a = 0.04 X 10\"^, and the coefficient of hysteresis of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 9127, "line_end": 9127, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER V MAGNETISM Magnetic Constants 47. With the exception of a few ferromagnetic substances, the magnetic permeability of all materials, conductors and dielectrics, gases, liquids and solids, is practically unity for all industrial purposes. Even liquid oxygen, which has the highest permea- bility, differs only by a fraction of a per cent, from non-magnetic materials. Thus the permeability of neodymium, which is one of the most paramagnetic metals, is /x = 1.003; the permeability of bismuth, which is very strongly diamagnetic, is /* = 1 — 0.00017 = 0.99983. The magnetic elements are iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese and chromium. It is interesting to note that they are in atomic weight adjoining each other, in the latter part of the first half of the first large series of the periodic system: Ti V Cr Mn Fe", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER V MAGNETISM Magnetic Constants 47. With the exception of a few ferromagnetic substances, the magnetic permeability of all materials, conductors and dielectrics, gases, liquids and solids, is practically unity for all industrial purposes. Even liquid oxygen, which has the highest perm ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... 760°C. with iron), at which th^ material suddenly ceases to be magnetizable or ferromagnetic a but usually remains slightly paramagnetic. As the result of the increasing magnetic softness and decreasini saturation density, with increasing temperature the density Bj at low field intensities, jff, increases, at high field intensiti^^fi decreases. Such B-temperature curves at constant H, howev^:^', have little significance, as they combine the effect of two chang^cii the increase of softness, which predominates at low Hy and ffce decrease of saturatio ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... value. The only known exception herefrom seems to be an iron-cobalt alloy, which is alleged to have a saturation value about 10 per cent, higher than that of iron, though cobalt is lower than iron. The coefficient of magnetic hardness, a, however, and the co- efficient of hysteresis, 77, vary with the chemical, and more still with the physical characteristic of the magnetic material, over an enormous range. Thus, a special high-silicon steel, and the chilled glass hard tool steel in the following tables, have about the same percentage of non-magnetic ..." }, { "theme": "ether", "label": "Ether references", "snippet": "... rcury, copper, cobalt, etc. In this class also belong the chemical compounds of the mag- netic materials. Thus, a manganese content of 10 to 15 per cent, makes the iron Pi'actically non-magnetic, lowers the permeability to /x = 1.4. However, even here it is not certain whether this is not an ^^reme case of magnetic hardness, and at extremely high Magnetic fields the normal saturation value of the iron would be approached. Some nickel steels (25 per cent. Ni) may be either magnetic, or ^On-magnetic. However, pure iron, when heated to high incan- ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-05/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-05.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-05.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-06", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 6, "title": "Magnetism", "label": "Chapter 6: Magnetism", "slug": "chapter-06", "location": "lines 11051-12221", "line_start": 11051, "line_end": 12221, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4468, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "alternating-current", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 80, "impedance-reactance": 17, "fields": 12, "alternating-current": 10, "radiation-light": 3, "complex-quantities": 1, "ether": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 44, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0257", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "energy produced, + increase of the stored magnetic energy. (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11124, "line_end": 11124, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0258", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "mechanical energy t^o =Fl by (1), and therefrom the mechanical", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11137, "line_end": 11137, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0259", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "2. The Constant-current Electromagnet", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11175, "line_end": 11175, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0260", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "to its final position 2,1 = the length of this motion, or the stroke", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11183, "line_end": 11183, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0261", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "L=-^10-8 (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11189, "line_end": 11189, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0262", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "$, = Mil 108 (3)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11196, "line_end": 11196, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0263", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "^, = 12^ 108 (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11203, "line_end": 11203, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-eq-candidate-0264", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "original_form": "e' = n_lO« = t.^ (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11214, "line_end": 11214, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-045", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 45, "caption": "density is uniform for the width lo between the coil surfaces, Fig. 45. and then decreases toward the interior of the coils, over the dis- tance K respectively ^, to zero at the coil centers. All the coil", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 11784, "line_end": 11784, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet are due to these forces. Between the primary and the secondary coils of the transformer, between conductor and return conductor of an electric circuit, etc., such mechanical forces appear. The electromagnet, and all electrodynamic machinery, are based on the use of these mechanical forces between electric conductors and magnetic fields. So also is that type of trans- former which transforms constant alternating voltage into con- stant alternating current. In most other cases, however, these mechanical forces", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which fin ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... the pull, and the pull or force of the electromagnet pulsates with double frequency between and 2F. 63. In the alternating-current electromagnet usually the vol- tage consumed by the resistance of the winding, tV, can be neglected compared with the voltage consumed by the reactance of the winding, ioXy and the latter, therefore, is practically equal to the terminal voltage, e, of the electromagnet. We have then, by the general equation of self-induction, e = 27r fLio (20) 96 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS where / = frequency, in cycles per second. From which ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromag ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER VI MAGNETISM MECHANICAL FORCES 1. General 61. Mechanical forces appear wherever magnetic fields act on electric currents. The work done by all electric motors is the result of these forces. In electric generators, they oppose the driving power and thereby consume the power which finds its equivalent in the electric power output. The motions produced by the electromagnet ar ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-06.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-06.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-07", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 7, "title": "Shaping Of Waves : General", "label": "Chapter 7: Shaping Of Waves : General", "slug": "chapter-07", "location": "lines 12222-12961", "line_start": 12222, "line_end": 12961, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3487, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "magnetism", "fields", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 91, "magnetism": 36, "fields": 23, "dielectricity": 17, "radiation-light": 8, "hysteresis": 6, "impedance-reactance": 6, "alternating-current": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-053", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 53, "caption": "one-half the other. Fig. 53. 61. Distribution of the winding over an arc of the periphery^ o^", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 12428, "line_end": 12428, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-064", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 64, "caption": "that harmonic n, where n8 = 180**. Fig. 64. If", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 12455, "line_end": 12455, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VII SHAPING OF WAVES : GENERAL 69. In alternating-current engineering, the sine wave, as shown in Fig. 46, is usually aimed at as the standard. This is not duo to any inherent merit of the sine wave. For all those pm-poses, where the energy developed by the cur- rent in a resistance is the object, as for incandescent lighting, heating, etc., any wave form is equally satisfactory, as the energy of the wave depends only on its effective value, but not on it^ shape. With regards to insulation stress, as in high-voltage systems, a flat-top wave of voltage and current, such as shown in Fig. 47, would be preferable, as it has a higher effective value, with tho same maximimi value and therefore with the same strain on tho insulation, and therefore transmits more", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER VII SHAPING OF WAVES : GENERAL 69. In alternating-current engineering, the sine wave, as shown in Fig. 46, is usually aimed at as the standard. This is not duo to any inherent merit of the sine wave. For all those pm-poses, where the energy developed by the cur- rent in a resistance is the o ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... peaked wave of voltage, such as Fig. 48, and such as the common saw-tooth wave of the uni tooth alternator, is superior in transformers and similar devices, as it transform s tho energy with less hysteresis loss. The peaked voltage wave. Fig. 4:8, gives a flat-topped wave of magnetism. Fig. 47, and therciby transforms the voltage with a lesser maximum magnetic flux, than ^ sine wave of the same effective value, that is, the same powc^r. the hysteresis loss depends on the maximum value of t\\u) mag- 5tic flux, the reduction of the maximum value of tho magnc ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... ally is to produce and use a wave which is a sine wave or nearly so. 60. In an alternating-current generator, synchronous or in- duction machine, commutating machine, etc., the wave of voltage induced in a single armature conductor or \"face conductor\" equals the wave of field flux distribution around the periphery of the magnet field, modified, however, by the reluctance pulsations of the magnetic circuit, where such exist. As the latter produce higher harmonics, they are in general objectionable and to be avoided as far as possible. By properl ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ns, or in certain parts of the circuit, it may change to a shape which is undesirable or even Figs. 46 to 49. dangerous. Voltage, e, and current, i, are related to each other \\>y proportionality, by differentiation and by integration, with sistance, r, inductance, L, and capacity, C, as factors, e = n, r di e = cl idt, and as the differentials and integrals of sines are sines, as long SB r, L and C are constant — which is mostly the case — sine waves of SHAPING OF WAVES 113 voltage produce sine waves of current and inversely, that is, t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-07.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-07.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-08", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 8, "title": "Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "label": "Chapter 8: Shaping Of Waves By Magnetic Saturation", "slug": "chapter-08", "location": "lines 12962-16963", "line_start": 12962, "line_end": 16963, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6074, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "hysteresis", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 173, "waves-lines": 171, "impedance-reactance": 29, "hysteresis": 5, "fields": 3, "radiation-light": 3, "complex-quantities": 2, "dielectricity": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 2, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-063", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 63, "caption": "The magnetic flux wave, B, becomes more and more 9at-topped with increasing saturation, and finally practically rectangular, in Fig. 63. The curves 60 to 63 are drawn with the same maximum values", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 14546, "line_end": 14546, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-070", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 70, "caption": "\\\\ Fig. 70. The enormous reduction of the voltage peak by an air-gap of", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 16392, "line_end": 16392, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f / '■ 1 i- 10 / 1 / 1 B- n.» / 1 / / / / 1 ' / / y / y / -^ _ '^ ' J^ / 1 t- u / / B- IM. i~ [00 B- IB. 1 / 1 A / / .*=: W ■^-1 been discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Alternating-cur- rent Phenomena. \" The characteristic of the wave-shape distortion by magnetic 126 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS BaturatioD in a closed magnetic circuit is the production of a high peak", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f / '■ 1 ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER VIII SHAPING OF WAVES BY MAGNETIC SATURATION 66. The wave shapes of current or volt^e produced by a closed magnetic circuit at moderate magnetic densities, such as are com- monly used in transformers and other induction apparatus, have 10 / ^ ^ 8- in.4 /' / -' f ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... t would be with a sine wave of the same effective value, ei, that is, more than five times as high, as would be expected from the voltmeter reading, and it is 18.6 times as high as it would be with a sine wave of magnetic flux. Thus, an oversaturated closed magnetic circuit reactance, which consumes e© = 50 volts with a sine wave of voltage, e©, and thus of magnetic density, B, would, at the same maximum mag- netic density, that is, the same saturation, with a sine wave of current — as would be the case if the reactance is connected in ser- ies in a con ..." }, { "theme": "hysteresis", "label": "Hysteresis", "snippet": "... 5 : e ^ Fia. 66. It is interesting to note that in, the peak reactance, ia approxi- mately constant, that is, does not decrease with increasing mag- netic saturation. (The higher value at beginning saturation, for / — 20, may possibly be due to an inaccuracy in the hysteresis cycle of Fig. 55, a too great steepness near the zero value, rather than being actual.) It is interesting to realize, that when measuring the reactance of a closed magnetic circuit reactor by voltmeter and ammeter readings, it is not permissible to vary the voltage by seri ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-09", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 9, "title": "Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "label": "Chapter 9: Wave Screens. Even Harmonics", "slug": "chapter-09", "location": "lines 16964-17631", "line_start": 16964, "line_end": 17631, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1791, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 40, "impedance-reactance": 13, "magnetism": 13, "dielectricity": 12, "radiation-light": 10, "alternating-current": 3, "hysteresis": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-073", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 73, "caption": "rmmM Fig. 73. r e", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 17068, "line_end": 17068, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-074", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 74, "caption": "r e Fig. 74. proportional to frequency and voltage, the condenser shimts the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 17074, "line_end": 17074, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-076", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 76, "caption": "Qii Lnf ggi Fig. 76. where / = frequency of the fundamental wave.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 17286, "line_end": 17286, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER IX WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 76. The elimination of voltage and current distortion, and production of sine waves from any kind of supply wave, that is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" Series reactance alone acts to a considerable extent as wave screen, by consuming voltage proportional to the frequency and the current, and thereby reducing the harmonics of voltage in the rest of the circuit the more, the higher their order. Let the voltage impressed upon the circuit be denoted sym- bolically by e = €i + 63 + es + ej + . . . =^i:en (29) where n denotes the order of the harmonic of absolute numerical value 6n. If, then, the reactance x (at fundamental frequency) is", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "CHAPTER IX WAVE SCREENS. EVEN HARMONICS 76. The elimination of voltage and current distortion, and production of sine waves from any kind of supply wave, that is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... S. EVEN HARMONICS 76. The elimination of voltage and current distortion, and production of sine waves from any kind of supply wave, that is, the reverse procedure from that discussed in the preceding chapter, is accomplished by what has been called ''wave screens.\" Series reactance alone acts to a considerable extent as wave screen, by consuming voltage proportional to the frequency and the current, and thereby reducing the harmonics of voltage in the rest of the circuit the more, the higher their order. Let the voltage impressed upon the circuit be d ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... armonic, in, can pass to an appreciable extent. Such resonant wave screen, however, has the serious disadvan- tage to require very high constancy of /, since the resonance condi- tion between C» and Ln depends on the square of /, 79. Even harmonics are produced in a closed magnetic circuit by the superposition of a continuous current upon the alternating wave. With an alternating sine wave impressed upon an iron magnetic circuit, saturation, or in general the lack of proportional- 158 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ity between magnetic flux and m.m.f., prod ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... upply voltage, e, reduced in propor- tion to their order, n. Even if r is large compared with x, and thus c^>lj iSnally c^ becomes negligible with n^, and the harmonics decrease with their order. 77. The screening effect of the series reactance is increased by shunting a capacity, C, beyond the inductance, L, that is, across the resistance, r, as shown in Fig. 73. By consuming current jTRRRRRTl e 1 rmmM Fig. 73. r e Fig. 74. proportional to frequency and voltage, the condenser shimts the more of the current passing through the r ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-09.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-09.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-10", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 10, "title": "Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "label": "Chapter 10: Instability Of Circuits : The Arc", "slug": "chapter-10", "location": "lines 17632-21381", "line_start": 17632, "line_end": 21381, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 9446, "top_themes": [ "transients", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 86, "dielectricity": 78, "waves-lines": 12, "radiation-light": 11, "alternating-current": 9, "lightning-surges": 7, "ether": 4, "magnetism": 2, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 9, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 8, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-084", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 84, "caption": "As the two parallel arcs must have the same voltage, the oper- ating point is the point, a, of the intersection of A and -4' in Fig. 84. The arcs thus would divide the current, each operating at 3 amp.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 19228, "line_end": 19228, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-085", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 85, "caption": "g Fig. 85. itself; ft and c, however, are unstable. Thus, at the latter points,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 19483, "line_end": 19483, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-086", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 86, "caption": "1 Fig. 86. condition of arcs with resistance in series and in shunt, on constant, voltage supply, etc.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 19525, "line_end": 19525, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-087", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 87, "caption": "branch circuit also must be in phase with each other, that is, the Fig. 87. frequency of the oscillation in Fig. 87 is that at which capacity, C, and inductance, L, balance, or is the resonance frequency.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 19695, "line_end": 19695, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-088", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 88, "caption": "S~ Fig. 88. the curves of the arc voltage, eo,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 20087, "line_end": 20087, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-089", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 89, "caption": "SHUNTING ARC Fig. 89. As long as the current in the circuit, A — whether resistance or arc — is steady, no current passes the condenser circuit, and the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 20211, "line_end": 20211, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-094", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 94, "caption": "of effective resistances, 22, as the values of r-., for pulsations between i + bi and i — bi, and such a curve is shown as R in Fig. 94. We may say, that the arc, when shunted by an oscillating circuit, has an effective negative resistance,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 20527, "line_end": 20527, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-006", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 6, "caption": "I Fig. 06. first increases, but then decreases again, down to zero, so that the cumulative oscillations produced by this arc are self-limitii^,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 21181, "line_end": 21181, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER X INSTABILITY OF CIRCUITS : THE ARC A. General 81. During the earlier days of electrical engineering practi- cally all theoretical investigations were limited to circuits in stable or stationary condition, and where phenomena of instability occurred, and made themselves felt as disturbances or troubles in electric circuits, they either remained imunderstood or the theo- retical study was limited to the specific phenomenon, as in the case of lightning, dropping out of step of induction motors, hunt- ing of synchronous machines, etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first class of imstable phenomena, which was systemat- ically investigated, were the transients, and even today it is ques- tionable whether a", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... e design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, feasible. The first class of imstable phenomena, which was systemat- ically investigated, were the transients, and even today it is ques- tionable whether a systematic theoretical classification and in- vestigation of the conditions of instability in electric circuits is yet feasible. Only a preliminary classification and discussion of such phenomena shall be attempted in the follo ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... when it goes out, and the arc «■ 1.D ^ iin \\ C^ -' litn \\ V ^^ fn \\ in \\ \\ ■ ^ ■m ~- ^ .0 ■^ >^ ~ rn ^ ^ m ^ 5- ^ y' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i: Fig. 79. . ia shunted by a condenser, the condenser nmkes the arc unstable and puts it out; the available supply voltage, however, starts it again, and so periodically the arc starts and extinguishes, aa an \"oscillating arc.\" 84. There are certain circuit elements which tend to produce instability, such as ar ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ne, more or less systematically, on transients, and a great mass of information is thus available in the literature. These transients are more ex- tensively treated in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Elec- tric Phenomena and Oscillations,\" and in \" Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, '' and therefore will be omitted in the fol- lowing. However, to some extent, the transients of our theoret- ical literature, still are those of the \"phantom circuit,\" that is, a circuit in which the constants r, L, C, g, are assumed as constant. The effect of ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... in stable or stationary condition, and where phenomena of instability occurred, and made themselves felt as disturbances or troubles in electric circuits, they either remained imunderstood or the theo- retical study was limited to the specific phenomenon, as in the case of lightning, dropping out of step of induction motors, hunt- ing of synchronous machines, etc., or, as in the design of arc lamps and arc-lighting machinery, the opinion prevailed that theoretical calculations are impossible and only design by trying, based on practical experience, ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-11", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 11, "title": "Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "label": "Chapter 11: Instability Of Circuits: Induction And Syn Chronous Motors", "slug": "chapter-11", "location": "lines 21382-22633", "line_start": 21382, "line_end": 22633, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4324, "top_themes": [ "transients", "magnetism", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "alternating-current" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 46, "magnetism": 6, "radiation-light": 6, "dielectricity": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "ether": 1, "fields": 1, "hysteresis": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 5, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XI INSTABILITY OF CIRCUITS: INDUCTION AND SYN- CHRONOUS MOTORS C. Instability of Induction Motors 102. Instability of electric circuits may result from causes which are not electrical: thus, mechanical relations between the torque given by a motor and the torque required by its load, may lead to instability. Let D = torque given by a motor at speed, S, and D' = torque required by the load at speed, S. The motor, then, could theoretically operate, that is, run at constant speed, at that speed, S, where Z) = D' (1) However, at this speed and load, the operation may be stable, that is, the motor continue to run indefinitely at constant speed, or the condition may be unstable, that is, the speed change with increasing rapidity, until stability is reached at some other", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... = 10, the load torque is momentarily- increased. If this increase leaves D' lower than the maximum motor torque. Do = 14.3, the motor speed slows down, but re- mains above c, and thus when the increase of load is taken off, the motor again speeds up to a. If, however, the temporary increase of load torque exceeds the maximum motor torque. Do = 14.3 — ^for instance by starting a line of shafting or other mass of considerable momentimi — then the motor speed continues to drop as long as the excess load exists, and whether the motor will recover when the ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... able condition or to stand- still, etc. Oscillatory instability in induction-motor circuits, as the result of the relation of load to speed and electric supply, is rare. It has been observed, especially in single-phase motors, in cases of considerable oversaturation of the magnetic circuit. Oscillatory instability, however, is typical of the synchronous machine, and the hunting of synchronous machines has probably been the first serious problem of cimiulative oscillations in electric circuits, and for a long time has limited the industrial use of syn- ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... tor has dropped to point di in Fig. 102, its speed thus is still above 6, the motor recovers; if, however, its speed has dropped to d2, be- low the speed 6, >S = 0.35, at which the motor torque drops below the load torque, then the motor does not recover, but stops. With a lighter load torque, D'o, which is less than the starting torque, g, obviously the motor will always recover in speed The amount, by which the motor drops in speed at temporary overload, naturally depends on the duration of the overload, and on the momentum of the motor and its m ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... e energy losses resulting from the oscillation of speed (hysteresis and eddies in the pole faces, currents in damper windings), that is, the damping power, assumed as proportional to the square of the speed. If there is no lag of the synchronizing force behind the position displacement, the synchronizing force, that is, the force which tends to bring the rotor back from a position behind or ahead of the position corresponding to the load, would be — or may ap- proximately be assumed as — proportional to the position dis- placement, p, but with reverse sign ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-11.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-11.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-12", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 12, "title": "Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "label": "Chapter 12: Reactance Of Induction Apparatus", "slug": "chapter-12", "location": "lines 22634-23465", "line_start": 22634, "line_end": 23465, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 4094, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "impedance-reactance", "fields", "alternating-current", "hysteresis" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 184, "impedance-reactance": 76, "fields": 18, "alternating-current": 7, "hysteresis": 6, "radiation-light": 4, "ether": 3, "complex-quantities": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-107", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 107, "caption": "^i-1.9 00 - 60°; ^0=7.6. Fig. 107. and the magnetic distribution in the transformer, during the moments marked as a, 6, c, d, e, /, g, in Fig. 107, is shown in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 22859, "line_end": 22859, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-105", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 105, "caption": "and the magnetic distribution in the transformer, during the moments marked as a, 6, c, d, e, /, g, in Fig. 107, is shown in Fig. 105. In Fig. 105a, the primary flux is larger than the secondary, and all leakage fluxes (xo and Xi) come from the primary flux,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 22863, "line_end": 22863, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-109", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 109, "caption": "the primary coil equals its resistance drop, eo = roi, then the Fig. 109. voltage across the secondary coil, s, gives the total reactance, x^, for s as primary,", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 23225, "line_end": 23225, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current in the conductor. Every circuit thus has a resistance, and an inductance, however small the latter may be in the so-called \"non-inductive\" circuit. With continuous current in stationary conditions, the inductance, L, has no effect on the energy flow; with alternating current of frequency, /, the inductance, L, consumes a voltage 2 x/Li, and is, therefore, represented by the reactance, x = 2x/L, which is measured in ohms, and", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit cur ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by the inductance, L, of the conductor, or the number of magnetic interlinkages with unit current i ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "CHAPTER XII REACTANCE OF INDUCTION APPARATUS 109. An electric current passing through a conductor is ac- companied by a magnetic field surrounding this conductor, and this magnetic field is as integral a part of the phenomenon, as is the energy dissipation by the resistance of the conductor. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-12.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-12.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-13", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 13, "title": "Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "label": "Chapter 13: Reactance Of Synchronous Machines", "slug": "chapter-13", "location": "lines 23466-24022", "line_start": 23466, "line_end": 24022, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3633, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "fields", "impedance-reactance", "transients", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 121, "fields": 79, "impedance-reactance": 43, "transients": 10, "radiation-light": 9, "alternating-current": 2, "complex-quantities": 1, "dielectricity": 1, "ether": 1, "lightning-surges": 1, "waves-lines": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 8, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIII REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the armature circuit, and interlinked with this circuit. Thus, if ^^ = voltage induced in the armature circuit by its rotation through the magnetic field — or, as now more usually the case, the rotation of the magnetic field through the armature circuit — the terminal", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a unidirectional magnetic field, excited by direct current. The armature circuit, like every electric circuit, has a resistance, r, in which power is being dissipated by the current, /, and an in- ductance, L, or reactance, a; = 2 irfL^ which represents the mag- netic flux produced by the current in the ar ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "CHAPTER XIII REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 119. The synchronous machine — ^alternating-current generator, synchronous motor or synchronous condenser — consists of an armature containing one or more electric circuits traversed by alternating currents and synchronously revolving relative to a ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "... r Xq have any actual existence, correspond to actual magnetic fluxes, and for instance, when calculating efficiency and losses, the core loss of the machine does not correspond to eo, but corresponds to the actual or resultant magnetic flux. Fig. 112. Also, in deal- ing with transients involving the dissipation of the magnetic energy stored in the machine, the magnetic energy of the result- ant field, Fig. 112, comes into consideration, and not the — ^much REACTANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 237 larger — energy, which the fields corresponding to e© and X ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-13.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-13.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-14", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 14, "title": "Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "label": "Chapter 14: Constant-Potential Constant-Current Trans Formation", "slug": "chapter-14", "location": "lines 24023-27995", "line_start": 24023, "line_end": 27995, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 11556, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "radiation-light", "dielectricity", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 263, "waves-lines": 36, "radiation-light": 26, "dielectricity": 23, "complex-quantities": 12, "alternating-current": 11, "magnetism": 11, "fields": 7, "ether": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 19, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 6, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-115", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 115, "caption": "/ Fig. 115. give the best regulation; series inductive reactance with an in- ductive, and series condensive reactance with leading current in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 24956, "line_end": 24956, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-117", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 117, "caption": "O < Fig. 117. and the tangent of the primary phase angle", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 25176, "line_end": 25176, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-119", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 119, "caption": "square will be more fully discussed. Fig. 119. A. T-Connection or Resonating Circuit", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 25319, "line_end": 25319, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-123", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 123, "caption": "8INQLE-PHA8E Fig. 123. Different arrangements can also be used of the constant-current control, for instance, the inductive and condensive reactances in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 27188, "line_end": 27188, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-124", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 124, "caption": "8INQIC*PHA8E Fig. 124. the losses in these transformers have not been included, since", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 27254, "line_end": 27254, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-125", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 125, "caption": "SINOLE-PHASE Fig. 125. cuits instead of being operated from the three-phase secondaries of the step-down transformers can be operated directly from the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 27328, "line_end": 27328, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XIV CONSTANT-POTENTIAL CONSTANT-CURRENT TRANS- FORMATION 127. The generation of alternating-current electric power prac- tically always takes place at constant voltage. For some pur- poses, however, as for operating series arc circuits, and to a lim- ited extent also for electric furnaces, a constant, or approximately constant alternating current is required. While constant alter- nating-current arcs have largely come out of use and their place taken by constant direct-current luminous arc circuits, or incan- descent lamps, the constant direct current is usually derived by rectification of constant alternating-current supply circuits. Such constant alternating currents are usually produced from constant- voltage supply circuits by means of constant or variable inductive reactances, and may be produced by the combination of inductive and condensive reactances; and the investigation of different methods of producing constant alternating current from constant", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... incan- descent lamps, the constant direct current is usually derived by rectification of constant alternating-current supply circuits. Such constant alternating currents are usually produced from constant- voltage supply circuits by means of constant or variable inductive reactances, and may be produced by the combination of inductive and condensive reactances; and the investigation of different methods of producing constant alternating current from constant alternating voltage, or inversely, constitutes a good application of the terms \"impedance,\" adm ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... age to rise to the maximum value pcjnnitted by the power of the generating source. Hence, whrjrrj the circuit constants, with a constant-voltage supply source, are Huch as U) approach constant-voltage constant-current tran.sfonnation, as in for instance the case in very long transmission line«, or>^;n-<:ircuit- ing may lead to dangeroiLs or even destructive voltage rh¥% 128. With an inductive reactance inserted in series to an alt^^r- 245 246 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS nating-current non-inductive circuit, at constant-supply voltage, the current in this circuit is ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... current from constant alternating voltage, or inversely, constitutes a good application of the terms \"impedance,\" admittance,\" etc., and offers a large number of problems or examples for the symbolic method of dealing with alternating-current phenomena. Even outside of arc lighting, such combinations of inductance and capacity which t«nd toward constant-voltage constant-cur- rent transformation are of considerable importance as a poffsiblo source of danger to the system. In a constant-current circuit, the load is taken off by short-circuiting, while ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... inversely, constitutes a good application of the terms \"impedance,\" admittance,\" etc., and offers a large number of problems or examples for the symbolic method of dealing with alternating-current phenomena. Even outside of arc lighting, such combinations of inductance and capacity which t«nd toward constant-voltage constant-cur- rent transformation are of considerable importance as a poffsiblo source of danger to the system. In a constant-current circuit, the load is taken off by short-circuiting, while opc;n-circuiting causes the voltage to rise to t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-14.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-14.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-15", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 15, "title": "Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "label": "Chapter 15: Constant-Voltage Series Operation", "slug": "chapter-15", "location": "lines 27996-29301", "line_start": 27996, "line_end": 29301, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3251, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities", "radiation-light", "ether" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 76, "waves-lines": 15, "complex-quantities": 6, "radiation-light": 5, "ether": 3, "magnetism": 3, "alternating-current": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "arc-lamp", "label": "Arc lamp", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "illumination", "label": "Illumination", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-fig-127", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "figure_number": 127, "caption": "That is, the regulation is improved, by the line and leakage reactance, from g = 4 per cent, to 5 = 1.5 per cent, as seen in Fig. 127. 163. In paragraph 161 and the preceding, the shunted react- ances, 61 and 62, have been assumed as constant and independent", "source_ref": { "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "line_start": 29165, "line_end": 29165, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XV CONSTANT-VOLTAGE SERIES OPERATION 166. Where a considerable number of devices, distributed over a large area, and each consuming a small amount of power, are to be operated in the same circuit, low- voltage supply — 110 or 220 volts — usually is not feasible, due to the distances, and high- voltage distribution — ^2300 volts — with individual step-down transformers at the consuming devices, usually is uneconomical, due to the small power consumption of each device. In such a case, series connection of the devices is the most eco- nomical arrangement, and therefore conmionly used. Such for instance is the case in lighting the streets of a city, etc. Most of the street lighting has been done by arc lamps operated on constant-current circuits, and as the imiversal electric power supply today is", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... unctures and puts the second lamp in circuit. However, in general such arrange- ment is too complicated for use. As practically all such circuits would be alternating-current circuits, and thus alternating currents only need to be considered, the question arises, whether a reactance shunting each lamp would not give the desired effect. Suppose each lamp, of resist- ance, r, is shunted by a reactance, x, which is sufficiently large not to withdraw too much current from the lamp: assuming the cur- rent shunted by x is 20 per cent, of the current in the la ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... improved, by the line and leakage reactance, from g = 4 per cent, to 5 = 1.5 per cent, as seen in Fig. 127. 163. In paragraph 161 and the preceding, the shunted react- ances, 61 and 62, have been assumed as constant and independent of p. However, with the change of p, the wave-shape distortion between current and voltage changes, as with increasing p, more and more saturated reactors are thrown into the circuit and dis- tort the current wave. As 61 is shunted by gf, and carries a small part of the current only, and g is non-inductive, the change ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... the lamp terminals, by p per cent., gives a variation of current of about 0.6p per cent., and thus a variation 297 298 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS of power of about l.Qp per cent., while a variation of current in the P lamp, by p per cent., gives a variation of voltage of about jr-^ per cent., and thus a variation of power of about (1 + 7r^)p = 2.67 p per cent. Thus, with the increasing use of incandescent lamps for street illumination, series operation in a constant-voltage circuit be- comes of increasing importance. If e = rated voltage, i = ra ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... ep-down transformers at the consuming devices, usually is uneconomical, due to the small power consumption of each device. In such a case, series connection of the devices is the most eco- nomical arrangement, and therefore conmionly used. Such for instance is the case in lighting the streets of a city, etc. Most of the street lighting has been done by arc lamps operated on constant-current circuits, and as the imiversal electric power supply today is at constant voltage, transformation from constant voltage to constant current thus is of importan ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-15.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-15.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-16", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 16, "title": "Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "label": "Chapter 16: Load Balance Of Polyphase Systems", "slug": "chapter-16", "location": "lines 29302-30428", "line_start": 29302, "line_end": 30428, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2820, "top_themes": [ "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "radiation-light", "fields", "magnetism" ], "theme_counts": { "dielectricity": 12, "impedance-reactance": 8, "radiation-light": 6, "fields": 3, "magnetism": 2, "ether": 1, "lightning-surges": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVI LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 163. The total flow of power of a balanced symmetrical poly- phase system is constant. That is, the sum of the instantaneous values of power of all the phases is constant throughout the cycle. In the single-phase system, however, or in a polyphase system with unbalanced load, that is, a system in which the different phases are unequally loaded, the total flow of power is pulsating, with double frequency. To balance an unbalanced polyphase system thus requires a storage of energy, hence can not be done by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machine. Electrically, energy is stored by inductance and by capacity. The question then arises, whether", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... s a storage of energy, hence can not be done by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machine. Electrically, energy is stored by inductance and by capacity. The question then arises, whether by the use of a reactor, or a condenser, con- nected to a suitable phase of the system, an unequally loaded polyphase system can be balanced, so as to give constant power during the cycle. In interlinked polyphase circuits, such as the th ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... Q cos (2 - a) + Q' cos (2 « - 2/3 - I) = (26) LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 319 hence, & = Q (27) 2 - 2 18 - I = 2 - a - IT or, thus. /3 = f + I (28) 2 ^ ?' = ^ (29) e' = E' cos [0 - (I + I) ] (31) is the voltage, which, impressed upon a reactor of reactance, x = §Q (30) balances the power, P = P + cos .(2 - a) (24) of an unbalanced polyphase system. That is, e' = E' cos [* - (f + J) ] (31) impressed upon the reactance, x, gives the current, '■-^-[*-(i+T)] »^' and thus the power, p'-«eo.[*-(| + |)]cos[*-(J + %')] ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... us values of power of all the phases is constant throughout the cycle. In the single-phase system, however, or in a polyphase system with unbalanced load, that is, a system in which the different phases are unequally loaded, the total flow of power is pulsating, with double frequency. To balance an unbalanced polyphase system thus requires a storage of energy, hence can not be done by any method of connection or transformation. Thus mechanical momentum acts as energy-storing device in the use as phase bal- ancer, of the induction or the synchronous machi ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... n f (cos a + 1) and F(cos a — 1), where cos a is the power-factor of the single-phase load. Especially in alternators of very high armature reaction, as modern steam-turbine alternators, a pulsation of the armatiu^ reaction is very objectionable. It causes a pulsation of the field flux, leading to excessive eddy-current losses and consequent re- duction of the output. The use of a squirrel-cage winding in the 314 LOAD BALANCE OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 315 field pole faces of the single-phase alternator reduces the pulsation of the field flux, but als ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-16.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-16.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-17", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 17, "title": "Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "label": "Chapter 17: Circuits With Distributed Leakage", "slug": "chapter-17", "location": "lines 30429-31656", "line_start": 30429, "line_end": 31656, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2573, "top_themes": [ "impedance-reactance", "alternating-current", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "impedance-reactance": 13, "alternating-current": 7, "dielectricity": 5, "waves-lines": 5, "complex-quantities": 4, "transients": 3, "ether": 2, "lightning-surges": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVII CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 172. If an uninsulated electric circuit is immersed in a high- resistance conducting medium, such as water, the current does not remain entirely in the \"circuit,*' but more or less leaks through the surrounding medium. The current, then^ is not the same throughout the entire circuit, but varies from point to point: the currents at two points of the circuit differ from each other by the current which leaks from the circuit between these two points. Such circuits with distributed leakage are the rail return circuit of electric railways; the lead armors of cables laid directly in the ground; water and gas pipes, etc. With lead-armored cables in ducts, with railway return circuits where the rails are supported •above the ground by sleepers, as in interurban roads, the leakage", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... tc. When dealing with direct-current circuits, the induetance and the capacity of the conductor do not come into consideration except in the transients of current change, and in stationary con- ditions such a circuit thus is one of distributed series resistance and shunted conductance. Inductance also is absent with the current induced in the cable armor by an alternating current traversing the cable conductor, 330 CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 331 and with all low- and medium-voltage conductors, with the com- mercial frequencies of alternating ..." }, { "theme": "alternating-current", "label": "Alternating current", "snippet": "... h as water, the current does not remain entirely in the \"circuit,*' but more or less leaks through the surrounding medium. The current, then^ is not the same throughout the entire circuit, but varies from point to point: the currents at two points of the circuit differ from each other by the current which leaks from the circuit between these two points. Such circuits with distributed leakage are the rail return circuit of electric railways; the lead armors of cables laid directly in the ground; water and gas pipes, etc. With lead-armored cables in ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... d by an alternating current; or it may enter the conductor as leakage current, as is the case in cable armors, gas and water pipes, etc., in those cases where they pick up stray railway return currents, etc. When dealing with direct-current circuits, the induetance and the capacity of the conductor do not come into consideration except in the transients of current change, and in stationary con- ditions such a circuit thus is one of distributed series resistance and shunted conductance. Inductance also is absent with the current induced in the cable a ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ersing the cable conductor, 330 CIRCUITS WITH DISTRIBUTED LEAKAGE 331 and with all low- and medium-voltage conductors, with the com- mercial frequencies of alternating currents, the capacity effects are so small as to be negligible. In high-voltage conductors, such as transmission lines, etc., in general, capacity and inductance require consideration as well as resistance and shunted conductance. This general case is fully discussed in \"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phe- nomena and Oscillations,\" and in \"Electric Discharges, Waves and Impul ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-17.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-17.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits-chapter-18", "source_id": "theory-calculation-electric-circuits", "source_title": "Theory and Calculation of Electric Circuits", "year": 1917, "kind": "chapter", "sequence": 18, "title": "Oscillating Currents", "label": "Chapter 18: Oscillating Currents", "slug": "chapter-18", "location": "lines 31657-33200", "line_start": 31657, "line_end": 33200, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 3555, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "waves-lines", "impedance-reactance", "complex-quantities", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 71, "waves-lines": 62, "impedance-reactance": 43, "complex-quantities": 25, "dielectricity": 25, "transients": 24, "hysteresis": 9, "radiation-light": 9, "alternating-current": 5, "lightning-surges": 5, "fields": 3 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "luminescence", "label": "Luminescence", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "CHAPTER XVIII OSCILLATING CURRENTS Introductioii 181. An electric current varying periodically between constant maximum and minimum values — that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero; and is called a pulsating cur- rent if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is characterized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alternating current. A very important class are the currents of constant period, but geometrically varying amplitude; that is, currents in which the amplitude of each following wave bears to that of", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... , resist- ance as well as conductance have a negative term added, which depends on the decrement a. Such a negative resistance repre- sents energy production, and its meaning in the present case is, that with the decrease of the oscillating current and voltage, their stored magnetic and dielectric energy become available. Circuits of Zero Impedance 190. In an oscillating-current circuit of decrement, a, of resistance, r, inductive reactance, x, and condensive reactance, Xc, the impedance was represented in symbolic expression by or numerically by ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... en constant maximum and minimum values — that is, in equal time intervals repeating the same values — is called an alternating current if the arithmetic mean value equals zero; and is called a pulsating cur- rent if the arithmetic mean value differs from zero. Assuming the wave as a sine curve, or replacing it by the equivalent sine wave, the alternating current is characterized by the period or the time of one complete cyclic change, and the amplitude or the maximum value of the current. Period and amplitude are constant in the alternating current ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... he exponential decrement of the oscillating wave, a the angu- lar decrement of the oscillating wave. The oscillating wave can be represented by the equation, E = e€\"***'^«cos(« - 6). In the example represented by Figs. 130 and 131, we have A = 0.4, a = 0.1435, a = 8.2°. Impedance and Admittance 184. In complex imaginary quantities, the alternating wave, z = e cos (0 — 6)^ is represented by the symbol, fl = e(cos d — j sin ^) = ei — je2» By an extension of the meaning of this symbolic expression, the oscillating wave, JS? = tt\"*** cos { — 6) ..." }, { "theme": "complex-quantities", "label": "Complex quantities", "snippet": "... . Since A^-\" = A^A-\" = «-w, where « = basis of natural logarithms, the current may be expressed, 7 = it-*\" cos (2 irft - fi) = M\"°* cos ( *- 9), \\. \"~>- \\ '^\"r-- \\ _,^ _ .' m I »\\ «n i^^ ^gEp-i t v V ^ ^^ZE\" 0.dll....J^E \"/■ , ^ t t^i\"t T K ..-aJ & ( f^^^^m C\\ V ^^-^^1 %i/ii^imm;^:,y-.'-.//.'d Fia. 131. where ^ = 2 )r/(; that is, the period is represented by a complete revolution. In the same way an oscillating e.m,f. will be represented by E = et\"\"\"* c ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/cleaned_text/chapter-18.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/theory-calculation-electric-circuits/chapter-18.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/theoryandcalcul06steigoog", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-01", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 1, "title": "Nature And Origin Of Transients", "label": "Lecture 1: Nature And Origin Of Transients", "slug": "lecture-01", "location": "lines 557-1002", "line_start": 557, "line_end": 1002, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2710, "top_themes": [ "transients", "dielectricity", "fields", "magnetism", "waves-lines" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 54, "dielectricity": 19, "fields": 14, "magnetism": 12, "waves-lines": 10, "lightning-surges": 5, "alternating-current": 4, "complex-quantities": 3, "radiation-light": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "radiation", "label": "Radiation", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 6, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0001", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "imposed upon each other. For instance, if in the circuit Fig. 1", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 615, "line_end": 615, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0002", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "of the fan motor in instance Fig. 1, a transient period of speed", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 703, "line_end": 703, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0003", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "But since -i^ and 4 at h are the same as -r and i at time t, it", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 802, "line_end": 802, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0004", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "1 dii tan 1", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 849, "line_end": 849, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0005", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "Since c = ^5", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 866, "line_end": 866, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0006", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "An instance of the second case is the pendulum. Fig. 6 : with the", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 931, "line_end": 931, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-001", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 1, "caption": "oo,o o Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 575, "line_end": 575, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-002", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 2, "caption": "]C Fig. 2. Commonly, transient and permanent phenomena are super- imposed upon each other. For instance, if in the circuit Fig. 1", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 612, "line_end": 612, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-003", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 3, "caption": "G O Fig. 3. the stored energy has to be supplied from the source of power; that is, for a short time power, in supplying the stored energy, flows not", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 661, "line_end": 661, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, as a number of lamps, etc. In the generator G, the line A, and the load L, a current i flows, and voltages e f . oo,o o Fig. 1. exist, which are constant, or permanent, as long as the conditions of the circuit remain the same. If we connect in some more lights, or disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i\\ and possibly different voltages e' ', but again i' and e' are per- manent, that is,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE I. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. I. Electrical engineering deals with electric energy and its flow, that is, electric power. Two classes of phenomena are met: permanent and transient phenomena. To illustrate: Let G in Fig. 1 be a direct-current generator, which over a circuit A con- nects to a load L, a ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... disconnect some of the load, we get a different current i\\ and possibly different voltages e' ', but again i' and e' are per- manent, that is, remain the same as long as the circuit remains unchanged. Let, however, in Fig. 2, a direct-current generator G be connected to an electrostatic condenser C. Before the switch S is closed, and therefore also in the moment of closing the switch, no current flows in the line A. Immediately after the switch S is closed, current begins to flow over line A into the condenser C, charging this condenser up to the voltage gi ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A, there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \" dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. 3, ther ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... pated, the rest transmitted into the load L, where the power is used. The consideration of the electric power NATURE AND ORIGIN OF TRANSIENTS. 3 in generator, line, and load does not represent the entire phenome- non. While electric power flows over the line A, there is a magnetic field surrounding the line conductors, and an electrostatic field issuing from the line conductors. The magnetic field and the electrostatic or \" dielectric \" field represent stored energy. Thus, during the permanent conditions of the flow of power through the circuit Fig. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/cleaned_text/lecture-01.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-01.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-02", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 2, "title": "The Electric Field", "label": "Lecture 2: The Electric Field", "slug": "lecture-02", "location": "lines 1003-1658", "line_start": 1003, "line_end": 1658, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2159, "top_themes": [ "fields", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "complex-quantities" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 101, "magnetism": 96, "dielectricity": 71, "waves-lines": 8, "complex-quantities": 4, "lightning-surges": 4, "ether": 3, "radiation-light": 2, "alternating-current": 1, "impedance-reactance": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 38, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0007", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "$ = L^.* (1)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1063, "line_end": 1063, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0008", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "P = e'i, (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1069, "line_end": 1069, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0009", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "e' = L§ (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1088, "line_end": 1088, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0010", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "^ = — (5)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1108, "line_end": 1108, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0011", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "9. Exactly analogous relations exist in the dielectric field.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1116, "line_end": 1116, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0012", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "^ = Ce. (6)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1122, "line_end": 1122, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0013", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "p = i'e, (7)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1129, "line_end": 1129, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0014", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "i' = C* (9)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1149, "line_end": 1149, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown in Fig. 8. By the return conductor, the circles 10 THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 11 are crowded together between the conductors,", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "LECTURE II. THE ELECTRIC FIELD. 7. Let, in Fig. 7, a generator G transmit electric power over line A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, b ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... A into a receiving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... iving circuit M. While power flows through the conductors A, power is con- sumed in these conductors by JV[ conversion into heat, repre- sented by ^2r. This, however, Fig. 7. is not all, but in the space surrounding the conductor cer- tain phenomena occur: magnetic and electrostatic forces appear. Fig. 8. — Electric Field of Conductor. The conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field, or a magnetic flux, which is measured by the number of lines of magnetic force $. With a single conductor, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, as shown ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... circuit. $ = L^.* (1) The magnetic field represents stored energy ly. To produce it, power, p, must therefore be supplied by the circuit. Since power is current times voltage : P = e'i, (2) * n^, if the flux interlinks the circuit n fold. 12 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. to produce the magnetic field $ of the current i, a voltage e' must be consumed in the circuit, which with the current i gives the power p, which supplies the stored energy w of the magnetic field $. This voltage e' is called the inductance voltage, or voltag ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/cleaned_text/lecture-02.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-02.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-03", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 3, "title": "Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "label": "Lecture 3: Single-Energy Transients In Continuous Current Circuits", "slug": "lecture-03", "location": "lines 1659-2484", "line_start": 1659, "line_end": 2484, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2625, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "transients", "fields", "waves-lines", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 69, "transients": 55, "fields": 15, "waves-lines": 10, "lightning-surges": 8, "dielectricity": 6, "complex-quantities": 2 }, "concept_hits": [], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 31, "figure_count": 0, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0045", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "Fig. 10. — Magnetic Single-energy", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1719, "line_end": 1719, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0046", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "11 A, the flux is constant and denoted by $0 up to the moment of", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1753, "line_end": 1753, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0047", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "Fig. 11. — Characteristics of Magnetic Single-energy Transient.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1782, "line_end": 1782, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0048", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "Co up to to, and drops to 0 at ^o- However, since after ^0 a current", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1790, "line_end": 1790, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0049", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS. 21", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1797, "line_end": 1797, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0050", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "Zet = n$olO-« = Lio. (2)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1842, "line_end": 1842, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0051", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "T = -. (4)", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1871, "line_end": 1871, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0052", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "Using the time constant 7\" = - as unit of length for the abscissa,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 1913, "line_end": 1913, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between several forms of energy can exist. Such circuits are most of the low- and medium-voltage circuits, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... its, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductanc ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE III. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN CONTINUOUS- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 13. The simplest electrical transients are those in circuits in which energy can be stored in one form only, as in this case the change of stored energy can consist only of an increase or decrease ; but no surge or oscillation between sev ..." }, { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... its, — 220 volts, 600 volts, and 2200 volts. In them the capac- ity is small, due to the limited extent of the circuit, resulting from the low voltage, and at the low voltage the dielectric energy thus is negligible, that is, the circuit stores appreciable energy only by the magnetic field. A circuit of considerable capacity, but negligible inductance, if of high resistance, would also give one form of energy storage only, in the dielectric field. The usual high-voltage capacity circuit, as that of an electrostatic machine, while of very small inductance, al ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... % io A C c c ..1. 1 Fig. 10. — Magnetic Single-energy Transient. negligible capacity), a magnetic field $0 10' Lio interlinks with the coil. Assuming now that the voltage eo is suddenly withdrawn, without changing 19 20 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. the constants of the coil circuit, as for instance by short- circuiting the terminals of the coil, as indicated at A. With no voltage impressed upon the coil, and thus no power supplied to it, current i and magnetic flux $ of the coil must finally be zero. ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/cleaned_text/lecture-03.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-03.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-04", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 4, "title": "Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "label": "Lecture 4: Single-Energy Transients In Alternating Current Circuits", "slug": "lecture-04", "location": "lines 2485-3386", "line_start": 2485, "line_end": 3386, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 5659, "top_themes": [ "fields", "transients", "magnetism", "waves-lines", "radiation-light" ], "theme_counts": { "fields": 147, "transients": 137, "magnetism": 60, "waves-lines": 39, "radiation-light": 32, "impedance-reactance": 19, "lightning-surges": 11, "alternating-current": 4, "ether": 2 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 30, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 56, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0076", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "thus at the moment of the change of circuit condition, and 12 =", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 2500, "line_end": 2500, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0077", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "component ii — 12 = iq. The former, 2*2, is permanent, as result-", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 2504, "line_end": 2504, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0078", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "graph 13, that is, with a duration T = — -", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 2509, "line_end": 2509, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0079", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "i'l, in Fig. 15 A, the conditions be changed, at the moment t = 0,", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 2517, "line_end": 2517, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0080", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "current ii at the moment t = 0 can be considered as consisting", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 2519, "line_end": 2519, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0081", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "of the instantaneous value of the permanent current (2, shown", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 2520, "line_end": 2520, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0082", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "dotted, and the transient io = i\\ — 22. The latter gradually dies", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 2521, "line_end": 2521, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0083", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "Fig. 15. — Single-energy Transient of Alternating-current Circuit.", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 2543, "line_end": 2543, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" } ], "figures": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-025", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 25, "caption": "frequency, and as the result an increase of voltage and a distor- tion of the quadrature phase occurs, as shown in the oscillogram Fig. 25. Various momentary short-circuit phenomena are illustrated by the oscillograms Figs. 26 to 28.", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 3288, "line_end": 3288, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the change to the condition after the change. The currents in the circuit during the transition period can be considered as consisting of the superposition of the permanent current, corresponding to the conditions after the change, and a transient current, which connects the current value before the change with that brought about by the, change. That is, if ii = current existing in the circuit immediately before, and thus at the moment of the change of circuit condition, and 12 = current which should exist at the moment", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "fields", "label": "Field language", "snippet": "... aneous values of the resultant currents (shown in drawn line) must be zero at any moment, not only during the permanent condition, but also dur- ing the transition period existing before the permanent condi- tion is reached. It is interesting to apply this to the resultant magnetic field produced by three equal three-phase magnetizing coils placed under equal angles, that is, to the starting of the three-phase rotating magnetic field, or in general any polyphase rotating magnetic field. Fig. 18. — Construction of Starting Transient of Rotating Field. A ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE IV. SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN ALTERNATING- CURRENT CIRCUITS. 17. Whenever the conditions of an electric circuit are changed in such a manner as to require a change of stored energy, a transi- tion period appears, during which the stored energy adjusts itself from the condition existing before the c ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... ore gradually decreases in the manner as discussed in para- graph 13, that is, with a duration T = — - The permanent current 12 may be continuous, or alternating, or may be a changing current, as a transient of long duration, etc. The same reasoning applies to the voltage, magnetic flux, etc. Thus, let, in an alternating-current circuit traversed by current i'l, in Fig. 15 A, the conditions be changed, at the moment t = 0, so as to produce the current iV The instantaneous value of the current ii at the moment t = 0 can be considered as consisting of ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... Fig. 155, and is a maximum, if the change occurs at the moment when the two currents ii and 12 have the greatest difference, as shown in Fig. 15C, that is, at a point one-quarter period or 90 degrees distant from the intersec- tion of ii and 12. 32 ELECTRIC DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES. If the current ii is zero, we get the starting of the alternating current in an inductive circuit, as shown in Figs. 16, A, B,C. The starting transient is zero, if the circuit is closed at the moment when the permanent current would be zero (Fig. 165), and i ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/cleaned_text/lecture-04.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-04.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-05", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 5, "title": "Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "label": "Lecture 5: Single-Energy Tra.Nsient Of Ironclad Circuit", "slug": "lecture-05", "location": "lines 3387-3720", "line_start": 3387, "line_end": 3720, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 1321, "top_themes": [ "magnetism", "transients", "waves-lines", "fields", "dielectricity" ], "theme_counts": { "magnetism": 48, "transients": 18, "waves-lines": 12, "fields": 11, "dielectricity": 5, "alternating-current": 3, "hysteresis": 3, "lightning-surges": 3, "complex-quantities": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 4, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [], "equation_count": 33, "figure_count": 1, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0132", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT OF IRONCLAD CIRCUIT. 53", "modern_form": "", "variables": [], "physical_meaning": "", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 3430, "line_end": 3430, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-eq-candidate-0133", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "original_form": "p = ^ = « + T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), where T CO — 7), ^ . ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE VIII. TRAVELING WAVES. 33. In a stationary oscillation of a circuit having uniformly distributed capacity and inductance, that is, the transient of a circuit storing energy in the dielectric and magnetic field, current and voltage are given by the expression i = ioe-\"^ cos ((/> T CO — 7), ^ . . e = eoe~\"' sin ((^ =F co — 7), ..." }, { "theme": "lightning-surges", "label": "Lightning / surges", "snippet": "... ) sin (0 =F co — 7), = ^6-^«'sin2(0Ta>-7), (2) and the average power flow is Po = avg p, (3) = 0. Hence, in a stationary oscillation, or standing wave of a uni- form circuit, the average flow of power, po, is zero, and no power flows along the circuit, but there is a surge of power, of double frequency. That is, power flows first one way, during one-quarter cycle, and then in the opposite direction, during the next quarter- cycle, etc. Such a transient wave thus is analogous to the permanent wave of reactive power. As in a stationary wave, ..." }, { "theme": "radiation-light", "label": "Radiation / light", "snippet": "... -^«'sin2(0Ta>-7), (2) and the average power flow is Po = avg p, (3) = 0. Hence, in a stationary oscillation, or standing wave of a uni- form circuit, the average flow of power, po, is zero, and no power flows along the circuit, but there is a surge of power, of double frequency. That is, power flows first one way, during one-quarter cycle, and then in the opposite direction, during the next quarter- cycle, etc. Such a transient wave thus is analogous to the permanent wave of reactive power. As in a stationary wave, current and voltage are in qua ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/cleaned_text/lecture-08.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-08.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-09", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 9, "title": "Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "label": "Lecture 9: Oscillations Of The Compound Circuit", "slug": "lecture-09", "location": "lines 6125-6803", "line_start": 6125, "line_end": 6803, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 2923, "top_themes": [ "waves-lines", "transients", "dielectricity", "impedance-reactance", "lightning-surges" ], "theme_counts": { "waves-lines": 77, "transients": 28, "dielectricity": 7, "impedance-reactance": 6, "lightning-surges": 6, "radiation-light": 5, "alternating-current": 1 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "wave-length", "label": "Wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "wave length", "count": 3, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 3, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-054", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 54, "caption": "which it can draw in supplying power. In permanent condition the line could not add to the power, but must consume, that is, the permanent power-transmission diagram must always be like Fig. 54. Not so, as seen, with the transient of the stationary oscillation. Assume, for instance, that we reduce the power dissipation in", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 6338, "line_end": 6338, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-055", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 55, "caption": "u Fig. 55. U„= 533", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 6432, "line_end": 6432, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-056", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 56, "caption": "Line Fig. 56. The diagram of the power of the two waves of opposite direc-", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 6518, "line_end": 6518, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previous lecture. If we have a circuit consisting of sections 1, 2, 3 . . . , of the respective lengths (in velocity measure) Xi, X2, X3 . . . , this entire circuit, when left to itself, gradually dissipates its stored energy by a transient. As function of the time, this transient must decrease at the same rate Uq throughout the entire circuit. Thus the time decrement of all the sections must be Every", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the generating system, transformer, line, load, etc. Oscillograms of such circuits have been shown in the previou ..." }, { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE IX. OSCILLATIONS OF THE COMPOUND CIRCUIT. 38. The most interesting and most important application of the travehng wave is that of the stationary oscillation of a com- pound circuit, as industrial circuits are never uniform, but consist of sections of different characteristics, as the gener ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... ion coil of the step-up transformer, the two lines, and the load. Let then Xi = length of line, X2 = length of transformer circuit, and X3 = length of load circuit, in velocity measure.* If then * If Zi = length of circuit section in any measure, and Lo = inductance, Co = capacity per unit of length U, then the length of the circuit in velocity measure is Xi = aoh, where o-q = v LoCo. Thus, if L = inductance, C = capacity per transformer coil, n = number of transformer coils, for the transformer the unit of length is the coil; hence the 110 ELECTRI ..." }, { "theme": "impedance-reactance", "label": "Impedance / reactance", "snippet": "... = ■ ii%, ii V Z2 y c,L2 el = !l!, Zl Zl ' (5) (6) (7) That is, in the same oscillating circuit, the maximum voltages eo in the different sections are proportional to, and the maximum currents Iq inversely proportional to, the square root of the natural impedances Zq of the sections, that is, to the fourth root of the ratios of inductance to capacity y^ • At every transition point between successive sections traversed by a traveling wave, as those of an oscillating system, a trans- formation of voltage and of current occurs, by a t ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/cleaned_text/lecture-09.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-09.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-lecture-10", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "source_title": "Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients", "year": 1914, "kind": "lecture", "sequence": 10, "title": "Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "label": "Lecture 10: Continual And Cumulative Oscillations", "slug": "lecture-10", "location": "lines 6804-8485", "line_start": 6804, "line_end": 8485, "status": "candidate", "word_count": 6690, "top_themes": [ "transients", "magnetism", "dielectricity", "waves-lines", "fields" ], "theme_counts": { "transients": 88, "magnetism": 83, "dielectricity": 68, "waves-lines": 48, "fields": 29, "radiation-light": 27, "lightning-surges": 16, "hysteresis": 9, "ether": 6, "complex-quantities": 5 }, "concept_hits": [ { "id": "frequency", "label": "Frequency", "count": 20, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "light", "label": "Light", "count": 7, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "ether", "label": "Ether", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "velocity-of-light", "label": "Velocity of light", "count": 2, "status": "seeded" }, { "id": "permeability", "label": "Magnetic permeability", "count": 1, "status": "seeded" } ], "glossary_hits": [ { "id": null, "label": "ether", "count": 6, "status": "seeded" } ], "equation_count": 0, "figure_count": 4, "quote_count": 0, "equations": [], "figures": [ { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-066", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 66, "caption": "0 Fig. 66. 126 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 7087, "line_end": 7087, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-008", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 8, "caption": "tance, the lines of magnetic force are concentric circles, shown by drawn lines in Fig. 8, page 10, and the lines of dielectric force are straight lines radiating from the conductor, shown dotted in Fig. 8. Due to the return conductor, in a two-wire circuit, the lines of magnetic and dielectric force are crowded together between the", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 7189, "line_end": 7189, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-074", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 74, "caption": "Bh = D — -^Goscf) — -cos t/^, Fig. 74. (42)", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 7923, "line_end": 7923, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" }, { "id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914-fig-076", "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "figure_number": 76, "caption": "o O Fig. 76. ^1 t2 H .", "source_ref": { "source_id": "electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914", "line_start": 8449, "line_end": 8449, "verification": "needs-verification" }, "linked_concepts": [], "status": "candidate" } ], "quotes": [], "opening_excerpt": "LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in the circuit, the oscillating energy of the transient must steadily decline, that is, the transient must die out, at a rate depending on the energy dissipation in the cir- cuit. Thus, the oscillation resulting from a change of circuit condi- tions can become continual, that is, of constant amplitude, or cumulative, that is, of increasing am^plitude, only if a steady supply of oscillating energy occurs. Continual and cumulative oscillations thus involve", "theme_snippets": [ { "theme": "transients", "label": "Transients / damping", "snippet": "LECTURE X. CONTINUAL AND CUMULATIVE OSCILLATIONS. 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between ..." }, { "theme": "magnetism", "label": "Magnetism", "snippet": "... . 43. A transient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in the circuit, the oscillating energy of the transient must steadily decline, that is, the transient must die out, at a rate depending on the energy dissipation in the cir- cuit. Thus, the oscillation ..." }, { "theme": "dielectricity", "label": "Dielectricity / capacity", "snippet": "... nsient is the phenomenon by which the stored energy readjusts itself to a change of circuit conditions. In an oscilla- tory transient, the difference of stored energy of the previous and the after condition of the circuit, at a circuit change, oscillates between magnetic and dielectric energy. As there always must be some energy dissipation in the circuit, the oscillating energy of the transient must steadily decline, that is, the transient must die out, at a rate depending on the energy dissipation in the cir- cuit. Thus, the oscillation resulting from ..." }, { "theme": "waves-lines", "label": "Waves / transmission lines", "snippet": "... ontinual. A continual or cumulative oscillation thus involves an energy and frequency transformation, from the low-frequency or con- tinuous-current energy of the power supply of the system to the high-frequency energy of the oscillation. 119 120 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES, WAVES AND IMPULSES This energy transformation may be brought about by the transient of energy readjustment, resulting from a change of circuit conditions, producing again a change of circuit conditions and thereby an energy readjustment by transient, etc. For instance, if in a ..." } ], "links": { "source_text": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10/", "source_index": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "curated_source": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/sources/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/", "github_text": "https://github.com/TRUEMODELOFTHEWORLD/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/blob/main/processed/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/cleaned_text/lecture-10.md", "asset": "/Charles-Proteus-Steinmetz-Texts-AI-Decoded/source-texts-data/electric-discharges-waves-impulses-1914/lecture-10.txt", "archive": "https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00stei", "raw_pdf": "" } } ] }